Clustering, or otherwise known as cluster analysis, is a learning problem that takes place without any human supervision. This technique has often been utilized, much efficiently, in data analysis, and serves for observing and identifying interesting, useful, or desired patterns in the said data. The clustering technique functions by performing a structured division of the data involved, in similar objects based on the characteristics that it identifies. This process results in the formation of groups, and each group that is formed, is called a cluster. A single said cluster consists of objects from the data, that have similarities among other objects found in the same cluster, and resemble differences when compared to objects identified from the data that now exist in other clusters. The process of clustering is very significant in various aspects of data analysis, as it determines and presents the intrinsic grouping of objects present in the data, based on their attributes, in a batch of unlabeled raw data. A textbook or otherwise said, good criteria, does not exist in this method of cluster analysis. That is because this process is so different and so customizable for every user, that needs it in his/her various and different needs. There is no outright best clustering algorithm, as it massively depends on the user’s scenario and needs. This paper is intended to compare and study two different clustering algorithms. The algorithms under investigation are k-mean and mean shift. These algorithms are compared according to the following factors: time complexity, training, prediction performance and accuracy of the clustering algorithms.

This study explores students’ understanding of one measure of central tendency, the mean. A teaching experiment was conducted to understand how sixth-grade students made sense of this concept. Findings suggest that the students know how to solve mathematical problems related to mean using procedural understanding and lack of conceptual understanding.

Accurate and timely rainfall prediction enhances productivity and can aid proper planning in sectors such as agriculture, health, transport and water resources. This study is aimed at improving rainfall prediction using ensemble methods. It first assesses the performance of six convective schemes (Kain–Fritsch (KF); Betts–Miller–Janji´c (BMJ); Grell–Fretas (GF); Grell 3D ensemble (G3); New–Tiedke (NT) and Grell–Devenyi (GD)) using the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME) focusing on the March–May 2013 rainfall period over Uganda. 18 ensemble members are generated from the three best performing convective schemes (i.e. KF, GF & G3). The performance of three ensemble methods (i.e. ensemble mean (EM); ensemble mean analogue (EMA) and multi–member analogue ensemble (MAEM)) is also analyzed using the RMSE and ME. The EM presented a smaller RMSE compared to individual schemes (EM:10.02; KF:23.96; BMJ:26.04; GF:25.85; G3:24.07; NT:29.13 & GD:26.27) and a better bias (EM:-1.28; KF:-1.62; BMJ:-4.04; GF:-3.90; G3:-3.62; NT:-5.41 & GD:-4.07). The EMA and MAEM presented 13 out of 21 stations & 17 out of 21 stations respectively with smaller RMSE compared to EM thus demonstrating additional improvement in predictive performance. The MAEM is a new approach proposed and described in the study.

In the paper, the authors survey integral representations (including the Lévy--Khintchine representations) and applications of some bivariate means (including the logarithmic mean, the identric mean, Stolarsky's mean, the harmonic mean, the (weighted) geometric means and their reciprocals, and the Toader--Qi mean) and the multivariate (weighted) geometric means and their reciprocals, derive integral representations of bivariate complex geometric mean and its reciprocal, and apply these newly-derived integral representations to establish integral representations of Heronian mean of power 2 and its reciprocal.

Using a theorem of Ulam and Hyers, we will prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of two-dimensional Lagrange's mean value points $(\eta, \xi)$ which satisfy the equation, $f(u, v) - f(p, q) = (u-p) f_x(\eta, \xi) + (v-q) f_y(\eta, \xi)$, where $(p, q)$ and $(u, v)$ are distinct points in the plane. Moreover, we introduce an efficient algorithm for applying our main result in practical use.

In this paper, improved matrix Reduction Method is proposed for the solution of fuzzy transportation problem in which all inputs are taken as fuzzy numbers. Since ranking fuzzy number is important tool in decision making, Fuzzy trapezoidal number is converting in to crisp set by using Mean techniques and solved by proposed method for fuzzy transportation problem. We give suitable numerical example for unbalanced and compare the optimal value with other techniques. The Result shows that the optimum profit of transportation problem using proposed technique under robust ranking method is better than the other method. Novelty: The numerical illustration demonstrates that the new projected method for managing the transportation problems on fuzzy algorithms.

This study begins by looking at how toxic behaviour in video games is talked about and identified. We set up a clear idea of what “toxic behaviour" means and suggested ways to figure out when it's happening. To test these ideas, we scrape a huge collection of posts from Reddit where people talk about games. We cleaned up the data—making sure it was all good for checking. We used Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to look at toxic behaviour. We also used HateBERT to compare how well it works at spotting toxic stuff. To make sure our models were doing a good job, we looked at over 5500 posts and decided if they were toxic or not. This helped us see if the models were right or wrong. We also used measures—to compare how much toxic stuff is in Reddit—especially for games. This helped us understand how common and different toxic behaviour is in different places.

The Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), which is characterized by a membership and a non-membership degree and the square sum of them is less or equal to one, can act as an effective tool to express decision makers’ fuzziness and uncertainty. Considering that the Heronian mean (HM) is a powerful aggregation operator which can take the interrelationship between any two arguments, we study the HM in Pythagorean fuzzy environment and propose new operators for aggregating interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy information. First, we investigate the HM and geometric HM (GHM) under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment and develop a series of aggregation operators for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) including interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Heronian mean (IVIFHM), interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy geometric Heronian mean (IVIFGHM), interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted Heronian mean (IVIFWHM) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted geometric Heronian mean (IVIFWGHM). Second, some desirable and important properties of these aggregation operators are discussed. Third, based on these aggregation operators, a novel approach to multi-attribute decision making (MADM) is proposed. Finally, to demonstrate the validity of the approach, a numerical example is provided and discussed. Moreover, we discuss several real-world applications of these operators within policy-making contexts.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out the incidence of anemia in pregnant women of Swat District; to analyze the iron variations and its dietary effects.Data were collected during the periods of January – September 2016. The study of samples comprised of 250 pregnant women in the different trimester. Blood sample from each woman was collected and full blood count (FBC) was conducted through Mindray BC-3000 plus hem analyzer for all pregnant individuals. Confirmed anemic cases were then examined for IDA with serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) through Randox kit and serum transferrin saturation was estimated by formula (serum ferritin saturation =serum iron ×100/TIBC). The total number of participants in the first trimester were 50, among them 26 women were suffer from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with 52% weightage of prevalence rate, (mean Hb concentration 9.602 ± 0.87 g/dl). The rates of IDA were 63.3%; ( mean Hb concentration 8.48 ± 1.24 g/dl) and 54%; ( mean Hb concentration 9.18 ± 1.28 g/dl), among 150 and 50 participants in the second and third trimester, respectively. A significant correlation was found between serum ferritin and Hb, serum ferritin against MCV and serum ferritin against MCH. The high prevalence of anemia was found 78.2% in the age group from 26-30 followed by 78.2% in the age group 36-40 years compared to those of other age groups in the second trimester. In this study the prevalence of IDA in third trimester is lower compared to first and second trimester.

We will demonstrate how the CMB temperature simply can be predicted from what we will call geometric mean Planck gravitational potential energy in the universe. This falls nicely in line with the recent discovery that the CMB temperature also is a geometric mean of the minimum and maxium temerature in the Hubble sphere, and also that the CMB tem- perature can be derived from the Stefan-Boltzman law. Since the Coulomb force for Planck charges are identical to the Newton force for two Planck mass particles this also seems to give a potential connection between electrostatic force and the CMB temperature.

This paper propose a kernel geometric mean metric learning (KGMML) algorithm. The basic idea is to obtain the closed-form solution of the geometric mean metric learning (GMML) algorithm in the high-dimensional feature space determined by the kernel function. Then, the solution is generalized as a form of kernel matrix by using the integral representation of the weighted geometric mean and the Woodbury matrix in this new feature space. Experimental results on 15 datasets show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of the GMML algorithm and other metric algorithms.

An approach to the assessment of probabilistic inference is described which quantifies the performance on the probability scale. From both information and Bayesian theory, the central tendency of an inference is proven to be the geometric mean of the probabilities reported for the actual outcome and is referred to as the “Accuracy.” Upper and lower error bars on the accuracy are provided by the arithmetic mean and the -2/3 mean. The arithmetic is called the “Decisiveness” due to its similarity with the cost of a decision and the -2/3 mean is called the “Robustness”, due to its sensitivity to outlier errors. Visualization of inference performance is facilitated by plotting the reported model probabilities versus the histogram calculated source probabilities. The visualization of the calibration between model and source is summarized on both axes by the arithmetic, geometric, and -2/3 means. From information theory, the performance of the inference is related to the cross-entropy between the model and source distribution. Just as cross-entropy is the sum of the entropy and the divergence; the accuracy of a model can be decomposed into a component due to the source uncertainty and the divergence between the source and model. Translated to the probability domain these quantities are plotted as the average model probability versus the average source probability. The divergence probability is the average model probability divided by the average source probability. When an inference is over/under-confident, the arithmetic mean of the model increases/decreases, while the -2/3 mean decreases/increases, respectively.

We prove an analog of the removable singularity theorem for bounded harmonic functions on stratified sets. The harmonic functions are understood in the sense of the soft Laplacian. The result can become one of the main technical components for extending the well-known Poincaré–Perron’s method of proving the solvability of the Dirichlet problem for the soft Laplacian.

Portfolio optimization is a mathematical formulation whose objective is to maximize returns while minimizing risks. A lot of improvement in the model has been made, including adding practical constraints. With the growing of shares trading, the problem becomes dimensionally very large. In this paper, we propose the usage of modified Biogeography-Based Optimization to solve the large scale constrained portfolio optimization. Results indicate the effectiveness of the method used.

This study evaluates the historical mean surface temperature (hereafter T2m) and examines how T2m changes over East Africa (EA) in the 21^st century using CMIP6 models. An evaluation was conducted based on mean state, trends, and statistical metrics (Bias, Correlation Coefficient, Root Mean Square Difference, and Taylor skill score). For future projections over EA, five best performing CMIP6 models (based on their performance ranking in historical mean temperature simulations) under the shared socioeconomic pathways SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios were employed. The historical simulations reveal an overestimation of the mean annual T2m cycle over the study region with fewer models depicting underestimations. Further, CMIP6 models reproduce the spatial and temporal trends within the observed range proximity. Overall, the best performing models are as follows: FGOALS-g3, HadGEM-GC31-LL, MPI-ESM2-LR, CNRM-CM6-1, and IPSL-CM6A-LR. During the three-time slice under consideration, the Multi Model Ensemble (MME) project many changes during the late period (2080 – 2100) with expected mean changes at 2.4 °C for SSP2-4.5 and 4.4 °C for the SSP5-8.5 scenario. The magnitude of change based on Sen’s slope estimator and Mann-Kendall test reveal significant increasing tendencies with projections of 0.24°C decade-1 (0.65°C decade-1) under SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenarios. The findings from this study illustrate higher warming in the latest model outputs of CMIP6 relative to its predecessor, despite identical instantaneous radiative forcing.

