Quantum theory predicts violations of Bell’s inequality. This implies a contradiction with at least one of three statistical conditions, known as “Realism” (joint distribution of relevant observables), “Locality” (conditional separability of pairwise observations, given a set of hidden variables), and “Free Will” (statistical independence between hidden variables and measurement settings). Here we describe a classical system with “clockwork” properties that is unquestionably local. It produces maximal violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. It contradicts every one of the three listed formal conditions. Nonetheless, it expresses the qualitative markers of ontological Realism, ontological Locality, and ontological Free Will, all at the same time. In other words, the three listed conditions do not correspond to the three ontological concepts with the same names. Therefore, there is no conflict between quantum theory and Local Realism.

This paper is our attempt on the basis of physical theory to bring more clarification on the question ``What is life?'' formulated in the well-known book of Schr\"odinger in 1944. According to Schr\"odinger, the main distinguishing feature of biosystem's functioning is the ability to preserve its order structure or, in the mathematical terms, to prevent increasing of entropy. Since any biosystem is fundamentally open, it is natural to use open system's theory. However, Schr\"odinger's analysis shows that the classical theory is not able to adequately describe the order-stability in a biosystem. Schr\"odinger should also appeal to the ambiguous notion of negative entropy. We suggest to apply the quantum theory. As is well-known, behaviour of the quantum von Neumann entropy crucially differs from behaviour of the classical entropy. We consider a complex biosystem $S$ composed of many subsystems, say proteins, or cells, or neural networks in the brain, i.e., $S=(S_i).$ We study the following problem: if the composed system $S$ can preserve the ``global order'' in the situation of increase of local disorder and if $S$ can preserve its entropy while some of $S_i$ increase their entropies We show that within quantum information theory the answer is positive. The significant role plays entanglement of the subsystems states. In the absence of entanglement, increasing of local disorder generates disorder increasing in the compound system $S$ (as in the classical regime).

We present the mathematical model of cooperative functioning of unconscious and consciousness. The model is based on the theory of open quantum systems. Unconscious and consciousness are treated as bio-information systems. The latter plays the role a measurement apparatus for the former. States of both systems are represented in Hilbert spaces. Consciousness performs measurements on the states which are generated in unconscious. This process of unconscious-conscious interaction is described by the scheme of indirect measurements. This scheme is widely used in quantum information theory and it leads to the theory of quantum instruments (Davis-Lewis-Ozawa). Our approach is known as quantum-like modeling. It should be sharply distinguished from modeling of genuine quantum physical processes in biosystems, in particular, in the brain. In the quantum-like framework, the brain is a black box processing information in the accordance with the laws of quantum theory. During the last 10-15 years this framework has been actively used in cognition, psychology, decision making, social and political sciences. The quantum-like scheme of unconscious-consciousness functioning has already been explored for sensation-perception modeling.

Quantum observers, agents whose entanglement with a measured system may remain coherent, are analyzed in a consistent approach. Thought experiments, including one by Deutsch and one by Frauchiger and Renner, are discussed and modeled using quantum circuits. Terminology is suggested which helps avoid contradictions.

This article briefly shows how particle’s moving at escape velocity can be described in a quantum mechanical frameworks, this is achieved by deriving quantum mechanical equations that puts escape velocity into consideration. The equations are derived from Hamiltonians and Hamiltonian operators formulated from classical kinetic and potential terms which are then quantized. Equations were also presented for specific situations of the particle at escape velocity. Situations such as free-particles at escape velocity, Self-gravitating situations of a charged or neutral particle even while free of the gravitational influence of the large massive body due to its escape velocity, leaving only the self-gravitation as the only gravitational influence on the particle which in the case of a massless, charge less particle reduces back to the equation of free-particle at escape velocity. Other very brief expositions on trajectories and more are also present in this brief article.

We humans are natural-born engineers. As such, we model after machines not only isolated, naturally occurring systems, but also the basic laws of physics, sharing with machines a local-evolution-of-state `grammar'. However, previous work by the author casts doubt upon this mechanistic paradigm, suggesting that it is to blame for the stubbornness of many open problems in physics. Simple experiments are therefore proposed to identify `non-machines'. In one experiment, `non mechanistic correlations' in the spirit of Bell are sought in a pair of separated but previously coupled (macroscopic) chaotic systems. In another it is tested whether chaotic systems could fuzzily `remember their future' in the sense that a future binary perturbation applied to them could be inferred from their present behavior with probability>1/2. Chaotic systems are chosen as candidates because the long-time application of their (deterministic) mechanistic description is conceptually groundless: All scales are significant and mutually coupled in that regime, down to scales governed by QM, yet the quantum-classical transition remains inexplicable---if only due to the measurement problem. Similarly for non-deterministic chaotic systems, modeled as such purely for defying a short-time deterministic mechanistic description. Should a non mechanistic signature be found in such simple systems, the implications for science as a whole and life sciences in particular cannot be overstated.

The physics of the human brain has two components – basic physics common to all mammals and the physics of thinking inherent only in man. The development of the mental component of the structural and functional organization of the brain in phylogeny was associated with the chiral factor of the external environment, and in ontogenesis - with the social factor. The sensitivity of the brain to these factors was based on the single-connected nature of its aqueous basis, the mechanism of electromagnetic induction, and the features of the thermodynamics of the brain in a state of night sleep. In order to unify the description of the mechanism of electromagnetic processes in the brain, the concept of a quasiphoton has been introduced, combining all forms of excitation of electronic and molecular-cellular structures of the brain. Equivalent schemes of vibrational contours of neural network elements and macrostructures of the brain are proposed. Estimates of the kinetic parameters (activation energy, velocity) of the physical processes underlying the energy-information exchange of the brain with the external environment are made. Mechanisms of operative (physical) and permanent (chemical) memory of the brain, including a model of nonlocal quantum correlations, are discussed.

Quantum Computation, in the gate array version, uses logical gates adopting convenient forms for computational algorithms based on those of classical computation. There, two-level quantum systems are the basic elements connecting the binary nature of classical computation with the settlement of quantum processing. Despite, their design depends on specific quantum systems and physical interactions involved, exacerbating the dynamics analysis. Predictable and controllable manipulation should be addressed to control the quantum states, but resources are restricted to limitations imposed by the physical settlement. This work presents a formalism to decompose the quantum information dynamics in SU(2^2d) for 2d-partite two-level systems into 2^2d-1 SU(2) quantum subsystems. Decomposition lets to set control procedures, to generate large entangled states and to design specialized dedicated quantum gates. There, easy and traditional operations proposed by quantum computation are recovered for more complex and large systems. Alternating the parameters of local and non-local interactions, the procedure states a universal exchange semantics on the generalized Bell states basis. It could be understood as a momentary splitting of the 2d information channels into 2^2d-1 pairs of 2 level quantum information subsystems and a settlement of the quantum information manipulation free of the imposed restrictions by the underlying physical system.

This is a short introductory review on quantum-like modeling of cognition with applications to decision making and rationality. The aim of the review is twofold: a) to present briefly the apparatus of quantum information and probability theory useful for such modeling; b) to motivate applications of this apparatus in cognitive studies and artifical intelligence, psychology, decision making, social and political sciences. We define quantum rationality as decision making that is based on quantum information processing. Quantumly and classically rational agents behaves differently. A quantum-like agent can violate the Savage Sure Thing Principle, the Aumann theorem on impossibility of agreeing to disagree.Such an agent violates the basic laws of classical probability, e.g., the law of total probability and the Bayesian probability inference. In some contexts, ``irrational behavior'' (from the viewpoint of classical theory of rationality) can be profitable, especially for agents who are overloaded by a variety of information flows. Quantumly rational agents can save a lot of information processing resources. At the same time, this sort of rationality is the basis for quantum-like socio-political engineering, e.g., social laser. This rationality plays the important role in the process of decision making not only by biosystems, but even by AI-systems. The latter equipped with quantum(-like) information processors would behave irrationally, from the classical viewpoint. As for biosystems, quantum rational behavior of AI-systems has its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we point out that quantum-like information processing in AI-systems can be based on classical physical devices, e.g., classical digital or analog computers.

In this paper we suggest a first ever construction of fractional integral and differential operators based on signed measures including a vector-valued case. The study focuses on constructing the fractional power of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral with a signed measure, using semigroup theory. The main result is a theorem that provides the exact form of a semigroup for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral with a measure having a countable number of extrema. The article provides examples of semigroups based on integral operators with signed measures and discusses the fractional powers of differential operators with partial derivatives.

The paper discusses the design and modeling of a simple and illustrative hardware kit for teaching the basics of quantum cryptography to engineering students. The novel solution differs from those already on the market in that it is focused on familiarising trainees with the physical principles of quantum key distribution, as well as with the basics of mathematical formalism in quantum mechanics. This is achieved by using a minimally sufficient set of optical elements with a simple mathematical description in the Jones formalism. This composition of the kit is targeted mostly at engineering students and does not require advanced training in physics as a prerequisite. The configurable architecture of the hardware educational kit contributes to the deeper involvement of students. By independently changing the modular configuration of the system, students can conduct experiments that were not directly provided by the developers. For instance, students can assess the impact of choosing the basic settings of phase retarders on the course of a man-in-the-middle attack. The proposed amount of mathematical and informational support, as well as ready-made formal models, is sufficient to reasonably put forward hypotheses for experimental verification and interpret the obtained empirical data. At this moment, the hardware kit is being replicated, distributed and successfully applied at universities and companies in the communications industry. The accumulated experience of educational use testifies to the high efficiency of the kit as a tool for basic QKD training for people without prior knowledge of quantum mechanics. A discrete event model simulating the operation of the hardware kit is implemented in the non-commercial modeling software CPN Tools and is openly distributed.

In this paper, we consider particles together with the surrounding space as an indivisible system, and then investigate the maximum symmetry of the system at the quantum level. We introduce a new quantity to describe the evolution of this system before and after measurement. The effective mass of gravity is estimated. We also show that a free quantum particle as the source of energy and momentum do not produce gravity.

Chemistry has been viewed as one of the most fruitful near-term applications to science of quantum computing. Recent work in transitioning classical algorithms to a quantum computer has led to great strides in improving quantum algorithms and illustrating their quantum advantage. Much less effort has been placed on how one finishes these calculations by using the results from the quantum computer (on the active region of the molecule) and embeds them back into the remainder of the molecule in order to determine the properties of the entire molecule. Such strategies are critical if one wants to expand the focus to biochemical molecules that contain active regions that cannot be properly explained with classical algorithms on classical computers. While we do not solve this problem here, we provide an overview of where the field is going to enable such problems to be tackled in the future.

