This study aimed to develop a laboratory-scale direct air capture unit for evaluating and comparing amine-based adsorbents under temperature vacuum swing adsorption conditions. The experimental campaign conducted with the direct air capture unit allowed for the determination of equilibrium loading, CO2 uptake capacity, and other main performance parameters of the investigated adsorbent Lewatit VP OC 1065®. The investigations also helped to understand the co-adsorption of both CO2 and H2O on the tested material, which is crucial for improving temperature vacuum swing adsorption processes. This was achieved by obtaining pure component isotherms for CO2 and H2O as well as three different co-adsorption isotherm models from literature. It was found that the weighted average dual-site Toth model emerged as the most accurate and reliable model for simulating this co-adsorption behavior. Its predictions closely align with experimental data, particularly in capturing the adsorption equilibrium at various temperatures. It was also observed that this lab-scale unit offers advantages over thermogravimetric analysis when conducting adsorption experiments on the chosen amine. The final aim of this study is to provide a pathway to develop devices for testing and developing efficient and cost-effective adsorbents for direct air capture.

Elevated antimony concentrations in aqueous environments from anthropogenic sources is becoming of global concern, here iron oxides are known to strongly adsorb aqueous antimony species with different oxidation states, but the effect of silica on the removal characteristics is not well understood despite being a common component in the environment. In this study, ferrihydrite was synthesized at various Si/Fe molar ratios to investigate its adsorption and co-precipitation behaviors with aqueous antimony anionic species, Sb(III) and Sb(V). The XRD analyses of the precipitates showed two broad diffraction features at approximately 35° and 62° 2θ, which are characteristic of 2-line ferrihydrite, no significant shifts in peak positions in the ferrihydrite regardless of the Si/Fe ratios. The infrared spectra showed a sharp band at ~990 cm⁻¹, corresponding to asymmetric stretching vibrations of Si-O-Fe bonds which increased in intensity with increasing Si/Fe molar ratios. Further, the surface charge on the precipitates became more negative with increasing Si/Fe molar ratios. The adsorption experiments indicated that Sb(V) was preferentially adsorbed at acidic conditions and decreased dramatically with increasing pH while the adsorption rate of Sb(III) ions was independent of pH, however, the presence of silica suppressed the adsorption of both Sb(III) and Sb(V) ions. The results showed that Sb(III) and Sb(V) ions were significantly inhibited by co-precipitation with ferrihydrite even in the presence of silica by isomorphous substitution in the ferrihydrite crystal structure.

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) has been employed in the sulfide ore flotation process, due to its excellent collection performance. Herein, we investigated the interfacial adsorption behavior of DDTC on four mineral phases of high-sulfur residue — sulfur, pyrite, sphalerite and lead sulfate. The adsorption behavior — adsorption structure and energy and electron localization function cross section — of DDTC and H2O were explored using density function theory calculation. The result was helpful to construct a co-adsorption model of DDTC and H2O, which was validated by the pure minerals flotation operation and the characterization of fourier transform infrared spectra. The co-adsorption model indicated that the DDTC adsorption on the sulfur, sphalerite and lead sulfate was weak with physical bonding, while its adsorption on the pyrite was strong with chemical bonding. Practical bench-scale operation of high-sulfur residue flotation was performed, whose result was different from that obtained from the pure mineral flotation. To explain the difference, our developed model predictions and the mineral fugacity pattern analysis on the high-sulfur residue flotation were synergistically used. Overall, this work first proposed the co-adsorption model of DDTC and H2O and provided important insights into the interfacial adsorption in the high-sulfur residue flotation.

Water is essential for all living things however its pain has become serious. Many industrial activities cause its pollution by the release of polluting byproduct. Waste water treatment is hence necessary. In this context, the waste water of the textile industry containing Red Acid 52 was treated by the solid waste of the washed natural phosphate byproduct. Natural phosphate was also studied. The solid materials were first characterized by chemical analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The phosphate materials were after that, tested in the adsorption of the Red Acid 52. The experimental data indicated that the phosphate waste rock allowed the removal of Red Acid 52. Its maximum retention capacity attained 18.4 mg.g-1. Calcinations of materials inhibits the removal capacity found reduced by 60 to 70%. The adsorption kinetics of the Red Acid 52 on the material is well described by the pseudo second order model while the adsorption isotherms are identified by the Langmuir model. Hereafter, the thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic. Keywords: Waste water, Phosphate co-product, Adsorption, Red Acid 52.

Currently, there is a tenacious need to find new ways to purify water by eliminating bacterial biofilms, textile dyes, and toxic water pollutants. These contaminants pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. To address this issue, in this study, we have developed an eco-friendly approach that involves synthesizing Cobalt-doped Cerium Iron Oxide (CCIO) nanocomposite (NC) using an aqueous extract of Gossypium arboreum L. stalks. The resulting nanoparticles can be used to effectively purify water and tackle the challenges associated with these harmful pollutants. Nanoparticles excel in water pollutant removal by providing high surface area for efficient adsorption, versatile design for simultaneous removal of multiple contaminants, catalytic properties for organic pollutant degradation, and magnetic features for easy separation, offering cost-effective and sustainable water treatment solutions. CCIO nanocomposite has been synthesized by green co-precipitation method due to biomolecules and co-enzymes present in the aqueous extract of Gossypium arboreum L. stalk; a single-step procedure completed in 5 h reaction time. Further, the synthesis of nanocomposites was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). CCIO NCs were discovered to have a spherical shape and an average size of 40 nm. Based on DLS zeta potential analysis, CCIO NCs were found to be anionic. Also, CCIO NCs showed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Overall, considering the physical and chemical properties, the application of CCIO NCs in the adsorption of various dyes (~91 %) and water pollutants (chromium = ~ 60 %) has been considered since they exhibit great adsorption capacity owing to their microporous structure which can be a step forward in water purification.

Poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) named further PVBA was investigated as protective coating for copper corrosion in 0.9 % NaCl solution using electrochemical measurements such as, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization associated with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The PVBA coating on the copper surface (Cu-PVBA) was modeled in methanol containing PVBA. Its inhibitory properties against corrosion was comparatively discussed with those of the copper sample treated in methanol without polymer (Cu-Me) and of untreated sample (standard copper). A protective performance of PVBA coating of 80 % was computed from electrochemical measurements, for copper corrosion in NaCl solution. Also, AFM images designed a specific surface morphology of coated surface with PVBA, clearly highlighting a polymer film adsorbed on the copper surface, which presents certain deterioration after corrosion, but metal surface was not significantly affected compared to those of untreated samples or treated in methanol, in the absence of PVBA.

Biochar has a carbon-based porous structure that is advantageous for adsorbing air pollutants. The pore structure of biochar ranges from several tens to hundreds of m²/g depending on the production temperature. We compared the pore characteristics of biochar with its NOx and SOx adsorption performances to evaluate its adsorbing potential. Biochar was produced from cypress biomass via slow pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor and CO2 partial gasification. Slow pyrolysis experiments at 500–700°C were conducted to produce biochar, followed by yield, proximate, elemental, and surface area analyses. CO2 partial gasification activated the biochar produced by slow pyrolysis at the same temperature, and similar analyses were performed. NO and SO2 adsorption experiments were conducted separately and together for biochar produced under each condition. Biochar produced at 600°C showed the highest specific surface area. CO2 partial gasification increased the surface area at each temperature, reaching 680.3 m²/g at 700°C. In single adsorption experiments, N2 carbonized biochar showed NO and SO2 adsorption efficiencies of 84–90% and 88.2–91.4%, respectively, with similar trends in simultaneous adsorption experiments. CO2 activated biochar exhibited higher adsorption efficiencies due to its increased surface area, with NO and SO2 adsorption at 89.8–93.9% and 92–98.9%, respectively. Biochar activated at 700°C simultaneously adsorbed approximately 99% NO and SO2. The NO adsorption efficiency increased with increasing surface area of the small pores, whereas the SO2 adsorption efficiency improved with the development of both small and large pores.

The powdered sorbents were applied in a batch system under "static" conditions and showed a much higher adsorption capacity than the granular one. These type of sorbents are more suitable for small quantities of water with a high concentration of arsenic. The possibilities of using all the tested methods for arsenic removal have been evaluated, and a scheme of the technological process has been proposed.

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles functionalized with APTES were obtained to evaluate their CH4 and CO2 adsorption and separation behavior. First, ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by a precipitation method and subsequently coated with (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES). The nanoparticles sample was characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, TEM/EDX, XPS and N2 adsorption at 77 K. CH4 and CO2 adsorption experiments were carried out at 298 K in a range between 0-10 bar. It was observed that the amount of gas adsorbed on the surface of the nanostructure is very small in comparison with other materials traditionally used for this purpose but slightly higher than those obtained in naked nanoparticles evaluated in previous studies.

Deep coal beds have been suggested as possible usable underground geological locations for carbon dioxide storage. Furthermore, injecting carbon dioxide into coal beds can improve the methane recovery. Due to importance of this issue, a novel investigation has been done on adsorption of carbon dioxide on various types of coal seam. This study has proposed four types of Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) approaches with different kernel functions to estimate excess adsorption of carbon dioxide in terms of temperature, pressure and composition of coal seams. The comparison of GPR outputs and actual excess adsorption expresses that proposed models have interesting accuracy and also the Exponential GPR approach has better performance than other ones. For this structure, R2=1, MRE=0.01542, MSE=0, RMSE=0.00019 and STD=0.00014 have been determined. Additionally, the impacts of effective parameters on excess adsorption capacity have been studied for the first time in literature. According to these results, the present work has valuable and useful tools for petroleum and chemical engineers who dealing with enhancement of recovery and environment protection.

We have recently shown that the sphere-in-contact model can be used as an educational and research tool in various contexts, such as the visualization of carbon structures (e.g. graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanocones and graphite), heterogeneous catalysts, metal nanoparticles and organic molecules. In this communication we present how it can be used to model the adsorbate structure of a monoatomic element on the hexagonal close-packed surface of the metal. We have used atoms of varying radius to represent the metal surface atoms and the adsorbate atoms. The study reveals that many surface symmetries are possible for a fixed adsorbate coverage by the movement of the adsorbate atoms in response to surface adsorbate-adsorbate repulsions. The movement of the particles (e.g. particle diffusion) can be seen directly in the model and this is caused by the user intervention. This has great educational but also research value as one can directly see how the adsorbate atoms reorder on the surface of a metal. We believe that this model will be useful in the rational design of catalytic materials and materials coatings with new technological applications.

Background: Previously, our laboratory has provided evidence that pre-administration of the antioxidant, lipoic acid covalently bonded to various naturally occurring antioxidants, enhanced neuroprotective capacity compared to the administration of lipoic acid on its own. The naturally occurring compound scopoletin, a coumarin derivative, has been shown in various in vitro studies to have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanism of actions. To date, the effect of scopoletin on neuronal cell death in an in vivo model of ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion has not been investigated. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to determine if scopoletin on its own, or a co-drug consisting of lipoic acid and scopoletin covalent bond, named UPEI-400, would be capable of demonstrating a similar neuroprotective efficacy. Methods: Using a rodent model of stroke in male rats (anesthetized with Inactin®; 100 mg/kg, iv), the middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded for 6 hours (pMCAO), or in separate animals, occluded for 30 min followed by 5.5 hrs of reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion; I/R). Results: Pre-administration of either scopoletin or UPEI-400 significantly decreased infarct volume in the I/R model (p<0.05), but not in the pMCAO model of stroke. However, UPEI-400 was ~1000 times more potent as compared to scopoletin on its own. The optimal dose of UPEI-400 was then injected during the occlusion and at several time points during reperfusion and significant neuroprotection was observed for up to 150 mins following the start of reperfusion (p<0.05). Conclusion: The data suggest that synthetic combination of scopoletin with lipoic acid (UPEI-400) is a more effective neuroprotectant that either compound on their own. Also, since UPEI-400 was only effective in a model of I/R, it is possible that it may act to enhance neuronal antioxidant capacity and/or upregulate anti-inflammatory pathways to prevent the neuronal cell death.

Reducing CO2 emissions is urgently needed to slow down the impacts of climate change. CO2 capture using an amine solution has been developed and implemented on pilot and commercial scales. However, amine scrubbing, in particular, produces a lot of degraded solvent as waste and is energy intensive. Solid sorbents have been called to overcome those drawbacks. In this work, waste biomass-derived carbon materials were developed and tested for CO2 capture and conversion. Advanced thermal chemical processes i.e. hydrothermal and pyrolysis were applied to produce materials from agri-food waste such as soybean and okara. It was found that the number of functional groups (-C=O and -OH) in activated carbon appears in the synthesized materials, implying the generation of surface oxygenated groups. Preliminary results showed that the synthesized activated carbons are obtained with good yields, and a relatively high surface area, which may be applied as CO2 adsorption materials to solve the CO2 emission problems.