In the past years, various intelligent machine learning and deep learning algorithms have been developed and widely applied for gearbox fault detection and diagnosis. However, the real-time application of these intelligent algorithms has been limited, mainly due to the fact that the model developed using data from one machine or one operating condition has serious diagnosis performance degradation when applied to another machine or the same machine with a different operating condition. The reason for poor model generalization is the distribution discrepancy between the training and testing data. This paper proposes to address this issue using a deep learning based cross domain adaptation approach for gearbox fault diagnosis. Labelled data from training dataset and unlabeled data from testing dataset is used to achieve the cross-domain adaptation task. A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is used as the main architecture. Maximum mean discrepancy is used as a measure to minimize the distribution distance between the labelled training data and unlabeled testing data. The study proposes to reduce the discrepancy between the two domains in multiple layers of the designed CNN to adapt the learned representations from the training data to be applied in the testing data. The proposed approach is evaluated using experimental data from a gearbox under significant speed variation and multiple health conditions. An appropriate benchmarking with both traditional machine learning methods and other domain adaptation methods demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method.

In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model based on the association between susceptible and recovered individual, where the association between susceptible and recovered individual is disturbed by white noise. This model is based on demographic changes and is used for long term behavior. We study the stability of equilibria of the deterministic model and prove the conditions for the extinction of diseases. Then, we investigate and obtain the critical condition of the stochastic epidemic model for the extinction and the permanence in mean of the disease with the white noise. To verify our results, we present some numerical simulations for real data related to disease.

Kelly's Criterion is well known among gamblers and investors as a method for maximizing the returns one would expect to observe over long periods of betting or investing. These ideas are conspicuously absent from portfolio optimization problems in the financial and automation literature. This paper will show how Kelly's Criterion can be incorporated into standard portfolio optimization models. The model developed here combines risk and return into a single objective function by incorporating a risk parameter. This model is then solved for a portfolio of 10 stocks from a major stock exchange using a differential evolution algorithm. Monte Carlo calculations are used to verify the accuracy of the results obtained from differential evolution. The results show that evolutionary algorithms can be successfully applied to solve a portfolio optimization problem where returns are calculated by applying Kelly's Criterion to each of the assets in the portfolio.

Reliability analysis techniques are customary standard tools that are used for evaluating the performance of different equipment and devices in order to minimize their downtime. To predict the reliability, life data from a sample that is satisfactorily representative of the equipment should be fitted to the suitable statistical distribution. The parameterized distribution may be used to estimate essential characteristics such as failure rate; and probability at a precise time, as well as system reliability. In the current study, Weibull++/ALTA software package is used as a novel tool to fit the available data set to estimate the best fitted probability density function (PDF) using Maximum Likelihood (MLE) for parameter estimation. The determined distributions are then assessed using goodness-of-fit test to define how well it fits the available data set. There are multiple methods for determining goodness-of-fit. Weibull distributions and their special cases’ parameters have an effect on life times.

In this project the EEG – electroencephalogram - channel(s) will be characterized to diagnose PTSD – Post-traumatic stress disorder – cases. For this aim, we applied boosting methods including a combination of K-mean and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models to find the feature weights to detect the PTSD cases. We classified 32 channels of 12 subjects including 6 PTSD and 6 healthy controls using a 6-mean classifier. The linear SVM found the weights of distinguished channels within each subject for each cluster. It was found that the significant SVM weights of F4, F8, and Pz are smaller in PTSD than in healthy subjects. This new method can be used as a tool to better understand the interaction of EEG signals and diagnosis.

In this paper we derive a unified perspective for Optimal Transport (OT) theory and Mean Field Control (MFC) theory to analyse the learning process for Neural Networks algorithms in a high-dimensional framework. We consider Mean Field Neural Networks in the context of MFC theory, specifically the mean field formulation of OT theory that allows the development of highly efficient algorithms while providing a powerful tool in the context of explainable Artificial Intelligence.

he Grassmann variables are used to formally transform a system with constraints into an unconstraint system. As a result, the Schr\"{o}dinger equation arises instead of the Wheeler-DeWitt one. The Schrodinger equation describes a system's evolution, but a definition of the scalar product is needed to calculate the mean values of the operators. We suggest an explicit formula for the scalar product related to the Klein-Gordon scalar product. The calculation of the mean values is compared with an etalon method, in which a redundant degree of freedom is excluded. Nevertheless, we could note that a complete correspondence with the etalon picture is not found. Apparently, the picture with the Grassmann variables requires a further understanding of the underlying Hilbert space.

Background: The first few minutes after birth are the most dangerous for the survival of an infant. Babies in neonatal intensive care units are either under heated or overheated, and hypothermic infants remain hypothermic or develop a fever. As a result, special attention must be paid to monitoring and maintaining the time of recovery from hypothermia states. Despite numerous studies, only a few have examined the transition from neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors in depth. Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted to track axillary temperatures taken at the time of neonatal intensive care unit admission, which were then tracked every 30 minutes until the newborn's temperature stabilized. All hypothermic neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit between January 2018 and December 2020 was included in the study. Temperature data were available at birth and within the first three hours of admission for 391 eligible hypothermic neonates. The effect of factors on the transition rate in different states of hypothermia was estimated using a multi-state Markov model. Result: The likelihood of progressing from mild to severe hypothermia was 5%, while the likelihood of progressing to normal was 34%. The average time spent in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 35, and 24 minutes for three different levels of birth weight, and 53, 41, and 31 minutes for low, moderate, and normal Apgar scores, respectively. Furthermore, the mean sojourn time in a severe hypothermia state was 48, 39, and 31 minutes for three different levels of high, normal, and low pulse rate, respectively. Conclusion: For hypothermic survivors within the first three hours of life, very low birth weight, low Apgar, and high pulse rate had the strongest association with hypothermia and took the longest time to improve/recover. As a result, there is an urgent need to train all levels of staff dealing with maintaining the time of recovery from neonatal hypothermia.

Purpose: Nycthemeral (24-hour) glaucoma inpatient intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring has been used in Europe for more than 100 years to detect peaks missed during regular office hours. Data supporting this practice is lacking, partially because it is difficult to correlate manually drawn IOP curves to objective glaucoma progression. To address this, we deployed automated IOP data extraction tools and tested for a correlation to a progressive retinal nerve fiber layer loss on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Methods: We created and deployed a machine-learning image analysis software to extract IOP data from hand-drawn, nycthemeral IOP curves of 225 retrospectively identified glaucoma patients. The relationship between demographic parameters, IOP and mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP) data to SDOCT data was analyzed. Sensitivities and specificities for the historical cut-off values of 15 mmHg and 22 mmHg in detecting glaucoma progression were calculated. Results: IOP data could be extracted efficiently. The IOP average was 15.2±4.0 mmHg, nycthemeral IOP variation was 6.9±4.2 mmHg, and MOPP was 59.1±8.9 mmHg. Peak IOP occurred at 10 AM and trough at 9 PM. Disease progression occurred mainly in the temporal-superior and -inferior SDOCT sectors. No correlation could be established between demographic, IOP, or MOPP parameters and SDOCT disease progression. The sensitivity and specificity of both cut-off points (15 and 22 mmHg) were insufficient to be clinically useful. Outpatient IOPs were non-inferior to nycthemeral IOPs. Conclusion: IOP data obtained during a single visit make for a poor diagnostic tool, no matter whether obtained using nycthemeral measurements or during outpatient hours.

A new family of inequality indices based on the deviation between the expected maximum and the expected minimum of random samples, called the nth Gini index is presented. These indices generalize the Gini index. At the same time, this family of indices and the S-Gini index are generalised by proposing the uv−Gini index, which turns out to be a convex combination of the S-Gini index and the Lorenz family of inequality measures. This family of Gini indices provides a methodology for achieving perfect equality in a given distribution of incomes. This is achieved through a series of successive and equal increases in the incomes of each individual.

Scholars in the field of environmental economics have extensively examined the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. However, they have often failed to consider the crucial roles played by technological innovation and financial development in determining environmental costs. The rapid economic growth and urbanization witnessed in BRICS countries have led to a substantial increase in energy demands, resulting in significant environmental degradation. This study aims to investigate the impact of financial development (including measures such as broad money, domestic credit to the private sector, FDI, and green technological innovation) on carbon emissions in BRICS countries using data from 2001 to 2023. The results of the study demonstrate a strong cross-sectional dependence among the countries in the panel. The Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator reveals a negative and statistically significant long-term relationship between broad money, FDI, green technological innovation, and CO2 emissions. On the other hand, domestic credit to the private sector shows a positive and significant association with carbon emissions. To determine the direction of causality, the study utilizes the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test. The findings indicate a non-directional long-term causality between financial development and CO2 emissions. However, a unidirectional causality is observed between green technological innovation and carbon emissions. Based on these findings, the study suggests that the development of industries, financial institutions, and technological innovation is crucial for attracting high-quality FDI in BRICS countries. However, it also highlights the significant contribution of these developments to environmental degradation, necessitating urgent policy responses.

Information theoretic quantities such as entropy, entropy rate, information gain, and relative entropy are often used to understand the performance of intelligent agents in learning applications. Mean squared error has not played a role in these analyses, primarily because it is not felt to be a viable performance indicator in these scenarios. We build on a new quantity, the log ratio of entropy powers, to establish that minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation, prediction, and smoothing are directly connected to Mutual Information Gain or Loss in an agent learning system modeled by a Markov chain for many probability distributions of interest. Expressions for mutual information gain or loss are developed for MMSE estimation, prediction, and smoothing and an example for fixed lag smoothing is presented.