The evolutionary systems (ES) include software applications that solve problems using heuristic methods instead of the deterministic ones. The classical computing used for ES development involves random methods to improve different kinds of genomes. The mappings of these genomes lead to individuals that correspond to the searched solutions. The individual evaluations by simulations serve for the improvement of their genotypes. Quantum computations, unlike the classical computations, can describe and simulate a large set of individuals simultaneously. This feature is used to diminish the time for finding the solutions. Quantum Petri Nets (QPNs) can model dynamical systems with probabilistic features that make them appropriate for the development of ES. Some examples of ES applications using the QPNs are given to show the benefits of the current approach.

In this paper, we propose a quantitative definition of emergence from the density matrix framework as a state of knowledge of the system and its generalized probability formulation, in order to detect emergent properties. We propose the use of a descriptor based on the difference of von Neumann entropy, to calculate if subsystems of systems have inner correlations by defining emergent systems in terms of emergent information.

Prigogine’s 1978 concept of dissipative structures, drawing parallels with living systems, forms the basis for exploring life’s unique traits. However, these identified similarities prove insufficient in capturing the entirety of life. To address this gap, our proposed modeling approach emphasizes the distinctive ability of living organisms to observe other systems—an attribute intricately tied to quantum mechanics’ "measurement" processes, as highlighted by Howard Pattee. This article introduces a comprehensive mathematical model centered on quantum dynamical dissipative systems, portraying living systems as entities defined by their observational capacities within this framework. The exploration extends to the core dynamics of these systems and the intricacies of biological cells, including the impact of membrane potentials on protein states. Within this theoretical structure, the model is expanded to multicellular living systems, revealing how cells observe quantum dynamical systems through protein state changes influenced by membrane potentials. The conclusion acknowledges the current theoretical status of the model, underscoring the crucial need for experimental validation, particularly regarding the superposition state of membrane proteins under the influence of an electric field.

This paper presents a quantum formulation for classical abstract dynamical systems (ADS), defined by coupled sets of first order differential equations. They are referred as “abstract” because their dynamical variables can be of different interrelated nature, not necessarily corresponding to physics, such as populations, socioeconomic variables, behavioural variables, etc. A first order classical Hamiltonian in canonical moments can be derived for ADS by using Dirac’s dynamics for singular Hamiltonian systems. And also a corresponding first order Schrödinger equation (which involves the existence of a system Planck constant particular of each system) can be derived from this Hamiltonian. However, Bohm and Hiley’s reinterpretation of quantum mechanics produces no further information about the mathematical formulation of ADS. However, a second order classical Hamiltonian in canonical moments can be also derived for ADS, as well as a corresponding second order Schrödinger equation. In this case, Bohm and Hiley’s reinterpretation of quantum mechanics provides a quantum Hamiltonian that does provide the quantum formulation for ADS, which provides new quantum variables interrelated dynamically with the classical variables. An application case is presented: the one-dimensional autonomous system given by the logistic dynamics, where the differences between the classical and the quantum trajectories are highlighted.

We review some new approaches to the description of the evolution of states of many-particle quantum systems by means of the correlation operators. Using the denition of marginal correlation operators within the framework of dynamics of correlations governed by the von Neumann hierarchy, we establish that a sequence of such operators is governed by the nonlinear quantum BBGKY hierarchy. The constructed nonperturbative solution of the Cauchy problem to this hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equations describes the processes of the creation and the propagation of correlations in many-particle quantum systems. Moreover, we consider the problem of the rigorous description of collective behavior of many-particle quantum systems by means of a one-particle (marginal) correlation operator that is a solution of the generalized quantum kinetic equation with initial correlations, in particular, correlations characterizing the condensed states of systems.

Following Dirac’s notation in Quantum Mechanics (QM), we propose the Probability Bracket Notation (PBN), by defining a probability-bra (P-bra), P-ket, P-bracket, P-identity, etc…Using the PBN, many formulas, such as normalizations and expectations in systems of one or more random variables, can now be written in abstract basis-independent expressions, easy to expand by inserting a proper P-identity. The time evolution of homogeneous Markov processes can also be formatted in such a way. Our system P-kets are identified with probability vectors and our P-bra system is comparable with Doi’s state function or Peliti’s standard bra. In the Heisenberg picture of the PBN, a random variable becomes a stochastic process, and the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations are obtained by inserting a time-dependent P-identity. Also, some QM expressions in Dirac notation are naturally transformed to probability expressions in PBN by a special Wick rotation. Potential Applications show the usefulness of the PBN beyond the constrained domain and range of Hermitian operators on Hilbert Spaces in QM all the way to IT.

We continue to analyze basic constraints on human's decision making from the viewpoint of quantum measurement theory (QMT). As has been found, the conventional QMT based on the projection postulate cannot account for combination of the question order effect (QOE) and the response replicability effect (RRE). This was an alarm signal for quantum-like modeling of decision making. Recently, it was shown that this objection to quantum-like modeling can be removed on the basis of the general QMT based on quantum instruments. In the present paper we analyse the problem of combination of QOE, RRE, and the famous QQ-equality (QQE). This equality was derived by Busemeyer and Wang and it was shown (in the joint paper with Solloway and Shiffrin) that statistical data from many social opinion polls satisfies it. Now, we construct quantum instruments satisfying QOE, RRE, and QQE. The general features of our approach are formalized with postulates which generalize {\it Wang-Busemeyer} postulates for quantum-like modeling of decision making. Moreover, we show that our model closely reproduces the statistics of the famous Clinton-Gore Poll data with a prior belief state independent of the question order. This model successfully removes the order effect from the data to determine the genuine distribution of the opinions in the Poll. The paper also provides a psychologist-friendly introduction to the theory of quantum instruments - the most general mathematical framework for quantum measurements. We hope that this theory will attract attention of psychologists and will stimulate further applications.

We describe results from a Monte-Carlo simulation of Bell-CHSH type correlations in hydrodynamic walkers. We study feasibility of a real life walker test with relevant hydrodynamic parametric ranges. We observe the generic formation of pairs of walkers strongly anti-correlated both in position and momentum. With this source of entangled walkers, we model the insertion of 2 pins in the bath as a notion of measure, akin to the polarizers of photonic Bell tests. This insertion of pins, either static or dynamic, introduces 2 weak field signals. Each field has the physical form of a standing wave Bessel hat, representing the non-local (field mediated) influences of the measure on the walkers. With this representation of the measure, we develop protocol for a Bell game with actual hydrodynamic walkers. We model both static and dynamic insertion of pins in the walker bath. Static pins give us numerical S > 2, as a permissible Bell violation for a non-local (field based) effect. Dynamic insertion of the pins, however, leads to causal space separation of the two arms. We observe the again expected S ≤ 2. We argue for the hydrodynamic implementation and observation of these effects as a walker visualization of Bell inequalities.

This paper aims to present the basic assumptions for creation of social Fröhlich condensate and attract attention of other researchers (both from physics and socio-political science) to the problem of modelling of stability and order preservation in highly energetic society coupled with social energy bath of high temperature. The model of social Fröhlich condensation and its analysis are based on the mathematical formalism of quantum thermodynamics and field theory (applied outside of physics). The presented quantum-like model provides the consistent operational model of such complex socio-political phenomenon as Fröhlich condensation. The model of social Fröhlich condensation is heavily based on theory of open quantum systems. Its consistent elaboration needs additional efforts. Evidence of such phenomenon as social Fröhlich condensation is demonstrated by stability of modern informationally open societies Approaching the state of Fröhlich condensation is the powerful source of social stability. Understanding its informational structure and origin may help to stabilize the modern society. Application of the quantum-like model of Frhlich condensation in social and political sciences is really the novel and original approach to mathematical modeling of social stability in society exposed to powerful information radiation from mass-media and internet based sources.

I present in this paper Diatomic, an open-source Excel application that calculates molar ther-modynamic properties for diatomic ideal gases. This application is very easy to use and requires only a limited number of molecular constants, which are freely available online. Despite its sim-plicity, Diatomic provides methodologies and results that are usually unavailable in general quantum chemistry packages. This application uses the general formalism of statistical mechanics, enabling two models to describe the rotational structure and two models to describe the vibra-tional structure. In this work, Diatomic was used to calculate standard molar thermodynamic properties for a set of fifteen diatomic ideal gases. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of four properties (standard molar enthalpy of formation, molar heat capacity at constant pressure, average molar thermal enthalpy and standard molar entropy), which were compared with ex-perimental values. The results obtained lead to the following main conclusions: (i) the theoretical model used to describe rotational structure has a small effect on the accuracy of the results, (ii) at moderate and high temperatures, the Morse model gives better results than the harmonic model, and (iii) at the lowest temperatures both models give similar results.

Time evolution of the quantum correlation of the hybrid qubit-qutrit system in multilocal and global dephasing under the effect of a classical noises environment is presented. We considered the qutrit in z direction and the qubit x direction. In addition, our system presents two configurations: the different and the common environment and our discussion involves three types of noises: A Static Noise (SN), Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) and Ornstein- Uhlenbeck noise (OU). By using the density matrix approach to determine the evolution of the state of the system, the found that the static noise is fatal for the quantum entanglement, the quantum correlation and for RTN and OU noises the quantum entanglement, the quantum correlation decreases monotonically with a sufficiently long time. Therefore, we can say that, entanglement and the quantum correlation are more robust to the noise precisely those Random telegraph noise and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise.

This paper is concerned with variational methods for open quantum systems with Markovian dynamics governed by Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations. These QSDEs are driven by quantum Wiener processes of the external bosonic fields and are specified by the system Hamiltonian and system-field coupling operators. We consider the system response to perturbations in these operators and introduce a transverse Hamiltonian which encodes the propagation of the perturbations through the unitary system-field evolution. This approach provides an infinitesimal perturbation analysis tool which can be used for the development of optimality conditions in quantum control and filtering problems. Such settings employ, as performance criteria, quadratic (or more complicated) cost functionals of the system and field variables to be minimised over the energy and coupling parameters of system interconnections. We demonstrate an application of the transverse Hamiltonian variational approach to a mean square optimal coherent quantum filtering problem for a measurement-free field-mediated cascade connection of a quantum system with a quantum observer.