Hormones must be balanced and dynamically controlled for the Female Reproductive Tract (FRT) to function correctly during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and delivery. Gamete selection and successful transfer to the uterus, where it implants and pregnancy occurs, is supported by the mucosal epithelial lining of the FRT ovaries, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and vagina. Successful implantation and placentation in humans and other animals rely on complex interactions between the embryo and a receptive female reproductive system. The FRT's recent breakthroughs in three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems now provide critical experimental models that match the organ's physiological, functional, and anatomical characteristics in vitro. This article summarizes the current state of the art on organoids generated from various parts of the FRT. The current analysis examines recent developments in the creation of organoid models of reproductive organs, as well as their future directions.

The paper presents a model of moisture transport in wood taking into account diffusion and the accompanying adsorption of water vapour through the skeleton. A two-parameter form of the source term was proposed, depending on the distance of the current mass concentration of bound water from the equilibrium state. The tests on cubic samples with a side of 2 cm were carried out which allowed to determine the coefficients of the proposed model on the basis of the reverse method. The tests were performed for pine, larch, oak and ash in all directions of orthotropy. Also the tests on thin samples were performed to verify the source term.

The Batch process of Adsorption were conducted using Congo red (CR) as the adsorbate and Jatropha curcas seed (chaff) as the adsorbent material. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms analysis were conducted and results obtained confirmed the adsorption process as highly dependent on effects such as; contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and the particle sizes of adsorbate. However, the sorption equilibrium for Congo red dye unto jatropha curcas seed (chaff) was reached within 180 minutes, more so, the Adsorption efficiency was recorded at 82.05%. The process of the experimental sorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model while Freundlich isotherm model was best applicable for obtaining the equilibrium of the parameters. These is an effective confirmation and validation of jatropha curcas seed (chaff) application as environmentally friendly and low-cost biomaterial for dye removal from aqueous solutions and industrial effluents.

COVID-19 infection is extremely dangerous for persons with comorbidities such as kidney disease and diabetes. Although many people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds have suffered due to this pandemic, those with underlying medical conditions like kidney disease and diabetes are more vulnerable to becoming infected with COVID-19 related to weak immunity. However, the role of vaccination in the co-infection of COVID-19 with diabetics is not available in the literature. Therefore, we examine the unique challenges presented by the co-infection of COVID-19 in individuals with diabetes, focusing on its disease transmission dynamics. A mathematical modelling technique is to be employed in this work to analyse the dynamics of COVID-19 outbreaks with seven compartments, including vaccination with comorbidities such as diabetes. We also investigated analytically by displaying the solutions' existence, boundedness, positivity and sensitivity. After calculating the basic reproduction numbers, the stability analysis of model equilibrium points is also covered. If the reproduction numbers are less than unity, the disease-free equilibrium points of the model appear to be both locally and globally stable. The findings of this study are that as the vaccination rate rises, the incidence of COVID-19 and its co-infections with diabetes decreases. Effective disease treatment strategies may be based partly on the possible impact of vaccination on the co-infection of COVID-19 related to diabetic disease insights.

The complex interplay among pathogens, host factors, and the integrity and composition of the endogenous microbiome determine the course and outcome of gastrointestinal infections. The model organism Yersinia entercolitica (Ye) is one of the five top frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis based on the Epidemiological Bulletin of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) published on September 10, 2020. A fundamental challenge in predicting the course of an infection is to understand whether co-infection with two Yersinia strains differing only in their capacity to resist killing by the host immune system may decrease the overall virulence by competitive exclusion or increase it by acting cooperatively. Herein, we study the primary interactions among Ye, the host immune system and the microbiota, and their influence on Yersinia population dynamics. The employed model considers two host compartments, the intestinal mucosa and lumen, commensal bacteria, the co-existence of wild-type and mutant Yersinia strains, as well the host immune responses. We determine four possible equilibria: the disease-free, wild-type-free, mutant-free, and co-existence of wild-type and mutant equilibrium. We also calculate the reproduction number for each strain as a threshold parameter to determine if the population may either be eradicated or persist within the host. We conclude that the infection should disappear if the reproduction numbers for each strain fall below one, and the commensal bacteria’s growth rate exceeds the pathogens’ growth rates. These findings will help inform public health control strategies. The supplement includes MATLAB source script, Maple workbook, and figures.

The aim of this study was synthesize and evaluate the effects of Poly (D, L-Lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Nanoparticles (NPs) of metformin (PLGA+ Met) on inflammation, and bone loss in a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model. The prepared NPs were characterized by mean diameter, size particle, polydispensity index and encapsulation efficiency by Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of 20 rats in each group, and given the following treatments for 10 days to evaluate in vivo activity: (1) Sham: no ligature + water; (2) Positive control: ligature + water (with Periodontal disease and Diabetes); (3) ligature + PLGA+ 10 mg/kg Met (With Periodontal disease and Diabetes); and (4) ligature + PLGA+ 100 mg/kg Met (with Periodontal disease and Diabetes). Water or PLGA + Met was administered orally by gavage. Maxillae were fixed and scanned using Micro-computed Tomography (μCT) to quantify linear of bone loss. Histopathological characteristics were assessed through immunohistochemical staining for Osteocalcin, Cathepsyn K, RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. IL-1β and TNF-α from gingival tissues were analysed by Elisa immunoassay. Quantitative RT-PCR reaction was used to evaluate gene expression of AMPK, NF-κB p-65, Hmgb1 and TAK-1 from gingival tissues. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA at 5% significance. The mean diameter of MET-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was in a range of 457.1 ± 48.9 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.285, zeta potential: 8.16 ± 1.1 mV and entrapment efficiency (EE) was 70%. The results suggest that the addition of MET in the core slightly affected the particle sizes. Treatment with PLGA+ 10 mg/kg Met showed low inflammatory cells, decreased bone loss and integrity cement and levels of IL-1β, and TNF-α (p < 0.05) were significantly reduced. Additionally, weak staining was shown by RANKL, Cathepsyn K, OPG, and osteocalcin. Radiographically, linear measurements showed a statistically significant reduction in bone loss after treatment with PLGA+ 10 mg/kg Met compared to the positive control (p < 0.05). RT-PCR showed increased AMPK expression (p < 0.05) and decreased expression of NF-κB P65, HMGB1 and TAK-1 after PLGA+ 10 mg/kg Met (p < 0.05). The PLGA nanoparticle + 10 mg/kg Met decreased glucose levels and also decreased the inflammatory response, and bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

The aim of the present study is to provide new insights into the CO2 and CH4 adsorption using a set of biomass-based activated carbons obtained by physical and chemical activation of olive-stones. The adsorption behavior is analyzed by means of pure gas adsorption isotherms up to 3.2 MPa at two temperatures (303.15 and 323.15 K).The influence of the activation method on the adsorption uptake is studied in terms of both textural properties and surface chemistry. For three activated carbons the CO2 adsorption was more important than that of CH4. The chemically activation resulted in higher BET surface area and micropore volume that lead to higher adsorption for both CO2 and CH4. For methane the presence of mesopores seems to facilitate the access of the gas molecules into the micropores while for carbon dioxide, the presence of oxygen groups enhanced the adsorption capacity.

Dyadic data which is also called co-occurrence data (COD) contains co-occurrences of objects. Searching for statistical models to represent dyadic data is necessary. Fortunately, finite mixture model is a solid statistical model to learn and make inference on dyadic data because mixture model is built smoothly and reliably by expectation maximization (EM) algorithm which is suitable to inherent spareness of dyadic data. This research summarizes mixture models for dyadic data. When each co-occurrence in dyadic data is associated with a value, there are many unaccomplished values because a lot of co-occurrences are inexistent. In this research, these unaccomplished values are estimated as mean (expectation) of random variable given partial probabilistic distributions inside dyadic mixture model.

Initial periods of adsorption kinetics play an important role in estimating the initial adsorption rate and rate constant of adsorption process. Several adsorption processes rapidly occur, and the experimental data of adsorption kinetics under the initial periods can contain potential errors. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model has been popularly applied in the field of adsorption. The use of the nonlinear optimization method to obtain the parameters of the PSO model can minimize error functions during modelling compared to the linear method. However, the nonlinear method has limitations in that it cannot directly recognize potential errors in the experimental points of time-dependent adsorption, especially under the initial periods. In this study, for the first time, the different linear types (Types 1–6) of the PSO model are applied to discover the error points under the initial periods. The result indicated that the fitting method using its linear equations (Types 2–5) is really helpful for identifying the error (doubtful) experimental points from the initial periods of adsorption kinetics. The imprecise points lead to low adjusted R2 (adj-R2), high reduced χ2 (red-χ2), and high Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values. After removing those points, the experimental data were adequately fitted with the PSO model. statistical analyses demonstrated that the nonlinear method must be used for modelling the PSO model because its red-χ2 and BIC were lower than the linear method. Type 1 has been extensively applied in the literature because of its very high adj-R2 (0.9999) and its excellent fitting to experimental points. However, its application should be limited because the potential errors from experimental points were not identified by this type. For comparison, the other kinetic models (i.e., pseudo-first-order, pseudo-nth-order, Avrami, and Elovich) are applied. The modelling result using the nonlinear forms of those models indicated that the fault experimental points from the initial periods were not detected.

Lanthanum (La(III)) is one of the high-demand rare earth elements with applications in various products. However, La(III) in mining waste streams and electronic waste also poses environmental and health concerns. Therefore, recovery of La(III) in the waste is needed. In the present study, adsorption of La(III) with Dowex 50W-X8, Amberchrom50WX4, Amberlyst 15, and Amberchrom 50WX2 was evaluated, using a shaker water bath. Dowex 50W-X8 was found to be the best adsorbent and used to investigate the effect of the shaker speed (RPM=50-150), adsorbent dosage (1.0-4.0 g), pH (2.0-7.0), and temperature (20-40oC) on adsorption. La(III) adsorption was found to increase with the shaker speed, as expected. On the other hand, adsorption capacity decreased with the adsorbent amount. Also, the highest La(III) adsorption was observed at pH = 6.0. La(III) percentage removal didn’t vary significantly with temperature from 20 oC -40oC. However, the first-order kinetic rate constant decreased moderately with increases in temperature. Adsorption of La(III) by Dowex 50-X8 followed the Freundlich isotherm model better than the Langmuir model. In addition, adsorption kinetics was represented well by the first-order kinetic model. Moreover, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes were found to be negative, indicating an exothermic and thermodynamically favourable adsorption process.

Clean water is now very rare due to the increased water pollution causing many diseases. Heavy metals mainly lead from industrial waste i.e. batteries, cable sheaths, machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding, lead oxide and radiation protection is accountable & largely contributed lead in river and canal waters. Presence of lead in water is hazardous to life due to many reasons. It can cause cancer, weakness, anemia, kidneys, high blood pressure and nerve diseases. Inorganic lead is reported to me more dangerous than organic one. Industries including batteries, cable sheaths, machinery manufacturing etc. drains water that has soluble lead ranging from 200 – 500 mg/L. The safe limit of lead in water is about 0.015 mg/L. Pakistan is a country rich in minerals. It has about 3.5 MT of Kaolin (Clay) deposits situated at Nagar Parker region of Sindh, Pakistan. This indigenous material is being used to produce ceramic products and in paper making. Now we use this mineral source to remove lead from water by adsorption. Kaolin clay can be used as an adsorbent due to its unique structure. XRF technique is employed for clay characterization. Resultants will be analyzed by UV – Vis Spectrophotometry.

China is a large agricultural country that produces a large amount of crop straw every year. Thus, the development of cost-effective and economic application of invasive plants is warranted. Biochars derived from crop straw has been proven to be promising for adsorbent materials. However, less studies have focused on biochar derived from different types of crop straw as adsorbent under the same conditions to compare their adsorption performance. Here, we characterized the five biochars in the same system (600 ℃). In results, GBC has higher ash content, pH, CEC, specific surface area, mineral composition and oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption kinetics can be explained adequately by pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption behavior of the biochar is both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption, the adsorption process includes complexation reaction, cationic π bond, ion precipitation and electrostatic adsorption. In conclusion, GBC exhibited higher metal equilibrium adsorption capacities (125 mg·g-1 for Pb2+, 29 mg·g-1 for Cd2+). The solution pH, biochar dosing, pyrolysis temperature and the properties of these heavy metals were responsible for adsorption capacity, thus showing stronger affinity and better adsorption effect. Our results are important for the selection and utilization of plant-based biochar for different heavy metals.

Dyadic data contains co-occurrences of objects, which is often modeled by finite mixture model which in turn is learned by expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Objects in traditional dyadic data are identified by names, causing the drawback which is that it is impossible to extract implicit valuable knowledge under objects. In this research, I propose the so-called attributed dyadic data (ADD) in which each object has an informative attribute and each co-occurrence of two objects is associated with a value. ADD is flexible and covers most of structures / forms of dyadic data. Conditional mixture model (CMM), which is a variant of finite mixture model, is applied into learning ADD. Moreover, a significant feature of CMM is that any co-occurrence of two objects is based on some conditional variable. As a result, CMM can predict or estimate co-occurrent values based on regression model, which extends applications of ADD and CMM.