Mercury (Hg) analyses in species of fish are performed for two reasons 1) to safeguard human health, 2) to assess environmental quality, since different environmental changes may increase the Hg concentrations in fish. These analyses are important since both natural and human activities can increase these Hg concentrations, which can vary extensively, depending on the species, age and catching location. Unfortunately, humans consuming Hg contaminated fish or other marine foodstuffs cannot taste Hg contamination; this can be only detected by chemical analysis. If the aim of Hg analysis is to protect the health of marine-food consumers, researchers workers must consider the location where the fish were caught and interpret the results accordingly. Health and environmental officials must appreciate that in specific places many local people may have a daily diet almost entirely consisting of fish or other marine foods, and these individuals should not be exposed to high concentrations of Hg. Regional and national health and environmental officials should follow the guidance of international organizations when drawing their final conclusions about whether or not the products are safe to eat.

The rise of digital technology and artificial intelligence has led to a significant change in the way financial services are delivered. One such development is the emergence of robo-advising, which is an automated investment advisory service that utilizes algorithms to provide investment advice and portfolio management to investors. Robo-Advisors collect information about their clients’ preferences, financial situation and future goals through questionnaires, then recommend ETF based portfolios supposed to fit investor’s risk profile. However, questionnaires seem to be vague, and robos do not reveal the methods used for investor profiling or asset allocation. This study aims at contributing by proposing an investor profiling method, based only on the level of relative risk aversion (RRA) of investors. We show how to determine RRA optimal portfolios and compare the performance of our portfolios with portfolios proposed by the Riskalyze platform.

Background: Acute viral gastroenteritis remains a leading cause of health care cost globally, prompting the need for basic diagnostic strategies. Objectives: This study aims to assess the impact of viral gastroenteritis on hemogram and C-reactive protein. Methods: By conducting a retrospective study, three groups of children diagnosed with gastroenteritis (rotavirus positive, adenovirus positive and rota/adenovirus negative group) were compared in terms of hemogram parameters and C- reactive protein. Results: Among 756 children with gastroenteritis, 7.9% of patients were rotavirus positive and 6.5% of them were adenovirus positive. Our findings disclosed a statistically significant association between low lymphocyte (2.2 ± 1.45) and MPV value (7.38 ± 0.4 fL) with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Also, the analysis revealed a high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (2.8± 2.1) in rotavirus group. However, our study did not reveal any prominent laboratory marker that serves as a distinctive feature of adenovirus unlike rotavirus. Conclusions: In conclusion our research highlights the potential of decreased mean platelet volume and lymphopenia as diagnostic markers for rotavirus gastroenteritis.

Liquidity providers for asset-pair pools with constant value distri- bution, such as Balancer pools, experience some impermanent loss whenever there is price divergence in the tokens’ fiat values. In this paper, we model this impermanent loss for geometric mean invariant pools by deriving a function of two parameters. We analyze our function graphically, showing that unevenly distributed pools with large weighting disparities best mitigate the risk of impermanent loss. We conclude by providing a general protocol for liquidity providers to choose a suitable pool based on their risk tolerance and profit goals.

Cellular automata are mathematical models that represent systems with complex behavior through simple interactions between their individual elements. These models can be used to study unconventional computational systems and complexity. One notable aspect of cellular automata is their ability to create structures known as gliders, which move in a regular pattern to represent the manipulation of information. This paper introduces the modification of mean-field theory applied to cellular automata, using random perturbations based on the system’s evolution rule. The original aspect of this approach is that the perturbation factor is tailored to the nature of the rule, altering the behavior of the mean-field polynomials. By combining the properties of both the original and perturbed polynomials, it is possible to detect when a cellular automaton is more likely to generate gliders without having to run evolutions of the system.This methodology is a useful approach to finding more examples of cellular automata that exhibit complex behavior. We start by examining elementary cellular automata, then move on to examples of automata that can generate gliders with more states. To illustrate the results of this methodology, we provide evolution examples of the detected automata.

We present a model that incorporates the effect of two-body currents in quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering within the framework of a consistent superscaling formalism. This is achieved by defining an averaged single-nucleon hadronic tensor based on the 1p1h matrix element of the one-body current plus meson-exchange currents (MEC). The consistent treatment of one- and two-body currents in our model enables the calculation of exchange current effects in the kinematical region where the Fermi gas response is zero, but not the scaling function. The effect of MEC is consistently taken into account when extracting the phenomenological scaling function from electron scattering data. With this model, we investigate the effect of MEC on the response functions taking into account the effective mass of the nucleon, and examine the consequences it has on the inclusive (e,e′) cross section. We find that 1p1h MEC deplete the quasielastic transverse response, while they not alter significantly the scaling behavior of (e,e′) data.

Various means (the arithmetic mean, the geometric mean, the harmonic mean, the power means) are often used as central tendency statistics. A new statistic of such type is offered for a sample from a distribution on the positive semi-axis, the gamma-weighted geometric mean. This statistic is a certain weighted geometric mean with adaptive weights.

We consider a Mean Field Games model where the dynamics of the agents is given by a controlled Langevin equation and the cost is quadratic. A change of variables, introduced in [13], transforms the Mean Field Games system into a system of two coupled kinetic Fokker-Planck equations. We prove an existence result for the latter system, obtaining consequently existence of a solution for the Mean Field Games system.

Animal behavior analysis is a crucial tasks for the industrial farming. In an indoor farm setting, extracting Key joints of animal is essential for tracking the animal for longer period of time. In this paper, we proposed a deep network that exploit transfer learning to trained the network for the pig skeleton extraction in an end to end fashion. The backbone of the architecture is based on hourglass stacked dense-net. In order to train the network, key frames are selected from the test data using K-mean sampler. In total, 9 Keypoints are annotated that gives a brief detailed behavior analysis in the farm setting. Extensive experiments are conducted and the quantitative results show that the network has the potential of increasing the tracking performance by a substantial margin.

Recently, the medical image processing is extensively used in several areas. In earlier detection and treatment of these diseases is very helpful to find out the abnormality issues in that image. Here there are number of methods available for segmentation to detect the lung nodule of computer tomography (CT) image. The main result of this paper, the earlier detection of lung nodules using Pre-processing techniques of top-hat transform, median and adaptive bilateral filter was compared both filtering methods and proved the adaptive bilateral filter is suitable method for CT images. The proposed segmentation technique uses novel strip method and the image is split into number of strips 3, 4, 5 and 6. A marker- watershed method based on PSO and Fuzzy C-mean Clustering method was proposed method. Firstly, the input image was reduced noise reduction and smoothing and the filter image is using strips method and then the image is segmented by marker watershed method. Secondly, the enhanced PSO technique was used to locate the better accurate value of the clustering centers of Fuzzy C-mean Clustering. Final stage, with the accurate value of centers and the enhanced target function and the small region of the segmented object was clustered by Fuzzy C-mean. In segmentation algorithm presented in this paper gives 95% of accuracy rate to detect lung nodules when strip count is 5.

The propeller jet from a ship has a significant component directed upwards towards the free surface of the water, which can be used for ice management. This paper describes a comprehensive laboratory experiment where the influences of operational factors affecting a propeller wake velocity field were investigated. The experiment was done on a steady wake field to investigate the characteristics of the axial velocity of the fluid in the wake and the corresponding variability downstream of the propeller. The axial velocities and the variability recorded were time-averaged. Propeller rotational speed was found to be the most significant factor, followed by propeller inclination. The experimental results also provide some idea about the change of the patterns of the mean axial velocity distribution against the factors considered for the test throughout the effective wake field, as well as the relationships to predict the axial velocity for known factors.

Efforts to enhance quality control (QC) practices in chip seal construction have predominantly relied on single surface frictional metrics such as mean profile depth (MPD) or friction number. These metrics assess chip seal quality by targeting issues such as aggregate loss or excessive bleeding, which may yield low friction numbers or texture depths. However, aggregate loss particularly due to snowplow operations doesn't always result in slippery conditions and may lead to uneven surfaces. The correlation between higher MPD or friction number and superior chip seal quality isn't straightforward. This research introduces an innovative machine learning-based approach to enhance chip seal QC. Using a hybrid DBSCAN-Isolation Forest model, anomaly detection is conducted on a dataset comprising 183,794 20-meter MPD measurements from actual chip seal projects across six districts in Indiana. This results in typical 20 m-segment MPD ranges of [0.9, 1.9], [0.6, 2.1], [0.3, 1.3], [1.0, 1.7], [0.6, 1.9], and [1.0, 2.3] for the respective six districts in Indiana. A two-step QC procedure tailored for chip seal evaluation is proposed. The first step calculates outlier percentages across 1-mile segments, with an established limit of 25% outlier segments per wheel track. The second step assesses unqualified rates across projects, setting a threshold of 50% for 1-mile unqualified wheel track segments. While the results are data-specific, this framework offers pavement construction practitioners a foundational QC standard for chip seal projects.

The concept of neutrosophic number is a significant mathematical tool to deal with real scientific problems because it can tackle indeterminate and incomplete information which exists generally in real problems. In this article, we use neutrosophic numbers (a + bI), where a and bI denote determinate component and indeterminate component respectively. We explore the situations in which the input information is needed to express in terms of neutrosophic numbers. We define score functions and accuracy functions for ranking neutrosophic numbers. We then define a cosine function to determine unknown criteria weights. We define neutrosophic number harmonic mean operators and proved their basic properties. Then, we develop two novel MCGDM strategies using the proposed aggregation operators. We solve a numerical example to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed two strategies. Sensitivity analysis with variation of “I” on neutrosophic numbers is performed to demonstrate how the preference ranking order of alternatives is sensitive to the change of “I”. The efficiency of the developed strategies is ascertained by comparing the obtained results from the proposed strategies with the existing strategies in the literature.

It has been more than a century since Erlang published his paper in 1909. The classical queueing system for the M/D/c queue has been investigated by many authors. The key is to find the roots of an equation using explicit or numerical methods. We present an alternate form of explicit solution(s) of this/these root(s) using the Lambert-W function in this paper. In addition, the unsaturated probabilities of the number of customers in the system is derived explicitly in terms of this/these root(s). Finally, the mean number of customers in the system and the mean queueing delay are obtained from these probabilities. The exact queueing delay formula for the M/D/c queue is expressed in closed-form in terms of the root(s). Numerical results show that they are in excellent agreement with the numerical results published by Seelen, Tijms and Van Hoorn.