The apparent metal-insulator transition (MIT) in two-dimension (2D) was discovered by Kravchenko et al. [1] more than two decades ago in strongly interacting 2D electrons residing in a Si-metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (Si-MOSFET). Its origin remains unresolved. Recently, low magnetic field reentrant insulating phases (RIPs), which dwell between the zero-field (B=0) metallic state and the integer quantum Hall (QH) states where the Landau-level filling factor υ > 1, have been observed in strongly correlated 2D GaAs hole systems with large interaction parameter rs (~20-40) and high purity. A new complex phase diagram was proposed, which includes zero field MIT, low magnetic field RIPs, integer QH states, fractional QH states, high field RIPs and insulating phases (HFIPs) with υ < 1 in which the insulating phases are explained by the formation of Wigner crystal. Furthermore, evidences of new intermediate phases were reported. All contribute to the further understandings of the puzzle. This review article serves the purpose of summarizing those recent experimental findings and theoretical endeavors, to foster future research efforts.

With continued scaling of semiconductor devices , the value of predictive analysis through 1 accurate quantum transport modeling is exponentially increasing. Quantum transmitting Boundary 2 method (QTBM) has been a well-known method of choice to model quantum transport in simple 1-D 3 devices. Here, we present an extension of the QTBM to the 2-D domain and apply it for more realistic 4 devices for accurate performance analysis.

Communication, compression of information, transmission of information through noisy channels, interconnecting different information systems, cryptography, gate construction –– these areas all depend on classical information theory. We show that, in classical terms, semantic aspects of communication are not at all irrelevant to the engineering problem, contrary to Shannon, and affect the message intended to be transmitted. This is revisited and captured by an analogy to trust, in that they are essential to the channel (for proper use), but cannot be transferred (under risk of flaws) through that same channel. Information is also described by, at least, a tri-state system — not by binary logic. The trust analogy semantics can be coded as the Curry-Howard relationship, connecting computer code with structural logic, by way of different categories. Two-state and Boolean logic (aka Shannon semantics) was used classically before, with Shannon theory, but without trust analogy semantics – found to be a sine qua non condition. This is now familiar in classical gate construction with physical systems with, e.g., Verilog and SystemVerilog. The applications to computation and quantum theory are further explored. The most fundamental entity in today`s theory of information is proposed to use at least three logical states, not bits, in all applications, including: cyber-physical systems, devices, in computation, and in quantum theory.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems of autonomous systems such as drones, robots and self-driving cars may consume up to 50% of total power available onboard, thereby limiting the vehicle’s range of functions and considerably reducing the distance the vehicle can travel on a single charge. Next-generation onboard AI systems need an even higher power since they collect and process even larger amounts of data in real time. This problem cannot be solved using the traditional computing devices since they become more and more power-consuming. In this review article, we discuss the perspectives of development of onboard neuromorphic computers that mimic the operation of a biological brain using nonlinear-dynamical properties of natural physical environments surrounding autonomous vehicles. Previous research also demonstrated that quantum neuromorphic processors (QNPs) can conduct computations with the efficiency of a standard computer while consuming less than 1% of the onboard battery power. Since QNPs is a semi-classical technology, their technical simplicity and low, compared with quantum computers, cost make them ideally suitable for application in autonomous AI system. Providing a perspective view on the future progress in unconventional physical reservoir computing and surveying the outcomes of more than 200 interdisciplinary research works, this article will be of interest to a broad readership, including both students and experts in the fields of physics, engineering, quantum technologies and computing.

Understanding the stability limit of crystalline materials under variable tensile stress conditions is of capital interest for their technological applications. In this study, we present results from first-principles density functional theory calculations that quantitatively account for the response of selected covalent and layered materials to general stress conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the ideal strength along the main crystallographic directions of 3C and 2H polytypes of SiC, hexagonal ABA stacking of graphite and 2H-MoS2. Transverse superimposed stress on the tensile stress was taken into account in order to evaluate how the critical strength is affected by these multi-load conditions. In general, increasing transverse stress from negative to positive values leads to the expected decreasing of the critical strength. Few exceptions found in the compressive stress region correlate with the trends in the density of bonds along the directions with the unexpected behavior. In addition, we propose a modified spinodal equation of state able to accurately describe the calculated stress-strain curves. This analytical function is of general use and can also be applied to experimental data anticipating critical strengths and strains values and providing informattion on the energy stored in tensile stress processes.

Analytical modeling has symmetries and aesthetic-mathematical characteristics that distinguish it from numerical computation. Nanoscience plays an extremely important role in unification efforts that also include holistic aspects of reality. In this paper I present new discovered results about the complete analytical quantum relativistic form of the mean square deviation of position false related to a lately appeared Drude-Lorentz-like model (DS model), already performed at classical, quantum and relativistic level. The function false gives precise information about the distance crossed by carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) inside a nanostructure, considering both quantum effects and relativistic velocities. The model has a wide scale range of applicability; the nanoscale is considered in this paper, but it holds from sub-pico-level to macro-level because of the existence of a gauge factor, making it applicable to every oscillating processes in Nature. Examples of application and suggestions supplement the paper, as well as interesting developments to be studied related to the model and to one of the basic elements of a current unified holistic approach based on the vacuum energy.

This paper attempts to describe the large-scale (solar system-like, astronomical-scale) systems of the known world using the physical models and mathematical tools of relativistic quantum mechanics. The value of H_x can be introduced and approximated as an analogue of the constant ℏ. Based on the quantum mechanical approach, the proper time scale of the solar system can be determined.

e Magnetic Ion Modulation (MIM) Theory presents a unified and groundbreaking mathematical framework for controlling and predicting ion behavior in both biological and non-biological systems using external magnetic fields. Central to the theory is the **Ion Modulation Constant** (Tn), a context-specific scaling factor that quantifies the number of ions modulated under specific conditions. This constant, although not universal, allows for accurate modeling of ion modulation in systems ranging from neuronal ion channels to plasma physics and quantum computing. The MIM equation incorporates ion properties such as magnetic moment and permeability, providing insights into neuromodulation for treating chronic pain and epilepsy, plasma confinement in fusion research, and stabilization of ion qubits in quantum computing. This paper includes detailed derivations of the Ion Modulation Constant, examples of its application to specific ions, and a comprehensive exploration of potential experimental validations.

The phenomenal mathematical efficiency of quantum field theories in modern high-speed information and communication systems has a very simple explanation from the point of view of common sense and higher mathematical logic: all of them – quantum cosmology, quantum physics, quantum metrics and quantum calculus – are the self-informational mathematical systems based on symbolic and numerical functional analysis and elementary recursive calculations of interrelated space and time parameters of matter motion in various states of the material environment.For the first time in scientific and engineering practice, it was clearly shown that the information entropy of both standard symbolic and non-standard numerical functional analysis has absolute exact limits of computational accuracy – 1/10^16 and 1/10^64, respectively. Moreover, the second limit determines the maximum level of accuracy of practical quantum metrics and calculations and fully coordinates four branches of classical physics – thermodynamics, electrodynamics, gravidynamics, chromodynamics with special and general relativity.

For the first time in the world, we provided a phenomenologically verifiable proof for the validation of origin of universe and perceivable reality from the unperceivable information based on Ayurveda. We also provided the axiomatic definitions for the terminologies used to deliver the theoretical framework for the same based on Bharatheeya Knowledge Systems. The presented manuscript provides a corelation between quantum information transport and emergence of gunam “Laghu” and gunam “Guru”. We identified that this point of emergence can be considered as the origin point in the continuous process of generation of Perceivable Reality “Vyaktham” from Unperceivable Information “Avyaktham”. In this context we can consider the unperceivable information in “Avyaktham” as dark matter. So, we must develop methods like gunascopy or informationscopy to understand the types of information imbibed in the quantum matter of a dravyam to understand its original physico-chemical-biological and information state of the constituent matter. This is possible through the assessment of Dravya Guna aspects and panchabhootha tatwas of the dravyas. For the first time in the world, we have developed the method to derive all the gunas from “guru” and “Laghu” and calculated the mass of the finitie components of Nava Dravyas including Mann, Aatma, Kaal, Disha, Aakash, Vaayu, Agni, Jal and Prithvi from the quantum information emergence equation. We strongly believe that this work will open up new avenues to explore the frontiers of reality and universe through natural cognition. The solutions to the Yang-Mill conjecture is achieved by our team using the Quantum Information Emergence and Transport Equations. We proved that the information bounded in the quantum states of the constituent quantum matter of quantum particles will provide them positive masses, even though they travel at the speed of light. Based on the phenomenologically verifiable axioms proposed in this work, we proved that the space on the topologically invarient 2D Poincare Sphere which is equivalent to a 2D space without boundaries can facilitate the never-ending loop of continuous quantum information transport between “Avyaktham” and “Vyaktham”. So the information availabe in the constituent quantum states of “Avyaktham” is equal to the postiive mass of quantum systems travelling at the speed of light. In such condition all the mass of the quantum particles will be converted in to information bounded in the corresponding quantum states of the quantum matter. This complete conversion of mass of the quantumparticles into information will happen only at maximum entropy. Thus at maximum entropy the information which is self information entangled with its own quantum states in “Avyaktham” will have a positive mass equal to the mass gap proposed in the Yang-Mill conjecture.

This paper examines whether classical extensional mereology is adequate for formalizing the whole-parts relation in quantum chemical systems. Although other philosophers have argued that classical extensional and summative mereology does not adequately formalize whole-parts relation within organic wholes and social wholes, such critiques often assume that summative mereology is appropriate for formalizing the whole-parts relation in inorganic wholes such as atoms and molecules. However, my discussion of atoms and molecules as they are conceptualized in quantum chemistry will establish that standard mereology cannot adequately fulfill this task, since the properties and behavior of such wholes are context-dependent and cannot simply be reduced to the summative properties of their parts. To the extent that philosophers of chemistry have called for the development of an alternative mereology for quantum chemical systems, this paper ends by proposing behavioral mereology as a promising step in that direction. According to behavioral mereology, considerations of what constitutes a part of a whole is dependent upon the observable behavior displayed by these entities. Thus, relationality and context-dependence are stipulated from the outset and this makes behavioral mereology particularly well-suited as a mereology of quantum chemical wholes. The question of which mereology is appropriate for formalizing the whole-parts relation in quantum chemical systems is relevant to contemporary philosophy of chemistry, since this issue is related to the more general question of the reducibility of chemical wholes to their parts and of the reducibility of chemistry to physics, which have been of central importance within the philosophy of chemistry for several decades. More generally, this paper puts contemporary discussions of mereology within the philosophy of chemistry into a broader historical and philosophical context. In doing so, this paper also bridges the gap between formal mereology, conceived as a branch of formal ontology, and ‘applied’ mereology, conceived as a branch of philosophy of science.

