The discovery of solitonlike coherent structure (SCS) in boundary layer flows is crucial for understanding turbulence origins and in particular for laminar-turbulence transition. However, the task of finding solutions for solitonlike coherent structure from the Navier-Stokes equations poses a significant challenge. In this paper, based on the author's previous work [B.H. Sun, Exact similarity solutions of unsteady laminar boundary layer flows, Preprints 2023, 2023092117], we are able to study convergent flow boundary layers, whose solution encompasses both shock wave and solitary wave solutions, and their superposition gives rise to solitary-like waves, namely solitonlike coherent structure. It is found that the solitonlike coherent structure can only be obtained by combining the Navier-Stokes equations and mass conservation, since the combined equations will have the third order derivatives respect to coordinate $x$, in other words, without the mass conservation condition, the Navier-Stokes equations does not contain solitonlike coherent structure by itself. Finally proved solitonlike coherent structure is a universal motion form of viscous fluid.

We propose a description of the electromagnetic field in the form of a four-component complex spinor, from which a vector of electromagnetic potential with two degrees of freedom, calibrated by two conditions - zero length and zero component along the y-axis - is obtained by using Pauli matrices. A similar approach is applied to the field of a fermion, in particular, the electron. It is known that the quantum field of the electron and the electron itself is a four-component complex spinor, so, existing in the Minkowski vector space, we cannot observe it directly. But with the help of Pauli matrices a vector is formed from the electron spinor, which is known to us as an electric current vector, and this current vector describes exactly a single particle. As a vector, it is available to us for observation in our vector space. Similarly, the electromagnetic field and its photon particle is also a four-component spinor, from which the universal formula using Pauli matrices produces a vector, it is known to us as the electromagnetic potential vector, and it too describes even a single photon. All the differences in the properties of the current vector and the electromagnetic potential vector, and hence the electron and the electromagnetic field, are due only to a slight difference in the structures of their four-component spinors and inextricable linked to them momentum spinors and coordinate spinors. Expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a photon during its interaction with an electron.Thus, a unified way to describe bosons and fermions in spinor space is proposed. Each spinor using the same formula corresponds to a vector, in the case of a fermion it is a current vector, in the case of a boson it is a vector, for example, of the electromagnetic potential. Each spinor of a field is matched with a spinor of coordinates and a spinor of momentum, which are transformed by the same Lorentz transformations and which have the same structure as their corresponding field spinor, that is, the momentum and coordinates of boson have a bosonic spinor structure, while momentum and coordinates of fermion are a spinor with a fermionic structure. Field, coordinates and momentum vectors of boson automatically have a zero length, while in the case of fermion they all have a nonzero length, so the fermion, in contrast to the boson, has a nonzero mass, nonzero charge and moves with a sub light speed.While quantum mechanics treats probability as a real number, quantum field theory deals with probability as a four-dimensional real vector. The place of the probability amplitude, which in quantum mechanics is a complex number, in quantum field theory is taken by a complex spinor.In the same way as in quantum mechanics the processes of propagation and interaction are described at the level of complex probability amplitudes, and the final result is translated into a real probability value, so in quantum field theory all processes should be described in terms of complex spinor space, and the result is translated into the form of a real vector in Minkowski space.The presented approach, at its proper development, makes it possible to carry out calculations of the interaction of particles in two-dimensional spinor space, and to interpret in terms of the Minkowski vector space only the final results.

Coastal erosion is threatening the infrastructures of coastal community at the Ma River mouth in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. When coastal erosion happens, people try to prevent it by emergency solutions like hard structures. However, this approach usually leads to more severe problem since the mechanism for coastal erosion is not investigated and understood properly. In this study the long-term configuration of Ma River mouth in Thanh Hoa Province, Central Vietnam has been investigated using Landsat imagery from 1987 to 2023. An analytical solution of one-line model for shoreline change was also employed to calculate the sand discharge from Ma River as well as the diffusion coefficient for sand transported along-shore by breaking waves. There was an asymmetric configuration of the Ma River mouth during the last 37 years. The sand supply from the Ma River is around 350,000 m3/year. This amount of sand is going mainly to the northern beach of the Ma River delta (from 55% to 75%). The asymmetric morphology of the Ma River mouth delta is the trigger for severe coastal erosion reported recently. This study provides a quick and easy method to investigate the morphological change of cuspate deltas where measured data is limited.

Ultrasonic-guided lamb wave approach is an effective non-destructive testing (NDT) method used for detecting localized mechanical damage, corrosion, and welding defects experienced in metallic pipelines. Signal processing of the guided waves is often challenged due to the complexity of operational conditions and environments in the pipelines. Machine learning approaches in recent years, including convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM), have exhibited their advantages to overcome these challenges for signal process and data classification of complex systems, thus great potential for damage detection of critical oil/gas pipeline structures. In this study, a CNN-LSTM hybrid model is utilized for decoding ultrasonic guided waves for damage detection of metallic pipelines, and twenty-nine features are extracted as input to classify different types of defects from metallic pipes. The prediction capacity of the CNN-LSTM model is assessed by comparing it to the CNN and LSTM. The results demonstrate that the CNN-LSTM hybrid model exhibits much higher accuracy, with 94.8%, as compared to those of CNN and LSTM. Interestingly, the results also reveal that predetermined features, including time-, frequency-, and time-frequency domains, could significantly improve the robustness of the deep learning approaches, even though the deep learning approaches are often believed they include automated feature extraction, without the hand-crafted steps as the shallow learning do. Furthermore, the CNN-LSTM model displays higher performance when the noise level is relatively low (e.g., SNR=9 or higher), as compared to the other two models, but its prediction drops gradually with the increase of the noise.

Coastal inundation is recently requiring a significant attention worldwide. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events (sea storms, tsunami waves) are highly stressing the coastal envi-ronments, e.g. endangering a large number of residential areas, ecosystems, tourist facilities, and also leading to potential environmental risks. Predicting such events and the generated coastal flooding is thus of paramount importance and can be reached by exploiting the potential of different tools, like remote sensors and numerical modeling. To this aim, a combination is possible between marine radars and wave-resolving propagation models. While instruments like X-band radars are able at precisely reconstructing both wave field and bathymetry within a coastal area that is some kilometers offshore, wave-resolving Boussinesq-type models can reproduce the wave propagation in the nearshore and the consequent coastal flooding. The present work illustrates the reconstruc-tion of coastal data (wave field and seabed depth) conducted using radar signals and a specifically suited data processing, named “Local Method”, and the use of such coastal data to run numerical simulations of wave propagation (using the FUNWAVE-TVD solver) aimed at reproducing coastal inundation over different scenarios. Such scenarios are built using two different European beaches, i.e. Senigallia (Italy) and Oostende (Belgium), and three different directional spreading values, to evaluate the performances in case of either long- or short-crested waves. The overall validation of the methodology, in terms of maximum inundation, shows good performances, especially in case of short-crested wind waves. Furthermore, the application on the Oostende beach demonstrates that the present methodology might work only using open-access tools, i.e. an easy investigation of the coastal inundation and a potential low-cost integration into early warning systems.

Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) is an innovative technology with little industry guidance for its hull design. Various FOWT floaters with different hull shapes claim to support the same turbines. Structural integrity and material expense analyses of different pontoon shapes were conducted, and it was found that some configurations, such as those with every two columns connected by both pontoon and bracing, have advantages over others. However, it is important to note that the choice of pontoon shape should be based on the wave loading conditions the floater will be exposed to. While a T-shaped pontoon provides a cost-effective solution under certain wave loading scenarios, it may not be the best option for all conditions. Specifically, ring pontoon designs with full bracing were found to be necessary for withstanding certain wave loads. Therefore, it is important to consider different Dominant Load Parameters (DLP) and ensure that a FOWT floater can withstand all applicable DLPs. An uneven hexahedral column shape, which combines the best attributes of square and round shapes, is proposed as a better alternative to cylindrical columns. It offers ease of manufacture and reasonably low drag. Bracing is found to be necessary for withstanding the wind turbine’s incurred moment and forces. The conclusion is that platform design should prioritize manufacturing costs and strength over maximizing hydrodynamic performance.

In this paper, we exhibit new dynamical properties of the two-mode Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon (TMCDG) equation. This model describes the motion of dual-waves in dispersive and nonlinear media, which mainly depends on the nonlinearity and dispersion parameters. The overlapping of such two-mode waves is affected by the phase-velocity parameter. The study takes a full advantages of the Kudryashov method and of the exponential-expansion method. For the first time, dual-wave solutions are obtained for arbitrary values of the nonlinearity and dispersive factors. The graphs of the novel solutions are also provided in order to depict the waves propagation, as well as to show the influence of the parameters.

The purpose of this work is to study quasi-stationary wave structure in the mid-latitude stratosphere and mesosphere (40–50°N) and its role in the formation of the annual ozone cycle. Geopotential height and ozone from Aura MLS data are used and winter climatology for January–February 2011–2020 is considered. More closely examined is the 10-degree longitude segment centered on Longfengshan Brewer station, China, and located in the region of the Aleutian Low influence associated with the quasi-stationary zonal maximum of total ozone. Annual and semi-annual oscillations in ozone were compared using units of ozone volume mixing ratio and concentration, as well as changes in ozone peak altitude and in time series of ozone at individual pressure levels between 316 hPa (9 km) and 0.001 hPa (96 km). The ozone maximum in the vertical profile is higher in volume mixing ratio (VMR) values than in concentration by about 15 km (5 km) in the stratosphere (mesosphere), in consistency with some previous studies. We found that the properties of the annual cycle are better resolved in the altitude range of the main ozone maximum: middle–upper stratosphere in VMR and lower stratosphere in concentration. Both approaches reveal SAO/AO-related changes in the of ozone peak altitudes in a range of 4–6 km during the year. In the lower-stratospheric ozone of the Longfengshan domain, an earlier development of the annual cycle takes place with a maximum in February and a minimum in August compared to spring and autumn, respectively, in zonal means. This is presumably due to the higher rate of dynamical ozone accumulation in the region of the quasi-stationary zonal ozone maximum. The “no-annual-cycle” transition layers are found in the stratosphere and mesosphere. These layers with undisturbed ozone volume mixing ratio throughout the year are of interest for more detailed future study.

The relative velocity between objects with finite velocity affects the reaction between them. This effect is known as general Doppler effect. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovered gravitational waves and found their speed to be equal to the speed of light c. Gravitational waves are generated following a disturbance in the gravitational field; they affect the gravitational force on an object. Just as light waves are subject to the Doppler effect, so are gravitational waves. This article explores the following research questions concerning gravitational waves: What is the spatial distribution of gravitational waves? Can the speed of a gravitational wave represent the speed of the gravitational field (the speed of the action of the gravitational field upon the object)? What is the speed of the gravitational field? Do gravitational waves caused by the revolution of the Sun affect planetary precession? Can we modify Newton’s gravitational equation through the influence of gravitational waves?