Credit card payment platforms are increasingly used for e-commerce activities. Credit cards are payment cards issued to individuals so they can purchase products and services based on their accumulated debt. Since credit cards are becoming very popular and widely used, the number of related fraud cases is likewise increasing. Whereas, there are large numbers of credit card transactions daily; thus, it becomes complex to differentiate between fraudulent and non-fraudulent transactions. Accordingly, different machine learning (ML) tools have been deployed in the literature to filter credit card transactions to prevent cardholders and financial institutions from losing money. In this article, the ensemble hidden Markov model (EHMM) approach is deployed to predict credit card fraud. EHMM is a popular and flexible ML tool that can easily model randomly changing datasets. Yet, the performance of the EHMM solely depends on the adopted feature extraction technique. The more reliable the feature extraction technique, the better the performance of the EHMM. In this vein, this article analyses two feature extraction techniques that can be combined with the EHMM for the prediction of credit card fraud. First, the principal component analysis (PCA) feature extraction techniques are combined with the EHMM to effectively predict credit card fraud. Yet, the PCA increases the computational time complexity of the EHMM. Therefore, this article adapts some statistical features to reduce the computational time complexity imposed on the EHMM. These robust but simple statistical features termed MRE; Mean, Relative Amplitude, and Entropy, are merged to form a feature vector that can be combined with the EHMM to effectively predict credit card frauds. The performance of the PCA-EHMM and MRE-EHMM are evaluated using the credit card transactions dataset of European cardholders gathered within two days in September 2013. The results were documented using different performance metrics such as recall/sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1-score. The findings of this article will offer solutions to the loss experienced by cardholders and financial institutions as a result of online banking which requires credit card details.

The current work reveals the fine tuning between stability zones and randomness of Pointwise Stationary Fluid Flow Approximation (PSFFA) model of the non-stationary queueing D/M/1 system. More specifically, this clearly provides more insights into developing a contemporary PSFFA theory that unifies non-stationary queueing theory with chaos theory and fields in both theoretical physics and chaotic systems. This opens new grounds for stability analysis of non-stationary queueing systems.

A novel compressible real gas 1D finite volume thermofluid network modelling methodology is proposed that can be applied in the analysis of supercritical CO₂ (sCO2) power cycles. It is applied to simulate centrifugal compressor performance via a mean line approach that directly solves the mass, energy, and momentum balance equations for the discretized flow channels within the machine along with the associated loss models, component characteristics, and applicable compressible real gas equation of state. This can be integrated seamlessly with the rest of the power cycle components like pipes, valves, heat exchangers, etc., thereby eliminating the need for static performance maps and the associated difficulties to ensure similarity over the whole range of operation. This direct simulation of the internal flows also makes it possible to do integrated cycle design optimization that includes the geometry of the compressors, and to simulate fast transients for dynamic analysis. The methodology was applied to simulate well-documented air and sCO2 centrifugal compressors and compared the generated results with that of conventional thermofluid network incompressible and compressible ideal gas approaches. The results indicate that the proposed compressible real gas approach can capture the stagnation pressure changes and isentropic efficiencies with good accuracy for both cases over the whole range of mass flow rates and shaft rotational speeds. In contrast, the conventional thermofluid network incompressible and compressible ideal gas approaches are only applicable in selected regions of the fluid property regime and suffer from discretization errors and inappropriate treatment of the relationship between stagnation and static pressures. Furthermore, comparative analyses between the newly proposed approach and the traditional mechanical energy balance method are performed, showing that the latter approach needs to be discretized more finely through the compression process to correctly capture the polytropic compression path shape, whereas the former more accurately captures the stagnation pressure changes through the analyzed compressors with only a single increment per compressor component.

Superscaling in electron scattering from nuclei is re-examined paying special attention to the definition of the averaged single-nucleon responses. The validity of the extrapolation of nucleon responses in the Fermi gas has been examined, which previously lacked a theoretical foundation. To address this issue, we introduce new averaged responses with a momentum distribution smeared around the Fermi surface, allowing for momenta above the Fermi momentum. This approach solves the problem of negativity in the extrapolation away from the scaling region and, at the same time, validates its use in the scaling analysis. This work has important implications for the interpretation of scaling data and contributes to the development of a more complete understanding of the scaling approach.

We investigated the characteristics of surface wind speeds and temperatures predicted by the local data assimilation and prediction system (LDAPS) operated by the Korean Meteorological Administration. First, we classified automated weather stations (AWSs) into four categories [urban flat (Uf), rural flat (Rf), rural mountainous (Rm), and rural coastal (Rc) terrains] based on the surrounding land cover and topography, and selected 25 AWSs representing each category. Then we calculated the mean bias error of wind speed (WE) and temperature (TE) using AWS observations and LDAPS predictions for the 25 AWSs in each category for a period of 1 year (January–December 2015). We found that LDAPS overestimated wind speed (average WE = 1.26 m s–1) and underestimated temperature (average TE = –0.63°C) at Uf AWSs located on flat terrain in urban areas because it failed to reflect the drag and local heating caused by buildings. At Rf, located on flat terrain in rural areas, LDAPS showed the best performance in predicting surface wind speed and temperature (average WE = 0.42 m s–1, average TE = 0.12°C). In mountainous rural terrain (Rm), WE and TE were strongly correlated with differences between LDAPS and actual altitude. LDAPS underestimated (overestimated) wind speed (temperature) for LDAPS altitudes that were lower than actual altitude, and vice versa. In rural coastal terrain (Rc), LDAPS temperature predictions depended on whether the grid was on land or sea, whereas wind speed did not depend on grid location. LDAPS underestimated temperature at grid points on the sea, with smaller TE obtained for grid points on sea than on land.

The aim of this study is (a) to develop, test, and employ a combined method of unsupervised machine learning to objectively assess the condition of sports facility in primary schools (PSSFC) and (b) examine the examine the geographical and typological association with PSSFC. Based on the Sixth National Sports Facility Census (NSFC), six PSSFC indicators (indoor and outdoor facility included) were selected as the measurements and decomposed by using the t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Thereafter, the Fuzzy C-mean (FCM) algorithm was used to cluster the same type of PSSFC with selecting the optimum numbers of evaluation level. Overall 845 primary schools in Shanghai, China were recruited and tested by this combined approach of unsupervised machine learning. In addition, the two-way analysis of covariance was used to examine the location and types of school associated with PSSFC variables in each level. The combined method was found to have acceptable reliability and good interpretability, differentiating PSSFC into five gradient levels. The characteristics of PSSFC differ by the location and school type of individual school. Our findings are conducive to the regionalized and personalized intervention and promotion on the children’s physical activity (PA) upon the practical situation of particular schools.

The main focus when developing software is to improve the reliability and stability of a software system. When software systems are introduced, these systems are used in field environments that are the same as or close to those used in the development-testing environment; however, they may also be used in many different locations that may differ from the environment in which they were developed and tested. In this paper, we propose a new software reliability model that takes into account the uncertainty of operating environments. The explicit mean value function solution for the proposed model is presented. Examples are presented to illustrate the goodness-of-fit of the proposed model and several existing non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models and confidence intervals of all models based on two sets of failure data collected from software applications. The results show that the proposed model fits the data more closely than other existing NHPP models to a significant extent.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is in crisis, in part due to bad methods, which are understood as misuse of statistics that is considered correct in itself. This article exposes two related common misconceptions in statistics, the effect size (ES) based on correlation (CBES) and a misconception of contingency tables (MCT). CBES is a fallacy based on misunderstanding of correlation and ES and confusion with 2 × 2 tables, which makes no distinction between gross crosstabs (GCTs) and contingency tables (CTs). This leads to misapplication of Pearson’s Phi, designed for CTs, to GCTs and confusion of the resulting gross Pearson Phi, or mean-square effect half-size, with the implied Pearson mean square contingency coefficient. Generalizing this binary fallacy to continuous data and the correlation in general (Pearson’s r) resulted in flawed equations directly expressing ES in terms of the correlation coefficient, which is impossible without including covariance, so these equations and the whole CBES concept are fundamentally wrong. MCT is a series of related misconceptions due to confusion with 2 × 2 tables and misapplication of related statistics. The misconceptions are threatening because most of the findings from contingency tables, including CBES-based meta-analyses, can be misleading. Problems arising from these fallacies are discussed and the necessary changes to the corpus of statistics are proposed resolving the problem of correlation and ES in paired binary data. Since exposing these fallacies casts doubt on the reliability of the statistical foundations of EBM in general, we urgently need to revise them.

This study introduces a novel predictive model for atomization droplet size, developed through comprehensive data collected under elevated temperature and pressure conditions using a twin swirl airblast nozzle. The model, grounded in flow instability theory, has been meticulously parameterized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Through rigorous analysis, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), the model has demonstrated robust reliability and precision, with a maximum relative error of 19.3% and an average relative error of 6.8%. Compared to the classical atomization model by Rizkalla and Lefebvre, this model leverages theoretical insights and incorporates a range of interacting variables, enhancing its applicability and accuracy. Spearman correlation analysis reveals that air pressure and the air pressure drop ratio significantly negatively impact droplet size, whereas the fuel-air ratio (FAR) shows a positive correlation. Experimental validation at ambient conditions shows that the model is applicable with a reliability threshold of ≥0.13 and highlight the predominance of the pressure swirl mechanism over aerodynamic atomization at higher fuel flow rates (q > 1.25 kg/h). This research effectively bridges theoretical and practical perspectives, offering critical insights for the optimization of airblast nozzle design.

Entropy production in stochastic thermodynamics is defined as the average over all the possible system trajectories of a quantity (observable) which measures the divergence between a trajectory and its time-reversal. In this way a quantitative measure of the irreversible evolution of a system out of equilibrium can be given. In this note we consider a Markov system and substitute the linear average with a more general notion of average over the trajectories (Kolmogorov-Nagumo mean) which corresponds to substituting Shannon entropy with Rény entropy. We show that, unlike the linear average case, the resulting notion of entropy production depends on how the observable is defined.

High-wind structures were identified in the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) ocean wind vector reanalysis for comparison with winds measured by satellite radiometers and synthetical aperture radar (SAR) instruments from February to October 2023. The comparison aims to evaluate bias, uncertainty, and spatial correlations with the goal of enhancing the accuracy of ocean wind datasets during tropical cyclones (TCs). In 10°longitude×10°latitude blocks, each containing a TC, Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) winds are 6.5% and 4.8% higher than CCMP, while Advanced Scatterometer (ASCATB) is 0.8% lower. For extratropical cyclones, AMSR2 and SMAP also show stronger winds with a 5% difference, and ASCATB is about 0.3% weaker compared to CCMP. The comparison between SAR and CCMP for TC winds, sampled at the locations and time frames of SAR tiles, indicates that SAR winds around TCs are about 9% higher than CCMP winds. Using empirically defined TC structural indices, we find that the TCs observed by CCMP are shifted in locations and lack a compact core region. A Random Forest (RF) regressor was applied to TCs in CCMP with corresponding SAR observations, nearly correcting the full magnitude of low bias in CCMP statistically, with a 15m/s correction in the core region. The hierarchy of importance among the predictors is as follows: CCMP wind speed (62%), distance of SAR pixels to the eye region (21%) and eye center (7%), and distance of CCMP pixels to the eye region (5%) and eye center.

