Kennedy, I.R.; Hodzic, M. Applying the Action Principle of Classical Mechanics to the Thermodynamics of the Troposphere. Appl. Mech.2023, 4, 729-751.
Kennedy, I.R.; Hodzic, M. Applying the Action Principle of Classical Mechanics to the Thermodynamics of the Troposphere. Appl. Mech. 2023, 4, 729-751.
Kennedy, I.R.; Hodzic, M. Applying the Action Principle of Classical Mechanics to the Thermodynamics of the Troposphere. Appl. Mech.2023, 4, 729-751.
Kennedy, I.R.; Hodzic, M. Applying the Action Principle of Classical Mechanics to the Thermodynamics of the Troposphere. Appl. Mech. 2023, 4, 729-751.
Abstract
We propose that, at equilibrium, statistically equal temperatures as mechanical torques are exerted on each kind of gas phase molecules as rates of translational action [@t=ʃmvds/dt=ʃmr2ωdϕ/dt=mv2, J]. These torques result from the impulsive density of resonant quantum fields with molecules, configuring the trajectories of gas molecules while balancing molecular pressure (p=NkT) against the density of field energy (J/m3). Gibbs energy fields contain no resonant quanta at zero Kelvin, with this measure of chemical potential diminishing in magnitude as translational action of the vapor molecules and quantum field energy increases with temperature. In illustration, we show how impulsive torques from quantum fields drive the reversible thermodynamics of Carnot’s heat-work engine cycle, sustain the decreasing atmospheric temperature gradient of increasing molecular entropy with altitude, support the translational action and field energy of vortical wind flow in anticyclones, frictionally warming the Earth’s surface while recycling greenhouse infrared absorption of surface radiation, generating electrical power from air flow in wind farms and destructive power in tropical cyclones. These cases all distinguish symmetrically between a causal field of impulsive quanta (Σhν) that energizes the action of matter and the resultant vis viva of molecular mechanics (mv2). The quanta of these different fields display mean wavelengths from 10-4 m to 1012 m, with mechanical advantages many orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding translational actions, though with mean quantum frequencies (v) similar to those of radial Brownian movement for independent particles (ω). These energy fields are also thermodynamically reversible reservoirs for heat, optimizing work processes on Earth and delaying the achievement of maximum entropy production from short wave solar radiation in conversion to outgoing long wave radiation to space.
Keywords
Quantum of action; action mechanics; least action; photons; quanta; Gibbs energy; Gibbs field; torque; vortical action; Carnot cycle; wind turbines; downwelling radiation; tropical cyclone; gravitational energy
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