In the present study, we implemented species distribution models (SDMs) to determine the potential invasive distribution range of a cichlid fish, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in a very sensitive inland water system in the southeastern Arabian Peninsula where it is now established and spreading. By using the “Biomod2” package, and the latest CMIP6 climate data, four single species distribution models and EM were built, and the results were evaluated by operating characteristic (ROC) and the true skill statistic (TSS). Based on the relative importance of climate factor analysis the mean diurnal range and precipitation seasonality were useful predictors of habitat suitability for O. niloticus. The response curve analysis indicated that the presence probability of O. niloticus decreased with increasing mean diurnal range and decreasing precipitation seasonality. The suitable distribution ranges for O. niloticus in the studied area were mainly distributed in the northeast of this region. The ensemble model results specified a significant impact of climate change on O. niloticus distribution, so highly suitable areas for this species will be reduced, while areas with low to moderate suitability increase slightly or remain unchanged. Based on the available data, Nile tilapia fulfills all four criteria to be considered as an invasive species: colonization in a new area, direct or indirect impacts of anthropological activity on its distribution range, geographical discontinuity between its native area (Africa) and the Arabian Peninsula (remote dispersal), and finally, its successful breeding in situ without human assistance resulting establishment of this biopollutant. Species distribution modeling provides insights into the factors that can reduce the risks and negative impacts of this biological pollutant on aquatic ecosystems of the southeastern Arabian Peninsula which harbors about 22 recognized fish species in 16 genera, 10 families, seven orders, and a class including 20 natives (seven endemic) species.

In order to study the adsorption process and adsorption characteristics of shale oil at the macro scale, the isothermal adsorption experiments of illite and kerogen on heptadecane (oil phase) solution were carried out by infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The reaction mechanism of alkane solution concentration and temperature in the adsorption process was investigated. The adsorption characteristics of heptadecane on the surface and pores of illite and kerogen were elucidated by adsorption isotherm model and adsorption thermodynamic model. The results show that: The concentration of alkane solution contributes to the adsorption of illite and kerogen. As the concentration of the solution continues to increase, the adsorption rate gradually slows down. However, the temperature hardly affects the adsorption rate. At 25℃, 50℃ and 60℃, the adsorption process of illite on alkane solution is more consistent with Langmuir model and Freundlich model, respectively. The difference is that Langmuir model is suitable for describing the whole adsorption process of kerogen on alkane solution. 3) The adsorption process of illite and kerogen to heptadecane solution is an endothermic reaction. Heating helps to accelerate the migration rate of alkanes, which is conducive to the adsorption reaction. The research results clarify the adsorption characteristics of shale oil heavy components from the macro level, and fill the research gap in the application of solid-liquid isothermal adsorption physical experiments to the adsorption and occurrence of shale oil.

The sepiolite/ZrO2 composites were prepared by sepiolite (Sep) modification with zirconium propoxide in toluene, at room temperature for 24 h (Sep –ZrI) or 95 °C for 4h (sample Sep –ZrII). The efficiency of the obtained adsorbents for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions at initial pH = 4 and pH = 8, was investigated. Characterization of the samples showed that higher temperature of synthesis for shorter time provided slightly higher content of amorphous Zr-phase, which was deposited on sepiolite fibers as a thin layer and agglomerated nanoparticles. Compared to Sep, the composites had lower point of zero charge and higher specific surface area and pore volume. The adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption capacities of the composites were approximately the same at both initial pH and higher at initial pH = 4 than at pH = 8. The XPS and ATR-FTIR of Sep-ZrI before and after adsorption identified the formation of inner-sphere complexes as the mechanism of phosphate adsorption. The slow release during desorption with NaOH solution confirmed strong bonds of phosphates with the surface of the composites.

Biofilm-mediated infection is a major cause of bone prosthesis failure. The lack of molecules able to act in biofilms has driven research aimed at identifying new anti-biofilm agents via chemical screens. However, to be able to accommodate a large number of compounds, the testing conditions of these screenings end up being typically far from the clinical scenario. In this study, we assess the potential applicability of three anti-biofilm compounds (based on natural compounds) as part of implanted medical devices by testing them on in vitro systems that more faithfully resemble the clinical scenario. To that end, we used a competition model based on the co-culture of SaOS-2 mammalian cells and Staphylococcus aureus (collection and clinical strains) on a titanium surface. Additionally, we studied whether these derivatives of natural compounds enhance the previously proven protective effect of pre-incubating the titanium surface with SaOS-2 cells. Out of the three tested leads, one showed the highest potential, and can be regarded as a promising agent for incorporation into bone implants. This study emphasizes and demonstrates the importance of using meaningful experimental models, where potential antimicrobials ought to be tested for protection of biomaterials in translational applications.

Silicon (Si) is the major material of semiconductor element. For semiconductor element producing, Si need to refined into high-purity silicon crystals, which has the approximate characteristics of intrinsic semiconductor, then doping 13th group or 15th group trace element. Producing the high-purity silicon crystals with well-lattice structure need a lot of energy and highly cost. Besides, the high-purity silicon is very hard and fragile which limits the scope of application. For this reason, this study added low-grade non-complete lattice silicon in the elastic polymer, and then doped with high concentrations of fine carbon powder. This material can be conductive by physisorption;therefore, it can be used to making semiconductors. Using this material to produce electronic components can significantly reduce the cost of purification and crystallization, saving energy at the same time. Moreover, because this elastic polymer materials containing silicon, which has soft, warm, and durable physical properties. With those properties, the design of the device could be more flex, full scalability and close to the skin.

Arsenic is naturally present in many geological formations around the world and is a major source of groundwater contamination. Bolivia is not exempt from this problem. Physical-chemical studies of water quality in deep and shallow wells have determined the presence of arsenic in some areas of the Bolivian Altiplano, valleys, and plains. In the Lake Poopó basin, water from shallow wells (up to 30 m) has arsenic concentrations that exceed the Bolivian drinking water standard and the WHO recommendation of 10 μg-As/l by up to 25 times. In peri-urban areas of Cochabamba, the arsenic content in groundwater is up to 113 μg-As/l. chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with neurological and dermatological problems and carcinogenic effects. To date, no measures have been taken to mitigate the arsenic problem for the rural population, who often rely on arsenic-contaminated water as their only source of drinking water. This contamination represents a serious threat to the health and economic well-being of the inhabitants and ecosystem in these areas. In this work, for arsenic removal, iron and iron oxide nanoparticles obtained from recycling metal chips by top-down and bottom-up technology have been used for arsenic adsorption in an experimental filter combined with other artisanal filtering materials in the form of layers. The results have shown that water contaminated with arsenic after passing through the filter reduces the concentration of total arsenic filtered from 83, 52 ppb to less than 5 ppb, less than the Bolivian standard 512 of 10 ppb for drinking water.

One way to reduce the negative impact of human activity on the natural environment is to use natural, easily available and relatively cheap to produce compounds in industrial processes. One such compound is naturally occurring calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This compound has adsorption properties so that it can be an alternative to commonly used adsorbents. The aim of this work is to determine the possibility of using CaCO3 to remove pharmaceutical substances such as sulfadiazine and tetracycline from water. The CaCO3 used in this work was synthesised using our own method, which allows the production of CaCO3 particles with nanometric size. In the conducted research, calcium carbonate was used in the form of a suspension in purified solutions and as an inorganic filling of the developed membranes. The mass of pharmaceutical substances removed from their aqueous solutions was determined in the tests carried out. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that CaCO3 has the ability to adsorb both tetracycline and sulfadiazine. In suspension tests, the mass of the removed substances per unit mass of adsorbent was 1.52 mg/g and 6.85 mg/g, respectively. In turn, in the case of the process using the developed membranes, the mass of the removed substances per unit mass of adsorbent was 232 mg/m2 and 524 mg/g, which is a several times greater increase in the mass of the removed substance compared to the process using an unmodified membrane.

Air pollution is related to the development of people's livelihood. As one of the main pollutants in the air, formaldehyde affects people's physical and mental health. In order to remove formaldehyde and better protect the health of residents, it is very necessary to develop efficient adsorption materials. In this study, a cellulose composite aerogel Microcrystalline Cellulose/ N-(2- aminoethyl) -3- aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane (MCC/APMDS) modified by APMDS was explored. The pore volume and specific surface area of the modified aerogel decreased, the average pore diameter increased, and the adsorption capacity of formaldehyde was stronger. The adsorption experiment shows that the sample prepared under the conditions of APMDS dosage of 6 wt%, reaction time of 4 h and reaction temperature of 90℃ has the largest average pore size (14.56 nm) and the largest formaldehyde adsorption capacity (9.52 mg/g). The excellent adsorption of the composite aerogel is due to high porosity and rich active amino groups on the surface. This study provides valuable information for the preparation of adsorption materials with high formaldehyde adsorption capacity for air purification.

Microporous organic polymers (MOPs) are promising materials for gas sorption because of the intrinsic and permanent porosity, designable framework and low density. The introduction of nitrogen-rich building block in MOPs will greatly enhance the gas sorption capacity. Here, we report the synthesis of MOPs from the 2,4,6-tris(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine unit and aromatic azides linkers via click polymerization reaction. FTIR and solid state 13C CP-MAS NMR confirm the formation of the polymers. CMOP-1 and CMOP-2 exhibit microporous networks with BET surface area of 431 and 406 m2 g-1 and narrow pore size distribution under 1.2 nm. Gas sorption isotherms including CO2 and H2 were measured. CMOP-1 stores superior CO2 level of 8.2 wt% (1.88 mmol g-1) at 273 K/1.0 bar and H2 uptake up to 0.6 wt% at 77 K/1.0 bar, while CMOP-2 with smaller surface area shows lower CO2 adsorption capacity of 7.3 wt% (1.66 mmol g-1) and H2 uptake (0.5 wt%). In addition, I2 vapor adsorption was tested at 353 K. CMOP-1 shows higher gravimetric load of 160 wt%. Despite of the moderate surface area, the CMOPs display excellent sorption ability for CO2 and I2 due to the nitrogen-rich content in the polymers.

The introduction of digitization has changed all spheres of business on a global level, including geospatial data. In the Republic of Serbia, the process on this topic should begin with the introduction of the terms ePlan and eSpace. The general goal of the paper implies the construction and implementation of the ePlan as a future part of the eSpace for digital management of geospatial data, by creating co-creating value. For this purpose, the authors conducted research in which representatives of local self-governments and holders of public authority participated, by means of structured online research. The focus was on the digitization of urban and planning documents and the establishment a central database of spatial and planning documents in electronic format, and its further distribution through the one system. In that way, easy access to digital plan data expands the user community, and enables communication with different stakeholder groups. Ac-cording to the results of the research, the authors point out that it is necessary to form a new model for managing geospatial data through a eSpace system. This is achieved by shifting the focus from urban and spatial planning to other databases and their registers that are related to geospatial data. The goal of the paper indicates that it is necessary to raise the awareness of society, to introduce the concept of value co-creation, because conditions are created for the implementation of all measures aimed at digitization and management of electronic services in sustainable project society, at all countries.

The framework proposed by Alison Druin about 20 years ago, which defined the roles children play in technology design, has been widely adopted by the Child-Computer Interaction (CCI) community. While some studies have adopted relevant roles as presented in the framework, others have argued for extending the framework to include newly identified roles. Still, other studies argue that Druin's framework failed to account for roles children may take up as they interact with peers or with tools. Consequently, this systematic literature review examines children’s emerging and changing roles in the codesign of new technologies. Specifically, we answered the research question: What new roles emerge in research as children co-design new technologies? Our effort aims at providing evidence of new roles children have adopted in literature, which may help researchers in the CCI community make more informed decisions about participatory design approaches with children.

Ocean big data is the scientific practice of using big data technology in the marine field. Data from satellites, manned spacecraft, space stations, airship, unmanned aerial vehicles, shore-based radar and observation stations, exploration platforms, buoys, underwater gliders, submersibles, and submarine observation networks are seamlessly combined into the ocean’s big data. Increasing numbers of scholars have tried to fully analyze the ocean’s big data. To explore the key research technology knowledge graphs related to ocean big data, articles between 1990 and 2020 were collected from the “Web of Science”. By comparing bibliometric software and using the visualization software Cite-Space, the pivotal literature related to ocean big data, as well as countries, institutions, categories, and keywords, were visualized and recognized. Journal co-citation analysis networks can help determine the national distribution of core journals. Co-citation analysis networks for documents show authors who are influential at key technical levels. Key co-occurrence analysis network keywords can determine research hot spots and research frontiers. The three supporting elements of marine big data research are shown in the co-citation network. These elements are author, institution, and country. By examining the co-occurrence of keywords, the key technology research directions for future marine big data were determined.