The planetary wave activity in the stratosphere–mesosphere during the Arctic major Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in February 2018 is discussed on the basis of the microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) above Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0° N, 36.3° E) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of CO, temperature and geopotential heights. From the MLS data, eastward and westward migrations of wave 1/wave 2 spectral components were differentiated, to which less attention was paid in previous studies. Abrupt changes in zonal wave spectra occur with the zonal wind reversal near 10 February 2018. Eastward wave 1 and wave 2, observed before the SSW onset, disappear during the SSW event, when westward wave 1 becomes dominant. Wavelet power spectra of mesospheric CO variations show statistically significant periods in a band of 20–30 days using both MWR and MLS data. Approximately 10-day periods appear only after the SSW onset. Since the propagation of upward planetary waves is limited in the easterly zonal flow in the stratosphere after the zonal wind reversal during SSW, forced planetary waves in the mid-latitude mesosphere may exist due to the instability of the zonal flow.

We calculate the hydrodynamic forces exerted on an oscillating circular cylinder when it moves translationally perpendicular to its axis in the infinitely deep water covered by compressed ice. The cylinder can oscillate both horizontally and vertically. In the linear approximation, we find a solution for the steady wave motion generated by the cylinder within the hydrodynamic set of equations for the incompressible ideal fluid. We show that depending on the rate of ice compression, the normal and anomalous dispersion can occur in the system. In the latter case, the group velocity can be opposite to the phase velocity in a certain range of wavenumbers. We investigate the dependences of the hydrodynamic loads (added mass, damping coefficients, wave resistance, and lift force) exerting on the cylinder on the translational velocity and frequency of oscillation. It is shown that there is a possibility of the appearance of negative values for the damping coefficients at the relatively big cylinder velocity; then the wave resistance decreases with increasing of cylinder velocity. The theoretical results are underpinned by the numerical calculations for the real parameters of ice and cylinder motion.

We study the center of energy (CE) before and after the separation of superposed wave from a moving medium (MM). It is assumed that two out-of-phase mechanical transverse waves propagating from the opposite directions on a medium moving at non-relativistic speeds are superposed and the superposed portion (SP) is separated from the MM at that moment. We consider the CE of the SP before and after the separation from the MM. The location of CE (LCE) of the SP seems to be at the center of it at the moment of superposition. The SP rotates due to the separation from the MM since the velocity of each portion symmetric with respect to the center of the SP is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The magnitudes of velocities of the symmetric portions become different as soon as the SP begins to rotate with the separation from the MM. Then the energies of their symmetric portions are not the same, so the LCE of the SP is not at the center of it. As a result, the LCE of it looks different before and after the separation from the MM. We must find a solution to keep the LCE of the SP constant. We propose that two out-of-phase mechanical transverse waves (MTWs) propagating from the opposite directions on a MM originally have hidden difference in relativistic energy and it suddenly appears within the range observable in Newtonian mechanics when the SP starts rotating. This means that the point of view of hidden difference in relativistic energy is necessary to keep the LCE constant.

Ocean wave energy conversion as one of the renewable clean energy sources is attracting the research interests of many people. This review introduces different types of power take-off technology of wave energy converters. The main focus is the linear direct drive power take-off devices as they have the advantages for ocean wave energy conversion. The designs and optimizations of power take-off systems of ocean wave energy converters have been studied from reviewing the recently published literature. Also, the simple hydrodynamics of wave energy converters have been reviewed for design optimization of the wave energy converters at specific wave sites. The novel mechanical designs of the power take-off systems have been compared and investigated in order to increase the energy harvesting efficiency.

In this paper, we will revisit the derivation of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. We will see how the Heisenberg principle collapses at the Planck scale by introducing a minor modification. The beauty of our suggested modification is that it does not change the main equations in quantum mechanics; it only gives them a Planck scale limit where uncertainty collapses. We suspect that Einstein could have been right after all, when he stated, ``God does not throw dice." His now-famous saying was an expression of his skepticism towards the concept that quantum randomness could be the ruling force, even at the deepest levels of reality. Here we will explore the quantum realm with a fresh perspective, by re-deriving the Heisenberg principle in relation to the Planck scale. We will show how this idea also leads to an upper boundary on uncertainty, in addition to the lower boundary. These upper and lower boundaries are identical for the Planck mass particle; in fact, they are zero, and this highlights the truly unique nature of the Planck mass particle. Further, there may be a close connection between light and the Planck mass particle: In our model, the standard relativistic energy momentum relation also seems to apply to light, while in modern physics light generally stands outside the standard relativistic momentum energy relation. We will also suggest a new way to look at elementary particles, where mass and time are closely related, consistent with some of the recent work in experimental physics. Our model leads to a new time operator that does not appear to be in conflict with the Pauli objection. This indicates that both mass and momentum come in quanta, which are perfectly correlated to an internal Compton `clock' frequency in elementary particles.

We extended the usage of the expansion method based on Sine-Gordon equation to the two dimensional Fisher equation. The relation between the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions are derived from the Sine-Gordon equation dened in two space dimension. The complex-valued traveling wave solutions to the two dimensional Fisher and Nagumo equations are set in forms a nite series of multiplications of powers of sech(.) and tanh(.) functions.

The importance of predicting the exposure to environmental hazards is highlighted by issues like global climate change, public health problems caused by environment stresses, and property damages and depreciations. Several approaches have been used to assess potential exposure and achieve optimal results under various conditions, for example, for different scales, groups of people, or certain points in time. Micro-simulation tools are becoming increasingly important in human exposure assessment, where each person is simulated individually and continuously. This paper describes an agent-based model (ABM) framework that can dynamically simulate human exposure levels, along with their daily activities, in urban areas that are characterized by environmental stresses such as air pollution and heat stress. Within the framework, decision making processes can be included for each individual based on rule-based behavior to achieve goals under changing environmental conditions. The ideas described in this paper are implemented in a free and open source NetLogo platform. A simplified modeling scenario of the ABM framework in Hamburg, Germany, further demonstrates its utility in various urban environments and individual activity patterns, and portability to other models, programs and frameworks. The prototype model can potentially be extended to support environmental incidence management by exploring the daily routines of different groups of citizens and compare the effectiveness of different strategies. Further research is needed to fully develop an operational version of the model.

The three-dimensional single fin configuration finds application in an intake geometry where the cowl-shock wave interacts with the side-wall boundary-layer. Accurate numerical simulation of such three-dimensional shock/turbulent boundary-layer interaction flows, which are characterized by the appearance of strong crossflow separation, is a challenging task. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computations using the shock-unsteadiness modified Spalart-Allmaras model is carried out at Mach of 5 at large fin angle of 23^◦. The computed results using the modified model are compared to the standard Spalart-Allmaras model and validated against the experimental data. The focus of work is to implement the modified model and to study the flow physics in detail in the complex region of swept-shock-wave turbulent boundary-layer interaction in terms of the shock structure, expansion fan, shear layer and the surface streamlines. The flow structure is correlated to the wall pressure and skin friction in detail. It is observed that the standard model predicts an initial pressure location downstream of the experiments. The modified model reduces the eddy viscosity at the shock and predicts close to the experiments. Overall, the surface pressure using modified model is predicted accurately at all the locations. The skin friction is under predicted by both the models in the reattachment region and is attributed to the poor performance of turbulence models due to flow laminarization.

The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase is the culmination of mitosis and one of the most strikingly beautiful examples of cellular movement. It consists of two distinct processes: Anaphase A, the movement of chromosomes toward spindle poles via shortening of the connecting fibers, and anaphase B, separation of the two poles from one another via spindle elongation. I focus here on anaphase A chromosome-to-pole movement. The chapter begins by summarizing classical observations of chromosome movements, which support the current understanding of anaphase mechanisms. Live cell fluorescence microscopy studies showed that poleward chromosome movement is associated with disassembly, or ‘melting’ of the kinetochore-attached microtubule fibers that link chromosomes to poles. Microtubule-marking techniques established that kinetochore-fiber disassembly often occurs through a ‘pac-man’ mechanism, where tubulin subunits are lost from kinetochore-attached plus ends and the kinetochore appears to consume its microtubule track as it moves poleward. In addition, kinetochore-fiber disassembly in many cells occurs partly through ‘flux’, where the microtubules flow continuously toward the poles and tubulin subunits are lost from minus ends. Molecular mechanistic models for how load-bearing attachments are maintained to disassembling microtubule ends, and how the forces are generated to drive pac-man and flux-based movements, are discussed.

The target area of the present study is the entrance to the Sulina channel in the Black Sea, the zero-kilometer of the Danube River. This represents the southern gate of the seventh Pan-European transport corridor and is subjected to high navigation traffic. The coastal environment at the Danube’s mouth is very often subjected to strong environmental conditions inducing high risks for navigation hazards. From this perspective, the objective of the present work is to provide a more comprehensive picture concerning the past and future expected dynamics of the environmental matrix in this area, including especially wind and wave conditions. An analysis of some in situ measurements performed at the zero kilometer of the Danube is first carried out for the 15 years 2009-2023. A second analysis is based on data provided by regional climate wind models. Two 30-year periods are considered, the recent past (1976-2005), when also comparisons with ERA5 reanalysis data were performed, and the near future (2041-2070), when two different models and three climate scenarios were considered. Finally, using as a forcing factor each of the wind fields before analyzed, simulations with a spectral wave model were carried out and the nearshore wave conditions were evaluated. The results show that both extreme wind and wave conditions are expected to be slightly enhanced in the future. Strong wind fields are characteristic in this area, with wind gusts exceeding on average with more than 70% the maximum hourly averaged wind speed. As regards the waves, due to the complex nearshore phenomena, considerable enhancements in terms of significant wave heights are induced. Furthermore, there is also a high risk of rogue wave’s occurrence.

Polymer-based (nano)composite foams, especially those having a microcellular structure, containing suitable conductive (nano)fillers, have been shown to act as good shielding materials, hence coming as promising to act as shields in electronic devices, limiting/avoiding electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution. Nevertheless, due to their high (micro)structural complexity, related to their multiphase nature, there is still a lot of unawareness behind the shielding mechanisms acting in these materials, coming as a necessity to study their microstructure-cellular/porous structure-properties relations, especially in terms of their electrical conductivity and EMI shielding efficiency (EMI SE). To target and control the electrical conductivity through a controlled distribution/dispersion of conductive nanofillers, single or combined (nanohybrids), as there is a direct relation between electrical conductivity and EMI SE, as well as the main EMI shielding mechanisms working on the developed microcellular structure of the foams, which are expected to be absorption-dominated or absorption/multiple reflection-based, are two of the main objectives when combining polymer foaming with the addition of conductive nanofillers. The present review work considers the recent developments and trends on polymer-based foams containing conductive nanofillers, especially carbon-based such as carbon nanotubes or graphene-based materials, as well as similar porous structures created using trending technologies such as 3D printing, for EMI shielding applications. It is divided in different sections, starting with the strategy of microcellular foaming to develop polymer-based foams with enhanced EMI shielding characteristics, especially focusing on technologies and methods using supercritical CO2 (sCO2); continuing with the use of polymer foams as templates to synthesize carbon foams with improved EMI shielding performance for high use temperature applications; the recent strategy of combining different functional (nano)fillers to create hybrid nanofillers/nanohybrids to be used at lower amounts as conductive fillers in polymer foams; the control and selective distribution of the nanofillers in terms of favoring the formation of a more effective conductive network and hence promote the enhancement of the EMI SE; the very recent use of computational approaches to tailor the EMI shielding properties of composite foams; and the very trending possibility of creating cellular components with varied porous structures from these materials using 3D printing; to finish, some future perspectives are discussed.