With the use of linear regression modeling, this study sought to forecast and analyze rainfall patterns in Ethiopia. The dataset included historical rainfall data as well as pertinent independent variables. The R-squared score and mean squared error (MSE) were used to assess the effectiveness of the linear regression model. The results showed that the model's ability to forecast and analyze rainfall patterns was not very good. Only around 5.3% of the variance in rainfall could be explained by the chosen independent variables, according to the R-squared score of 0.053. This low number indicated that there was little correlation between the selected variables and rainfall, and that a sizable percentage of the variation in the dependent variable was not captured by the model. The model's accuracy in forecasting rainfall was shown to be quite low by the MSE error, with significant squared discrepancies between the expected and actual amounts. These results support the notion that the linear regression model as it is now designed is not appropriate for studying or forecasting Ethiopia's rainfall patterns. Alternative modeling approaches, the inclusion of other pertinent factors, and the assurance of the availability of high-quality data that faithfully captures the intricate dynamics of rainfall in the area all require more investigation.

An exposition is undertaken to reveal the significant impact of the time-dependent root parameter, on the stability of Pointwise Stationary Fluid Flow Approximation (PSFFA) model of the non-stationary queueing system. This opens new grounds to stability analysis of non-stationary queueing systems. Potential PSFFA applications of IoT are highlighted.

Background The Delta Neutrophil Index (DNI), a prodiagnostic marker for sepsis, utilizes leukocyte count. Platelet activation, similar to leukocytes, plays a crucial role in host defence against pathogens and may serve as a predictor of sepsis outcome. However, the combined evaluation of Mean Platelet Component (MPC) and DNI in assessing sepsis has been rarely used. Methods To assess the prodiagnostic validity of simultaneous utilization of DNI and MPC in cases of human febrile sepsis, we conducted measurements of cellular indices, including DNI and MPC, as well as molecular biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). This study was carried out on patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected sepsis. Results Using a cutoff value of 2.65%, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of DNI in sepsis were found to be 69%, 73.9%, 77.9%, and 64.1%, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences in DNI and MPC levels were observed between the sepsis and non-sepsis groups (6.7±7.8% versus 2.1±2.2%, P=0.000 and 26.0±1.9 g/dl versus 26.8±1.4 g/dl, P=0.002), respectively. Notably, there was a negative correlation between DNI and MPC, with the strength of the correlation varying based on the cause of sepsis. By setting the cutoff value for DNI at 6.2%, the sensitivity, specificity, and NPV improved to 100%, 80.3%, and 100%, respectively, although the PPV remained at 10.6%. Importantly, the DNI≥6.2 group exhibited a higher incidence of death (10.9%, 5/46) and multiorgan failure (19.6%, 9/46) compared to the DNI<6.2 group (0.0%, 0/46 and 0.0%, 0/167, respectively) (P=0.000 and P=0.000, respectively). Conclusions In our study, DNI demonstrates superior effectiveness compared to other molecular biomarkers such as CRP and procalcitonin in distinguishing febrile septic patients from febrile nonseptic patients and predicting prognosis. Additionally, there exists a negative correlation between MPC and DNI, making MPC a valuable marker for differentiating the etiology of sepsis. These findings hold significant clinical implications as DNI/MPC is a cost-effective and readily applicable approach in various impending sepsis scenarios. Notably, this study represents the first examination of the prodiagnostic validity of simultaneously employing DNI and MPC in human cases of febrile sepsis.

This study aims to apply a Recommendation System with Content Based Filtering method with Jaccard Similarity and Cosine Similarity algorithms on the E-Learning Platform. Recommendation systems deal with how to provide personalized recommendations to users efficiently. The Content Based Filtering method with Jaccard Similarity and Cosine Similarity algorithms can be used to calculate the similarity value between E-Courses on the E-Learning Platform. Implementation for Recommendation System using Google Colaboratory with Python programming language. In the application of the Recommendation System dataset, Coursera Free Dataset consists of 975 instances. The recommendation results use the Jaccard Similarity algorithm with an average similarity value of 0.3 while the value of Cosine Similarity with the average similarity value is 0.6 where the similarity value of Cosine Similarity is higher. Based on the results of the Mean Absolute Error in the low recommendation system, the average MAE value for all iterations of Jaccard Similarity algorithm is 0.013 and for the Cosine Similarity algorithm the average MAE value for all iterations is 0.014. This shows that the Recommendation System with Jaccard Similarity and Cosine Similarity algorithms can be used on the E-Learning Platform to provide efficiency solutions for personalized recommendations.

Lipid mesophases are being intensively studied as potential candidates for drug-delivery purposes. Extensive experimental characterization has unveiled a wide palette of release features depending on the nature of the host lipids and of the guest molecule, as well as on the environmental conditions. However, only few simulation works have addressed the matter, which hampers a solid rationalization of the richness of outcomes observed in experiments. Particularly, to date there are no theoretical works addressing the impact of hydropathy on the transport of a molecule within lipid mesophases, despite the significant fraction of hydrophobic molecules among currently-available drugs. Similarly, the high heterogeneity of water mobility in the nanoscopic channels within lipid mesophases has also been neglected. To fill this gap, we introduce here a minimal model to account for these features in a lamellar geometry, and systematically study the role played by hydropathy and water-mobility heterogeneity by Brownian-dynamics simulations. We unveil a fine interplay between the presence of free-energy barriers, the affinity of the drug for the lipids, and the reduced mobility of water in determining the net molecular transport. More in general, our work is an instance of how multiscale simulations can be fruitfully employed to assist experiments in release systems based on lipid mesophases.

Spatially uniform optical excitations can induce Floquet topological band structures within insulators which can develop similar or equal characteristics as are known from three-dimensional topological insulators. We derive in this article theoretically the development of Floquet topological quantum states for electromagnetically driven semiconductor bulk matter and we present results for the lifetime of these states and their occupation in the non-equilibrium. The direct physical impact of the mathematical precision of the Floquet-Keldysh theory is evident when we solve the driven system of a generalized Hubbard model with our framework of dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) in the non-equilibrium for a case of ZnO. The physical consequences of the topological non-equilibrium effects in our results for correlated systems are explained with their impact on optoelectronic applications.

Hamacher operation which is generalization of the Algebraic and Einstein operation, can widely provide a large number of arithmetical operation with respect to uncertainty information, and Heronian mean can deal with correlations of the input arguments or different criteria and don’t make calculation redundancy, meanwhile, the normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (NIFNs) can depict distinctively normal distribution information in practical decision making. In this paper, a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem is researched under the NIFNs environment, and a new MCGDM approach is introduced on the basis of the Hamacher operation. Firstly, according to Hamacher t-conorm and t-norm, some operational laws of NIFNs are presented. Secondly, it is noticed that Heronian mean can’t only once take into account mutual relation between attribute values once, but also consider the correlation between input argument and itself. Therefore, we develop some operators and study their properties in order to aggregate normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers information, these operators include Hamacher Heronian mean (NIFHHM), Hamacher weighted Heronian mean (NIFHWHM), Hamacher geometric Heronian mean (NIFHGHM) and Hamacher weighted geometric Heronian mean (NIFHWGHM). Furthermore, we apply the proposed operators to the MCGDM problem and present a new method. The main characteristics of this new method involve that: (1) it is suitable to make decision under the normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers environment and more reliable and reasonable to aggregate the normal distribution information. (2) it utilizes Hamacher operation which can provide more reliable and flexible decision-making results and offer an effective and powerful mathematic tool for the MAGDM under uncertainty. (3) it uses the Heronian mean operator which can considers relationships between the input arguments or the attributes and don’t brings subsequently about redundancy. Lastly, an application is given for showing the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented method in this paper.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation about target detecting with passive sonar in Persian Gulf. Detecting propagated sounds in the water is one of the basic challenges of the researchers in sonar field. This challenge will be complex in shallow water (like Persian Gulf) and noise less vessels. Generally, in passive sonar the targets are detected by sonar equation (with constant threshold) which increase the detection error in shallow water. Purpose of this study is proposed a new method for detecting targets in passive sonars using adaptive threshold. In this method, target signal (sound) is processed in time and frequency domain. For classifying, Bayesian classification is used and prior distribution is estimated by Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Finally, target was detected by combining the detection points in both domains using LMS adaptive filter. Results of this paper has showed that proposed method has improved true detection rate about 27% compare other the best detection method.

In the paper, by virtue of a Lévy–Khintchine representation and an alternative integral representation for the weighted geometric mean, the authors establish a Lévy–Khintchine representation and an alternative integral representation for the Toader–Qi mean. Moreover, the authors also collect an probabilistic interpretation and applications in engineering of the Toader–Qi mean.

The paper proposes an approach to solving the inverse epidemiological problem, written in terms of the “mean field” theory. Finding the coefficients of the epidemiological SIR mean field model is reduced to solving an optimization problem, for the solution of which only zero-order methods can be used. The Nelder-Mead method was chosen as such a method. The algorithm for solution of the inverse coefficient problem is proposed. Computational experiments were carried out to compare the obtained solutions with respect to synthetic and real data. The results of computational experiments have shown the efficiency of this approach. Ways to further improve the approach have also been determined.

The capability of in-house transient wave-multibody computational tool of ITU-WAVE are extended to predict the wave power absorption with Wave Energy Converters (WECs) arrays placed in front of a vertical breakwater. The analyses of hydrodynamic exciting and radiation forces are approximated solving boundary integral equation at each time interval. The reflection of incoming waves due to a vertical wall is predicted with method of images. The constructive or destructive performance of WECs arrays with different array configurations is measured with mean interaction factor. The behaviour of the exciting and radiation hydrodynamic forces of each WEC due to a vertical wall effect shows considerable differences than those of WECs arrays without a vertical wall influence. When the wave power absorption with WECs arrays with and without a vertical wall effect are compared, it is shown with numerical experiences that WECs placed in front of a vertical wall have much greater effects on wave power absorption. This can be attribute to the hydrodynamic interaction, standing waves, and nearly trapped waves in the gap between a vertical wall and WECs arrays. The analytical and other numerical results are used to for the validation of the numerical results of the present ITU-WAVE computational tool for exciting and radiation forces, and mean interaction factor of WECs arrays which show satisfactory agreements.