The evolutionary transition from single-celled to multicellular individuality requires organismal fitness to shift from the cell-level to the cell group. This reorganization of fitness occurs by allocating the two components of fitness, survival and reproduction, between two specialized cell types in the multicellular group – soma and germ, respectively. How does the genetic basis for such fitness reorganization evolve? One possible mechanism is the co-option of life-history genes present in the unicellular ancestors of a multicellular lineage. Single-celled organisms must regulate their investment in survival and reproduction in response to environmental changes, particularly decreasing reproduction to ensure survival when stressed. Such stress response life-history genes can provide the foundation for the genetic basis for cellular differentiation in multicellular lineages. The regA gene family in volvocine green algae provides a model system to study how this co-option occurs. We discuss the origin and evolution of the volvocine regA gene family, including regA – the gene that controls somatic cell development in the model organism Volvox carteri. We hypothesize that the co-option of life history trade-off genes is a general mechanism involved in the transition to multicellular individuality, making volvocine algae and the regA family a useful template for similar investigations in other lineages.

In the northern Patagonian region of Argentina, there exist some of the largest bentonite deposits. Four bentonite samples (B1, B2, B3, and B4) from two deposits were thoroughly characterized and evaluated as potential adsorbents of anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage. Anthocyanins (ACy) are natural colourants obtained from fruits and plants and have shown excellent antioxidant properties that have promising applications in health. The adsorption of ACy onto bentonites enhances their stability relative to that observed in aqueous solutions. Material characterization showed that three of the samples are sodium bentonites (Na-bentonites: B2, B3, and B4), while the fourth exhibits a large quantity of magnesium and calcium in its interlayer, classifying it as a Mg-Ca-Na-bentonite (B1). Na-bentonites demonstrated higher ACy adsorption capacities, occurring through cation exchange while Mg-Ca-Na-bentonite adsorption occurs by another kind of interaction and a cooperative adsorption mechanism, resulting in the lowest ACy adsorption. The highest adsorption capacity was for B3, characterized by the highest smectite content, cation exchange capacity, and proportion of monovalent cations in its interlayer. Under the conditions studied, sodium smectites proved to be capable of retaining red cabbage ACy, there by introducing a novel avenue for potential applications of regional materials with potential implications for health-related uses.

The research aims to resolve water pollution generated by dye wastewater. In this paper, the aminated sodium lignosulfonate (AELS) was prepared through the Mannich reaction, and the synthesis conditions were optimized using orthogonal experiments to determine the best amination conditions. The successful preparation of AELS was demonstrated through the use of FT-IR, XRD, TG, SEM and XPS characterization techniques. Then, the adsorption capacity of Methyl blue (MB) by AELS was compared in a range of different circumstances, like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, time, and temperature. Additionally, the kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic properties of the AELS adsorption for MB were studied and discussed. The results indicated that the fitting results were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, in accordance with the mechanism of single-molecular-layer chemisorption. And the adsorption of MB by AELS was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Upon completion of five adsorption experiments, the adsorption capacity of MB by AELS was determined to be 107.95 mg g-1, which was 5.3% lower than the first experiment. This research promotes the effective use of natural resources and allows for the sustainable use of lignin and the advancement of new applications for it.

In this work, the adsorption and photocatalytic properties of ZnO-ZnAl2O4 nanosized composites synthesized by the polymer-salt method have been studied. To evaluate the efficiency of adsorption, experiments were carried out on the decolorization of aqueous solutions of the Chicago Sky Blue diazo dye. The adsorption process is divided into two stages, at the first stage the dye is rapidly adsorbed on the outer surface of the composite particles, at the second stage the dye diffuses into the pores of the material. It was noted that the rate of photocatalytic decomposition of the dye is higher than the rate of the adsorption process, which indicates the occurrence of photocatalytic decomposition of dye molecules both on the surface of the composites and in the liquid phase. With an increase in the light intensity, the photocatalytic process is significantly accelerated, linearly at low intensities, and at high intensities the dependence becomes a power law.

The adsorption of supramolecular composites for Cs(I) in high level liquid waste (HLLW) are different due to different carriers. We chose 25,27-bis(ethyl)-calix[4]arene-26,28-crown-6 (EC[4]C6) as adsorbent, SiO2-P, XAD-7 and UiO-66 as carriers. The synthesis and characterization of supramolecular EC[4]C6 loaded with three different carriers were presented. SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, TG-DSC spectra, FT-IR spectra results shown that EC[4]C6 was successfully introduced into the pores of carriers via physical intermolecular interactions. EC[4]C6/SiO2-P, EC[4]C6/XAD-7 and EC[4]C6/UiO-66 shown high efficiency, high selectivity towards Cs(I) over 18 typical fission or corrosion products in HNO3 solution. The adsorption properties of the three materials were investigated after electron irradiation. These results demonstrate that EC[4]C6/SiO2-P possess greater potential for highly efficient removal of Cs(I) from HLLW.

CoFe2O4 is a promissing catalytic material for many chemical reactions. We have used ab initio molecular dynamic simulations to study the structure and reactivity of the A- and B-terminations of the low index CoFe2O4 (001) surfaces to water adsorption at room temperature. Upon adsorption, water partly dissociates on both termination with a higher dissociation degree on the A- termination (30% versus 19%). The 2-fold coordinated Fe3+(tet) in the tetrahedral voids and the 5-fold coordinated Fe3+(oct) in the octahedral voids are the main active sites for water dissociation on the A- and B-termination, respectively. Molecular water, hydroxydes and surface OH resulting from proton transfer to surface oxygens are present on the surfaces. Both water free sur- face terminations undergo reconstruction. The outermost Fe3+(tet) on the A-termination and B-termination move towards the nearby unoccupied octahedral voids. In the presence of a thin film of 32 water molecules, the reconstructions are partially and completely lifted on the A- and B-termination, respectively.

This study reports the recovery of Pd(II) from acid solution by a polyethylenimine (PEI) crosslinked chitin (PEI-chitin) biosorbent. FE-SEM analysis demonstrated that there are many slot-like pores on PEI-chitin. N2 adsorption-desorption experiment revealed that the average pore size was 47.12 nm. Elemental analysis verified the successful crosslinking of PEI with raw chitin. The Langmuir model better explained the isotherm experimental data and the theoretical maximum Pd(II) uptake was 59.6 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic data was better described by pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 30 min for all initial Pd(II) concentrations of 50-200 mg/L. In the fixed-bed column, the adsorption of Pd(II) on PEI-chitin showed slow breakthrough and fast saturation performance. The desorption experiments achieved a concentration factor of 8.4 ± 0.4. In addition, adsorption-desorption cycles in the fixed-bed column were performed up to 3 times, consequently confirming the good reusability of PEI-chitin for Pd(II) recovery. Therefore, the PEI-chitin can be used as a promising biosorbent for the recovery of Pd(II) in practical applications.

Commercially available oxidized (carboxylic groups) and non-oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were studied as adsorbents of cerium(III) in batch operation mode. Several variables affecting the rare earth adsorption were investigated, including: the stirring speed applied to the system, the pH of the solution and the metal concentration and carbon dosages. Although the removal of cerium from the solution is different and dependent upon the adsorbent type: i) adsorption in non-oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, ii) cation exchange in the case of using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, the adsorption kinetics, the rate law and the isotherm models are the same for both adsorbents: pseudo-second order, film diffusion and Langmuir Type-1, respectively. Cerium is desorbed from loaded adsorbents using acidic solutions.

The present investigation deals with the adsorption of chromium(III) from alkaline media using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The adsorption of Cr(III) has been studied under various experimental conditions: stirring speed of the aqueous solution, initial metal and adsorbent concentrations, NaOH concentration in the aqueous solution, and temperature. The rate law indicated that chromium adsorption is well represented by the particle diffusion model, whereas the adsorption process fits to the pseudo-second order kinetic model within an exothermic character. Equilibrium data fit to the Langmuir type-2 equilibrium isotherm in an spontaneous process. Chromium(III) can be eluted from metal-loaded nanotubes using acidic solutions, from which fine chromium(III) oxide pigment can be ultimately yielded.

CO2 is widely used in the prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion. In this manuscript, three low-rank coals with different metamorphic degrees were selected as the research objects. The temperature-programmed experiments, in-situ infrared cooling experiments, simulation of competitive adsorption of CO2 and O2 in coal pores, and simulation study of CO2 inhibition of coal oxygen composite reaction were used to obtain the role and effect of CO2 in preventing oxygen adsorption in coal at low-temperature oxidation stage. It is concluded that CO2 can displace the O2 near the pore wall to physically prevent the adsorption of O2. Through the change law of heating rate and kinetic analysis, it is found that CO2 can increase its activation energy by 5.3%-108.3% during the slow heating stage of coal, and reduce its heating rate. At around 120°C, coal loses the protective effect of CO2. From the changes of functional groups, it can be seen that when coal is cooled in CO2 atmosphere, mainly pyrolysis and condensation reactions occur due to the lack of O2. In addition, CO2 can also inhibit the chain reaction of coal's chemical adsorption of oxygen. This work provides a theoretical basis for CO2 prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion.

Aerogel-based adsorbents present extraordinary sorption capacity for hexavalent uranium that can be as high as 8.8 mol kg–1 (2088 g kg–1). The adsorption data follow generally the Langmuir isotherm model and the kinetic data are better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which is associated with chemisorption. Evaluation of the thermodynamic data reveals that the adsorption is generally an endothermic, entropy-driven process (ΔHo, ΔSo > 0). Spectroscopic studies (e.g., FTIR, XPS) indicate that the adsorption is based on the formation of in-ner-sphere complexes between surface active moieties and the uranyl cation. Regeneration and uranium recovery by acidification and complexation using carbonate or chelating ligands (e.g., EDTA) have been found to be successful. The application of aerogel-based adsorbents to uranium removal from industrial processes and uranium-contaminated waste waters was also successful, assuming that these materials could be very attractive as adsorbents in water treatment and uranium recovery technologies. However, the selectivity of the studied materials towards hexavalent uranium is limited suggesting further development of aerogel materials which could be modified by surface derivatization with chelating agents (e.g., salophen, iminodiacetate) presenting high selectivity for uranyl moieties.

Integrating sustainable processes and innovative waste utilization not only addresses environ-mental challenges but also aligns with evaluating energy sustainability and creating the circular waste management. This study presents a comparative analysis of liquid fuel production from waste tires and water hyacinth using two thermochemical methods: co-pyrolysis (direct method) and co-gasification integrated with the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process (indirect method). The As-pen Plus simulation software version 9 is employed to develop models, determining optimal operating conditions for maximum liquid fuel, and assessing economic viability. Co-pyrolysis simulations reveal an increase in oil products and a decrease in gas products with higher blending weight ratios of waste tires/water hyacinth (W/B) and lower pyrolyser temperatures. Operating at 400°C with a blending weight ratio of 75:25 provided the maximum liquid fuel rate of 6649.22 gal/day. For co-gasification, optimal conditions (W/B = 50:50, T = 800°C, steam to feed ratio (S/F) = 1) result in the highest syngas yield of 115.92 kmol/h. Fischer-Tropsch simulations demonstrate an increase in gasoline and a decrease in diesel with rising reactor temperatures. At 230°C, the maximum liquid fuel rate reaches 8817.15 gal/day. The economic and production yield analysis indicates that the indirect method better than the direct method, providing higher liquid fuel yields and investment worthiness.

The severe respiratory distress syndrome (SRDS) has been a significant clinical issue in modern respiratory medicine. Its role in COVID-19 pandemic is not well defined. Outside-the-hospital SRDS is usually community-acquired septic pneumonia; however, in-hospitals incidences are complicated by co-infections. While SRDS is genetically selected in European and African origins, these are not clear in Middle East, particularly in COVID-19 backgrounds. There is a severe paucity in high quality data on correlations between COVID-19, ARDS, co-infectome, and patient demographics. We have conducted a comprehensive investigation on 298 patients for associations of SRDS, coinfections, and patient demographics on COVID-19 patients’ outcomes. Of these, 9.4% (n=28) had SRDS, and the rest (90.6%) had not. 54% of those with SRDS died while 84% survived; SRDS fatality was highly significant (Chi-square test P-value = 0.00000246). Irrespective of gender, the age of patients was significantly associated with SRDS (72.9 +/-8.9) compared to those without it (56.2 +/-15.1). However, there was no significant difference neither in the age of admitted patients before COVID-19 (58.5 +/-15.3) and during COVID-19 (57.2 +/-15.5) nor in the gender and COVID-19 fatality (Fisher Exact test 2-sided 1.000, 1-sided .546) ruling out that SRDS age-specificity were selected by virus susceptibility. A 100% of SRDS patients without bacterial co-infections survived while only 25% of those with co- infectome did not; this association was highly significant (P value= 0.00041). Co-infections alone without underlying SRDS was also associated with high fatality among patients (P value= 0.00000000076). Almost all COVID-19 patients without co-infectome (99.2%) survived while 28% of those with bacterial co-infection died. The major bacterial pathogens that potentially predisposed to SRDS, were Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli either alone or in a mixed infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae were predominant species identified during SRDS attack. Thus, Gram-negative co-infectome potentially induced fatal SRDS aggravating COVID-19 outcome. These findings have significant clinical implications in specific differential diagnosis of SRDS syndromes for subsequent empiric therapy and patient management strategies. Future vertical investigation for similar mechanisms of cytokine-induced SRDS by Gram negative pathogens is imperative since hypervirulent strains are rapidly circulating in the region. The study is limited by a single center study confined to Ha’il hospitals; large scale investigation in major national hospitals would gain more insights.