Novel approaches under the extreme conditions of ultra-high gravity of a super massive black hole allow us to assume that the spacetime degrades into the single dimension of time. A unique interpretation of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation together with the relativistic Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations is presented by swapping the three dimensional space derivatives with the singular time derivative in the D’Alembertian operator. This apparatus reveals a unique time dependent wave equation that results in some implications such as possible time quantization with the intervals of around 3.36 × 10−21 ? which is in the order of uncertainty in time, ∆? = 1.3 × 10−21 ?, calculated from the energy-time version of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for electrons. As a result of this, an antisymmetric wave function around the edge of the event-horizon zone appears and indicates that the virtual particle-antiparticle pairs of the electron field split into two real components with the spin-up and down states, reconfirming the Hawking radiation. Energy eigenvalues calculated from the application of the Dirac equation satisfies the preservation of energy and charge. The wave equation invoked in this study reduces into the time dependent Dirac equation within the neighborhood of zero-point, ? = 0, insuring the relevance of the evaluations.

The compilation summarizes results so far gathered in a project that investigates the atom with classical (Newtonian) physics. It posits that the atom’s wave-particle dual nature is real, objective and intrinsic; the wave gives rise to the cosmic vacuum field while the particle, of course, manifests condensed matter. Light’s π radians oscillation manifests, on molar scale, significant radial tension in the vacuum field, the effect, amongst others, causes molecular matter to precipitate out of the vacuum – so-called ‘molecular outflow’. Cosmic vacuum field radial tension relates to molecular mass, in other words, a mass-radius (M-R) relationship is uncovered. It is argued that using the M-R relation it is possible to perform a valid simulation of the cosmic physical reality. The three states of matter are meaningfully accounted for using the atom’s e-m radiation wavelength. It is explained that force, be it of any kind whatsoever, originates in the atomic waveform, i.e., the cosmic vacuum field.

Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. Therefore, scientific literature contains various up-to-date, advanced oil spill predictive models, capable to simulate the trajectory and evolution of an oil slick generated by the accidental release from ships, hydrocarbons production, or other activities. To predict in near real time oil spill transport and fate with increased reliability these models are usually coupled operationally to synoptic meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models. The present study reviews the available different met-ocean forcings that have been used in oil spill modeling, simulating hypothetical or real oil spill scenarios, worldwide. Nine state-of-the-art oil spill models are critically examined in terms of the met-ocean data used as forcing inputs in the simulation of twenty-four case studies. Results illustrate that most oil spill models are coupled to different resolution, forecasting meteorological and hydrodynamic models, posing, however, limited consideration in the forecasted wave field (expressed as the significant wave height, the wave period and the Stokes drift) that may affect oil transport, especially at the coastal areas. Moreover, the majority of oil spill models lacks any linkage to the background biogeochemical conditions, hence, limited consideration is given in processes like oil biodegradation, photo-oxidation and sedimentation. Future advancements in oil spill modeling should be directed towards the full operational coupling with high-resolution atmospheric, hydrodynamic, wave, and biogeochemical models, improving our understanding in the relative impact of each physical and oil weathering process.

The most common source of transformer failure is in the insulation, and the most prevalent warning signal for insulation weakness is partial discharge (PD). Locating positons of these partial discharges would help repair the transformer to prevent failures. This work investigates algorithms that could be deployed to locate the position of a PD event using data from ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors inside the transformer. These algorithms typically proceed in two steps: first determine the signal arrival time and then locate the position based on time differences. This paper reviews available methods for each task and then propose new algorithms: a convolutional iterative filter with thresholding (CIFT) to determine the signal arrival time and a reference table of travel times to resolve the source location. The effectiveness of these algorithms are tested with a set of laboratory-triggered PD events and two sets of simulated PD events inside transfers in production use. Tests show the new approach provides more accurate locations than the best-known data analysis algorithms, and the difference is particularly large, 3.7X, when the signal sources are far from sensors.

In this review, the potential of an emerging field of interdisciplinary climate research, that is the Coastal Boulder Deposits (CBDs) as natural archives for intense storms, is explored with particular reference to the Mediterranean region. First, the identification of the pertinent scientific articles was performed by using Web of Science (WoS) engine. Thus, the selected studies have been analysed to feature CBDs produced and/or activated during the last half century. Then, the meteorological events responsible to the literature reported cases were analysed in some details using the web archives of the Globo-Bolam-Moloch model cascade. The study of synoptical and local characteristics of the storms involved in the documented cases of boulder production/activation proved useful to assess the suitability of selected sites as geomorphological storm proxies. It is argued that a close and fruitful collaboration involving several scientific disciplines is required to develop this climate research field.

An analysis of the consistency of the Abraham and Minkowski momenta in the determination of the photon trajectory was carried out considering a new principle of conservation of the photon's mechanical energy, in which the photon conserves translational energy in orbital angular momentum when transiting between two media, introducing the relativistic energy wave (REW). The confrontation between REW and the recent theory of space-time waves (ST) was considered, pondering your differences. Throughout this study it was possible to verify that the Abraham momentum appears a relativistic photon ignition device in the transition between two media, acting as the hidden momentum of the Minkowski’s relativistic momentum. The wavy behavior in the matter is relativistic, and the relativistic trajectory appears with delays and advances, with points of synchronization between source-observer. The classical or relativistic trajectories are determined as a function of the angle of incidence and the relative refractive index, by one of two distinct non-additive torques, the classic by Abraham or the relativistic by Minkowski. It was found that the same analysis conducted under the principle of conservation of the mechanical energy of the photon can be treated by an new Doppler, Relativistic Apparent, that can be confused with other Dopplers in the treatment of redshift from distant sources. It was found that the conservation of energy in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), in the interaction with matter, explains that the synchronization instants are found in the inversion of the OAM, where the advances and delays of REW occur under negligible variations of the OAM, however, opposites.

This paper focuses on parametric model order reduction (PMOR) of guided ultrasonic wave propagation and its interaction with damage in a fiber metal laminate (FML). Structural health monitoring in FML seeks to detect, localize and characterize the damage with high accuracy and minimal use of sensors. This can be achieved by the inverse problem analysis approach which employs the signal measurement data recorded by the embedded sensors in the structure. The inverse analysis requires to solve the forward simulation of the underlying system several thousand times. These simulations are often exorbitantly expensive and triggered the need for improving their computational efficiency. A PMOR approach hinged on the proper orthogonal decomposition method is presented in this paper. An adaptive parameter sampling technique is established with the aid of a surrogate model to efficiently update the reduced-order basis in a greedy fashion. A numerical experiment is conducted to illustrate the parametric training of the reduced-order model. The results show that the reduced-order solution based on the PMOR approach is accurately complying with that of the high fidelity solution.

In this paper, we consider the effects of a radial electric field and a constant magnetic field induced by Lorentz symmetry violation on a generalized relativistic quantum oscillator by choosing a function f(r) = b1 r + b2/r in the equation subject to a Cornell-type potential S(r) = ηL r + ηc/ r introduce by modifying the mass term in the equation. We show that the analytical solutions to the Klein-Gordon oscillator can be achieved, and a quantum effect is observed due to the dependence of the angular frequency of the oscillator on the quantum numbers of the system

In this work, we study a Klein-Gordon oscillator subject to Cornelltype potential in the background of the Lorentz symmetry violation determined by a tensor out of the Standard Model Extension. We introduce a Cornell-type potential S(r) = (η_L\,r + \frac{η_c}{r} ) by modifying the mass term via transformation $M → M + S(r)$ and then coupled oscillator with scalar particle by replacing the momentum operator $\vec{p}→ (\vec{p}+ i\,M\,ω\,\vec{r})$ in the relativistic wave equation. We see that the analytical solution to the Klein-Gordon oscillator equation can be achieved, and a quantum effect characterized by the dependence of the angular frequency of the oscillator on the quantum numbers of the relativistic system is observed

In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of a relativistic quantum oscillator under the effects of Lorentz symmetry violation determined by a tensor (KF)µναβ out of the Standard Model Extension. We analyze the quantum system under a Coulomb-type radial electric field and a uniform magnetic induced by Lorentz symmetry breaking effects under a Cornell-type potential, and obtain the bound states solution by solving the Klein-Gordon oscillator. We see a quantum effect due to the dependence of the angular frequency of the oscillator on the quantum numbers of the system, and the energy eigenvalues and the wave-function of the oscillator field get modified by the Lorentz symmetry breaking parameters as well as due to the presence of Cornell-type potential.

Mind-body interaction and its manifestations at the brain level has been studied extensively in the field of consciousness research. Fara-darmani Consciousness Field, as claimed by Mohammad Ali Taheri (the founder), is a method of connecting with the Cosmic Consciousness Network through human mind and his brain has a detective role in this process. As a result of this connection, the scanning process of the state of a being, e.g., the health status of the cells and consequently organs is performed. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the Fara-darmani Consciousness Field connection on electroencephalogram (EEG) features as an important biomarker of the brain functioning. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the gamma2 frequency band (35-40 Hz) power in the frontal lobe in medial frontal gyrus (BA6) and paracentral lobule (BA31) of the brain during the task condition compared to the rest condition in a Fara-therapist population. Considering the cortical electrical activity of Fara-therapist’s brain during Fara-darmani Consciousness Field connection, characterizing increase in the power of gamma wave and the activity of the areas affecting on memory, attention, perception and default mode network intrinsic activity. This manifestation distinguishes Fara-darmani Consciousness Field connection from other known methods dealing with the mind-body interaction criterion mainly different types of mediation.

In the present article we describe a few simple and efficient finite volume type schemes on moving grids in one spatial dimension for the sake of simplicity. The underlying finite volume scheme is conservative and it is accurate up to the second order in space. The main novelty consists in the motion of the grid. This new dynamic aspect can be used to resolve better the areas with high solution gradients or any other special features. No interpolation procedure is employed, thus an unnecessary solution smearing is avoided. Thus, our method enjoys excellent conservation properties. The resulting grid is completely redistributed according the choice of the so-called monitor function. Several more or less universal choices of the monitor function are provided. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated on several examples stemming from the simple linear advection to the simulation of complex shallow water waves. We believe that the techniques described in our paper can be beneficially used to model tsunami wave propagation and run-up.

In this paper, a new millimeter wave 3D imaging radar is proposed. The user just needs to move the radar along a circular track, a high resolution 3D imaging can be generated. The proposed radar uses the movement of itself to synthesize a large aperture in both the azimuth and elevation directions. It can utilize inverse Radon transform to resolve 3D imaging. To improve the sensing result, compressed sensing approach is further investigated. The simulation and experimental result further illustrated the design. Because a single transceiver circuit is needed, a light, affordable and high resolution 3D mmWave imaging radar is illustrated in the paper.