In this article, we establish some new generalized inequalities of Hilbert-type on time scales delta calculus which considered as similar formulas for inequalities of Hilbert type proved by Chang-Jian, Lian-Ying and Cheung [7]. These inequalities will proved by applying Hölder’s inequality, chain rule on time scales and the mean inequality. As special cases of our results (when T = N and T = R), we get the discrete and continuous inequalities. Also, we can obtain other inequalities in different time scale, like T = q^Z, q > 1.

It has been known for nearly over 150 years that fatigue life data exhibits a considerable amount of variability. Furthermore, statistically modeling fatigue life adequately is challenging. Different empirical approaches have been used, each of which has merit; however, none is appropriate universally. Even when a sufficiently robust database exists, the scatter in the fatigue lives may be extremely large and difficult to characterize. The complications in empirical modeling are exacerbated for long life estimation when experimental observations are rare. The purpose of this work is to review traditional and more modern empirically based methodologies for estimating the cumulative distribution functions for fatigue life, given an applied load. To assess the applicability of the methods confidence bounds will be estimated. The analyses will be performed on an historic set of data for annealed aluminum wire tested in reverse torsion fatigue. These data are available in publications. It is recommended that a time dependent distribution function that is an based on principles of reliability that can be generalized for a variety of modeling applications should be considered for fatigue life estimation.

Food processing and consumption involves multiple contacts between biological fluids and solid materials of processing devices of which steel is one of the most common. Due to complexity of these interactions, it is difficult to identify the main control factors in the formation of undesirable deposits on the device surfaces that may affect safety and efficiency of the processes. Mechanistic understanding of biomolecule-metal interactions involving food proteins could improve management of these pertinent industrial processes and consumer safety in food industry and beyond. In this work, we perform a multiscale study of formation of protein corona on iron surfaces and nanoparticles in contact with cow milk proteins. By calculating the binding energies of proteins with the substrate we quantify the adsorption strength and rank proteins by the adsorption affinity. We use a multiscale method involving all-atom and coarse-grained simulations as well as generation of 3D structures of the proteins for this purpose. Finally, using the adsorption energy results, we predict the composition of protein corona on iron nanoparticles and flat surfaces via a competitive adsorption model.

Soil is an extremely significant resource for human survival, and agglomerates, as the basic unit of soil structure, not only enhance soil fertility and control the biological validity of nutrients, but also strengthen the soil's erosion resistance. The mass application of fertilizers may have a significant impact on crop growth and soil structure, and the rational application and dispensing of fertilizers will be an urgent issue to be addressed. Therefore, the effect of fertilizer application on the stability of water-stable soil aggregates needs to be studied under different meteorological and soil conditions to draw more general and feasible conclusions. Our Meta-analysis of data from 220 of 56 published studies found that fertilizer application increased mean weight diameter (MWD) by an average of 18% compared to the no-fertilizer treatment. Among the nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and organic (OM) fertilizer treatments, the organic fertilizer treatment had a greater stimulatory effect on MWD (26%). Among the different fertilizer levels, low level of phosphorus (<40kg·hm-2·yr-1), high level of N (>120kg·hm-2·yr-1), and low level of organic fertilizer (<5000kg·hm-2·yr-1) increased MWD by 19%, 14%, and 41% respectively. Across soil types and land use types, the response to MWD was positive for red soils and paddy fields, and the stimulatory effect of organic fertilizer was more significant compared to chemical fertilizer. The regression model showed that the response ratio of MWD was negatively correlated with the response ratio of soil pH and bulk density (BD), and positively correlated with the response ratio of soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial mass carbon (MBC). Meanwhile, the PLS-SEM model showed that average annual temperature was the main factor affecting the stability of soil aggregates, and the average annual rainfall is the secondary factor. Therefore, this study found that the long-term use of organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers was more effective than chemical fertilizer alone. Temperature and rainfall have greater effects on the response of fertilizer to soil aggregate stability.

The population growth, economic development and urbanization of the city of Douala in Cameroon are facing great challenges, particularly environmental and economic problems. However, there is an evolution of the road transport sector that has led to an excessive increase in the consumption of fossil fuels and over the last decades to an increase in greenhouse gases in the road transport sector. From this observation, no real policy has yet been put in place with a view to improving the energy efficiency of the transport sector. This work aim at analyzing the driving force factors of energy consumption in road transport in the city of Douala. In this study, a decomposition analysis through the Logarithmic Mean Divisa Index (LMDI) method is used during the period 2010-2019 to quantify their respective contributions in energy consumption. We have broken down road transport energy consumption into four main factors as main determinants such as: vehicle energy intensity, vehicle intensity, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population. The results show that vehicle energy intensity, vehicle intensity, GDP per capita and population effect all have a positive impact on energy consumption and therefore main responsible for the increase in fuel consumption energy contributing respectively to 13.06%, 31.30%, 12.85% and 42.76% of the total variation of energy consumption. It is therefore necessary to implement several energy saving strategies in order to achieve a rationalization of energy consumption for a reduction of road transport energy. Political decision-makers must take such a study into account to better integrate the notion of sustainable transport.

In many Bayesian computations, first, we obtain the expression of the joint distribution of all the unknown variables given the observed data. In general, this expression is not separable in those variables. Thus, obtaining their marginals for each variable and computing the expectations are difficult and costly. This problem becomes even more difficult in high dimensional quandaries, which is an important issue in inverse problems. We may then try to propose a surrogate expression with which we can do approximate computations. Often a separable expression approximation can be useful enough. The Variational Bayesian Approximation (VBA) is a technique that approximates the joint distribution $p$ with an easier, for example separable, one $q$ by minimizing Kullback–Leibler Divergence $KL(q|p)$. When $q$ is separable in all the variables, the approximation is also called Mean Field Approximation (MFA) and so $q$ is the product of the approximated marginals. A first standard and general algorithm is alternate optimization of $KL(q|p)$ with respect to $q_i$. A second general approach is its optimization in the Riemannian manifold. However, in this paper, for practical reasons, we consider the case where $p$ is in the exponential family and so is $q$. For this case, $KL(q|p)$ becomes a function of the parameters $\thetab$ of the exponential family. Then, we can use any other optimization algorithm to obtain those parameters. In this paper, we compare three optimization algorithms: standard alternate optimization, a gradient-based algorithm and a natural gradient algorithm and study their relative performances on three examples.

One of the key challenges of stock trading is the stock prices follow a random walk process, which is a special case of a stochastic process, and are highly sensitive to new information. A random walk process is difficult to predict in the short-term. Many linear process models that are being used to predict financial time series are structural models that provide an important decision boundary, albeit not adequately considering the correlation or causal effect of market sentiment on stock prices. This research seeks to increase the predictive capability of linear process models using the SPDR S\&P 500 ETF (SPY) and the CBOE Volatility (VIX) Index as a proxy for market sentiment. Three econometric models are considered to forecast SPY prices: (i) Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), (ii) Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH), and (iii) Vector Autoregression (VAR). These models are integrated into two technical indicators, Bollinger Bands and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD), focusing on forecast performance. The profitability of various algorithmic trading strategies is compared based on a combination of these two indicators. This research finds that linear process models that incorporate the VIX Index do not improve the performance of algorithmic trading strategies.

We show that the implementation of the 1/c² transverse current-current interaction between electrons into the standard self-consistent electron BCS model in bulk under thermal equilibrium ensures in the stable superconductive phase the full compensation of a constant external magnetic field by the internal magnetic field created by the electrons i.e. one has an ideal diamagnet. However, no proof of the phenomenological London equation emerges within the bulk approach.

Spaceborne altimeters are an important data source for obtaining global sea surface wind speeds (U10). Although many altimeter U10 algorithms have been proposed and they perform well, there is still room for improvement. In this study, the data from ten altimeters were collocated with buoys to investigate the error of the altimeter U10 retrievals. The U10 residuals were found to be significantly dependent on many oceanic and atmospheric parameters. Because these oceanic and atmospheric parameters are inter-correlated, an asymptotic strategy was used to isolate the impact of different parameters and establish a neural-network-based correction model of altimeter U10. The results indicated that significant wave heights and mean wave periods are effective in correcting U10 retrievals, probably due to the tilting modulation of long-waves on the sea surface. After the wave correction, the root-mean-square error of the retrieved U10 was reduced from 1.42 m/s to 1.24 m/s and the impacts of thermodynamic parameters, such as sea surface (air) temperate, became negligible. The U10 residuals after correction showed that the atmospheric instability can lead to errors on extrapolated buoy U10. The buoy measurements with large air-sea temperature differences need to be excluded in the Cal/Val of remotely sensed U10.

This paper proposed an explicit and simple representation of velocity fluctuation and the Reynolds stress tensor in terms of the mean velocity field. The proposed turbulence equations are closed. The proposed formulations reveal that the mean vorticity is the key source of producing turbulence. It is found that there are no velocity fluctuation and turbulence if there were no vorticity. As a natural consequence, the laminar- turbulence transition condition was obtained in a rational way.

Based on author's previous work [Sun, B. The Reynolds Navier-Stokes Turbulence Equations of Incompressible Flow Are Closed Rather Than Unclosed. Preprints 2018, 2018060461 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201806.0461.v1)], this paper proposed an explicit representation of velocity fluctuation and formulated the Reynolds stress tensor in terms of the mean velocity field. The proposed closed Reynolds Navier-Stokes turbulence formulations reveal that the mean vorticity is the key source of producing turbulence.