Leishmania parasites present astonishing adaptative abilities that represent a matter of life or death within disparate environments during the heteroxenous parasite life cycle. From an evolutionary perspective, organisms develop methods of overcoming such challenges. Strategies that extend beyond the genetic diversity have been discussed and include variability between parasite cells during the infections of their hosts. The occurrence of Leishmania subpopulation fluctuations with variable structural genomic contents demonstrates that a single strain might shelter the variability required to overcome inconsistent environments. Such intrastrain variability provides parasites with an extraordinary ability to adapt and thus survive and propagate. However, different perspectives on this evolution have been proposed. Strains or species living in the same environment can cooperate but also compete. These interactions might increase the replication rate of some parasites but cause the loss of more aggressive competitors for others. Adaptive responses to intra- and interspecific competition can evolve as a fixed strategy (replication is adapted to the average genetic complexity of infections) or an optional strategy (replication varies according to the genetic complexity of the current infection). This review highlights the complexity of interspecies and intrastrain interactions among Leishmania parasites as well as the different factors that influence this interplay.

A novel experimental technique, quasi-equilibrated temperature-programmed desorption and adsorption (QE-TPDA) was used to study the water sorption properties and hydrothermal stability of aluminum trimesate MIL-96 and aluminum isophthalate CAU-10, which have been selected due to their remarkable sorption properties. The QE-TPDA profiles of water observed for MIL-96 and CAU-10 confirmed the hydrophilic nature of these materials. Complex QE-TPDA profiles indicate that water sorption in MIL-96 follows a three-step pore filling mechanism. The shape of single desorption peaks in the QE-TPDA profiles for CAU-10 confirms that water sorption involves a reversible phase transition. Based on the QE-TPDA profiles, the water adsorption heat were determined: 45-46 kJ/mol for CAU-10 and 43-56 kJ/mol for MIL-96, in the latter case depending on the adsorption extent. Hydrothermal stability tests revealed that MIL-96 retained its stable porosity-related sorption capacity for water after hydrothermal treatment up to 290°C. Gradual changes in the QE-TPDA profiles due to the hydrothermal treatment above 290°C, with decreasing the high-temperature desorption peak and increasing the low-temperature one, indicate minor structural changes occurring in this material. Only after 410° C treatment was fast degradation of MIL-96 observed. CAU-10 exhibited high and unchanged hydrothermal stability up to 400°C.

The removal of H2S from natural gas and other gases such as biogas, refinery gases, and coal gas is required because H2S is toxic and corrosive, even in traces. Zeolites are widely used in the removal of H2S from the above-mentioned gases. In this work, we prepared an Ag-exchanged 13X molecular sieve by using different concentrations of AgNO3 to increase its adsorption properties. XRD, SEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize samples. When compared to unmodified 13X, the adsorption capacity of AgII-13X increased by about 50 times. The results of this study suggest that the silver-modified 13X molecular sieve is highly effective at extracting H2S from natural gas.

A sustainable low cost activated carbon substitute was produced based on pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, especially spruce sawdust. A harmful liquid waste, desalination brine was used for the treatment of a solid wood industry waste, spruce sawdust. This approach is in the circular economy theory and aims to the decarbonization of the economy. The pretreated sawdust was tested as an adsorbent appropriate for the removal of a commonly used pollutant, methylene blue, from industrial wastewater. The adsorption capacity of the pretreated material was found to increased four times comparing to the untreated one in the case that the Freundlich equation was fitted to the isotherms’ data. The treatment experimental conditions with desalination brine that gave maximum adsorption capacity correspond to 1.97 combined severity factor in logarithmic form value. The same adsorption capacity was found to increase five to six times comparing to the untreated spruce sawdust in the case that the Langmuir isotherm model was applied at the same data. Moreover, kinetic experiment was cried out as regards the methylene blue adsorption process. The desalination brine pretreated sawdust adsorption capacity increased 1.4 times comparing to the untreated one, in the case of the Lagergren kinetic equation fitting. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of the same material was increased 1.6 times when the second order kinetic model was applied to the same data. Industrial scale applications can be based on the kinetic data findings as they have to do with a very shorter adsorption period comparing to the isotherm data.

Toxic metal wastewater is a challenge for exposed terrestrial, aquatic environments and the recyclability of the water, prompting inputs for the development of promising treatment methods. Consequently, the rGO/ZnONP nanocomposite was synthesized at room temperature for four hours and was tested for adsorption of cadmium and lead in wastewater. The optimized nanocomposite had the lowest band gap energy (2.69 eV) and functional group interactions were at 516, 1220, 1732, 3009, and 3460 cm-1. The nanocomposite showed saturation of ZnO nanoparticles on rGO with a weight percentage of zinc (60.02 %), oxygen (22.96 %), and carbon (16.58 %), and the micrograph showed slight agglomeration on the sheet surface. The nanocomposite’s D and G band intensities were almost the same constituting the ZnO presence on rGO from the raman spectrum. The adsorption equilibrium time for cadmium and lead was reached within 10 and 90 minutes with efficiencies of ~ 100 %. Sips and Freundlich were best fitting the cadmium and lead adsorption data (R2 ~ 1), therefore the adsorption was a multilayer coverage for lead and a mixture of heterogenous and homogenous coverage for cadmium adsorption. Both adsorptions were best fitted by the pseudo first order model, suggesting the multilayer coverage dominance. The adsorbent was reused for three and seven times for cadmium and lead. The nanocomposite showed selectivity towards lead (95 %) and cadmium (100 %) in the interfering wastewater matrix. Conclusively, the nanocomposite may be embedded within upcoming lab-scale treatment plants which could lead to further upscaling and serving as industrial wastewater treatment material.

High levels of groundwater containing both arsenic and fluorine are prevalent, resulting in serious health problems when consumed as drinking water. This co-pollution phenomenon is widespread and requires urgent attention. The multiple forms of arsenic and arsenic-fluorine co-contamination pose a significant challenge to efficiently co-remove both substances. This research utilized a green and stable synthesis approach to create MgLaFe LDO heterostructures, which were anchored on α-MnO2 nanowires. The materials comprise magnesium and lanthanum elements with a powerful attraction towards fluoride ions, elemental iron, which can establish stable compounds with arsenate, and MnO2, which can effectively oxidize arsenous acid, thereby enabling efficient co-removal of arsenic and fluorine. The efficient oxidation process of the MnO2 nanowire and the prompt ion adsorption process of the LDO work together synergistically. The adsorption performance was assessed through isotherm and kinetic fitting. Chemisorption was found to be the process for As(Ⅲ), As(V), and F- adsorption, with As(Ⅲ) going through monolayer adsorption on the surface of MnO2 nanowires, while As(V) and F- were mainly adsorbed by multilayer process on LDO. The maximum adsorption capacities were 111.76 mg/g, 230.51 mg/g, and 765.10 mg/g for As(Ⅲ), As(V), and F-, respectively. The XPS analysis provided further elucidation on the adsorption mechanism of the MnO2@LDO heterostructure, detailing each component's role in the process. The results confirm the successful construction of the heterostructure and its efficient coupling of oxidation and adsorption.

Disposing pollutants into water sources has posed risks to human health and the environment, and biosorption has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green alternative for wastewater treatment. This work shows banana peel powder (BPP) biosorbents for efficient sorption of methylene blue (MB), atrazine, and glyphosate pollutants. The biosorbent highlights several surface chemical functional groups and morphology containing agglomerated microsized particles and microporous structures. BPP showed 66% elimination of MB in 60 min, with an adsorption capacity (qe) of ~33 mg g-1, where a combination of film diffusion and chemisorption governed the sorption process. Besides, the biosorbent removed 91% and 97% of atrazine and glyphosate pesticides after 120 min, with qe of 3.26 and 3.02 mg g-1, respectively. The glyphosate and atrazine uptake best followed the Elovich and pseudo-first-order kinetic, respectively, revealing different sorption mechanisms. Our results suggest that BPP are low-cost biomaterials for green and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment.

Activated carbon (AC) is an effective adsorbent for creatinine removal in hemoperfusion. However, the hemocompatibility and adsorption capacity of AC was required to be improved furthermore. Heparin, a widely used anticoagulant biomacromolecule, could improve the hemocompatibility of the absorbents in different ways based on its molecular weight. Thus, it was necessary to study the surface modification with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on improvement of hemocompatibility and adsorption. In this study, UFH and LMWH were respectively grafted on AC through polyethyleneimine as an intermediate layer. The modification of AC about morphology, mechanical strength and pore structure was characterized by XPS, SEM, TA and BET. It was found that compared with AC, the morphology and mechanical strength AC-UFH and AC-LMWH could be well maintained, but the BET surface was decreased due to the grafting of macromolecules. Furthermore, AC-UFH and AC-LMWH showed the better hemocompatibility on protein adsorption, APTT and platelet activation compared with AC, in which AC-LMWH had lower fibrinogen adsorption and longer APTT than AC-UFH. Besides, it was found that AC, AC-UFH and AC-LMWH had no significant effect on blood cell composition. Finally, the adsorption capacity of adsorbents for creatinine was evaluated. Although there was no significant difference between AC-UFH and AC-LMWH, it was found that heparin could be interacted with creatinine to enhance the adsorption capacity when compared with AC-PEI. This study deepened the understanding of anticoagulation of heparinized surface and provided a theoretical basis for adsorbents in hemoperfusion.

The occurrence of potential spikes in a cell is a sign of life, and it is called action potential. There is a common notion that neuron signal conduction is the conduction of action potential. Hence, action potential is a typical and essential life activity. However, such potential spikes occur even in simple nonliving systems. According to the experimental observations by Pollack, structured water molecules can generate a negative potential environment. From this observation, the potential spike generation process for both living and nonliving systems caused by ion and water molecule adsorption-desorption process could be explained in this paper. So, taking into consideration the electrically neutral water molecules,the action potential generation mechanism could be explained. It is a fully inanimate model. Hence, the action potential may not be a life activity. Here, the role of water molecules in life is investigated further. It was found that the phase transition of the membrane is involved in the neuron signal conduction, but the membrane phase transition could be due to the change of state of the water molecules, which forms a large-scale structure in the cavities created by a number of lipids.

Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic water bodies via the discharge of various toxic heavy metals from industrial effluents has been a major concern in the present era. Various physical and chemical processes are available to solve this problem of heavy metal pollution. Biosorption is considered as a potential alternative for the removal of heavy metals from waste waters as compared to other conventional processes. In the present work, biosorption of Cu(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions was carried out by using peels of Citrus aurantifolia. The peels were found to be efficient in the biosorption of all four metal ions under study. The biosorption process was found to be influenced by factors like contact time, temperature, pH, turbidity as well as biosorbent dose. Further, the change in characteristics of Citrus aurantifolia after biosorption process was studied by using E-SEM, EDAX and FT-IR analysis. The adsorption isotherm studies revealed that Freundlich isotherm model showed better fir to experimental data as compared to Langmuir isotherm model. The results were found to be significant statistically. The regeneration of biosorbent was carried out by desorption study by using certain eluents.

Even in the first quarter of XXI century, the presence of organic dyes in wastewaters is a normal occurrence in a series of countries, and being these compounds toxics, their removal from these waters is of a necessity. Among the separation technologies, adsorption processing appeared as one of the most widely used to reach this goal. The present work reviewed the most recent approaches (first half of 2021 year) about the use of a variety of adsorbents on the removal of, also, a variety of organic dyes of different nature.

Sewage sludge was utilized into biochar using the slow pyrolysis method. The biochar was then being used for ammonium removal. The sewage sludge biochar was produced at temperature of 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C and 750°C. A few characterization tests were carried out to study about the physical and chemical properties of the biochar. For instance, moisture and ash content analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, pH Zero Point Charge, biochar yield and SEM. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the moisture content of SSB decreased while the ash content increased. The FTIR spectra of sewage sludge biochar showed that there were various organic functional groups on the surface of the biochar which were responsible for ammonium adsorption. Furthermore, through pH Zero Point Charge analysis, pH 7.0 was the most optimum pH for the adsorption test of ammonium. The optimum adsorbent dosage was 0.01g while optimum contact time was 150 minutes. Furthermore, 1.2ppm was the most optimum concentration for adsorption process. Based on the result of the characterization tests, SSB700 was the most effective biochar for ammonium adsorption. Based on the result of kinetic and isotherm analysis, the adsorption of ammonium ions usign sewage sludge biochar was a monolayer chemisorption process.

The behaviour of oxidized and non-oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the adsorption of lanthanum(III) from aqueous solutions is described. Metal uptake is studied as a function of several variables such as the stirring speed of the system, pH of the aqueous solution and metal and nanomaterial concentrations. The experimental results are fitted to various kinetics and isotherm models, being the rate law fitted to the film diffusion and particle diffusion models, when the non-oxidized and the oxidized nanomaterials are used to remove lanthanum from the solution, respectively. Sulphuric acid solutions seem to be appropriate to recover the metal from La-loaded nanomaterials.