The research is devoted to the problem of noise generation during flights of supersonic civil aircrafts. The effect of a thermally stratified energy source used to control the flow past a pointed cylinder aerodynamic models on the nearfield and ground pressure signatures, as well as on the perceived loudness in decibels (PLdB) on the ground is evaluated. The fields of parameters and the dynamics of the drag forces are studied for different values of temperature in the layers of the thermally stratified energy source and for different number of layers in it. It has been shown that when performing the flow control at freestream Mach numbers 1.5-2 using thermally stratified energy sources with the number of layers from 2.5 to 7.5 and rarefaction parameters in the layers from 0.15 to 0.3, no additional noise impact on the ground is introduced. Thus, the simulations showed that changing the surface pressure signature due to drag reduction does not necessarily imply a change in the PLdB on the ground.

This paper applied the space-time generalized finite difference scheme for solving the nonlinear dispersive shallow water waves as the modified Camassa−Holm equation, modified Degasperis-Procesi equation, Fornberg-Whitham equation, and its modified form. The proposed meshless numerical scheme was composed of the space-time generalized finite difference method, the two-step Newton-Raphson method, and the time-marching method. The space-time approach can treat the temporal derivative as one of the spatial derivatives. This numerical technique enables all the partial derivatives in the governing equation can be discretized by a spatial discretization method, and the mixed derivative can efficiently deal with using the proposed meshless numerical scheme. The space-time generalized finite difference method is advanced from the Taylor series expansion and the moving-least square method. The numerical discretization process is only related to functional data and weighting coefficients on the central node and its nearby nodes. Thus, the matrix system composed of nonlinear algebraic equations will be a sparse matrix and can be efficiently solved by the two-step Newton-Raphson method. Furthermore, the time-marching method was utilized to proceed with the space-time domain along the time axis. In this paper, several numerical examples were tested to verify the capability of the proposed space-time generalized finite difference scheme.

Quantum computing arrives. Preceded by Mādhava of Sangamagrāma and other Hindu mathematicians, around 1,500 CE, and our previous work, we show at least 4 quantum properties that are indeed universal in some number systems; here we use them to enable quantum computing. Using the sets B={0,1}, B^n, N, Z, Q, and Q*, one has +4 quantum properties that one can trust, as archetypes of easy communication to friends and foes, to ignoranti or cognoscenti, and for quantum consciousness. Therefore, this work applies to computer calculations, apps in cell phones, algebra, atoms, mathematics, physics, and the human mind.

In this study novel recommendations are presented and substantiated for selecting the number of modes and optical thicknesses of flat lattice slabs that make up the microreliefs, which minimize the computational complexity of the rigorous coupled-wave analysis calculation of the diffraction efficiency (DE) of a sawtooth two-layer two-relief microstructure, while maintaining the specified reliability of the calculation results. The computational complexity can be controlled by allowing one or another level of oscillation of the DE curves depend on the angle of incidence of the radiation incident on the microstructure. In particular, the complexity of the multi-thousand DE calculations in the optimization process can be reduced by using the proposed methodology as well as increased computational complexity to certify the accuracy of the solution obtained as a result of implemented optimization.

Several coastal barriers experienced significant erosion and change in shape throughout the Mediterranean coasts over the past decades, and the issue has become of increasing concern for scientists and policymakers. With reference to a case study and by meteorological and geomorphological investigations, this note aims to infer recent shoreline dynamics and define coastal phenomena shaping the beach-dune barrier of Cesine Lagoon (South Italy), to finally point out the weather-driven processes. A challenge for this research was to obtain significant results from publicly available sources and simple and inexpensive methods. The retreat of the dune toe, the accretion of washover fans, and the formation of gravel beaches have been related to the analyzed wind-wave conditions. Net longshore transport was found in accordance with the direction of the more intense winds. The role of extreme events in the shaping of coastal landforms is yet to be established even if they greatly increase the vulnerability to flooding of the study area. The results achieved so far are starting points for further data collection and analysis in the perspective of assessing the impact of climate changes on the lagoon barrier.

We present a new vision on the double-slit experiment (DSE), that does not use any waves or the so-called wave-particle duality. It is based on particles, viewed as localized vibrations. Rather than being illogical, or mysterious, the approach reproduces logically the interference patterns observed externally, using the well-known ``amplification of stimulated emission'' (ASE). The conservation of particle number is not observed. Different particles can present ASE with in-phase or counter-phase behavior, making the patterns observed for electrons, other particles, even atoms. The Law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) is not broken illogically in two-states macroscopically, but broken naturally in three or more states, microscopically, using ASE. Any particle supporting ASE, in-phase or counter-phase, can enter a DSE, and provide an external interference pattern. Frequency plays a role, while amplitude is not considered. This work is important in quantum computing, possibly saving cost, time, and welcoming more participants.

Given the increasing public interest in how ingredients are processed and the growing demand for organic food products, it is critical to understand consumers’ expectations about the process-related quality of organic products. Consumers perceive organic food to be nutritious, healthy and either natural or less processed, as they are afraid of the loss of nutrients and other natural properties of the food products. However, emerging food processing technologies might generate healthy and safe food options with nutritional quality properties. Simplified communication schemes might help to overcome this barrier. The main objective of this paper is to propose a working definition of "careful processing" for organic products and test its consistency while being used in scoring different processing methods by consumers. Results show that the proposed definition allows to consistently rate alternative processing methods. Consumers tend to score novel processing methods such as pulsed electric fields and microwave as less careful, supporting the idea that organic consumers want the least man-made interference with their food products. Results show that a simple but effective definition of careful processing may help consumers to distinguish further organic food products from conventional ones, no matter which communication scheme is used.

In this work, linear confinement of a relativistic scalar particle under the effects of Lorentz symmetry violation is investigated. We introduce a scalar potential by modifying the mass via transformation M → M + S(r) in the wave equation, and analyze the effects on the eigenvalues and the wave function. We see that the solution of the bound state to the wave equation can be achieved, and the energy eigenvalues and the wave function modified by the Lorentz symmetry breaking parameters as well as potential

For the KdV-Burgers equations on cylindrical and spherical waves the development of a regular profile starting from an equilibrium under a periodic perturbation at the boundary is studied. The equations describe a medium which is both dissipative and dispersive. Symmetries, invariant solutions and conservation laws are investigated. For an appropriate combination of dispersion and dissipation the asymptotic profile looks like a periodical chain of shock fronts with a decreasing amplitude (sawtooth waves). The development of such a profile is preceded by a head shock of a constant height and equal velocity which depends on spatial dimension as well as on integral characteristics of boundary condition; an explicit asymptotic for this head shock and a median of the oscillating part is found.

The paper presents a modeling framework to analyze the effect of episodic rainfall supply on groundwater dynamics in the Ionian coastal plain multilayered aquifer. The focus is essentially on the short-term behavior of the shallowest layer, with a specific analysis on episodic rainfall events. In the studied aquifer, groundwater level responds sensitively to rainfall events, highlighting the presence of preferential recharge zones. The hydraulic head peak is a function of groundwater level antecedent to the rainfall event. A kinematic dispersion wave model was used to model infiltration processes via preferential pathways. A one-dimensional and non-linear particle based numerical model was developed. Particles with constant water volume travel according to celerity and hydraulic dispersion to simulate the infiltration rate wave through the vadose zone. The flow rate that reaches the water table represents the input function to determine groundwater level fluctuations along groundwater flow direction and according to the lithological features of the surficial levels of the multilayered aquifer, its storage capacity changes passing from unconfined to confined conditions. The model was validated with high time resolution time series of precipitation and groundwater level coming from Terra Montonata meteo-climatic and groundwater level monitoring station. The developed model represents a basis for evaluating and predicting groundwater discharge of the shallowest layers of the Ionian coastal multilayered aquifer under natural conditions including episodic rainfall.

Density distribution function of classical statistical mechanics is generally generalized as a product of a general complex function and its complex Hermitian conjugate function, and the average of classical statistical mechanics is generalized as the average of the quantum mechanics. Furthermore, this paper derives three ones of the five axiom presumptions of quantum mechanics, e.g., deduces Schrȍdinger equation by two general ways, makes the three axiom presumptions into three theorems of quantum mechanics, not only solves the crisis to hard understand, but also gets new theories and new discoveries, e.g., this paper solves the crisis of the origin of the wave-particle duality, derives operators, eigenvalues and eigenstates, deduces commutation relations for coordinate and momentum as well as the time and energy, and discovers quantum mechanics is just a generalization ( mechanics ) theory of the complex square root of ( real density function of ) classical statistical mechanics. Quantum mechanics being just a generalization theory of the complex square root of classical statistical mechanics is both new physics and revolutionary discovery, which are affecting people’s deep philosophical thinking for modern physics development, solve all the crisises of quantum mechanics, quantum information and so on, and make quantum mechanics have scientific solid bases being checked and both no basic axiom presumption and no all the quantum strange incomprehensible properties, because classical statistical mechanics and the complex square root of classical statistical mechanics have the scientific solid bases being checked. In addition, this paper discovers the reason no taking the time derivative of space coordinates in Schrȍdinger equation. Therefore, this paper gives solution to the crisis of the first quantization origin, and mainly deduces quantum physics no all the quantum current strange incomprehensible properties.

This work is located in a growing sector within the field of renewable energies, wave energy converters (WECs). Specifically, it focuses on one of the point absorbers wave (PAWs) of the hybrid platform W2POWER. With the aim of maximising the mechanical power extracted from the waves by these WECs and reduce their mechanical fatigue, the design of five different model predictive controllers (MPCs) with hard and soft constraints has been carried out. As contribution of this paper, two of the MPCs have been designed with the addition of an embedded integrator. In order to validate the MPCs, an exhaustive study on performance and robustness is realized through simulations carried out in which uncertainties in the WEC dynamics are considered. Furthermore, looking for realistic in these simulations, an identification methodology for PAWs is proposed and validated by means of real time series of a scale prototype.

This study reports the first example of major erosion from hurricanes degrading a rocky coastline anywhere around the Gulf of California, although other sources of evidence are well known regarding the effect of inland erosion due to catastrophic rainfall in the Southern Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula and farther north. The uplifted, 12-meter terrace on the eastern shore of Isla del Carmen is the site of an unconsolidated coastal boulder deposit (CBD) consisting of large limestone blocks and boulders eroded from underlying Pliocene strata. The CBD stretches approximately 1.5 km in length, mostly set back 25 m from the lip of the terrace. The largest blocks of upturned limestone near the terrace edge are estimated to weigh between 5.8 and 28 metric tons. Waves impacting the rocky coast that peeled back slabs of horizontally layered limestone at this spot are calculated to have been between 11.5 and 14 m in height. Analysis of sampled boulders from the CBD set back from the terrace edge by 25 m suggest that the average wave height responsible for moving those boulders was on the order of 4.3 m. Additional localities with exposed limestone shores, as well as other more common rock types of igneous origin, have yet to be surveyed for this phenomenon elsewhere around the Gulf of California.