The shortage of quantum computers, and their current state of development, constraints research in many fields that could benefit from quantum computing. Although the work of a quantum computer can be simulated with classical computing, personal computers take so long to run quantum experiments that they are not very useful for the progress of research. This manuscript presents an open quantum computing simulation platform that enables quantum computing researchers to have access to high performance simulations. This platform, called QUTE, relies on a supercomputer powerful enough to simulate general purpose quantum circuits of up to 38 qubits, and even more under particular simulations. This manuscript describes in-depth the characteristics of the QUTE platform and the results achieved in certain classical experiments in this field, which would give readers an accurate idea of the system capabilities.

We propose that, at equilibrium, statistically equal temperatures as mechanical torques are exerted on each kind of gas phase molecules as rates of translational action [@t=ʃmvds/dt=ʃmr2ωdϕ/dt=mv2, J]. These torques result from the impulsive density of resonant quantum fields with molecules, configuring the trajectories of gas molecules while balancing molecular pressure (p=NkT) against the density of field energy (J/m3). Gibbs energy fields contain no resonant quanta at zero Kelvin, with this measure of chemical potential diminishing in magnitude as translational action of the vapor molecules and quantum field energy increases with temperature. In illustration, we show how impulsive torques from quantum fields drive the reversible thermodynamics of Carnot’s heat-work engine cycle, sustain the decreasing atmospheric temperature gradient of increasing molecular entropy with altitude, support the translational action and field energy of vortical wind flow in anticyclones, frictionally warming the Earth’s surface while recycling greenhouse infrared absorption of surface radiation, generating electrical power from air flow in wind farms and destructive power in tropical cyclones. These cases all distinguish symmetrically between a causal field of impulsive quanta (Σhν) that energizes the action of matter and the resultant vis viva of molecular mechanics (mv2). The quanta of these different fields display mean wavelengths from 10-4 m to 1012 m, with mechanical advantages many orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding translational actions, though with mean quantum frequencies (v) similar to those of radial Brownian movement for independent particles (ω). These energy fields are also thermodynamically reversible reservoirs for heat, optimizing work processes on Earth and delaying the achievement of maximum entropy production from short wave solar radiation in conversion to outgoing long wave radiation to space.

Quantum correlations, especially time correlations, are crucial in ghost imaging in order to significantly reduce the background noise on the one hand while increasing the imaging resolution. Moreover, the time correlations serve as a critical reference, distinguishing between signal and noise, which in turn enable clear visualization of biological samples. Quantum imaging also addresses the challenge involved in imaging delicate biological structures with minimal photon exposure and sample damage. Here we explore the recent progress in quantum correlation-based imaging, notably its impact on secure imaging and remote sensing protocols as well as on biological imaging. We also exploit the quantum characteristics of heralded single-photon sources (HSPS) combined with decoy-state methods for secure imaging. This method uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) principles to reduce measurement uncertainties and protect data integrity. It is highly effective in low-photon-number regimes for producing high-quality, noise-reduced images. The versatility of decoy-state methods with WCSs (WCS) is also discussed, highlighting their suitability for scenarios requiring higher photon numbers. We emphasize the dual advantages of these techniques: improving image quality through noise reduction and enhancing data security with quantum encryption, suggesting significant potential for quantum imaging in various applications, from delicate biological imaging to secure quantum communication.

We try to solve three decades-old physics challenges. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Describe mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe. We propose new modeling. The modeling uses extensions to harmonic oscillator mathematics. The modeling points to all known elementary particles. The modeling suggests new particles. Based on those results, we do the following. We explain observed ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. We interrelate the masses of some elementary particles. We interrelate the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding applications of harmonic oscillator mathematics. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding three branches of physics. The branches are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology.

Quantum contextuality describes situations where the statistics observed in different measurement contexts cannot be explained by a measurement independent reality of the system. The most simple case is observed in a three-dimensional Hilbert space, with five different measurement contexts related to each other by shared measurement outcomes. The quantum formalism defines the relations between these contexts in terms of well-defined relations between operators, and these relations can be used to reconstruct an unknown quantum state from a finite set of measurement results. Here, I introduce a reconstruction method based on the relations between the five measurement contexts that can violate the bounds of non-contextual statistics. A complete description of an arbitrary quantum state requires only five of the eight elements of a Kirkwood-Dirac quasi probability, but only an overcomplete set of eleven elements provides an unbiased description of all five contexts. A set of five fundamental relations between the eleven elements reveals a deterministic structure that links the five contexts. As illustrated by a number of examples, these relations provide a consistent description of contextual realities for the measurement outcomes of all five contexts.

This Article demonstrates how an eigendecomposition problem is inputted into a quantum circuit, how gates are applied in the quantum circuit, and how the output measurements are the correct eigenvalues. This process is known as quantum phase estimation (QPE). A quantum harmonic oscillator example, a foundational quantum physical chemistry problem, is demonstrated within the context of QPE. A particle in a box example, another quantum physical chemistry problem, may be solved by QPE with a caveat. These examples are of the limiting cases of diagonal matrices. Future advances in taking matrix inverses for solving linear sets of equations or finding ground state energies in the Schrödinger equation will use the principles implemented in this Article.

A simple model of a measurement in a laboratory isolated from the environment is analyzed in detail, demonstrating the features of the collapse effect. Such an experiment can readily be implemented today under the idealization of an observer's memory as a simple quantum system. The central role of loss of information is emphasized.

We develop a renormalizable model of Quantum General Relativity (QGR). We do this by building on earlier work with quantum electrodynamics (QED). Working with the Feynman path integral (FPI) approach to QED, we generalize the paths from varying in space to varying in space and time. This gives the standard results plus dispersion in time of order attoseconds or left. Over longer times, the dispersion in time averages out, but at attosecond times it should be detectable with current technology. As an unexpected but welcome side-effect, the approach caused the usual loop integrals to be finite. Since the usual UV divergences are significantly harder to renormalize in QGR than in QED, and since using paths in time plus space is definitely more in keeping with the general spirit of GR, we here apply the same approach to QGR. We show that with an appropriate choice of gauge (trace-reversed de Donder gauge) we can extend the earlier results to include QGR. Sub-attosecond measurements of individual gravitons are not within our reach, but at least the ultraviolet divergences in QGR are contained in the same way. We have therefore a renormalizable model of QGR

The relativistic Doppler effect comes from the fact that observers in different inertial reference frames experience space and time differently, while the speed of light remains always the same. Consequently, a wave packet of light exhibits different frequencies, wavelengths, and amplitudes. In this paper, we present a local approach to the relativistic Doppler effect based on relativity, spatial and time translational symmetries, and energy conservation. Afterward, we investigate the implications of the relativistic Doppler effect for the quantum state transformations of wave packets of light and show that a local photon is a local photon at the same point in the spacetime diagram in all inertial frames.

1) We shall discuss what modern interpretations say about the Heisenberg's uncertainties. These interpretations explain that a quantity begins to 'lose' meaning when a conjugate property begins to 'acquire' definite meaning. We know that a quantity losing meaning means that it has no fixed value and has an uncertainty . In this paper we look deeper into this interpretation and the outcome reveals more evidence of the quantity losing meaning. Newer insights appear. 2) We consider two extreme cases of hypothetical processes nature undergoes, without interference by a measurement: One, a system collapses to an energy eigenstate under the influence of a Hamiltonian instantaneously at a time $t$. This is thus what would happen if we would measure the system's energy. Next, when a particle becomes localised to a point at a time $t_0$ under the influence of a Hamiltonian. This is thus what would happen if we would measure the system's position. We shall prove that both these situations cannot arise under ordinary circumstances and thus measurement processes cannot be modelled by physical Hamiltonians.

We investigate a possible reduction mechanism from (bosonic) Quantum Field Theory (QFT) to Quantum Mechanics (QM), in a way that could explain the apparent loss of degrees of freedom of the original theory in terms of quantum information in the reduced one. This reduction mechanism consists mainly in performing an ansatz on the boson field operator, which takes into account quantum foam and non-commutative geometry. Through the reduction mechanism, QFT reveals its hidden internal structure, which is a quantum network of maximally entangled multipartite states. In the end, a new approach to the quantum simulation of QFT is proposed through the use of QFT's internal quantum network

Starting with a particle in the cube system, we investigate the exotic possibility that the quantum numbers (n_x,n_y,n_z) satisfy the Markov equation. We find that the proposed particle in the Markov-cube system follows from a non-classical information entropic space by the quantum potential Q. We study the classical correspondents of the proposed particle in the Markov-cube system. According to our proposition, this particle identified by detailed measurements of the confinement particle-energy levels is an artifact or occurs in nature.

Multi-junction solar cells comprised of stacked III-V semiconductor junctions represent the highest-efficiency photovoltaic technology, with recent demonstrations exceeding 47% efficiency . Optimizing the design and thickness of each junction is critical for maximizing performance . This work utilizes Silvaco TCAD tools to systematically optimize a 5-junction cell based on AlInP, AlGaInP, AlGaInAs, GaInP, GaAs, InGaAs, and Ge similar to recent record cells . The junction thicknesses are varied using a predictive profiler to sample the parameter space . For each combination, the spectral absorption and I-V characteristics are simulated to determine the efficiency . Statistical analysis identifies the optimal thickness set that maximizes performance to 26% under 1 sun illumination .