Mercury is a toxic metal, thus, it is an element which has more and more restrictions in its uses, but despite the above, the removal of this metal, from whatever the form in which it is encountered (zero valent metal, inorganic or organic compounds), and from different sources, is of a widespread interest. In the case of Hg(II), or Hg²⁺, the investigations about the treatment of Hg(II)-bearing liquid effluents (real or in most cases synthetic solutions) appear not to end, and from the various separation technologies, adsorption is the most popular among researchers. In this topic, and in the 2019 year, more than 100 publications had been devote to this field: Hg(II)-removal-adsorption. This work examined all of them.

This article presents the copper ions adsorption process using an activated carbon from winemaking wastes. The pH, temperature, activated carbon amount and initial copper concentration were varied based on a full factorial 2^k experimental design. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also carried out. The adsorption kinetics was found follow a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption data fit better to the Langmuir isotherm. The ANOVA demonstrated that both pH of the solution and activated carbon dosage had the greatest influence on copper adsorption. The activation energy was -32 kJ·mol^-1 suggesting that the copper adsorption is a physic-sorption process. The best fit to a linear correlation was the moving boundary equation that controls the kinetics for the adsorption copper ions onto the activated carbon. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results reveal the existence of different copper species (Cu²⁺, Cu⁺ and or Cu⁰) on the surface of the carbonaceous adsorbent after the adsorption, which could suggest a simultaneous reduction process.

The BIOTON® biochar, produced by a wood biomass pyrolysis process, usually applied as a soil amendment, was investigated for a novel application, i.e. the adsorption of lead from contaminated solutions. The experimental activity firstly included the physical-chemical characterization of BIOTON®; SEM images were also obtained to highlight its internal structure. The adsorption process was investigated through batch and column experiments. Adsorption kinetics showed a very rapid achievement of the equilibrium conditions, i.e. at 2h and 4h for 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L initial Pb concentration, respectively. Complete removal also occurred within the same time. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model better fitted the equilibrium data for both Pb concentrations, whereas the kinetics were best represented by the pseudo second order model. The column tests showed that the addition of biochar as adsorbent media within the bed significantly extended the time of breakthrough and exhaustion, with respect to the column filled with soil only. The adsorption capacities of BIOTON® versus lead solutions was found to be comparable to that reported for commercial adsorbents. Therefore, BIOTON® can be considered a valid option, with the additional benefit to reduce the environmental impact since allows to recover a residue which alternately would need to be disposed of.

The present work demonstrates the new nanofiber mats prepared through co-electrospinning of two different polymers i.e. corn protein namely Zein and Nylon-6. The composite nanofiber membrane was used as an effective adsorbent material for the removal of toxic reactive dye i.e. Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19) from water solution. These co-electrospun nanofibers had good mechanical strength compared to zein nanofibers alone. Experimental results suggested that zein/nylon nanofibers have greater potential for total removal of RB19 at room temperature within 10 min of contact time from aqueous solution. The maximum capacity was found to be 70 mg/g of nanofibers. The mechanism of RB19 removal on proposed nanofibers is mainly through hydrogen bond and electrostatic means.

Ad- and desorption forces move water in living xylem/wood from the root to the leaf thermodynamically. The doctrine of plant water transport, the so-called cohesion- or cohesion-tension theory, postulates however that the process is physically based on a hydraulic fluid flow with negative pressure in water conducting tubes originating from the leaves. Lower pressure (suction) driven volume flow is physically a branch of mechanics. Moisture absorbed from the soil via the root is thought to be pulled up the stem by the leaves in continuous and tensioned threads of water. It is assumed that the hydraulic Hagen/Poiseuille flow law, derived for tubes, applies in the xylem. In a textbook of botany you can find the opinion: "Just as the pipes of a water pipe supply necessary water to each household, leaf nerves supply water and nutrient salts to each individual cell.” (Translated from German). Many plant physiologists consider this hydraulic principle to be correct, but it does not remain unchallenged. Doubts are repeatedly expressed. The question arises: How does water transport actually take place? It is shown how the diffusive/adsorption transport principle works. The partial dehydration (desorption) of the plant, driven by the diffusive process of transpiration, forms a combined concentration and adsorption-site gradient for water in the xylem matrix. Especially with open stomata the lowest moisture concentration and the highest number of adsorption-sites for water (sites with free van der Waals forces), can be found in the mesophyll cell walls at the liquid/vapor boundary in the leaf. The water taken up by the root moves spontaneously in the direction of this boundary and can thus partially or completely compensate for the existing concentration- and adsorption-site- differences for water. Thus, a thermodynamic overlapping diffusive/adsorptive movement of moisture along the stationary xylem/wood takes place. After the introduction and a review of some controversies with cohesion theory, the physiology of the processes associated with long-distance water displacement is mentioned below. A thermodynamic adsorption hypothesis of the natural water transport in plants, based on known facts, is presented.

New setting is introduced to study types of coloring numbers, degree of vertices, degree of hyperedges, co-degree of vertices, co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic degree of vertices, neutrosophic degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic co-degree of vertices, neutrosophic co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic number of vertices, neutrosophic number of hyperedges in neutrosophic hypergraphs. Different types of procedures including neutrosophic (r, n)−regular hypergraphs and neutrosophic complete r−partite hypergraphs are proposed in this way, some results are obtained. General classes of neutrosophic hypergraphs are used to obtain chromatic number, the representatives of the colors, degree of vertices, degree of hyperedges, co-degree of vertices, co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic degree of vertices, neutrosophic degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic co-degree of vertices, neutrosophic co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic number of vertices, neutrosophic number of hyperedges in neutrosophic hypergraphs. Using colors to assign to the vertices of neutrosophic hypergraphs and characterizing representatives of the colors are applied in neutrosophic (r, n)−regular hypergraphs and neutrosophic complete r−partite hypergraphs. Some questions and problems are posed concerning ways to do further studies on this topic. Using different ways of study on neutrosophic hypergraphs to get new results about number, degree and co-degree in the way that some number, degree and co-degree get understandable perspective. Neutrosophic (r, n)−regular hypergraphs and neutrosophic complete r−partite hypergraphs are studied to investigate about the notions, coloring, the representatives of the colors, degree of vertices, degree of hyperedges, co-degree of vertices, co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic degree of vertices, neutrosophic degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic co-degree of vertices, neutrosophic co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic number of vertices, neutrosophic number of hyperedges in neutrosophic (r, n)−regular hypergraphs and neutrosophic complete r−partite hypergraphs. In this way, sets of representatives of colors, degree of vertices, degree of hyperedges, co-degree of vertices, co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic degree of vertices, neutrosophic degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic co-degree of vertices, neutrosophic co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic number of vertices, neutrosophic number of hyperedges have key points to get new results but in some cases, there are usages of sets and numbers instead of optimal ones. Simultaneously, notions chromatic number, the representatives of the colors, degree of vertices, degree of hyperedges, co-degree of vertices, co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic degree of vertices, neutrosophic degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic co-degree of vertices, neutrosophic co-degree of hyperedges, neutrosophic number of vertices, neutrosophic number of hyperedges are applied into neutrosophic hypergraphs, especially, neutrosophic (r, n)−regular hypergraphs and neutrosophic complete r−partite hypergraphs to get sensible results about their structures. Basic familiarities with neutrosophic hypergraphs theory and hypergraph theory are proposed for this article.

This article discusses collaborative ethnography as a meaningful source for spatial research, in particular, for participatory methodologies in urban planning and placemaking processes. It investigates the experiences with co-creation and co-research in different research projects to gain insight into the performance of collaborative ethnography as a technique to explore and enrich local knowledge. To better understand the possible causal relationships between the experience gained in the projects and the learnt lessons, we also identify recommendations for improving research methodologies to be applied in placemaking. The article concludes that collaborative ethnography is an effective tool for adding value to spatial co-research and co-creation processes. It opens opportunities for the co-production of space, ideas and knowledge, contributing at the same time to better informed decision-making. It also helps improve ideas and gather insights into the spatial needs of focus groups.

At Mae-Moh power plant, Thailand, superheater tubes, which are exposed in fly ash environ-ment, often degrade due to solid particle erosion. To extend the service lifetime of the superheater tubes, the high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray technique is used to deposit a protective coating on the material, SA213-T22 steel. In this work, the solid particle erosion of the Co-28Cr and WC-12Co coatings was investigated using erodent particle impingement at the angles of 30o and 90o with an average particle size of 60 μm. The erosion behavior of SA213-T22 with and without Co-28Cr and WC-12Co coatings was explained using ductile and brittle erosion modes. The erosion test resulted in the brittle mode for both Co-28Cr and WC-12Co coatings, while SA213-T22 without coating indicated the ductile mode. On the investigation of surface morphology, the Co-28Cr coating showed mostly microcracks in contrast with the WC-12Co coating, fracture, de-bonding and deep cavities were also observed. Erosion resistance of the Co-28Cr coating was significantly higher than the WC-12Co coating, due to high hardness, low porosity and high density of the coating.

The main objective of this paper is to identify the major research areas of ChatGPT through term and keyword co-occurrence network mapping techniques. For conducting the present study, total of 577 publications were retrieved from the Lens database for the network visualization. The findings of the study showed that “chatgpt” occurrence in maximum number of times followed by its related terms such as artificial intelligence, large language model, gpt, study etc. This study will be helpful to library and information science as well as computer or information technology professionals.

This article reports the preparation of a novel functionalized magnetic nanoadsorbent through an addition reaction between Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with allyl silica gel and 4-pyridinyl ethylene, detailed characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2-yl-VP was conducted. Among them, in the infrared spectrum, we can easily see that the absorption peak of C=C stretching vibration at 1660 cm-1 in the raw material disappears after the addition reaction, indicating the successful grafting of polymer on the surface of silica gel. The appearance of N element in the EDS spectrum also proves the successful completion of the addition reaction and the successful synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2-yl-VP. At pH=5 and pH=7, it only takes half an hour for Fe3O4@SiO2-yl-VP to achieve maximum adsorption capacities of 85.06 and 73.78 mg/g for Hg (II) and Pb (II), respectively. The adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir model and pesudo first and pesudo second order kinetic models, and can be reused 11 times, demonstrating excellent reusability.

Methyl Mercaptan is a sulfur-based chemical found as a co-product in produced natural gas and causes corrosion in pipelines, storage tanks, catalysts, and solid adsorption beds. To improve the quality of methane produced, researchers studied the use of metal oxides and aluminum silicates as catalysts for removing mercaptan. However, there are restricted limitations on the efficiency of metal oxides or aluminum silicates as adsorbents for this particular application. Therefore, this study investigated the performance of these materials in a fixed-bed reactor with simulated natural gas streams under various operating conditions. The testing procedure includes a detailed assessment of the adsorbent/catalysts by several techniques, such as Braeuer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The result revealed that metal oxides such as copper, manganese, and zinc performed well in methyl mercaptan elimination. The addition of manganese, copper, and zinc oxides to the aluminum silicate surface resulted in a sulfur capacity of 1226 mg S/g of catalyst. These findings provide critical insights for the development of catalysts that combine metal oxides to increase adsorption while reducing the production of byproducts like dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) during methyl mercaptan removal.

We perform first-principles Molecular Dynamics calculations to test the total attraction forces on a physisorbed molecule at a given temperature and ambient pressure and apply it to the hydrogen storage on the 2D material MoP2. We considered the pristine material and one with 12.5% of Mo vacancies. By optimization, we calculated a gravimetric capacity for pristine MoP2 of 5.72%, with an adsorption energy of ‒ 0.13 eV/molecule. We found 6.02% and ‒ 0.14 eV/molecule for the second case. Next, we apply our approach to know if the molecular hydrogen physisorption obtained by simple energy optimization exists for a given temperature and ambient pressure. We used this approach to determine the number of molecules adsorbed on the surface at a given temperature. Thus, we conducted a first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) calculation at temperature T1, using optimization as the initial system configuration. Subsequently, we performed a second FPMD calculation at a temperature T2 (with T2 ‹‹ T1), using the stable configuration of the first FPMD calculation as the initial configuration. We identified as adsorbed molecules at temperature T1, only those forced back toward the surface at temperature T2 due to kinetic energy loss at the lower temperature T2. The defective surface gave the best gravimetric capacity, ranging from 5.27% at 300 K to 6.02% at 77 K. The latter met the requirement from the US-DOE, indicating the potential practical application of our research in hydrogen storage.