Four methods in two different families have been constructed to derive the exact solutions to Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation in two space dimensions. Simply defined hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic secant and hyperbolic cosecant ansatzes and the expansion method based on the Sine-Gordon equation in two dimensions are directly substituted into the governing ODE reduced from the two dimensional BBM equation. Classical algebraic method is used to find the relations among the target parameters representing the nonzero coefficients in the predicted solutions and the wave transform parameters. Some complex and real solutions have been constructed in explicit forms.

In this paper we address the approximation of the coupling problem for the wave equation and Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism in the time domain in terms of the electric field, by means of a nodal linear finite-element discretization in space, combined with a classical'explicit finite-difference scheme for the time discretization. Our study applies to the particular case where the dielectric permittivity has a constant value outside a sub-domain, whose closure does not intersect the boundary of the domain where the problem is defined. Inside this sub-domain Maxwell's equations hold. Outside this sub-domain the wave equation holds, which may correspond to the Maxwell's equations with a constant permittivity under certain conditions. We consider as a model the case of first order absorbing boundary conditions. Optimal error estimates that hold in natural norms under reasonable assumptions are given, among which lies a typical CFL condition for hyperbolic equations.

We find at least 4 quantum properties that are indeed universal in some number systems; and we can use them for quantum consciousness. Using the sets B={0,1}, N, Z, or Q has the +4 quantum properties that one can trust, as archetypes of easy communication to friends and foes, to ignoranti or cognoscenti, and for quantum computing. This paper proposes the use of Bayesian geometry to reduce the space of possible results, reducing or increasing initial beliefs by successive experimentation. This is exemplified in biology and mathematics, and can be applied to physics and other sciences. The conclusion is that an experimental fact can be absolutely verified. Any mathematical choice (as verified by computers) militating against R=Q, is under an absolutely low chance to succeed. Infinitesimals are denied based on 3^16 independent factors. This is not a probabilistic result, but based on reduction of the Bayes geometry for updating beliefs. This work applies to non-probabilistic and unknown phenomena, such as those found in oscillations (neutrino, health), evolution, and quantum computing, denies Gödel's uncertainty, and solves the liar's paradox by reflection. This connects different scientific fields with one another, in an internet, i.e., in a network of connections of multiple open networks, using the set Q, resembling a hologram, and includes entanglement.

Casein hydrolysate improves arterial stiffness, as estimated by brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), in untreated hypertensive subjects. Facial pigmentation is a useful biomarker for arterial stiffness. This trial evaluated whether casein hydrolysate improves facial pigmentation in association with changes in arterial stiffness. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 80 non-hypertensive Japanese participants randomly assigned to receive either active tablets containing casein hydrolysate or placebo for 48 weeks. Facial pigmentation and baPWV were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Other biochemical atherosclerosis-related parameters were also measured, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Changes in facial pigmentation showed a significant difference between the groups. Change in baPWV was significantly better in the active than in the placebo group. In contrast, no significant association was seen between changes in facial pigmentation and those in baPWV. Among other atherosclerosis-related factors, changes in advanced glycation products (AGEs) were significantly decreased in the active compared to the placebo group. Further, changes in facial pigmentation were positively correlated with those in AGEs. Changes in AGEs were independently associated with changes in facial pigmentation. Casein hydrolysate improves facial pigmentation in non-hypertensive participants. Casein hydrolysate may have beneficial effects on glycation stress.

Is immediate action at a distance, like gravitational attraction, imaginable using the contrary concept of close up, tactile, events? Tactile events, defined with the term ‘tap-tapping’ as a blind man does, described in a two-way spiritual interaction theory, are implemented in physics to understand gravitation from this respect. The quantum mechanical wave function reduction during measurements receives a new approach. Formulated is a new proof for Einstein’s Equivalence Principle, extending it beyond locality, and a sketch of how tactile interaction could explain dark energy and an accelerated expansion of the universe. Dark energy and dark matter are examples starting from which to discuss properties of matter and space and gravitation as immediate tactile action rather than mediated action such as electromagnetism.

In this paper, we investigated transducer placement strategies for detecting crack in primary aircraft structures using ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The approach developed is for an expected damage location based on fracture mechanics, for example fatigue crack growth in a high stress location. To assess the performance of the developed approach, finite-element (FE) modelling of a damage tolerant aluminum fuselage has been performed by introducing an artificial crack at a rivet hole into the structural FE model and assessing its influence on the Lamb wave propagation, compared to a baseline measurement simulation. The efficient practical sensor position was determined from the largest change in area that is covered by reflected and missing wave scatter using an additive color model. Blob detection algorithms were employed in order to determine the boundaries of this area and to calculate the blob centroid. To demonstrate that the technique can be generalized, the results from different crack lengths and from tilted crack are also presented.

Space-based gravitational wave detection is extremely sensitive to disturbances. The Keplerian configuration cannot accurately reflect the variations in spacecraft configuration. Planetary gravitational disturbances are one of the main sources. Numerical simulation is an effective method to investigate the impact of perturbation on spacecraft orbits. This study shows that, in the context of the Taiji project, Earth’s gravity is an essential factor in the change in heliocentric formation configuration, contributing to the relative acceleration between spacecrafts in the order of O(10−6)m·s−2. Considering 00:00:00 on October 27, 2032 as the initial orbiting moment, under the influence of Earth’s gravitational perturbation, the maximum relative change in armlengths and variation rates of armlengths for Taiji is 1.6×105km, 32m·s−1 respectively, compared with the unperturbed Keplerian orbit. Additionally, by considering the gravitational perturbations of Venus and Jupiter, the armlength and relative velocity for Taiji are reduced by 16.01% and 17.45%, respectively, compared with when only considering that of Earth. The maximum amplitude of the formation motion indicator changes with the orbit entry time. Results show that the relative velocity increase between the spacecrafts is minimal when the initial orbital moment occurs in July. Moreover, the numerical simulation results are inconsistent when using different ephemerises. The differences between ephemeris DE440 and DE430 are smaller than those between DE440 and DE421.

Many fields of human activity benefit from the ability to create images of obscured objects placed behind walls and to map their displacement in a noninvasive way. Usually, imaging devices like Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) and Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) use expensive dedicated electronics which results in prohibitive prices. This paper presents the experimental implementation and the results obtained from an imaging system capable of performing SAR imaging and interferometric displacement mapping of targets located behind walls, as well as 3D GPR imaging using a low-cost general-purpose radar sensor. The proposed solution uses for the RF section of the system a K-band microwave radar sensor module implementing Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave operation. The low-cost sensor was originally intended for simple presence detection and ranging for domestic applications. The proposed system was tested in several scenarios and proved to operate as intended for a fraction of the cost of a commercial imaging device.

Biosensors detect specific bio-analytes by generating a measurable signal from the interaction between the sensing element and the target molecule. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors offer unique advantages due to their high sensitivity, real-time response capability, and label-free detection. The typical SAW modes are the Rayleigh mode and the shear-horizontal mode. Both present pros and cons for biosensing applications and generally need different substrates and device geometries to be efficiently generated. This study investigates and characterizes ultra-high-frequency (UHF-) SAW resonator biosensors. It reveals the simultaneous presence of the two typical SAW modes, clearly separated in frequency, called slow and fast. The two modes are studied by numerical simulations and biosensing experiments with the glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein (GFAP) biomarker. The slow mode is generally more sensitive to changes in surface properties, such as temperature and mass changes, by a factor of about 1.4 with respect to the fast mode.

In this work, we propose a transition wave equation from quantum to classical regime in the framework of the von Neumann formalism for ensembles and then obtain an equivalent scaled equation. This leads us to develop a scaled statistical theory following the well-known Wigner-Moyal approach of quantum mechanics. This scaled nonequilibrium statistical mechanics has in it all the ingredients of the classical and quantum theory described in terms of a continuous parameter displaying all the dynamical regimes in-between the two extreme cases. Finally, a simple application of our scaled formalism consisting of reflection from a mirror by computing various quantities including probability density plots, scaled trajectories and arrival times are analyzed.

The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have been used to define the antiparticle with the positive energy from the Feynman - Stueckelberg interpretation in the standard model based on the 4-D Minkowski space with the relative time. The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are used to define the antiparticles with the negative energy in the present 3-D quantized space model. Note that all the present results are based on the 4-D Euclidean space with the absolute time (t) and relative time (t_l). Then the particle with the positive energy and antiparticle with the negative energy have the 4-D P₄ = TCP = T_cP symmetry. The continuity equations are derived from the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equations. The Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger equations with the potential barriers are solved. The Klein paradox is explained by using the pair production of the electron with the positive energy and positron with the negative energy under the P₄ = _TcP symmetry, The effective velocity ( c_eff=√2 " c " ) and effective energy ("Etl =" √2 E ) along the relative time axis (ctl) give the relative time momentum of "p_tl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. This indicates that the photons with the energy of E have the constant photon velocity of c and the constant photon momentum of "ptl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. For the negative energy particles, the space momentum directions are opposite to the particle velocity directions because the energy is negative. And the matter collapse to the photons at the very high particle velocity is discussed from the length expansion. It is, for the first time, proposed that the gamma ray burst is originated from the matter collapse to the photons near the black hole. Also, the wave function collapse is explained from the length expansion. The wave function collapse takes place when the measurement makes the particle velocity to be zero. It is concluded that the negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations support the existence of the partner antimatter universe with the negative energy and negative time direction. Our matter universe has the positive energy and the positive time direction.

Abstract Aim of the study: Presentation of ophthalmic symptoms of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infracts and Leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Material and methods: Clinical presentation of female patient with diagnosed CADASIL, manifested by transient loss of vision, migraine, convergence insufficiency, diplopia, increased deep tendon reflexes of upper left limb, subcortical infarcts, mood disturbances and dementia. Results: Confirmed NOTCH3 gene mutation (p.Cys212Gly), and presence of granular osmiophilic material (GOM) in cutaneous small vessel wall in immunohistochemistry laboratory test (IHC). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral focal vasogenic lesions in white matter of cerebral hemisphere with single micro-focal infarct in the left external capsule. Furthermore, a left eye exophoria, a bilateral peripheral visual field loss of 20 degrees and a loss of nasolabial fold was confirmed during ophthalmic tests. An eye fundus examination as well as a fluorescein angiography (FA) revealed vessel constriction of retinal arteries and a peripheral retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy with focal drusen in the left eye. The doppler ultrasonography (USG) confirmed a decreased blood flow and an increased vascular resistance of the extraocular vessels. The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) revealed a reduced P50 wave amplitude in the patient’s left eye. Conclusions: intermittent blindness, migraine, convergence failure, diplopia with specific MRI signs, NOTCH3 mutation, and the presence of GOM in the skin of small blood vessels in a young or middle-aged patient suggests CADASIL. New observations include: atrophic changes in the RPE, hemodynamic disturbances in blood flow in the short posterior ciliary arteries and in the central retinal artery, single drusen in the retina, and a reduced amplitude of the P50 wave in PERG.