We consider rotational hypersurface in the four dimensional Euclidean space. We calculate the mean curvature and the Gaussian curvature, and some relations of the rotational hypersurface. Moreover, we define the third Laplace-Beltrami operator and apply it to the rotational hypersurface.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects over 10.5 percent of the global adult population. Biochemical and hematological parameters such as albumin (ALB) and red cell dis-tribution width (RDW) have been shown to be altered in diabetic patients. This study aims to cor-relate hematological and biochemical parameters with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). 777 adult individuals (372 women and 405 men, aged 19-85 years) were divided into three groups: 218 par-ticipants with HbA1c < 5.7% (group A: non diabetic), 226 with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% and < 6.5% (group B: prediabetic) and 333 with HbA1c ≥ 6.4% (group C: diabetic). Biochemical and hematological parameters were compared among the 3 groups. Analysis of variance was performed to deter-mine the correlations of the parameters among groups. ALB and sodium (Na) levels were signifi-cantly decreased in group C compared to groups A (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.1 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001), and B (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.0 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.6 mmol/L, p < 0.0001), while RDW-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and urea were increased in group C compared to group A ( RDW: 45.8 vs. 43.9 fL, p < 0.0001, Urea: 55.6 mg/dL vs. 38.5 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) . Mean platelet volume (MPV) was increased in group C com-pared to group A (9.3 fL vs. 9.1 fL, p < 0.05, respectively). Τhe increase of RDW-SD from group A towards B and C demonstrates the impact of hyperglycemia on red blood cells. RDW may be re-garded as a potential innovative biomarker for improving risk assessment of developing diabetes. These results highlight the potential role of these parameters as an indication for prediabetes that would alert for measurement of HbA1c.

Major (exo)planetary and satellite bodies seem to concentrate at intermediate areas of the radial 1 distributions of all the objects orbiting in each (sub)system. We show that angular-momentum transport during secular evolution of (exo)planets and satellites necessarily results in the observed intermediate accumulation of the massive objects. We quantify the ‘middle’ as the mean of mean motions (orbital angular velocities) when three or more massive objects are involved. Radial evolution of the orbits is expected to be halted when the survivors settle near mean-motion resonances and angular-momentum transfer between them ceases (gravitational Landau damping). This dynamical behavior is opposite in direction to what has been theorized for viscous and magnetized accretion disks, in which gas spreads out and away from either side of any conceivable intermediate area. We present angular momentum transfer simulations in few-body systems, and we calculate the tidal dissipation timescales and the physical properties of the mean tidal field in planetary and satellite (sub)systems.

In this short communication, following a brief introduction, we undertake a comprehensive analytical study of the weighted Simpson index. Our primary emphasis concerns the precise determination of the optimal point (minimizer) coordinates and of the minimum value of the index, a differentiable convex function, which is related to the harmonic mean concept. Furthermore, we address and solve the inversion problem and show the tight connection between both approaches. Last, we give some insights and final remarks on this subject.

Background and purpose: Dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT scanning can accurately quantify 18F-FDG uptake and has been successfully applied in diagnosing and evaluating therapeutic effects in various malignant tumors. There is no conclusion as to whether it can accurately distinguish benign and malignant lymph nodes in nasopharyngeal cancer. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the diagnostic value of dynamic PET-CT in cervical lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer through analysis. Method: We first searched for cervical lymph nodes interested in static PET-CT, measured their SUV-Max values, and found the corresponding lymph nodes in magnetic resonance images before and after treatment. The valid or invalid groups were included according to the changes in lymph node size before and after treatment. Their Ki values were measured on dynamic PET-CT and compared under different conditions. Then, we conducted a correlation analysis between different factors and Ki values. Finally, diagnostic tests were conducted to compare the sensitivity and specificity of Ki and SUV-Max. Result: We included 67 cervical lymph nodes from different regions of 51 nasopharyngeal cancer patients and divided them into valid and invalid groups based on changes before treatment. The valid group includes 50 lymph nodes, while the invalid group includes 17. Significant differences (P<0.001) between the two groups in SUV-Max, Ki-Mean, and Ki-Max values. When the SUV-Max≤4.5, there was no significant difference in the Ki-Mean and Ki-Max between the two groups (P>0.05). When SUV-Max≤4.5 and pre-treatment lymph nodes<1.0cm, the valid group had significantly higher Ki-Mean (0.00910) and Ki-Maximum (0.01004) values than the invalid group (Ki-Mean=0.00716, Ki -Max=0.00767) (P<0.05). When SUV-Max≤4.5, pre-treatment lymph nodes<1.0cm, and EBV DNA replication was normal, Ki-Mean (0.01060) and Ki-Max (0.01149) in the valid group were still significantly higher than the invalid group (Ki-Mean=0.00670, Ki-Max=0.00719) (P<0.05). The correlation analysis between different factors (SUV-Max, T-stage, normal EB virus DNA replication, age, pre-treatment lymph node<1.0cm) and Ki value showed that SUV-Max and pre-treatment lymph node<1.0cm were related to Ki-Mean and Ki-Max. Diagnostic testing was conducted, the AUC value of the SUV-Max value was 0.8259 (95% confidence interval: 0.7296-0.9222), the AUC value of the Ki-Mean was 0.8759 (95% confidence interval: 0.7950-0.9567), and the AUC value of the Ki-Max was 0.8859 (95% confidence interval: 0.8089-0.9629). It was found that the sensitivity of SUV-Max was 88%, the specificity was 76%, the sensitivity of Ki-Mean was 88%, the specificity was 80%, the sensitivity of Ki-Max was 94%, the specificity was 76%, the specificity of Ki-Mean was better than SUV-Max, the sensitivity of Ki-Max was better than SUV-Max. Conclusion: Dynamic PET-CT has shown significant diagnostic value in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer, especially for the small SUV value, and lymph nodes do not meet the metastasis criteria before treatment, and EBV DNA replication is normal. Moreover, its sensitivity and accuracy are superior to static PET-CT.

This present work explores the performance of a thermal-magnetic engine of Otto type, considering as a working substance an effective interacting spin model corresponding to the q− state clock model. We obtain all the thermodynamic quantities for the q = 2, 4, 6, 8 cases in a small lattice size (3×3 with free boundary conditions) by using the exact partition function calculated from the energies of all the accessible microstates of the system. The extension to bigger lattices was performed using the mean-field approximation. Our results indicate that the total work extraction of the cycle is highest for the q=4 case, while the performance for the Ising model (q=2) is the lowest of all cases studied. These results are strongly linked with the phase diagram of the working substance and the location of the cycle in the different magnetic phases present, where we find that the transition from a ferromagnetic to a paramagnetic phase extracts more work than one of the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless to paramagnetic type. Additionally, as the size of the lattice increases, the extraction work is lower than smaller lattices for all values of q presented in this study.

Accurate forecasts of ocean waves energy can not only reduce costs for investment but it is also essential for management and operation of electrical power. This paper presents an innovative approach based on the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to predict the power generation of an economical wave energy converter named “Searaser”. The data for analyzing is provided by collecting the experimental data from another study and the exerted data from numerical simulation of searaser. The simulation is done with Flow-3D software which has high capability in analyzing the fluid solid interactions. The lack of relation between wind speed and output power in previous studies needs to be investigated in this field. Therefore, in this study the wind speed and output power are related with a LSTM method. Moreover, it can be inferred that the LSTM Network is able to predict power in terms of height more accurately and faster than the numerical solution in a field of predicting. The network output figures show a great agreement and the root mean square is 0.49 in the mean value related to the accuracy of LSTM method. Furthermore, the mathematical relation between the generated power and wave height was introduced by curve fitting of the power function to the result of LSTM method.

Information overload is the biggest challenges nowadays for any website, especially the e-commerce website. However, this challenge arises for the fast growth of information on the web (WWW) with easy access to the internet. Collaborative filtering based recommender system is the most useful application to solve the information overload problem by filtering relevant information for the users according to their interests. But, the existing system faces some significant limitations like as data sparsity, low accuracy, cold-start and malicious attacks. To alleviate the mentioned issues, the relationship of trust incorporates in the system where it can be between the users or items, and such system is known as the trust-based recommender system (TBRS). From the user perspective, the motive of the TBRS is to utilize the reliability between the users to generate more accurate and trusted recommendations. However, the aim of the paper is to present a comparative analysis of different trust metrics in the context of the type of trust definition of TBRS. Also, the study accomplishes on twenty-four trust metrics in terms of the methodology, trust properties &amp; measurement, validation approaches, and the experimented dataset.

This paper is a continuation of previous papers on unification theories publishes in AXIOMS. We present results about the (modified) Yang-Baxter equation, Euler’s formula, dual numbers, coalgebra structures, non-associative structures, differential geometry, and (mean) inequalities. We will also attempt to relate our discussion to some Brain Studies and Machine Learnig.

In the article, by applied the concept of strongly convex function and one known identity, we establish several Ostrowski type inequalities involving conformable fractional integrals. As applications, some new error estimations for the midpoint formula are provided as well.

Depending on human body conditions and environmental conditions, it is sometimes difficult to conduct subject experiments. In such cases, it is effective to use a thermal manikin. There are few studies that investigate the effect of the non-uniform and asymmetric outdoor thermal environment on the mean skin temperature. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in an outdoor environment on the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

This study aimed to apply different complexity-based methods to surface electromyography (EMG) in order to detect neuromuscular changes after realistic warm-up and stretching procedures. Sixteen volunteers conducted two experimental sessions. They were tested before, after a standardized warm-up, and after a stretching exercise (static or neuromuscular nerve gliding technique). Tests included measurements of the knee flexion torque and EMG of biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles. EMG was analyzed using the root mean square (RMS), sample entropy (SampEn), percentage of recurrence and determinism following a recurrence quantification analysis (%Rec and %Det) and a scaling parameter from a detrended fluctuation analysis. Torque was significantly greater after warm-up as compared to baseline and after stretching. RMS was not affected by the experimental procedure. In contrast, SampEn was significantly greater after warm-up and stretching as compared to baseline values. %Rec was not modified but %Det for BF muscle was significantly greater after stretching as compared to baseline. The a scaling parameter was significantly lower after warm-up as compared to baseline for ST muscle. From the present results, complexity-based methods applied to the EMG give additional information than linear-based methods. They appeared sensitive to detect EMG complexity increases following warm-up.

In this work, we introduce a generalized measure of cumulative residual entropy and study its properties. We show that several existing measures of entropy such as cumulative residual entropy, weighted cumulative residual entropy and cumulative residual Tsallis entropy, are all special cases of the generalized cumulative residual entropy. We also propose a measure of generalized cumulative entropy, which includes cumulative entropy, weighted cumulative entropy and cumulative Tsallis entropy as special cases. We discuss generating function approach using which we derive different entropy measures. Finally, using the newly introduced entropy measures, we establish some relationships between entropy and extropy measures.