Our study utilized density functional theory (DFT) to explore a 2D MoP2 surface for hydrogen storage. Optimization determined a gravimetric capacity for pristine MoP2 of 5.72%, with an adsorption energy of ‒ 0.13 eV/molecule. For this surface with 12.5% Mo vacancies, we achieved 6.02% and ‒ 0.14 eV/molecule. We then introduced a novel criterion to test the attraction forces in hydrogen storage at a given temperature. This involved a first-principles molecular dynamics approach at various temperatures. To determine the number of molecules adsorbed on the surface at temperature T1, we conducted an FPMD calculation at T1, using the optimization as the initial system configuration. Subsequently, we performed a second FPMD calculation at a temperature T2 (with T2 ‹‹ T1), using the stable configuration of the first FPMD calculation as the initial configuration. If there were attraction forces on the molecules, they would move towards the surface. We identified as adsorbed molecules at temperature T1, only those that moved back toward the surface at temperature T2. The defective surface gave the best gravimetric capacity, ranging from 5.27% at 300 K to 6.02% at 77 K. The latter met the requirement from the US-DOE, indicating the potential practical application of our research in hydrogen storage.

A single water pollution by dyes is a huge environmental problem; there is a necessity to produce new decolorization methods that are effective, cost-attractive, and suitable in industrial use. Magnetic chitosan polymers offer the advantage of easy separation from the dye solution. In this work, a Chitosan-Fe polymer was synthesized, characterized, and tested for removal of the azo dye Direct Red 83:1 from water. The polymer was characterized in terms of surface morphology (SEM), elemental analysis (EA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectrophotometry (IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT). The reported results hint that 1 g and pH 7.0 were the best conditions to carry out both kinetic and isotherm models. To understand the adsorption behavior of Direct Red 83:1 onto the polymers, adsorption rate and maximum adsorption capacity were calculated using kinetic tests and isotherm curves respectively. The kinetic data and mechanism of the adsorption process were analyzed by three models and the equilibrium data by three adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2= 0.999) and fits the Temkin isotherm (R2= 0.946), indicating that the adsorption occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. The newly synthesized Chitosan-Fe polymer exhibited good adsorption properties and easy separation of cleaned water.

In this review, we covered the recent advances in synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their uses in degradation of dyes. This study provides framework to develop a low cost, ecofriendly and highly efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles. These synthetic methods do not produce any toxic byproduct. The present study is focus on removal of dyes by Au-NPs because gold nanoparticles act as good absorbent for dyes in short time. Synthesis of Au-NPs from plant extract e.g. marine alga, Scutellarin Barbata, A.nigra, Fruit peels, Bacillus marisflavi from raw silk cocoons, amylopectin and poly acrylic acid, L.asparagine, Grephene oxide, IPEI coated Au-NPs. The synthesizes Au-NPs were used further for removal of dyes like methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB) Degradation, methylene orange, acid red degradation, Congo red.

Large-scale volumetric fracturing is generally used during shale gas development. The return rate of fracturing fluid is low, and a large amount of slickwater will be retained in the reservoir. The adsorption and desorption of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), an additive commonly used in slickwater, on the surface of shale was studied using Longmaxi Shale from the Sichuan Basin. The experimental results showed that the mass ratio of the HPAM solution to shale reached saturation adsorption at 20:1 when the concentration of HPAM solution was 1000 mg/L and 25:1 when the concentration of HPAM solution was 500 mg/L. The mass ratio of the HPAM solution to shale was fixed at 25:1, and the adsorption equilibrium was reached at a HPAM concentration of 1000 mg/L when the aqueous solution temperature was 30°C and 800 mg/L when the aqueous solution temperature was 60°C. The Langmuir adsorption model yielded a better fit than the Freundlich adsorption model. The adsorption equilibrium time at 30°C was at 60 min for a HPAM concentration of 500 mg/L, while for a concentration of 1000 mg/L, it was at 90 min. The adsorption equilibrium time at 60°C was 40 min for a HPAM concentration of 500 mg/L, whereas it was 60 min for a HPAM concentration at 1000 mg/L. The pseudo-second order kinetics model yielded better fits than the pseudo-first order kinetics model. The adsorption of HPAM on shale was strong, and the adsorbed HPAM resembled cobwebs adhering to the shale surface. HPAM on the surface of shale after adsorption could resist the desorption capacity of water. However, when the amount of adsorbed HPAM on shale increased significantly, the amount of residual HPAM on the surface of the shale decreased rapidly during desorption in deionized water. The desorption of HPAM on the shale surface followed a modified desorption model. The higher the concentration of HPAM adsorbed on the shale surface was, the easier it was to desorb, the easier it was to be removed from the shale.

This study deals with the preparation of adsorbents from a commercial xerogel by chemically modifying its surface with concentrated mineral acids and alkali metal chlorides, their physicochemical characterization, and their use as adsorbents for gallic acid in aqueous solution. The prepared adsorbents have a high specific surface area (347-563 m2 g-1), better pore development for samples treated with alkali metal chlorides than with mineral acids and are more acidic than the initial xerogel (p.z.c range 2.49-6.87 vs. 7.20). The adsorption properties of the commercial xerogel improved over a wide range of pH and temperature. The experimental results indicate that the adsorption process is thermodynamically favored.

The high reactivity of acetylene group the formation of strong chemical bonds with active sites on mineral surfaces, thereby improving the flotation performance of gold minerals. This study utilized Density Functional Theory (DFT) to analyse the quantum chemical parameters of structure, Mulliken population, and the frontier orbitals of a thioester collector containing an acetylene group, PDEC (prop-2-yn-1-yl diethylcarbamodithioate). PDEC is compared with analogous thioester collectors Z-200 and Al-DECDT, and the interaction mechanism of PDEC on the Au(1 1 1) surface is simulated, followed by empirical validation through adsorption experiments. The findings indicate that S atom of PDEC in the carbon-sulfur group exhibit shorter covalent bond lengths, and reduced carbon-sulfur double bonds and Mulliken population, resulting in enhanced electron localization. This confers greater selectivity to PDEC during its adsorption on mineral surfaces. Frontier orbital analysis shows that the electrons of acetylene group possess a notable electron-accepting capacity, significantly influencing frontier orbital energy of PDEC and playing a pivotal role in the bonding interaction with mineral surfaces. Both the S atom in carbon-sulfur group and its acetylene group establish stable adsorption structures with the A(111) surface in a single coordination mode. The adsorption energy sequence is PDEC > Al-DECDT > Z-200. Partial density of states demonstrates that S 3p orbit of carbon-sulfur group hybridize with Au 5d orbit, while the C 2p orbit of the acetylene group engage in weaker back-donation bonding with Au 5d orbit. This is corroborated by electron density difference and post-adsorption Mulliken population analyses, revealing that S atom of carbon-sulfur group in PDEC donate electrons to Au atom, forming dominant positive coordination bonds, whereas the acetylene group accepts partial electrons from Au atom, resulting in weaker back-donation bonds. The adsorption experiments align with the DFT adsorption energy results.

Abstract: Uranium is a toxic radioactive element and is usually found in the environment in hexavalent form. It has become a necessity to remove uranium, which can enter the environment in excessive amounts through nuclear industrial activities, from access waters. Melamine formaldehyde organo clay nano composite foam (MFCNCF) was prepared as a novel adsorbent by hardening with thermal treatment. Structural, crystallographic textural and surface morphological characterization of the prepared adsorbent was made by FTIR and XRD spectroscopic and SEM and HRTEM microscopic techniques. This study aims to investigate the adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solution by MF organo clay nanocomposite and its dependence on various variables such as initial uranium concentration, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, initial pH, and temperature. Additionally, adsorption isotherm analysis and adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were also examined. For this purpose, the batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the equilibrium concentration of U(VI) in the aqueous solution was measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 433 nm, which corresponds to its maximum absorptivity. The results regarding adsorption kinetics show that 30 min is sufficient to reach adsorption equilibrium and the data show a high fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Isotherm analysis also revealed a high fit of the data to the Type III isotherm and the Halsey model. Based on this fit, an adsorption mechanism involving two regions (electrostatic and complex formation) was proposed for the current adsorption system. The adsorption isosteric enthalpy and entropy values for the first and second regions are 3.65 and -51.02kJ/mol and 1.77 and -167.28J/mol, respectively. It was found in kmol. Experimental results showed that the prepared nanocomposite foam adsorbent is an effective and potential alternative for the effective removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.

Elevated ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in untreated waterways contribute to eutrophication and dissolved oxygen depletion, which cause severe degradation of water quality. Ion exchange processes are a robust, low operational cost and efficient option for ammonium removal with zeolites being the most widely used. Geopolymers are a sustainable and low-cost option compared to zeolites that follows the same ion exchange technology. In the present study, a metakaolin-based porous geopolymer was synthetized, characterised and validated as adsorbent material. The laboratory batch tests showed a maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 18.35 mg/g being 27% higher than reference zeolites. Kinetics followed the Weber-Morris rate equation being the intraparticle diffusion the limiting process and continuous experiments indicated a maximum removal of 97% in the first hours. The material was validated in a wastewater treatment pilot plant where values in pH, electrical conductivity and NH4+ concentration were monitored. The obtained data indicated that the material achieved up to 80% NH4+ removal which is similar to traditional zeolites. The results demonstrate that this sustainable, low-cost and easy-to-install metakaolin-based geopolymer can be used effectively for NH4+ treatment.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are molecules present in our everyday life, and they can be positive, such as in the formation of odour and food flavour, or harmful for environment and humans, and the research is focusing on limiting their emissions. Various methods have been used to achieve this purpose. Firstly, we review three main degradation methods: activated carbon, photocatalysis and a synergetic system. We provide a general overview of the operative conditions and report the possibility of VOC abatement during cooking. Within the literature, none of these systems has ever been tested in presence of complex matrices, such as during a cooking process. The aim of this study is to compare the three methods in order to understand the behaviour of filter systems in the case of realistically complex gas mixtures. Proton Transfer Reaction - mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) has been used as real-time monitoring of volatilome. Since VOC emissions are highly dependent on the composition of the food cooked, we evaluated the degradation capacity of the three systems for different burger types (meat, greens and fish). We demonstrate pros and cons of the photocatalysis and adsorption and how a combined approach can mitigate the drawbacks of photocatalysis.

Using banana peel as raw material, the adsorption properties of hydrothermal carbon pre-10 pared from banana peel modified with different concentrations of phosphoric acid solution for lead 11 ions in aqueous solution were studied. The surface structure and functional groups of the modified 12 hydrothermal carbon were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results show that the surface of the 13 modified banana peel hydrothermal carbon prepared at 240℃ and 2mol/L phosphoric acid solution 14 has large pores. The adsorption capacity is larger when pH value is 6.When the concentration of 15 phosphoric acid solution was 2mol/L, the solid-liquid ratio was 2g/L, the adsorption capacity was 16 40.64mg/g, and the removal rate was 82.74%.When the initial concentration of lead solution in-17 creased to 100mg/L, the adsorption capacity of modified hydrothermal carbon for lead ion increased 18 to 76.81mg/g, and the removal rate decreased to 76.81%.The equilibrium adsorption time of banana 19 peel phosphoric acid modified hydrothermal carbon for lead ions in solution is 300min. The adsorp-20 tion process satisfies the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm equation. The 21 reaction temperature is 313K, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity can reach 101.19mg/g. The 22 adsorption of Pb ions in aqueous solution by phosphoric acid modified hydrothermal carbon is 23 dominated by single layer chemisorption. The artificial neural network has a fitting correlation of 24 0.99, and the adsorption process includes physical adsorption, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, 25 and surface complexation.

Water pollution is regarded as a dangerous problem that needs to be resolved right away. This is largely due to the positive correlation between the increase in global population and waste production, especially food waste. Hydrogel beads based on sodium alginate (Alg) and pomegranate fruit peels (PP) were developed for the adsorption of Safranin O dye (SO) in aqueous solutions. The obtained Alg-PP beads were widely characterized. The effects of the contact time (0-180 min) and initial concentration (10-300 mg/l), the initial pH (2-10), the adsorbent dosage (1-40 g/l) and the temperature (293-333 K) were investigated through batch tests. The data proved that the adsorption kinetics of SO reached equilibrium within 30 min and up to 180 min. The adsorption data of SO onto synthesized beads follow the pseudo second-order model. The experimental data fitted very well to both Freundlich and Langmuir models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Alg-PP could reach 8.99 mg/g at 293 K. Calculation of Gibbs free energy and enthalpy indicated that adsorption of SO onto Alg-PP is spontaneous and endothermic. Finally, analysis of diffusion and mass transport phenomena were presented. The reported results revealed that the Alg-PP beads could be used as a novel natural adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye pollutants from aqueous environments.

Alum sludge, an inevitable by-product from the water purification process, which had been applied as substrates in some constructed wetlands with good performance, especially for phosphorus (P) adsorption. The raw alum sludge is like clay lump with irregular shape and has a leaching concern used in the water. For a better reuse, herein, sludge was fired to produce alum sludge ceramsite (ASC) with a uniform spherical shape via four-step process of kneading sludge ball, air drying, preheating at 400°C for 10 min and firing at 600℃ for 5 min. Thereafter the physicochemical properties and P adsorption ability of ceramsite were investigated. Through XRD and FT-IR tests, there was no obvious difference between ASC and air-dried alum sludge ball (adASB) on the phase structure, but a certain amount of Al-OH group loss on the surface of ASC. The structure of ASC was still amorphous as same as adASB, while ASC possessed more micropore structure and bigger specific surface area than those of adASB. Adsorption experiments showed the P adsorption behaviors of ASC and adASB were much similar, and their adsorption kinetics all accorded with the two-step adsorption kinetics rate equation and pseudo-second-order kinetics equation. The maximum adsorption capacities of ASC and adASB fitted by Langmuir model were 1.66 mg/g and 1.89 mg/g respectively. It should be pointed that, compared with other adsorbents, ASC produced in this study still had a higher ability to adsorb P. Therefore, ASC should have a great application potential for P removal in the wastewater treatment in China.