Enabling D2D communication in the mm-Wave band has many obstacles which must be mitigated. The primary concern is the introduction of interference from various sources. Thus, we focused our work on the performance of decode and forward (DF) relay assisted D2D communication in the mm-Wave band for increasing the coverage probability and energy efficiency (EE). Three modes are proposed for D2D communication to prevail. Bit-wise binary XOR operation is executed at the relay node which increases the security feature. Radius of coverage expression is derived which indicates the switching of the modes. The diffused incoherent scattering power is also considered as a part of power consumption. Furthermore, a unique relay selection scheme, Dynamic relay selection (DRS) method is proposed to select the optimal relay for information exchange. Comparison of the proposed DF relay scheme with amplify and forward (DF) scheme is also shown. Finally, simulation results prove the efficacy of the proposed work.

The modulation instability of surface capillary-gravity water waves is analysed in a shear flow model with a tangential discontinuity of velocity. It is assumed that air blows along the surface of the water with a uniform profile in the vertical direction. Such a model, despite its simplicity, plays an important role in hydrodynamics as the reference model for investigating basic physical phenomena of wave-current interactions and acquiring insights into a series of complex phenomena. In certain cases where the wavelength of interfacial perturbations is much bigger than the width of the shear fow profile, the model with the tangential discontinuity in the velocity is adequate for describing physical phenomena at least within limited spatial and temporal frameworks. A detailed analysis of the air-flow conditions under which modulation instability sets in is presented. It is also shown that the interfacial waves are subject to dissipative or radiative instability when negativeenergy waves appear at the interface.

Pure-compression shells have been the central topic in the form-finding of shells. This paper studies tension-compression mixed type shells by utilizing a NURBS-based isogeometric form-finding approach that analyzes Airy stress functions to expand the possible plan geometry. A complete set of smooth version graphic statics tools is provided to support the analyses. The method is validated using examples with known solutions, and a further example demonstrates the possible forms of shells that the proposed method permits. Additionally, a guideline to configure a proper set of boundary conditions is presented through the lens of asymptotic lines of the stress functions.

A novel configuration for a super-wide impedance planar antenna is presented based on a 2 × 2 microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The antenna comprises a symmetrical arrangement of four-square patches that are interconnected to each other with cross-shaped high impedance microstrip lines. The antenna array is exciting through a single feedline connected to one of the patches. The proposed antenna array configuration overcomes the main drawback of conventional MPA of narrow bandwidth that is typically <5%. The antenna exhibits a super-wide frequency bandwidth from 20 GHz to 120 GHz for S₁₁<−15 dB, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 142.85%. The antenna’s performance of bandwidth, impedance match, and radiation gain were enhanced by etching slots on the patches. The slotted microstrip patch essentially acts like a left-handed capacitance to exhibit metamaterial properties over a given frequency range. With the inclusion of the slot the maximum radiation gain and efficiency of the MPA have increased to 15.11 dBi and 85.79% at 80 GHz, which show an improvement of 2.58 dBi and 12.54%, respectively. The dimension of each patch antenna is 30 × 30 mm². The results show that the proposed MPA is useful for various communications existing and emerging systems such as ultra-wideband (UWB) communications, RFID systems, massive multiple-output multiple-input (MIMO) for 5G, and radar systems.

An expansion method based on time fractional Sine-Gordon equation is implemented to construct some real and complex valued exact solutions to the Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equation in time fractional forms. Compatible fractional traveling wave transform plays a key role to be able to apply homogeneous balance technique to set the predicted solution. The relation between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions based on fractional Sine-Gordon equation allows to form the exact solutions with multiplication of powers of hyperbolic functions.

The three dimensional conformable time fractional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili and the conformable time fractional modified Kawahara equations are solved by implementing the Kudryashov's procedure. The corresponding wave transformation reduces both equations to some ODEs. Balancing the nonlinear and the highest order derivative terms gives the structure of the solutions in the finite series form. The useful symbolic tools are used to solve the resultant algebraic systems. The solutions are expressed in explicit forms.

BKW is a highly efficient Storage Function-type rainfall-runoff model that utilizes the steady-state storage (S) and outflow (Q) of a catchment at different rainfall intensities as the S-Q relation of the catchment. For the inundation nowcasting of urban areas under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall, a Storage Function-type model is a judicious choice. However, S-Q hysteresis exists in the catchment S-Q relation, and BKW is unable to exhibit hysteresis due to assuming that the S-Q relation of a catchment is a nonlinear relation. The S-Q hysteresis can influence the outflow estimation of BKW, reducing the model's accuracy. Through the evaluation of analytical solutions, we found that the change in rainfall intensity dominates the S-Q relation of a catchment. The S-Q relation during a rainfall event is a dynamic process rather than a monotonic nonlinear relation. By applying the dynamic S-Q relation in BKW, we improved BKW to become a highly efficient and accurate rainfall-runoff model for small urban catchments.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bending structure is widely used in the aviation field. The occurrence and propagation of delamination damage will reduce the safety of in-service bending structures. As a detection tool with high damage sensitivity, Lamb wave can effectively identify delamination damage. In this study, the signal difference coefficient (SDC) was introduced to quantify delamination damage and evaluate the sensitivity of A0 and S0 mode lamb waves to delamination damage. The simulation results show that compared with the S0 mode Lamb wave, the A0 mode Lamb wave exhibits higher delamination damage sensitivity. The delamination damage can be quantified based on the strong correlation between the SDC and the delamination damage size. The control effect of the linear array PZT phase time-delay method on Lamb wave mode was investigated by simulation. The phase time-delay method realizes the generation of a single-mode Lamb wave, which can separately excite the A0 mode and S0 mode Lamb wave to identify delamination damage of different sizes. The A0 mode Lamb wave was excited by the developed one-dimensional linear comb transducer (LCT), which was used to conduct the detection experiment on the CFRP bending plate with delamination damage sizes of Φ6.0 mm, Φ10.0 mm, and Φ15.0 mm. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation. According to the Hermite interpolation results of the finite-element simulation data, the relationship between the delamination damage size and the SDC was fitted by the Gaussian function, which can accurately quantify the delamination damage. The absolute error of the delamination damage quantification with fitting expression is not larger than 0.8 mm, and the percentage error is not more than 8%.

The Multi-Level Model (=MLM) was suggested by A. Levichev as a description of quarks and gluons. The review recalls MLM-terminology while MLM-findings (for quarks and leptons) are compared to the theoretical and experimental data as accepted by the Standard Model (=SM). MLM is based on Segal’s compact space-time U(2) and on the sequence of embeddings: U(2) into U(3), U(2) into U(4), etc. These groups were called the levels (of matter): U(2) - the 0th (that is, our mundane world), U(3) - the 1st, U(4) - the 2nd, etc. Such a convention matches the SM-quarks' generations list. Each SM-quark is viewed either as a sunken proton, or as a captured proton. The MLM-proton is elementary and indestructible (hence no need for confinement). For MLM-quarks, in terms of the notion of a ruling group, flavor and color are defined mathematically. The number of colors (and of flavors) is level-dependent. For levels U(3) through U(6) the correspondence with the SM-quarks is established. Three new quarks and two new leptons are predicted. The SM-puzzle of quark and lepton generations is solved. Using the Han-Nambu scheme, the notion of the quark’s electric charge is expressed in terms of color charges. The original part of the review suggests studying the proton’s properties (like mass, shape and inner pressure) on the ba-sis of its wave function.

The time symmetry of T_c = CT is redefined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The time inversion symmetry of T_c = CT changes the signs of the charge (q) and absolute time (ct) of the particle. The P symmetry changes the signs of the space momenta and handedness of the particle. The T_c symmetry changes the signs of the time momentum (P_t=E/c) and charges. The handedness are classified as the left-handedness and right-handedness on the 3-D space. The charges (|q| = cDt) and energies (E= cDtDV) of the particles are originated from the upward warping (q>0) and downward warping (q<0) of the particles along the time axis. The evolution of our matter universe with P_t > 0 since the big bang can be interpreted based on the CTP symmetry with the partner antimatter universe with p_t < 0. The photon space is called as the vacuum space. Then the E and M waves are the space fluctuations, and the gravitational G wave is the time fluctuations. And the E, M and G fields are newly explained. The zero E and M fields of the photon space indicates that the photon space and gamma ray are the 2EM waves. The rest mass energy of the particle is the 4-D space volume of the warped photon space. In the present work, the quantum wave function is considered as the 4-D vector with the space wave function and time axis wave function in the 4-D Euclidean space. The warped photon space corresponds to the squared wave function which is the probability density. It is concluded that, in the quantum mechanics, the imaginary number concept is introduced in the quantum wave functions instead of the time axis component of the 4-D wave function vector. The left-handed neutrino puzzle is explained from the handedness partner relation with the right-handed dark matters. Finally, the modified Lorentz transformations derived in the 4-D Euclidean space are compared with the Lorentz transformations of the special and general relativity theories in the 4-D Minkowski space.

Illicit drug consumption is posing critical concerns in our society causing health issues, crime-related activities, and the disruption of border trade. The smuggling of illicit drugs urges the development of new tools for rapid on-site identification in cargos. Current methods used by law enforcement officers rely on presumptive color tests and portable spectroscopic techniques. However, these methods sometimes exhibit inaccurate results due to commonly used cutting agents, the colorful nature of the sample or because the drugs are smuggled (hidden or mixed) in common goods. Interestingly, electrochemical sensors can deal with these specific problems. Herein, an electrochemical device is presented that uses affordable screen-printed electrodes for the electrochemical profiling of illicit drugs by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The identification of the illicit compound is based on the oxidation potential of the analyte. Hence, a library of electrochemical profiles is built upon the analysis of illicit drugs and common cutting agents. This library allows the design of a tailor-made script that enables the identification of each drug through a user-friendly interface (laptop or mobile phone). Importantly, the electrochemical test is compared by analyzing 48 confiscated samples with other portable devices based on Raman and FTIR spectroscopy as well as a laboratory standard method (i.e. gas chromatography – mass spectrometry). Overall, the electrochemical results obtained through the analysis of different samples from confiscated cargos at an end-user site, present a promising alternative to current methods, offering low-cost and rapid testing in the field.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new methodology for the fault diagnosis of induction machines working in transient regime, when time-frequency analysis tools are used. The proposed method relies on the use of the optimized Slepian window for performing the short time Fourier transform (STFT) of the stator current signal. It is shown that for a given sequence length of finite duration the Slepian window has the maximum concentration of energy, greater than can be reached with a gated Gaussian window, which is usually used as analysis window. In this paper the use and optimization of the Slepian window for fault diagnosis of induction machines is theoretically introduced and experimentally validated through the test of a 3.15 MW induction motor with broken bars during the start-up transient. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the use of the Slepian window can highlight the fault components in the current's spectrogram with a significant reduction of the required computational resources.