Engineering of quantum computers requires reliable characterization of qubits, quantum operations, and even the entire hardware. Quantum tomography is an indispensable framework in quantum characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV), which has been widely accepted by researchers. According to the tomographic target, quantum tomography can be categorized into quantum state tomography (QST), quantum process tomography (QPT), gate set tomography (GST), process tensor tomography (PTT), and instrument set tomography (IST). Standard quantum tomography toolkits generally consist of basic linear inverse methods and statistical maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) based methods. Furthermore, the performance of standard methods, including effectiveness and efficiency, has been further developed by exploiting Bayesian estimation, neural networks, matrix completion techniques, etc. In this review, we introduce the fundamental quantum tomography techniques, including QST, QPT, GST, PTT, and IST. We first introduce the details of basic linear inverse methods. Then, the framework of MLE methods with constraints is summarized. Finally, we briefly introduce recent further research in developing the performance of tomography. This review provides a primary getting-start in developing quantum tomography, which promotes quantum computer development.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are going to be the primary data source in smart cities, often generating and communicating critical, sensitive, and private data that face threats of confidentiality breaches due to the rise of quantum computers. Even though NIST has approved post-quantum cryptography (PQC) schemes that promise to protect from quantum computer threats, these schemes can not be implemented efficiently on IoT devices, which often have computational and memory constraints. Hence, due to the substantial key size requirements and computationally intensive nature of PQC schemes, their direct deployment on IoT devices within smart city architecture is impeded by inherent computational and storage limitations. Consequently, it is imperative to devise PQC-based, resource-efficient authentication protocols tailored to IoT devices operating within smart cities. In this paper, we propose an offloading scheme that uses PQ Edge Server (PQES) for the network that performs PQC-related computation and memory operations for IoT devices in the network. The suggested technique transfers all storage and processing responsibilities from IoT devices in a network to ensure their normal operation and performance without any compromise. PQES generates a distinct PQ key pair for every network device and oversees a separate stream for each device. Therefore, IoT devices in the network may function without cryptographic processes, improving their efficiency by removing the need for conventional cryptography. Our results show that the proposed scheme reduces RAM usage to 1.05 KB and CPU usage to 1.75%, with maximum CPU context switches of 92.8. The proposed scheme uses TCP, a transport layer protocol, which is applicable to lightweight end devices without application-level protocols like HTTP or MQTT. When benchmarked on a Raspberry Pi, the PQES can handle 1000 concurrent connections and use a maximum of 73.5% of RAM. In comparison, previous research used at least 5.1 MB of RAM for one concurrent connection and may use up to 552.6 MB of RAM for 1000 concurrent connections. The maximum CPU usage for our method was 1.75%, whereas the previous proposal had a utilization of 67.1%. The greatest CPU context switches for our system were 92.8, far lower than the 3449 observed for the usual approach. Hence, our proposed scheme reduces the computational, memory, and network load for IoT devices by manifolds and increases device performance while providing PQC security.

Models of quantum measurements are presented, including observers subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. Observers perform multiple measurements in an attempt to disprove the collapse hypothesis. It is shown that under reasonable assumptions the effort cannot succeed. Under a unitary evolution the end state is a correlation between the result of the first measurement and the result(s) of the others, consistent with the observer's collapse hypothesis. The observer may conclude that the laws of nature include a non-unitary collapse mechanism, even if one does not actually exist. Discard of information is the crucial factor which distinguishes entanglement from measurement.

Using the projection evolution (PEv) approach, time can be included in the quantum mechanics as an observable. Having the time operator, it is possible to explore the temporal structure of various quantum events. In the present paper we discuss the possibility of constructing a quantum clock, which advances in time during its quantum evolution, in each step having some probability to localize itself on the time axis in the new position. We propose a working two-state model as the simplest example of such a clock.

True randomness is necessary for the security of any cryptographic protocol, including quantum key distribution (QKD). In QKD transceivers, randomness is supplied by one or more local private entropy sources of quantum origin, which can be either passive (e.g. a beam splitter) or active (e.g. an electronic quantum random number generator). In order to understand better the role of randomness in QKD we revisit the well-known "detector blinding" attack on BB84 QKD protocol, which utilizes strong light to achieve an undetectable and complete recovery of the secret key. We present two findings. First, we show that the detector blinding attack is in fact an attack on the receiver’s local entropy source. Second, based on this insight, we propose a modified receiver station and a statistical criterion which together enable robust detection of any bright-light attack and thus restore security.

Quantum amplitude estimation is a numerical integration technique and a candidate for the first operationally used quantum algorithm providing a quantum advantage in the NISQ era. Its main metric is the generated Fisher information per second, as it describes the accuracy of the numerical integration. The development of this metric can be coupled to the quantum volume of the used quantum processor with a phenomenological noise model. Since the increase of the quantum volume seems to follow an exponential pattern, insight in the integration power of quantum amplitude estimation for the upcoming years can be obtained. This shows that quantum amplitude estimation as a numerical integration technique will not provide an advantage for functions without significant improvements to the connectivity, reliability and speed of quantum processors. Beyond that, this method may be used the estimate the development of many more NISQ era algorithms.

In this work the author utilizes the quantum geometrization of spacetime for describing the gravitational interaction within the framework of quantum theory. This approach allows for the development of an equation of gravity that is mathematically connected to the fermion and boson fields. This achievement is accomplished by incorporating two fundamental principles: covariance of the quantum field equations and the principle of least action. By considering these principles, a theory is established that enables the calculation of gravitational corrections to Quantum Electrodynamics, and potentially, to the standard model of particle physics as well. The theory also provides an explanation for two phenomena: the existence of a cosmological pressure density similar to quintessence, that is compatible with the small value of the observed cosmological constant, and the breaking of matter-antimatter symmetry at high energies offering insights into why there is an imbalance between the two in the early universe. In the cosmological modeling of the theory, there exists a proposal to account for the formation of supermassive black holes that are accompanied by their own surrounding galaxies, without relying on the process of mass accretion. The model, in accordance with recent observations conducted by the James Webb Space Telescope, supports the notion that galactic configurations were established relatively early in the history of the universe, shortly after the occurrence of the Big Bang.

The development of quantum computers seeks software developers' attention regarding security in the era of Information Technology, software security is the primary goal for our quantitative assessment of software security in the development cycle of software. Security assessment of software is identifying the key security factors of the software. A security elective provides ex-tensive strategies and calculations to ensure product safety. The security assessment is the key factor in surveying, administering, and controlling security to further enhance the nature of safety. It should be acknowledged that assessing security early on in the development process is beneficial in identifying worms, hazards, flaws, and threats. The definition and portrayal of Quantum Computing (QC) in software security will be discussed in this study. Researchers use cryptography calculations to secure our financial institutions, medical devices, military weaponry, planes, ships, vehicles, and pilots. Here authors of this study use the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation (FTOPSIS) to quantitatively assess the weight/rank of the quantum enable security alternatives like (Diffie-Hellman key-exchange algorithm, Quantum key distribution algorithm, Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm, Special Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm, Grover’s Algorithm and Quantum key distribution algorithm in GHZ state) with security factors like (Confidentiality, Integrity, Authenti-cation, Privacy, Reliability, Maintainability, Authorization, Integrity, Possessions, and Availability). Additionally, they critically analyze and select the six alternatives of quantum-based security algorithms. The nature of safety infers the ability to execute a thing on time in this exploration study, specifically 'software security'.

Moore’s law will cease to be relevant once transistors are the size of electrons. Once this occurs, we will no longer be able to use silicon for technological advancement. However, breakthroughs will continue in the form of a sixth paradigm: a 3D molecular computing model such as quantum comput- ing. Some of the promising areas of quantum computing researched in this study are (i) algorithmic advancements - such as Shor’s, Grover’s, error correction, fault tolerance and other new algorithms; (ii) hardware - such as the quantum system architecture, circuit models, entanglement, superposition and no-cloning qubits; (iii) market segments - such as finance, healthcare, and chemistry; (iv) the supremacy established over classical computing; and (v) areas of applicability. Significant progress has been made in these areas in recent decades, and they have garnered immense interest, attention and the funding required to make good progress.

Quantum computers are invaluable tools to explore the properties of complex quantum systems. We show that dynamical localization of the quantum sawtooth map, a highly sensitive quantum coherent phenomenon, can be simulated on actual, small-scale quantum processors. Our results demonstrate that quantum computing of dynamical localization may become a convenient tool for evaluating advances in quantum hardware performances.

Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computational power, promising exponential speedups for solving certain classes of problems. However, harnessing the full potential of quantum computers requires effective utilization of data science techniques. In this review paper, we explore the intersection of data science and quantum computing, focusing on the role of data analytics in advancing quantum computing applications. We begin with an overview of quantum computing fundamentals, including quantum mechanics principles and quantum algorithms. We then delve into topics such as quantum data representation, manipulation, and machine learning algorithms tailored for quantum computing environments. Additionally, we discuss quantum error correction and noise mitigation strategies essential for reliable quantum computation. Furthermore, we survey the landscape of quantum software development tools and frameworks, highlighting their importance in facilitating quantum algorithm design and optimization. Through case studies and examples, we demonstrate the practical applications of data science techniques in quantum computing, including quantum cryptography and quantum-enhanced data analysis. Finally, we identify future research directions and challenges in the field, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between the data science and quantum computing communities to unlock the full potential of quantum data science.

During the last 25 years the scientific community has coexisted with the most fascinating protocol due to Quantum Physics: quantum teleportation (QTele), which would have been impossible if quantum entanglement, so questioned by Einstein, did not exist. In this work, a complete architecture for the teleportation of Computational Basis States (CBS) is presented. Such CBS will represent each of the possible 24 classical bits commonly used to encode every pixel of a 3-color-channel-image (red-green-blue, or cyan-yellow-magenta). For this purpose, a couple of interfaces: classical-to-quantum (Cl2Qu) and quantum-to-classical (Qu2Cl) are presented with two versions of the teleportation protocol: standard and simplified.

In this paper, the connections between quantum non-locality and permutation symmetries are explored. This includes two types of symmetries: permutation across a superposition and permutation of qubits in a quantum system. An algorithm is proposed for nding the separability class of a quantum state using a method based on factorizing an arbitrary multipartite state into possible partitions, cyclically permuting qubits of the vectors in a superposition to check which separability class it falls into and thereafter using a reduced density-matrix analysis of the system is proposed. For the case of mixed quantum states, conditions for separability are found in terms of the partial transposition of the density matrices of the quantum system. One of these conditions turns out to be the Partial Positive Transpose (PPT) condition. A graphical method for analyzing separability is also proposed. The concept of permutation of qubits is shown to be useful in dening a new entanglement measure in the `engle'.