This article examines the impact of some system parameters on an industrial system composed of two dissimilar parallel units with one repairman. The active unit may fail due to essential factors like aging or deteriorating, or exterior phenomena such as Poisson shocks that occur at various time periods. Whenever the value of a shock is larger than the specified threshold of the active unit, the active unit will fail. The article assumes that the repairman has the right to take any of two decisions at the beginning of the system operation: either a takes a vacation if the two units work in a normal way, or stay in the system to monitor the system until the first system failure. In case of having a failure in any of the two units during the absence of the repairman, the failing unit will have to wait until the repairman is called back to work. We suppose that the value of every shock is assumed to be i.i.d. with some known distribution. The length of the repairman’s vacation, repair time, and recall time are arbitrary distributions. Various reliability measures have been calculated by the supplementary variable technique and the Markov’s vector process theory. At last, numerical computation and graphical analysis have been given for a particular case to validate the derived indices.

Quality of Service (QoS) metrics deal with network quantities, e.g. latency and loss, whereas Quality of Experience (QoE) provides a proxy metric for end-user experience. Many papers in the literature have proposed mappings between various QoS metrics and QoE. This paper goes further in providing analysis for QoE versus bandwidth cost. We measure QoE using the widely accepted Mean Opinion Score (MOS) rating. Our results naturally show that increasing bandwidth increases MOS. However, we extend this understanding by providing analysis for internet access scenarios, using TCP, and varying the number of TCP sources multiplexed together. For these target scenarios our analysis indicates what MOS increase you get by further expenditure on bandwidth. We anticipate that this will be of considerable value to commercial organizations responsible for bandwidth purchase and allocation.

The aim of this work is to study generalizations of the notion of mean. Kolmogorov proposed a generalization based on an improper integral with a decay rate for the tail probabilities. This weak or Kolmogorov mean relates to the Weak Law of Large Numbers in the same way that the ordinary mean relates to the Strong Law. We propose a further generalization, also based on an improper integral, called the doubly weak mean, applicable to heavy-tailed distributions such as the Cauchy distribution and the other symmetric stable distributions, We also consider generalizations arising from Abel-Feynman type mollifiers that damp the behavior at infinity and alternative formulations of the mean in terms of the cumulative distribution and the characteristic function.

This study explores the prediction of concrete compressive strength using machine learning models, aiming to overcome the time-consuming and complex nature of conventional methods. Four models—Artificial Neural Network, Multiple Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, and Regression Tree—are employed and compared for performance. Evaluation metrics such as Mean Absolute Deviation, Root Mean Square Error, Coefficient of Correlation, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error are used. After preprocessing 1030 samples, the dataset is split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The ANN model, further divided into training, validation (15%), and testing (15%), outperforms others in accuracy and efficiency. This outcome streamlines compressive strength determination in the construction industry, saving time and simplifying the process.

Analytical modeling has symmetries and aesthetic-mathematical characteristics that distinguish it from numerical computation. Nanoscience plays an extremely important role in unification efforts that also include holistic aspects of reality. In this paper I present new discovered results about the complete analytical quantum relativistic form of the mean square deviation of position false related to a lately appeared Drude-Lorentz-like model (DS model), already performed at classical, quantum and relativistic level. The function false gives precise information about the distance crossed by carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) inside a nanostructure, considering both quantum effects and relativistic velocities. The model has a wide scale range of applicability; the nanoscale is considered in this paper, but it holds from sub-pico-level to macro-level because of the existence of a gauge factor, making it applicable to every oscillating processes in Nature. Examples of application and suggestions supplement the paper, as well as interesting developments to be studied related to the model and to one of the basic elements of a current unified holistic approach based on the vacuum energy.

We study the μ-μ45-T phase diagram of the 2+1-dimensional Gross-Neveu model, where μ denotes the ordinary chemical potential, μ45 the chiral chemical potential and T the temperature. We use the mean-field approximation and two different lattice regularizations with naive chiral fermions. An inhomogeneous phase at finite lattice spacing is found for one of the two regularizations. Our results suggest that there is no inhomogeneous phase in the continuum limit. We show that a chiral chemical potential is equivalent to an isospin chemical potential. Thus, all results presented in this work can also be interpreted in the context of isospin imbalance.

The present paper proposes a fractal analysis of the Covid-19 dynamics in 45 European countries. We introduce a new idea of using the box-counting dimension of the epidemiologic curves as a means of classifying the Covid-19 pandemic in the countries taken into consideration. The classification can be a useful tool in deciding upon the quality and accuracy of the data available. We also investigated the reproduction rate, which proves to have significant fractal features, thus enabling another perspective on this epidemic characteristic. Moreover, we studied the correlation between two meteorological parameters: global radiation and daily mean temperature and two Covid-19 indicators: daily new cases and reproduction rate. The fractal dimension differences between the analysed time series graphs could represent a preliminary analysis criterion, increasing research efficiency. Daily global radiation was found to be stronger linked with Covid-19 new cases than air temperature (with a greater correlation coefficient -0.386, as compared with -0.318), and consequently it is recommended as the first-choice meteorological variable for prediction models.

The search algorithm based on symbiotic organisms’ interactions is a relatively recent bio-inspired algorithm of the swarm intelligence field for solving numerical optimization problems. It is meant to optimize applications based on the simulation of the symbiotic relationship among the distinct species in the ecosystem. The modified SOS algorithm is developed to solve independent task scheduling problems. This paper proposes a modified symbiotic organisms search based scheduling algorithm for efficient mapping of heterogeneous tasks to access cloud resources of different capacities. The significant contribution of this technique is the simplified representation of the algorithm's mutualism process, which uses equity as a measure of relationship characteristics or efficiency of species in the current ecosystem to move to the next generation. These relational characteristics are achieved by replacing the original mutual vector, which uses an arithmetic mean to measure the mutual characteristics with a geometric mean that enhances the survival advantage of two distinct species. The modified symbiotic organisms search algorithm (G_SOS) aimed to minimize the task execution time (Makespan), response, degree of imbalance and cost and improve the convergence speed for an optimal solution in an IaaS cloud. The performances of the proposed technique have been evaluated using a Cladism toolkit simulator, and the solutions are found to be better than the existing standard (SOS) technique and PSO.

This paper proposes a novel efficient multistage algorithm to extract source speech signals from a noisy convolutive mixture. The proposed approach comprises of two stages named Blind Source Separation (BSS) and De-noising. A hybrid source prior model separates the source signals from the noisy reverberant mixture in the BSS stage. Moreover, we model the low and high-energy components by generalized multivariate Gaussian and super-Gaussian models, respectively. We use Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) to reduce noise in the noisy convolutive mixture signal in the de-noising stage. Furthermore, two proposed models investigate the performance gain. In the first model, the speech signal is separated from the observed noisy convolutive mixture in the BSS stage, followed by suppression of noise in the estimated source signals in the de-noising module. In the second approach, the noise is reduced using the MMSE filtering technique in the received noisy convolutive mixture at the de-noising stage, followed by separation of source signals from the de-noised reverberant mixture at the BSS stage. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) with respect to other well-known multistage BSS methods. The results show the superior performance of the proposed algorithm over the other state-of-the-art methods.

We study in this paper the time evolution of stock markets using a statistical physics approach. We consider an ensemble of agents who sell or buy a good according to several factors acting on them: the majority of the neighbors, the market ambiance, the variation of the price and some specific measure applied at a given time. Each agent is represented by a spin having a number of discrete states q or continuous states, describing the tendency of the agent for buying or selling. The market ambiance is represented by a parameter T which plays the role of the temperature in physics: low T corresponds to a calm market, high T to a turbulent one. We show that there is a critical value of T, say T_c, where strong fluctuations between individual states lead to a disordered situation in which there is no majority: the numbers of sellers and buyers are equal, namely the market clearing. The specific measure, by the government or by economic organisms, is parameterized by $H$ applied on the market at the time t₁ and removed at the time t₂. We have used Monte Carlo simulations to study the time evolution of the price as functions of those parameters. In particular we show that the price strongly fluctuates near T_c and there exists a critical value H_c above which the boosting effect remains after H is removed. Our model replicates the stylized facts in finance (time-independent price variation), volatility clustering (time-dependent dynamics) and persistent effect of a temporary shock. The second party of the paper deals with the price variation using a time-dependent mean-field theory. By supposing that the sellers and the buyers belong to two distinct communities with their characteristics different in both intra-group and inter-group interactions, we find the price oscillation with time. Results are shown and discussed.

In the framework of 2D circular membrane Micro-Electric-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS), a new non-linear second-order differential model with singularity in the steady-state case is presented in this paper. In particular, starting from the fact that the electric field magnitude is locally proportional to the curvature of the membrane, the problem is formalized in terms of the mean curvature. Then, a result of existence of at least one solution is achieved. Finally, two different approaches prove that the uniqueness of the solutions is not ensured.

For many years, the programmable positioners have been widely applied in structures of modern electro-pneumatic final control elements. The positioner consists of an electro-pneumatic transducer, embedded controller and measuring instrumentation. Electro-pneumatic transducers that are used in positioners are characterized by a relatively short mean time-to-failure. The practical and economical method of a reasonable prolongation of this time is proposed in this paper. It is principally based on assessment and minimizing the effort of the embedded controller. For this purpose, were introduced: the control value variability, mean-time and the cumulative controller's effort. The diminishing of controller effort has significant practical repercussions, because it reduces the intensity of mechanical wear of the final control element components. On the other hand, the reduction of the cumulative effort is important in the context of process economy due to limitation of the consumption of energy of compressed air supplying the final control element. Therefore, the minimization of introduced effort factors has an impact on increasing the functional safety and economics of the controlled process. As a result of the performed simulations, the recommendations regarding the selection of the structure and tuning of positioner controller were elaborated. The simulations were performed in the Matlab-Simulink environment with the use of the liquid level control system in which a phenomenological model of a final control element was deployed. It has been proven that under appropriate conditions, it is possible to extend significantly the lifetime of the final control element and simultaneously enhance the control quality factors.

This paper aims to propose a stochastic linear parameter varying (LPV) model approach to design a state feedback controller for three-phase two-level inverters. To deal with the parameter changes, stochastic noise and delays faced by the inverter, it is modeled as a stochastic LPV system with time delay. The stability analysis and control synthesis are conducted for the LPV system. With parameter-dependent Lyapunov functionals, the sufficient stability condition for asymptotical mean-square stability is obtained. In addition, the slack matrix technique is employed to improve the feasibility and reduce the conservatism of the conditions. The obtained theoretical results are applied to the three-phase two-level inverter, whose currents are treated as state variables and controlled to reach the equilibrium point. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed theories and demonstrate the advantages of using the slack matrix.