The complex adaptive systems (CAS) research study investigates into the theoretical link of a sustained economic growth as a critical pathway to lift people out of poverty and improve their quality of life. The results show a left-skewed global behavior of an economy-driven human development of 189 countries with 20% or 27 countries obtaining low human development; 80% or 162 countries obtaining medium to very high human development of which 21.16% or 39 countries with medium HDI, 53 or 28.04% or 53 countries with high HDI, and 31.22% or 59 countries with very high HDI. Using the Log (GDP) for visual transformation, closer investigation into the scatterplot diagram reveals that there are also bimodal patterns where countries in the high amplitude and low amplitude groups obtained different human development outcomes despite less or more on economic growth variances mirror on the government policy priorities resulting in four differentiating conditions. Very few countries experience virtuous cycles where both growth and human development are successful; few countries with vicious cycles where both are weak; and many countries with lopsided conditions where the economy is strong but human development is weak, or conversely ones where human development is strong but the economy is weak. The global pattern of economy and human development illustrated by an upward sinusoid or sine wave refutes the conventional linear approach. Uniquely and most importantly, the sinusoidal wave illustrates a decreasing amplitude and decreasing periods as countries manifest apparently complex behaviors that emerge as a result of often nonlinear spatio-temporal interactions among a large number of component systems at different levels of organizations and governments leading to an emergence of a behavior characterizing of a complex adaptive system.

In this review, we trace the evolution of the quantum spin-wave theory treating non-collinear spin configurations. Non-collinear spin configurations are consequences of the frustration created by competing interactions. They include simple chiral magnets due to competing nearest-neighbor (NN) and next-NN interactions and systems with geometry frustration such as the triangular antiferromagnet and the Kagomé lattice. We review here spin-wave results of such systems and also systems with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Accent is put on these non-collinear ground states which have to be calculated before applying any spin-wave theory to determine the spectrum of the elementary excitations from the ground states. We mostly show results from a self-consistent Green’function theory to calculate the spin-wave spectrum and the layer magnetizations at finite T in two and three dimensions as well as in thin films with surface effects. Some new unpublished results are also included. Analytical details and the validity of the method are shown and discussed.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is usually asymptomatic until rupture, which is associated with extremely high mortality. Consequently, early detection of AAAs is of paramount importance in reducing mortality; however, most AAAs are detected by medical imaging incidentally. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of machine learning-based pulse wave (PW) analysis for the early detection of AAAs using a database of in silico PWs. PWs in the large systemic arteries were simulated using one-dimensional blood flow modelling. A database of in silico PWs representative of subjects (aged 55, 65 and 75 years) with different AAA sizes was created by varying the AAA-related parameters with major impacts on PWs – identified by parameter sensitivity analysis – in an existing database of in silico PWs representative of subjects without AAA. Then, a machine learning architecture for early detection of AAAs was proposed, which was trained and tested using the new in silico PW database. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed that the AAA maximum diameter and stiffness of the large systemic arteries were the dominant AAA-related biophysical properties that significantly influence the PW. The simulated PW indexes extracted from the database showed that the PW was not only influenced by the presence of an AAA but was also significantly affected by multiple cardiovascular parameters that compromised the detection of AAAs by using individual PW indexes. Alternatively, the trained machine learning model performed well in classifying normal and AAA conditions using digital photoplethysmogram PWs from the database. These findings suggest that machine learning-based PW analysis is a promising approach for AAA screening using PW signals acquired by wearable devices.

The monitoring of sick newborns is a challenging task that health care providers in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) must contend with each day. Conventionally, newborns are monitored via probes that are affixed to their skin and attached to processing monitors (Fig.1). However, an alternative exists in contactless imaging to record such physiological signals (Physio-Markers), surface changes and internal structures which can be used independently of, or in conjunction with conventional monitors. Advantages of contactless monitoring methods include: i) quick data generation; ii) lack of contact with skin, which reduces skin breakdown and decreases risk of infection; and iii) minimizing the number of probes and monitors affixed to the skin, which allows greater body surface-area for other care. This paper is an attempt to build a foundation for and to provide a vision of the potential neonatal clinical applications of technologies that use non-contact modalities such as Visible Light Imaging (VLI), Near InfraRed Spectrum (NIRS), and Thermal Imaging (TI) using InfraRed Spectrum (IRS).

In this paper, the new optical wave solutions of truncated M-fractional perturbed Kundu-Eckhaus model with full non-linearity are obtained by utilizing the expa function technique and modified extended tanh expansion function technique. The solutions are in the form of dark soliton, bright soliton, singular solitons and other form of solutions. The gained solutions are helpful for the further development of concerned model. The obtained results have also been presented graphically in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional formats to discuss the dynamical features as well as the parametric dependence of the constructed solutions. The study offers a highly spectacular and acceptable techniques to combine various intriguing wave demonstrations for more sophisticated models of the modern day.

Investigations reporting positive effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) on nerve regeneration are limited to the rat sciatic nerve model. The effects of ESWT on muscle-in-vein conduits (MVCs) have also not been investigated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ESWT after repair of the rat median nerve with either autografts (ANGs) or MVCs. In male Lewis rats, a 7-mm segment of the right median nerve was reconstructed either with an ANG or MVC. For each reconstructive technique, one group of animals received one application of ESWT while the other rats served as controls. Animals were observed for 12 weeks and nerve regeneration was assessed via computerized gait analysis, the grasping test, electrophysiological evaluations and histological quantification of axons, blood vessels and lymphatic vasculature. Here we provide for the first time a comprehensive analysis of ESWT effects on nerve regeneration in a rat model of median nerve injury. Furthermore, this study is among the first reporting the quantification of lymphatic vessels following peripheral nerve injury and reconstruction in vivo. While we found no significant direct positive effects of ESWT on peripheral nerve regeneration, results following nerve repair with MVCs were significantly inferior to those after ANG repair.

Directional protective relaying based on amplitude comparison of traveling wave on continuous co-phase auto-transformer(AT) power transmission system was proposed. Phase-model transformation is used for decoupling transient fault signals and get aerial mode component. The forward and backward traveling wave are obtained by calculating aerial mode component, then the intrinsic mode function(IMF) components can be obtained through Variational Mode Decomposition(VMD), the module maxima are obtained through calculating the IMF components. The fault direction is determined by the ratio of fault components. If two faults relays at the ends of electric traction networks detect a fault to be in the forward direction, the fault occurred in the internal area, the protection would operate properly. The simulation tests indicate that the protection scheme is feasible, and the proposed protection method can discriminate internal faults from external faults under various fault types, and its performances are immune to fault initial angle, ground resistance, etc.

There are currently around 78 Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) in the world based on Boiling Water Reactors (BWR). The current parameter to assess BWR instability issues is the linear Decay Ratio (DR). However, it is well known that BWRs are complex non-linear dynamical systems that may even exhibit chaotic dynamics that normally preclude the use of the DR when the BWR is working at a specific operating point during instability. In this work a novel methodology based on an adaptive Shannon Entropy estimator and on Noise Assisted Empirical Mode Decomposition variants is presented. This methodology was developed for real-time implementation of a stability monitor. This methodology was applied to a set of signals stemming from several NPPs reactors (Ringhals-Sweden, Forsmark-Sweden and Laguna Verde-Mexico) under commercial operating conditions, that experienced instabilities events, each one of a different nature

This paper presents an in-depth study of the stress wave behavior propagating in a Rayleigh–Love rod with a sudden cross-sectional area change. The analytical solutions of stress waves are derived for the reflection and transmission propagation behavior at the interface of the cross-sectional area change in the rod, considering inertia and Poisson’s effects. Examples solved by the finite element method are provided to verify the correctness of the analytical results. In addition to the forward analysis of Rayleigh–Love wave propagation in rods impacted by a striker rod, a nondestructive testing method is proposed to conduct the defect assessment in the rod type of the structure component with a sudden cross-sectional area change within a cover medium by using the measured signals at the measurable zone of the rod to be inspected.

Louis de Broglie in the beginning 20th century voices his theory of a double solution, according to which a pilot wave accompanies a particle, simulated as a point singularity, along the most optimal path from its creation on a source up to the detection. The pilot wave is a real hidden wave, which is similar to the wave function resulting from the solution of the Schrödinger equation. This theory is in agreement with de Broglie’s postulate about the matter waves. In this article we are based on the Helmholtz decomposition theorem according to which any velocity may be represented as a sum of two velocities – irrotational and solenoidal ones. The first velocity stems from the gradient of the scalar field. The second occurs from a pseudo-vector field. We proclaim that the gradients of the scalar field define guiding paths of the pilot wave. While the pseudo-vector field defines a particle solenoidal filling. We give mathematical models of the irrotational and solenoidal flows simulating the position of a particle in a guiding wave. Modified Navier-Stokes equation in pair with the continuity equation resulting in the Schrödinger equation gives such solutions consisting of superposition of the irrotational and solenoidal flow. It is declared that the guiding wave forms from the irrotational flows. In turn, the solenoidal flows underlie forming particles that travel along optimal paths slave by the guiding wave. There are described mathematical solutions of the spherical particle washed by the superfluid representing the guiding wave along which it travels.

Syringomyelia can be associated with multiple etiologies. The treatment of the underlying causes is the first-line therapy, however, a direct approach to the syrinx is accepted as rescue treatment. Any direct intervention on the syrinx requires a myelotomy, posing a significant risk of iatrogenic spinal cord (SC) injury. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is crucial to detect and prevent surgically induced damage in neural SC pathways. We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative and intraoperative neurophysiological data and perioperative neurological examinations in ten cases of syringomyelia surgery. All monitored modalities remained stable throughout the surgery in six cases, correlating with no new postoperative neurological deficits. In two patients, significant transitory attenuation, or loss of motor evoked potentials (MEPs), were observed and recovered after a corrective surgical maneuver, with no new postoperative deficit. In two cases, a significant MEP decrement was noted, which lasted until the end of the surgery and was associated with postoperative weakness. A transitory train of neurotonic electromyography (EMG) discharges was reported in one case, the surgical plan was adjusted and the patient showed no postoperative deficit. The dorsal nerve roots were stimulated and identified in the seven cases where the myelotomy was performed via the dorsal root entry zone. Dorsal column mapping guided the myelotomy entry zone in four cases. In conclusion, multimodal IONM is feasible and reliable and may help prevent iatrogenic SC injury during syringomyelia surgery.

A novel effective vibrational mode was discovered in the conventional transducer with an array of orthogonal (square) regular piezoelectric rods in 1-3 piezocomposite, containing the damping backing and front matching layers. The operational resonance in the structure was determined as the Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) on the backing boundary excited by the adjacent piezo-rods, with its frequency typically near 3 times lower the fundamental half-lambda conventional piezocomposite resonance. Pulse-echo sensitivity and transmitting sound-pressure-level (SPL) in air showed that the signal strength is roughly comparable to the industrial similar air transducers at the frequency range 100…700 kHz, where at these frequencies the lateral and longitudinal piezoelement dimensions in the conventional transducer design are typically close to each other causing interference with unwanted coupling modes. As was determined theoretically and proved in experiments, the backing SAW resonance effect in the transducer performance is inherent just to the regular periodic 1-3 piezocomposite structure, and does occur neither with randomly located/oriented piezo-rods, nor in the homogeneous piezo-plate at least with the same lateral cross-section as the connected to it backing. The purpose of the article is to investigate a newly discovered operational vibrational mode of a SAW type in 1-3 regular piezocomposite, other than piezoelectric resonance. The investigated phenomena can improve the transceiver sensitivity, bandwidth, providing lower drive voltage, and smaller and lighter weight ultrasonic transducers. Based on the piezocomposites with thickness’ 1…1.5 mm (rod resonance near 2…3 MHz), pillar width 0.2…0.8 mm, kerf width 0.1…0.4 mm, the transceivers with an operating frequency from 140 kHz to 650 kHz were designed and fabricated with a conventional backing of a mixture of high-density tungsten powder and epoxy, and a matching layer of a mixture of low-density glass bubbles and epoxy. Experimental evaluation of their acoustical performance showed expected characteristics suitable for practical applications.