This paper focuses on the concepts used in Quantum Cryptography and recent progress made. We look at the different categories of key distribution protocols that have been proposed and issues related to those. We then take an overview of two main approaches of communication using quantum cryptography concepts, i.e., ``Quantum Secure Direct Communication'' and ``Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication'', and limitations related to the usage of these schemes in a real-world system. At last, we list down the problems identified in the research and conclude our discussion by proposing areas of focus for future research.

The insuperable obstacle between gravity and quantum mechanics is their spacetimes. Introduction of a (quantum) quadratic form on a state Hilbert space and a (quantum) metric tensor in (3+1)D quantum spacetime solves the problem by providing a common spacetime for both gravity and quantum mechanics which helps further to develop an accurate and generalized form of quantum gravity, i.e., General Quantum Gravity. This formalism yields a (3+1)D pseudo-gravity first order quantum equation, which is technically more accurate than Schr\"odinger equation. A (quantum) Lorentz-like transformation is also possible to be developed in (3+1)D quantum spacetime. Instead of one common Einstein field equation to explain gravitational effects, this formalism yields two individual (quantum) Einstein field equations, namely, one for bosons and another for fermions. In this work, (quantum) metric tensor as well as quantum Riemann tensor, quantum Ricci tensor and quantum Ricci scalar all are found to be the objects of quantization. Apparently, these quantum Riemann tensor, quantum Ricci tensor and quantum Ricci scalar are also found to be multiplicatively renormalizable while all divergences of their higher orders vanish in (3+1)D quantum spacetime. Ultimately, General Quantum Gravity yields that: Quantum Mechanics and Theory of Special and General Relativity are inseparable and naturally inter-expressible for the (quantum) quadratic form and the (quantum) metric tensor in (3+1)D quantum spacetime.

The double nature, wave and corpuscular, of the material particles is usually considered incomprehensible as it cannot be represented visually. It is proposed to the student, in the introductory courses, as a fact justified by quantum interference experiments of which, however, no further analysis is possible. In this note we propose a description of the wave function in terms of a simple electrical analogy, which reproduces at least some of its essential properties. The aim we propose is to provide a cognitive representation of an analogical type: starting from a classical context (electrical circuits) and introducing in an appropriate way the notions of "wave" and "particle", we show how typically quantum properties such as delocalization and entanglement emerge in a natural, understandable and intuitive way.

Quantum mechanics is often described as irreducibly non-local. A tacit element of this picture is the assumption that one and the same sub-ensemble of quanta is post-selected in every measurement combination of a Bell test. Yet, this expectation was recently shown to be formally inconsistent with quantum theory (Cetto et al., 2020) and even to be experimentally falsifiable (Mardari 2021). The need to make sense of this development motivated a rigorous conceptual analysis of quantum non-locality, especially as it relates to the basic principles of quantum mechanics. The simple conclusion is that quantum theory and quantum non-locality are fundamentally incompatible. This is not a loophole around the predictions of quantum mechanics, but rather an insight into the essential conditions that make them accurate.

Plasmonic nanocomposites have the ability to enhance light-matter interaction due to the plasmonic effects leading to promising potential applications. In this paper, we theoretically study the group index of the silver nanoparticle-gold nanoparticle-quantum dot plasmonic hybrid system in the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum using the density matrix approach. The quantum dot is considered to be a three-level atomic system of a lambda configuration, interacting with strong control and weak probe fields. We find that the plasmonic hybrid system exhibits at near resonance a strong switching between slow and fast light, which can be controlled by the inclination angle of the gold nanoparticle and the size of the metals nanoparticles, in addition to the strength and detuning of the control field. Thus, the silver nanoparticle-gold nanoparticle-quantum dot could potentially be used in optoelectronic devices.

A large number of magnetic sensors, like superconducting quantum interference devices, optical pumping and nitrogen vacancy magnetometers, were shown to satisfy the energy resolution limit. This limit states that the magnetic sensitivity of the sensor, when translated into a product of energy with time, is bounded below by Planck’s constant, ħ. This bound implies a fundamental limitation as to what can be achieved in magnetic sensing. Here we explore biological magnetometers, in particular three magnetoreception mechanisms thought to underly animals’ geomagnetic field sensing: the radical-pair, the magnetite and the MagR mechanism. We address the question of how close these mechanisms approach the energy resolution limit. At the quantitative level, the utility of the energy resolution limit is that it informs the workings of magnetic sensing in model-independent ways, and thus can provide subtle consistency checks for theoretical models and estimated or measured parameter values, particularly needed in complex biological systems. At the qualitative level, the closer the energy resolution is to ħ, the more “quantum” is the sensor. This offers an alternative route towards understanding the quantum biology of magnetoreception. It also quantifies the room for improvement, illuminating what Nature has achieved, and stimulating the engineering of biomimetic sensors exceeding Nature’s magnetic sensing performance.

In recent years, the term quantum-like has been increasingly used in different disciplines, including neurosciences, psychological and socio-economical disciplines, claiming that some investigated phenomena show “something” in common with quantum processes and, therefore, they can be modeled using a sort of quantum formalism. Therefore, the increasing use of the term quantum-like calls for defining and sharing its meaning in order to properly adopt it and avoid possible misuse. In our opinion, the concept of quantum-like may be successfully applied to macroscopic phenomena and empirical sciences other than physics when at least two conditions are satisfied: a) the behavior of the investigated phenomena show logical analogies with quantum ones; b) it is possible to find a criterion of truth based on an experiential/scientific approach applied to a probabilistic model of description of the phenomena. This is only a first, small step in the approach to the concept of quantum-like, hopefully helpful to promote further discussion and achieve a better definition.

Recently, Bennett et al. [Eur. J. Phys. 37:014001, 2016] presented a physically-motivated and explicitly gauge-independent scheme for the quantisation of the electromagnetic field in flat Minkowski space. In this paper we generalise this field quantisation scheme to curved spacetimes. Working within the standard assumptions of quantum field theory and only postulating the physicality of the photon, we derive the Hamiltonian, $\hat H$, and the electric and magnetic field observables, $\hat {\bf E}$ and $\hat {\bf B}$, without having to invoke a specific gauge. As an example, we quantise the electromagnetic field in the spacetime of an accelerated Minkowski observer, Rindler space, and demonstrate consistency with other field quantisation schemes by reproducing the Unruh effect.

In this paper, I propose new models of quantum information processing using the exchange interaction in physical systems. The partial SWAP operator that can be realized using the exchange interaction is used as the underlying resource for defining models of quantum computation, quantum communication, quantum memory and decoherence-free subspaces. Given the non-commutativity of these operators (for adjacent operators operating on a common qubit), a number of quantum states and entanglement patters can be obtained. This zoo of states can be classified, due to the parity constraints and permutation symmetry of the states, into invariant subspaces that are used for the definition of some of the applications in this paper.

Silica on Silicon is a major optical integration platform, while the emergent class of integrated Laser written circuits' platform offers additionally high customizability, and flexibility for rapid prototyping. However, the inherent waveguides' low core/cladding refractive index contrast characteristic compared to other photonic platforms in silicon or silicon nitride, sets serious limitations for on-chip efficient coupling with single photon emitters, like semiconductor nanowires with quantum dots limiting the applications in quantum computing. A new light coupling scheme proposed here overcomes this limitation providing means for light coupling >50%. The scheme is based on the incorporation of an optical microsphere between the nanowire and the waveguide, properly optimized and arranged in terms of: size, refractive index, distance of microsphere between nanowire and waveguide. Upon suitable design of the optical arrangement, the photonic nanojet emitted by the illuminated microsphere excites efficiently the guided eigenmodes of the input channel waveguide, thus launching light with high coupling efficiency. The method is tolerant in displacements, misalignments, and imperfections and is fabricationally feasible by current state of the art techniques. The proposed method enables the on-chip multiple single photon emitters' integration thus allowing the development of highly customizable and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits for quantum computing.

Quantum image representation is a widely researched area of quantum computing. Currently developed methods use angle parameter of the rotation gate (e.g., the FRQI method), sequences of qubits (ex. NEQR method) or phase shift (ex. LPIQE method) for storing color information of pixels. All of those methods are affected by decoherence and other classical and quantum noise, which is an inseparable part of quantum computing in a NISQ (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) era. These all phenomenons influence the measurements, its probability distribution over the measurement basis and, as the result, makes the extracted images not even similar to those, which was stored in quantum computers. Since this process is, in its foundation, quantum as well, the computational reversal of this process is possible. There are a lot of methods for error correction, mitigation and reduction, but all of them use quantum computer time, or additional qubits to achieve desired result. We report a successful use of the Generative Adversarial Network tuned for image-to-image translation in conjunction with PDU method, for error reduction in images encoded using LIPQE (Local Phase Image Quantum Encoding) method.

We propose a theoretical method for the deterministic shaping of quantum light via photon number state selective interactions. Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for high precision optical techniques that rely on photon correlations and noise reshaping. Notable techniques include quantum enhanced interferometry, ghost imaging, and generating fault tolerant codes for continuous variable optical quantum computing. We show that a class of nonlinear-optical resonators can transform many-photon wavefunctions to produce structured states of light with nonclassical noise statistics. The devices, based on parametric down conversion, utilize the Kerr effect to tune photon number dependent frequency matching, inducing photon number selective interactions. With a high amplitude coherent pump, the number selective interaction shapes the noise of a two-mode squeezed cavity state with minimal dephasing, illustrated with simulations. We specify the requisite material properties to build the device and highlight the remaining material degrees of freedom which offer flexible material design.

Two approaches are being proposed to complements existing practical implementations of quantum information processing; (a) Multiplexed Michelson interferometry for Linear Optical quantum computation which should in principle split further an initially split beam to yield new sets of beams which are scalable to multiple interferometric outputs beyond just the dual output in Mach Zehnder interferometry. Generally Interferometry is applied in quantum computation particularly linear optical quantum computation schemes such as K.L.M protocol using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, however a multiplexed Michelson interferometry enables the production of scalable cross-correlated beams making it suitable for optical multi-qubit operations. (b) Coupled LDR Circuits for Quantum emulation which can model cross correlation and probabilistic qubit states to enable parallelization and Gating on Classical electrical circuits. The system is to be designed as a network of electrical circuits coupled to each other using electrical coupling elements and are equipped with a light dependent resistor (LDR) alternatively referred to as photo-resistor to provide variable resistance in response to varied intensity of incident light. The maximum threshold current state which is being defined for the circuit and a minimum current state corresponds to 1 and 0 binary states respectively, however an intermediate current state models a superposition of 1 & 0. Likewise varying the intermediate current values closer to either 1 or 0 is akin to a probability rotation of the qubit states which is achieved by varying resistance using the LDR where the multi-circuit coupling interaction helps emulates cross-correlation of multi-qubit systems. The proposed system can be useful at least as a tool for informative applications in a classical framework.