In this research, the adsorption of gallium onto natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) and two mesoporous activated carbons was compared and evaluated. The clinoptilolite was treated with HCl (HCPL) while mesoporous activated carbons (MCSG60A and MCO1) were synthesized by replica method, using sucrose as carbon precursor and silica gel as template. These carbonacenous materials showed large pore sizes and mesoporous surface, as well as a suitable surface chemistry for cation adsorption, which promotes a high negative charge density. On the other hand, zeolites have narrower pore sizes, which hinders the material diffusion inside the particle; however, its strength is their ion exchange capacity. Regarding the gallium kinetic studies, it is described by Pseudo-second order model for both sorts of adsorbents. MCO1 is the best carbonaceous adsorbent studied, with a capacity of 4.58 mg/g. As for zeolites, between the two zeolites studied, HCPL showed the best results, with a gallium adsorption capacity of 3.1 mg/g. The gallium adsorption mechanism onto MCO1 material is based on physisorption while HCPL is mainly retained due to an ion-exchange process. Regarding Giles classification, MCO1 isotherm described an H-4 pattern of high affinity, characteristic of multilayer adsorption. Double-Langmuir model fits properly these experimental results. In the case of zeolites, HCPL adsorption isotherm followed an L-2 pattern, typical of monolayer adsorption, being the Sips model the one which better describes the adsorption of gallium onto the zeolite.

Due to the accumulation of pesticides in the environment, the development of efficient strategies for their removal is of utmost importance. Activated carbons are currently seen as excellent candidates for adsorptive pesticide removal based on several beneficial properties, like a large surface area, developed porosity, and low price. However, a deep link between materials' properties and performance is still elusive. Here we focus on the kinetics of three organophosphate pesticides removal, aliphatic dimethoate and malathion and aromatic chlorpyrifos, using a series of carefully prepared activated carbon fibers. Used adsorbents have a wide range of specific surface areas, pore size distributions, and elemental content, allowing the establishment of the link between physicochemical properties and their performance as adsorbents. We use data analysis tools to link these properties and discuss their different roles in the removal of three structurally different yet extremely dangerous pesticides. The obtained results can guide the synthesis of novel adsorbents or rationally select adsorbents for specific target pollutants based on the physicochemical properties of adsorbents and the chemical structure of pollutants.

Biochar has high potential usage in retaining various contaminants, wastewater treatment, and water purification. In this study, three rice husk derived biochars with pyrolysis temperature 300, 400 and 500 ºC, respectively, and pristine rice rusk were used to remove cadmium from aqueous solution. The results showed that about 70% or more of Cd2+ adsorption occurred in the first 960 mins of adsorption kinetics. The Cd2+ adsorption capacity under equilibrium increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, probably attributed to the increased specific surface area (SSA) under higher pyrolysis temperature noting that significant linear correlation occurred between Cd2+ adsorption capacity and SSA. The Cd2+ adsorption could be best fitted by pseudo-second order model relative to Elovich model and pseudo-first order model. The Cd2+ adsorption rates were higher in film diffusion stage, indicating that film diffusion stage was significant and fast in the early stage of Cd2+ adsorption. In contrast, Cd2+ adsorption by intra-particle diffusion accounted for 47.0%, 47.9% and 43.9% on average of the total Cd2+ adsorption, respectively, indicating that intra-particle diffusion of Cd2+ played a more predominant role in limiting Cd2+ adsorption rate. When reaching Cd2+ desorption equilibrium, removal ratio (RR) values were averaged 0.96, 0.91, and 0.90 under three initial concentrations. More than 90 percentage on average of Cd2+ was removed from aqueous solution by biochars and rice rusk as well, thus biochars can be used to efficiently remove contaminants from aqueous environment. Cation exchange, electrostatic attraction, and the complexation with surface functional groups could be the main dominant mechanisms for Cd2+ adsorption-desorption on biochars.

Chemical weed control using herbicide glyphosate to manage emerged weeds is an important production practice in Florida citrus. Despite the extensive use of glyphosate in citrus orchards, very limited information is available on its environmental fate and behavior in Florida soils that are predominantly sandy in nature. Hence, the study's objective was to understand the adsorption-desorption, dissipation dynamics, and vertical movement or leaching of glyphosate in sandy soils in citrus orchards. Laboratory, field, and greenhouse experiments were conducted at Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee, Florida. The adsorption-desorption behavior of glyphosate in the soils from three major citrus production areas in Florida was studied utilizing a batch equilibrium method. The dissipation of glyphosate was tracked in the field following its application at the rate of 4.20 kg ae ha-1. Soil leaching columns in greenhouse conditions were used to study the vertical movement of glyphosate. The results suggest that glyphosate has a relatively lower range of adsorption or binding (Kads = 14.28 to 30.88) in the tested soil types. The field dissipation half-life (DT50) of glyphosate from surface soil was found to be 26 days. Glyphosate moved vertically or leached into the soil profile, up to 40 cm in the soil column, when analyzed 40 days after herbicide application. The primary degradation product of glyphosate, i.e., aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), was also detected up to the depth of 30 cm below the soil surface, indicating the presence of microbial metabolism of glyphosate in the soil.

Scale inhibitors are deployed as preventive and rejuvenation operation in oil and gas industry when production operations are under threat or menace of scale blockage. The application of scale inhibitors is carried out through a method known as squeezing. In general, the squeeze process is governed by inhibitor-rock interaction which is described by adsorption/desorption isotherm. Most reservoirs produce loose sand grains or fine sand which float and flow within the pore spaces along with the squeezed scale inhibitors. Hypothetical reports have shown that not all scale inhibitors pumped into the formation adsorb onto the formation rock. A number of factors (irreversible adsorption, pH changes, competing ions, concentration and temperature) have been considered to affect the adsorption and return profile of these scale inhibitors. This review work examines the performances of most common scale inhibitors used in the oil and gas production activities, theoretical application in reservoirs and how loose fine sand grains affect the adsorption and desorption characteristics of squeezed scale inhibitors. Additionally, presented were overviews of previous reports on fine sand production and migration of fine sands through formation pores in reservoirs.

The treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals and the utilization of wool waste are very important for the sustainable development of textile mills. In this study, the wool keratin modified magnetite (Fe3O4) powders were fabricated by using wool waste via a co-precipitation technique for removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The morphology, chemical compositions, crystal structure, microstructure, magnetism properties, organic content, and specific surface area of as-fabricated powders were systematically characterized by various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and BET surface area analyzer. The effects of experimental parameters such as the volume of wool keratin hydrolysate, the dosage of powder, the initial Cu2+ ion concentration, and the pH value of solution on the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ ions by the powders were examined. The experimental results indicated that the Cu2+ ion adsorption performance of the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders exhibited much better than that of the chitosan modified ones with a maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of 29.2 mg/g under favorable conditions (0.05 g powders; 50 mL of 40 mg/L CuSO4; pH 5; temperature 293 K). The high adsorption capacity towards Cu2+ ions on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders was primarily because of the strong surface complexation of -COOH and -NH2 functional groups of wool keratins with Cu2+ ions. The Cu2+ ion adsorption process on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model. After Cu2+ ion removal, the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders were easily separated using a magnet from aqueous solution and efficiently regenerated using 0.5 M EDTA-H2SO4 eluting. The wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders possessed good regenerative performance after five cycles. This study provided a feasible way to utilize waste wool textiles for preparing magnetic biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Lanthanum chemical compound incorporates a sensible anionic complexing ability, however lacks stability at low pH scale. Biochar fibers will benefit of their massive space and plethoric useful teams on surface to support metal chemical compound. Herein, wet spinning technology was used to load La3+ onto sodium alginate fiber, and convert La3+ into La2O3 through carbonization. The La2O3 modified biochar (La-BC) fiber was characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS, etc. The adsorption experiment proved that La-BC showed excellent adsorption capacity for chromates, and its saturation adsorption capacity was about 104.93mg/g. The information suggested that the adsorption was in step with both Langmuir and Freundlich model, followed pseudo-second-order surface assimilation mechanics, which instructed that the Cr (VI) adsorption was characterized by single-phase and polyphase adsorption, mainly chemical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameter proved that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The mechanistic investigation revealed that the mechanism of adsorption of Cr (VI) by La-BC may include electrostatic interaction, ligand exchange or complexation. Moreover, co-existing anions and regeneration experiments proved that La-BC was recyclable and had a good prospect in the field of chrome-containing wastewater removal.

In this study, Mg-Al and Mg-Al-Ni - layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were successfully synthesized for efficient removal of Mn²⁺ from synthetically wastewater. LDH adsorbents (Mg-Al and Mg-Ni-Al) were prepared by co-precipitation method. The formation of the layered double hydroxide, the adsorption of manganese on both LDH (Mg-Al and Mg-Ni-Al) were observed by XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. The various parameters such as the effect of shaking time, initial Mn²⁺ concentration, temperature were controlled and optimized to removal of Mn²⁺ from synthetic wastewater. The kinetics and adsorption isotherms for Mn²⁺ removal from wastewater were studied in batch mode. At temperatures of 10 °C and 20 °C the adsorption equilibrium was reached after 24 h. Adsorption isotherms of Mn²⁺ are well fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equation. The adsorption capacity of Mn²⁺ from synthetic wastewater of 80.607 mg/kg was obtained for (Mg-Al-Ni)-LDH. It is found that the adsorption kinetics is best described by the pseudo-second order model. These results prove that LDHs can be considered as a potential material for adsorption of Mn²⁺ from wastewater.

In this study, fig leaves, zeolite and alginate were used to prepare a biocomposite for the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Effects of various parameters on the biosorption process such as pH, temperature, initial lead concentration and contact time have been investigated. Maximum uptake of Pb(II) ions (85%) has been achieved at pH 6, with 25 mg/L of initial concentration and at a temperature of 288.15 K. Among the applied models, the data correlated well with Freundlich and D-R models and it was established that the biosorption was physical in nature. The amount of adsorbed lead per gram of sorbent was found to be 150.3 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters showed the exothermic heat of biosorption and the feasibility of the process. Results have suggested that the prepared biosorbent possesses promising biosorption potential.

Since the 1960s Rare earths (REs) applications gradually have expanded to everyday life. REs have great strategic importance in industrial and technological development, so it is expected an increase in their demand. Among the REs the European Commission considered Cerium and Lanthanum as critical raw materials. This research article studies the adsorption of Ce and La onto two carbon nanomaterials, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and carboxylic functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT_ox). The latter has slightly more affinity for REs than MWCNT. The recovery percentage for Ce were 89 and 98% and in the case of for La were 99 and 92% using 0.8 g of MWCNT and 0.2 g of MWCNT_ox respectively. The adsorption process fits a pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm best represented the metal uptake.

In this work, nanochitosan (NC) was prepared through ionic gelation using low-molecular-weight chitosan and maleic acid (MA). The synthesized NC was charac¬terized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In the course of preparation, the particle size of the material was strongly depended on the parameters such as chitosan concentration and pH of the solution. By controlling the above parameters, NC with the size of smaller than 100 nm was prepared. The chitosan and prepared NC were used for the adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solutions in a batch system. Among the sorption parameters, pH showed the strongest effect on the sorption process and maximum Pb (II) removal was obtained at pH value of 6. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order were used to track the kinetics of adsorption process. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were subjected to sorption data to estimate the sorption capacity. NC proved to be an excellent adsorbent with remarkable capacity to remove Pb (II) ions from the aqueous solutions at various concentrations. The NC also showed incredible performance with a comparatively easier preparation process than other reported work.

This paper describes the physico-chemical study of the adsorption of dysprosium (Dy³⁺) in aqueous solution onto two types of activated carbons synthesized from spent coffee ground. KOH activated carbon is a microporous material with a specific BET surface area of 2330 m²·g^-1 and pores with a diameter of 3.2 nm. Carbon activated with water vapor and N₂ is a solid mesoporous, with pores of 5.7 nm in diameter and a specific surface of 982 m²·g^-1. A significant dependence of the adsorption capacity on the solution pH was found, while it does not depend significantly neither on the dysprosium concentration nor on the temperature. A maximum adsorption capacity of 31.26 mg·g^-1 and 33.52 mg·g^-1 for the chemically and physically activated carbons, respectively, were found. In both cases, the results obtained from adsorption isotherms and kinetic study were better fit to a Langmuir model and a pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, thermodynamic results indicate that dysprosium adsorption onto both activated carbons is an exothermic, spontaneous and favorable process.