A deterministic quantum mechanics theory is presented in a series of papers starting with the present one. The proposed theory is shown to be consistent with the current mainstream statistical quantum theory as well as with classical physics. It produces solutions, which demonstrate that causality, physical reality, and determinism are restored and can explain in simple form concerns that are raised by results from the current mainstream statistical quantum theory. The meaning of particle- wave duality and complementarity, the possibility of a particle, like the electron, to cross through the nucleus as it does when the angular momentum of the electron is zero at the ground state of the hydrogen atom, the possibility of a point-size particle to have an “intrinsic spin”, the possibility of “quantum jumps” as the electron transitions instantaneously from one stable orbital to another without passing through the space in between the orbitals and does that at irregular time intervals, and the natural collapse of the wave function as part of the solution are some of the results that emerge from the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The phenomenon of entanglement is shown to be consistent with the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. The Bohr-Schrödinger energy levels leading to the experimentally confirmed spectral lines, as well as the fine structure constant emerge directly from the solution of the equations governing theproposed deterministic quantum mechanics presented in Part II of these series of papers.

This is the second paper in a series introducing a deterministic quantum mechanics theory that is shown to be consistent with the current mainstream statistical quantum theory as well as with classical physics. The first paper in this series demonstrated how causality, physical reality, and determinism are restored and concerns that were raised by results from the current mainstream statistical quantum theory were explained in simple form. The meaning of particle-wave duality and complementarity, the possibility of a particle, like the electron, to cross through the nucleus as it does when the angular momentum of the electron is zero, the possibility of a point-size particle to have an “intrinsic spin”, the possibility of “quantum jumps” as the electron transitions instantaneously from one stable orbital to another and does that at irregular time intervals, the natural collapse of the wave function as part of the solution, as well as consistency with the phenomenon of entanglement were some of the results that emerged from the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics theory. While the first paper presented overwhelming evidence of the latter, the present paper is the first to produce actual solutions that are consistent with current mainstream quantum theory as well as with classical physics. Analytical solutions are presented via a linear stability method. The Bohr-Schrödinger energy levels leading to the experimentally confirmed spectral lines, as well as the fine structure constant emerge directly from the solution of the equations governing the proposed deterministic quantum mechanics. Recommended follow-up solutions as well as generalizations are being presented at the end of the paper.

We consider new insights into the origin and nature of pointer states and their role in wave function collapse in macroscopic quantum coherence. The work includes new theory of quantum coherence underpinned by turbulence, generated by a field of pointer states in the form of recirculating vortices (toroids), interconnected via a vortex cascade. Decoherence occurs when the interconnected field of vortices between pointer states is disrupted by external forces, leading to their localisation. The applicability of this work is considered in addressing unresolved questions in high temperature superconductivity and macroscopic quantum processes in biological systems. We also consider its implications for our understanding of intrinsic spin and pointer states within the standard "point source" representation of a quantum particle, which intuitively requires a more complexed description.

Having access to a unique quantum circuit that one wants to protect against use by others is a very likely scenario. However currently users rely on classical computer security schemes, which have known shortcomings. In this chapter we introduce a novel protection scheme along with a survey of other known methods to protect quantum information. In particular we review physically unclonable functions (PUFs), obfuscation, and introduce quantum logic locking.

We present a partition of quantum observables in an open quantum system which is inherited from the division of the underlying Hilbert space or configuration space. It is shown that this partition leads to the definition of an inhomogeneous continuity equation for generic, non-local observables. This formalism is employed to describe the local evolution of the von Neumann entropy of a system of independent quantum particles out of equilibrium. Crucially, we find that all local fluctuations in the entropy are governed by an entropy current operator, implying that the production of entanglement entropy is not measured by this partitioned entropy. For systems linearly perturbed from equilibrium, it is shown that this entropy current is equivalent to a heat current, provided that the system-reservoir coupling is partitioned symmetrically. Finally, we show that any other partition of the coupling leads directly to a divergence of the von Neumann entropy. Thus, we conclude that Hilbert-space partitioning is the only partition of the von Neumann entropy which is consistent with the Laws of Thermodynamics.

Quantum entanglement is a fascinating topic with both theoretical and technological impacts. Yet, even in the simplest scenarios, there are still various open questions involving pure state and mixed state entanglement. Here we present the simplest entangled mixed states. We consider both qubits (quantum bits) and qudits (quantum digits). We first provide our simplest yet most important result for rank-2 bi-partite states, and we then generalize our results to go beyond rank-2 and to go beyond bi-partite states.

The goal of finding a commutative group of gates from the set of unitary matrices is to simplify the process of quantum computing. If a set of gates is commutative, then we can apply the gates in any order without affecting the final outcome. This is important because quantum systems are very sensitive to errors and decoherence, and any disruption to the system can cause errors in the computation.By having a commutative group of gates, we can simplify the process of designing quantum algorithms and reduce the risk of errors. This is particularly important for solving complex computational problems that cannot be solved by classical computers.

Tremendous progress has been witnessed in artificial intelligence within the domain of neural network backed deep learning systems and its applications. As we approach the post Moore’s Law era, the limit of semiconductor fabrication technology along with a rapid increase in data generation rates have lead to an impending growing challenge of tackling newer and more modern machine learning problems. In parallel, quantum computing has exhibited rapid development in recent years. Due to the potential of a quantum speedup, quantum based learning applications have become an area of significant interest, in hopes that we can leverage quantum systems to solve classical problems. In this work, we propose a quantum deep learning architecture; we demonstrate our quantum neural network architecture on tasks ranging from binary and multi-class classification to generative modelling. Powered by a modified quantum differentiation function along with a hybrid quantum-classic design, our architecture encodes the data with a reduced number of qubits and generates a quantum circuit, loading it onto a quantum platform where the model learns the optimal states iteratively. We conduct intensive experiments on both the local computing environment and IBM-Q quantum platform. The evaluation results demonstrate that our architecture is able to outperform Tensorflow-Quantum by up to 12.51% and 11.71% for a comparable classic deep neural network on the task of classification trained with the same network settings. Furthermore, our GAN architecture runs the discriminator and the generator purely on quantum hardware and utilizes the swap test on qubits to calculate the values of loss functions. In comparing our quantum GAN, we note our architecture is able to achieve similar performance with 98.5% reduction on the parameter set when compared to classical GANs. With the same number of parameters, additionally, QuGAN outperforms other quantum based GANs in the literature for up to 125.0% in terms of similarity between generated distributions and original data sets.

Power spectra always play an important role in the theory of inflation. In particular, the ability to reproduce the galaxy matter power spectrum $ P(k) $ and the CMB temperature angular power spectrum $ C_l $’s to high accuracy is often considered a triumph of inflation. In our previous work, we presented an alternative explanation for the matter power spectrum based on nonperturbative quantum field-theoretical methods applied to Einstein’s gravity, instead of inflation models based on scalar fields. In this work, we review the basic concepts and provide further in-depth investigations. We first update the analysis with more recent data sets and error analysis, and then extend our predictions to the CMB angular spectrum coefficients $ C_l $, which we did not consider previously. Then we investigate further the potential freedoms and uncertainties associated with the fundamental parameters that are part of this picture, and show how recent cosmological data provides significant constraints on these quantities. Overall, we find good general consistency between theory and data, even potentially favoring the gravitationally-motivated picture at the largest scales. We summarize our results by outlining how this picture can be tested in the near future with increasingly accurate astrophysical measurements.

A new formalism is introduced that makes it possible to elucidate the physical and geometric content of quantum spacetime. It is based in the Minimum Group Representation Principle (MGRP). Within this framework new results for entanglement and geometrical/topological phases are found and implemented in cosmological and black hole space-times. Our main results here are: {\bf(i)} We find the Berry phases for inflation and for the cosmological perturbations and express them in terms of the observables, as the spectral scalar and tensor indices, $n_S$ an $n_T$, and the tensor to scalar ratio $r$. The Berry phase for de Sitter inflation is imaginary with the sign describing the exponential acceleration. {\bf(ii)} The pure entangled states in the minimum group (metaplectic) $Mp(n)$ representation for quantum de Sitter space-time and black holes are found. {\bf(iii)} For entanglement, the relation between the Schmidt type representation and the physical states of the $Mp(n)$ group is found: This is a {\it new non-diagonal} coherent state representation complementary to the known Sudarshan diagonal one. {\bf(iv)} Mean value generators of $Mp(2)$ are related to the adiabatic invariant and topological charge of the spacetime (matrix element of the transition $-\infty < t < \infty$). {\bf(v)} The basic {\it even} and {\it odd} $n$-sectors of the Hilbert space are intrinsic to the quantum spacetime and its discrete levels (in particular continuum for $n \rightarrow \infty$), they do not require any extrinsic generation process as the standard Schrodinger cat states, and are {\it entangled}. {\bf(vi)} The gravity or cosmological domains in one side and another of the Planck scale are {\it entangled}. Examples: The quantum primordial trans-Planckian de Sitter vacuum and the classical late de Sitter vacuum today; the central quantum gravity reqion and the external classical gravity region of black holes. The classical and quantum dual gravity regions of the space-time are entangled. {\bf(vii)} The general classical-quantum gravity duality is associated to the Metaplectic $Mp(n)$ group symmetry which provides the complete full covering of the phase space and of the quantum space-time mapped from it.

Quantum computing (QC) has opened the door to advancements in machine learning (ML) tasks that are currently implemented in the classical domain. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are classical ML architectures that exploit data locality and possess a simpler structure than fully-connected multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) without compromising the accuracy of classification. However, the concept of preserving data locality is usually overlooked in the existing quantum counterparts of CNNs, particularly for extracting multi-features in multidimensional data. In this paper, we present a multidimensional quantum convolutional classifier (MQCC) that performs multidimensional and multi-feature quantum convolution with average and Euclidean pooling and thus adapting the CNN structure to a variational quantum algorithm (VQA). Average pooling is based on the quantum Haar transform (QHT) and Euclidean pooling is based on partial quantum measurement. The experimental work was conducted using multidimensional data to validate the correctness and demonstrate the scalability of the proposed method utilizing both noisy and noise-free quantum simulations. We evaluated the MQCC model with reference to reported work on state-of-the-art quantum simulators from IBM Quantum and Xanadu using a variety of standard ML datasets. The experimental results showed favorable characteristics of our proposed techniques compared to existing work with respect to a number of quantitative metrics such as the number of training parameters, cross-entropy loss, classification accuracy, circuit depth, and quantum gate count.

Atomtronics is a relatively new subfield of atomic physics that aims to realize the device behavior of electronic components in ultracold atom-optical systems. The fact that these systems are coherent makes them particularly interesting since, in addition to current, one can impart quantum states onto the current carriers themselves or perhaps perform quantum computational operations on them. After reviewing the fundamental ideas of this subfield, we report on the theoretical and experimental progress made towards developing externally-driven and closed loop devices. The functionality and potential applications for these atom analogs to electronic and spintronic systems is also discussed.

The phenomenon of quantum erasure exposed a remarkable ambiguity in the interpretation of quantum entanglement. On the one hand, the data is compatible with the possibility of arrow-of-time violations. On the other hand, it is also possible that temporal non-locality is an artifact of post-selection. Twenty years later, this problem can be solved with a quantum monogamy experiment, in which four entangled quanta are measured at the same time. If Bell violations can be recovered from a “monogamous” quantum system, then the arrow of time is obeyed at the quantum level.

Classic game theory is an important field with a long tradition of useful results. Recently, the quantum versions of classical games, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD), have attracted a lot of attention. Similarly, state machines and specifically finite automata have also been under constant and thorough study for plenty of reasons. The quantum analogues of these abstract machines, like the quantum finite automata, have been studied extensively. In this work, we examine some well-known game conditional strategies that have been studied within the framework of the repeated PD game. Then, we try to associate these strategies to proper quantum finite automata that receive them as inputs and recognize them with probability 1, achieving some interesting results. We also study the quantum version of PD under the Eisert-Wilkens-Lewenstein scheme, proposing a novel conditional strategy for the repeated version of this game.

Considering the predictions from the standard model of particle physics coupled with experimental results from particle accelerators, we discuss a scenario in which from the infinite possibilities in the Lie groups we use to describe particle physics, nature needs only the lower dimensional representations - an important phenomenology that we argue indicates nature is code theoretic. We show that the quantum deformation of the SU(2) Lie algebra at the fifth root of unity can be used to address the quantum Lorentz group representation theory through its universal covering group and gives the right low dimensional physical realistic spin quantum numbers confirmed by experiments. In this manner we can describe the spacetime symmetry content of relativistic quantum fields in accordance with the well known Wigner classification. Further connections of the fifth root of unity quantization with the mass quantum number associated with the Poincaré Group and the SU(N) charge quantum numbers are discussed as well as their implication for quantum gravity.

Schrödinger dynamics is a nonlocal process. Not only does local perturbation affect instantaneously the entire space, but the effect decays slowly. When the wavefunction is spectrally bounded, the Schrödinger equation can be written as a universal set of ordinary differential equations, with universal coupling between them, which is related to Euler’s formula. Since every variable represents a different local value of the wave equation, the coupling represents the dynamics’ nonlocality. It is shown that the nonlocal coefficient is inversely proportional to the distance between the centers of these local areas. As far as we know, this is the first time that this inverse square law was formulated.

We find that the standard relative entropy and the Umegaki entropy are designed for the purpose of inferentially updating probability and density matrices respectively. From the same set of inferentially guided design criteria, both of the previously stated entropies are derived in parallel. This formulates a quantum maximum entropy method for the purpose of inferring density matrices in the absence of complete information.

We present detailed models at the hydrodynamics and decoherence phenomena observed in ideal quantum gases. The model is expressed in terms of a quantum field theory, where the action involves both hydrodynamic and decoherence terms. The density-current relation is derived, and the current Green function is introduced. The effective action for two fields is presented, and the physical field is defined in terms of the bare action. Identities such as CTP symmetry, transposition, and the Ward identity are discussed. The Green function and its inverse for different components are also explored. These notes provide a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical framework for studying the hydrodynamics and decoherence of ideal quantum gases.

We have shown that according to the predictions of the standard quantum theory, signaling is possible using a postponed compensation Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, although it violates Lorentz invariance. We argue that new physics is required to deal with such a paradox. Either quantum principles or relativity needs reassessment. We propose an experiment that can decide whether relativity rules over quantum or vice versa.

This paper presents the development, comparison and analysis of several implementations of the B92 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol. In order to achieve this objective a prototype which consists of traditional (non-quantum) simulators was created, one for B92 protocol, one for B92 protocol with eavesdropper and one for B92 protocol with Quantum Bit Travel Time (QBTT) eavesdropper detection method. The principles of quantum mechanics were studied, as a foundation of quantum cryptography, for the realization of simulation programs that were written in C ++, focusing mainly on the B92 protocol and QBTT eavesdropper detection method. We compared the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) for implementation of B92 protocol without eavesdropper, B92 protocol with eavesdropper and B92 protocol with QBTT eavesdropper detection method and found that QBTT eavesdropper detection method significantly reduces the QBER from the final key.

Black hole collision produce gravitational radiation which is generally thought in a quantum limit to be gravitons. The stretched horizon of a black hole contains quantum information, or a form of quantum hair, which in a coalescence of black holes participates in the generation of gravitons. This may be facilitated with a Bohr-like approach to black hole (BH) quantum physics with quasi-normal mode (QNM) approach to BH quantum mechanics. Quantum gravity and quantum hair on event horizons is excited to higher energy in BH coalescence. The near horizon condition for two BHs right before collision is a deformed AdS spacetime. These excited states of BH quantum hair then relax with the production of gravitons. This is then argued to define RT entropy given by quantum hair on the horizons. These qubits of information from a BH coalescence should then appear in gravitational wave (GW) data. This is a form of the standard AdS/CF T correspondence and the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula [1]. The foundations of physics is proposed to be quantum information and a duality between spacetime observables and quantum fields.

This paper gives solutions to puzzles of double Wheeler’s delayed choice experiments, a photon’s passing two paths simultaneously and wave collapse velocity measure, and shows new quantum control, new quantum oscillation and new controlling photon oscillator (that can be arranged in quantum computer and quantum network as their classical correspondences) in experiments. Furthermore, this paper obtains the measured attractive state and the new useful key technology of altering state’s evolving paths for quantum systems. We discover the reason and the technological way for the present changes the past, further show their feasible experiments of new quantum control, new quantum oscillation and new quantum oscillator. Finally, this paper achieves the collapse response time t of wave, further concretely deduces the measured collapse velocity of quantum system. In the past, the collapse velocity cannot be objectively deduced and experimentally measured.

In this paper we will show that standard physics to a large degree consists of derivatives of a deeper reality. This means standard physics is both overly complex and also incomplete. Modern physics has typically started from working with first understanding the surface of the world, that is typically the macroscopic world, and then forming theories about the atomic and subatomic world. And we did not have much of a choice, as the subatomic world is very hard to observe directly, if not impossible to observe directly at the deepest level. Despite the enormous success of modern physics, it is therefore no big surprise that we at some point have possibly taken a step in the wrong direction. We will claim that one such step came when one thought that the de Broglie wavelength represented a real matter wavelength. We will claim that the Compton wavelength is the real matter wavelength. Based on such a view we will see that many equations in modern physics are only derivatives of much simpler relations. Second, we will claim that in today’s physics one uses two different mass definitions, one mass definition that is complete or at least more complete, embedded in gravity equations without being aware of it, as it is concealed in GM, and the standard, but incomplete, kg mass definition in non-gravitational physics. First, when this is understood, and one uses the more complete mass definition that is embedded in gravity physics, not only in gravity physics, but in all of physics, then one has a chance to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. Our new theory shows that most physical phenomena when observed over a very short timescale are probabilistic for masses smaller than a Planck mass and dominated by determinism at or above Planck mass size. Our findings have many implications. For example, we show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is rooted in a foundation not valid for rest-mass particles, so the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can say nothing about rest-masses. When re-formulated based on a foundation compatible with a new momentum that is also compatible with rest-masses, we obtain a re-defined Heisenberg principle that seems to become a certainty principle in the special case of a Planck mass particle. Furthermore, we show that the Planck mass particle is linked to gravity and that we can easily detect the Planck scale from gravity observations. The Planck mass particle is unique as it only lasts the Planck time, and in that very short time period it can only be observed directly from itself, and it therefore closely linked to absolute rest.

Nearest-neighbour clustering is a simple yet powerful machine learning algorithm that finds natural application in the decoding of signals in classical optical-fibre communication systems. Quantum k-means clustering promises a speed-up over the classical k-means algorithm; however, it has been shown to currently not provide this speed-up for decoding optical-fibre signals due to the embedding of classical data, which introduces inaccuracies and slowdowns. Although still not achieving an exponential speed-up for NISQ implementations, this work proposes the generalised inverse stereographic projection as an improved embedding into the Bloch sphere for quantum distance estimation in k-nearest-neighbour clustering, which allows us to get closer to the classical performance. We also use the generalised inverse stereographic projection to develop an analogous classical clustering algorithm and benchmark its accuracy, runtime and convergence for decoding real-world experimental optical-fibre communication data. This proposed `quantum-inspired' algorithm provides an improvement in both the accuracy and convergence rate with respect to the k-means algorithm. Hence, this work presents two main contributions. Firstly, we propose the general inverse stereographic projection into the Bloch sphere as a better embedding for quantum machine learning algorithms; here, we use the problem of clustering quadrature amplitude modulated optical-fibre signals as an example. Secondly, as a purely classical contribution inspired by the first contribution, we propose and benchmark the use of the general inverse stereographic projection and spherical centroid for clustering optical-fibre signals, showing that optimizing the radius yields a consistent improvement in accuracy and convergence rate.

Quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons rules out coincident detections of the originally entangled, paired photons Correlations between independent states of qubits can easily outperform those calculated with entangled photons. The quantum joint probability for a Bell state can be factorized enabling a local detection of the alleged quantum nonlocality, if it existed.