Because this issue journal is dedicated to Gelatin here we present a few applications of gelatin in the field of optics. It is understood that optics is the science that studies the production, propagation, interaction and detection of light. Regarding the detection there are some materials sensitive to light (photosensitive) that are used like photomultipliers, CCD’s, crystals, two dimension (2D) materials and more. Among the 2D materials the most popular through several centuries has been gelatin based photographic emulsion that records spatial distributions of light. More recently (1970) films made of Gelatin with Dichromate (DCG) and dyes have been used. We describe some characteristics and applications of these two photosensitive materials. Also we describe examples where gelatin is used as Relative Humidity (RH) sensor and in the fabrication of optical elements based on gelatin. This article is intended to researchers outside the optics community.

Ontological premises have profound theoretical implications. This analysis posits a single, universal structure composed of two ontic entities: discrete, quantized units of space ("Planck Spheres") and a State of Absolute Nothingness (the "SOAN"). Planck Spheres and the SOAN form a physical, ultra-high (3 x N) dimensional space ("Planck Space") and a discrete 3D space (or "4D spacetime"). Together, Planck Space and 4D spacetime form a tightly integrated ((3 x N) + 3) hyperspace (the "Dual Ontology"). Critically, a one-to-one mapping and identity exists between the Planck Spheres comprising 4D spacetime and Planck Space. The Dual Ontology conjecture supports radically simplified physical explanations for three distinct areas of theoretical physics: First, the conjecture reconciles fundamental issues in Special Relativity and quantum mechanics by explaining why single and N-body quantum states (a) dynamically evolve in 4D spacetime subject to the speed of light and (b) instantaneously collapse in a physical Planck Space that is not subject to Special Relativity. Second, the temporal and physical asymmetry between the dynamic evolution of quantum states in 4D spacetime subject to Special Relativity and the instantaneous collapse of quantum states in a Planck Space where Special Relativity is inapplicable explains quantum path irreversibility and the arrow of time. Third, at or near the heat death of 4D spacetime, the instantaneous collapse of the energy content of Planck Space and the simultaneous transition of 4D spacetime's extremely widely dispersed energy content to a non-singular, generally localized volume at t = 0 explains 4D spacetime's isotropy, homogeneity, extremely high energy, pressure, and temperature, flatness, and low gravitational entropy. It also explains the horizon and fine-tuning problems.

Satellite altimetry is successfully developing during the past three decades for the sea level, ocean dynamics, coastal oceanography, planetary waves, ocean tides, wind and wave, ice cover, Earth’s gravity field, and climatology research. We propose a new essential add-on of satellite altimetry related to the peculiarities of the orbits of the Topex/Poseidon and Jasons’ satellite missions which were not mentioned before in the scientific publications. Derived subsets of “self-crossover” and “inter-crossover” points in sub-polar latitudes are discussed in detail in the context of water exchange, and wind-wave dynamics, and potential challenges to be solved. The relatively short time lags between measurements at these crossovers provide additional information on anomalies of magnitudes and directions of ocean currents, and characteristics of wind-driven waves. Resulting data snapshots with constant space and time intervals can be regarded as time series of virtual buoys, an analog of continuous buoy measurements of the sea level, wind speed, and wave height. Areas of the World Ocean where these specific crossovers occur are described in the context of water exchange, wind wave studies, and potential challenges to be solved. The value of these special crossovers for studies and monitoring of the sub-polar seas is illustrated by a case study.

In general, a superconductor has zero resistance, although it requires significant refrigeration or high pressures with high manufacturing costs, which prevents it into practical applications. In other words, solving these issues implies main superconducting researches. To solve these problems, this paper describes a new type of superconductivity, which is independent for temperatures and which operates without pressures. The principles of the presented system are as follows:First a voltage source, a current source and a load are connected in series. Then, the voltage of the voltage source is adjusted to balance the voltage of the load. Under this condition, the balance of the two voltages provides a zero voltage between the taps of the current source and the generated current from the voltage source becomes zero because of the internal infinite resistance of the current source. As a result, the electric powers generated by the two sources are zero, and therefore, the load cannot generate Joule heating because of energy conservation. However, the current from the current source (not the voltage source) is not zero; therefore, we can predict that the resistance of the load must be zero. As a theory, we derived a new electric field and transient attractive force, which result in a very short coherence of an electron pair because there is not the Coulomb repulsive force due to the existence of the above transient attractive force. Note that both the forces are derived by the Poisson equation, which implies that they cannot be compatible. Therefore, the pair combination energy from spins becomes extremely strong, which is not destroyed by the normal heat energy. Moreover, every center-of-mass motion of electron pair results in the Bose-Einstein condensation and the macroscopic wave function, which produces the London equation (i.e., the Meissner effect). Moreover, by introducing the equivalent circuit, this paper conducted numerical calculations. As a result, we could derive numerically zero resistance and responses for additional static magnetic fields as a discharged current, which implies the Meissner effect. Note that this paper has prepared Appendix section, which provides a guide to reproduce actual experiments and preliminary experimental results. These results in the Appendix indicate the zero resistances and Meissner effects.

At the beginning of our observations of relative universe, humanity believed that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun was spinning around the earth. Claude Ptolémée (100-168), modelled the movements, in the geocentric referential. Then Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) simplified the system by going to another referential, the heliocentric referential. We had to wait 14 centuries to understand that earth has been spinning around the sun and it was very difficult to change the believes. Then we observed solar system, and gravitation explained the movement of planets with Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Classical mechanics was born. At the end of 19th century, classical mechanics became very complicated. Then Albert Einstein (1879-1955) simplified the laws of gravitation with the spacetime referential and spacetime curvature, with general relativity. Gravitation became a spacetime curvature. Movements in the relative universe were explained, models of black holes and gravitational waves were predicted and experimentally observed. However, models of cosmos are divergent nowadays or very complicated because they include general relativity and gravitation combined with quantum theory. I propose in this article a new quantum theory of cosmos with a new referential: the quantum referential. I think this theory can completely change our believes. This theory does not take into account Einstein’s general relativity and gravitation. Therefore, the model of cosmos which results is highly convergent, simple, and it will be possible to populate quantum universes (multiverse) with bosons from matter and anti-matter annihilation. Indeed, we do not exist yet in this quantum theory as we are fermions. Therefore, by populating multiverse, and by transforming ourselves into bosons, we will not suffer anymore. If we populate quantum multiverse, it will be Love for everybody.

In light of the critical and emerging global challenge posed by the increasing frequency and severity of heatwaves in recent decades, this study demonstrates a practical and robust workflow that bridges the gap in understanding how the effective integration of remote sensing data with ground-based observations can facilitate a comprehensive assessment of spatiotemporal heatwave patterns and trends in the central region of Thailand. This research transcends traditional methods, utilizing air temperature (Tair) and satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) data from 1981 to 2019. Results exhibit that an analysis of Tair indicates increasing daytime heatwaves in peri-urban areas, with significant trends in heatwave number (HWN), heatwave frequency (HWF), and heatwave duration (HWD), heatwave amplitude (HWA) rises in urban settings while nighttime heatwaves significantly intensify in rural locales. Notably, LST trends reveal varied patterns, with peri-urban areas showing marked daytime increases in heatwave magnitude (HWM), HWA, and HWF. Correlation analysis (p=0.05) highlights strong daytime associations between Tair and LST in rural (HWN, HWF, HWD, r&gt;0.90) and peri-urban (HWM, HWA, r&gt;0.65) regions. Overall, this study advances approaches to the adaptable measurement and spatial-temporal pattern of heatwave-related risk areas, providing insights for decision-makers to develop sustainable practices and strategies for climate change adaptation.

The results of numerical experiments with the chemistry-climate model of the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Russian State Hydro-Meteorological University (INM-RSHU CCM) in comparison with the MERRA2 reanalysis data are presented. To assess the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on stratospheric processes and the ozone layer, numerical experiments were carried out for scenarios corresponding to the El Niño and La Niña Southern Oscillation phases. It is shown that the El Niño phase contributes to the enhancement of heat and mass transfer to the polar stratosphere, which strengthen the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the flux of wave activity that affect the zonal wind. As a result, during El Niño, the probability of sudden stratospheric warming increases and the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) weakens, re-sulting in an increase in total polar stratospheric ozone. The La Niña phase, on the contrary, is accompanied by a weakening of heat and mass transfer from the troposphere to the stratosphere, as a result of which the stratospheric polar vortex strengthens and the total column ozone decreases. It is shown that the effect associated with the Southern Oscillation is more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Numerical experiments were also carried out for scenarios in which the sea surface temperature was set corresponding to the early 1980s, and the results were compared with calculations in which the SST was set corresponding to the late 2010s. This allowed us to assess the influence of the multiyear trend in the SST increase on stra-tospheric processes and the ozone layer. It was shown that the SST increase is most pronounced in the Arctic, which corresponds to the phenomenon of "Arctic amplification", and therefore, the heat and mass transfer to the stratosphere increases in the Northern Hemisphere, which contributes to some weakening of the SPV and increase of the total column ozone. But, compared to the Southern Oscillation, the influence of the SST trend on the SPV and total column ozone is much weaker and is observed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere.

DC-connected parallel inverter systems are gaining popularity in industrial applications. However, such parallel systems generate excess current ripple (harmonics) at the DC-link due to harmonic interactions between the inverters in addition to the harmonics from the PWM switching. These DC-link harmonics cause the failure of fragile components such as DC-link capacitors. This paper proposes an interleaving scheme to minimize the current harmonics induced in the DC-link of such a system. The results show that when the carrier waves of the two inverters are phase-shifted by 90° angle, the maximum high-frequency harmonic ripple cancellation occurs, which reduces the overall RMS value of the DC-capacitor current.The outcome of this proposed solution is a cost-effective DC-harmonics mitigating strategy for the industrial designers to practically configuring multi-inverter systems, even when most of the drives are not operating at rated power levels. Experimental and simulation results presented in this paper verify the effectiveness of the proposed carrier-based phase-shifting scheme for two different configurations of common DC connected multi-converter systems.

The effects of photon inertia on the determination of its trajectory were verified and the representation of a displacement mass characterized by the flow of the number of wavefronts and the decomposition of photon inertia into parts associated with translation and rotation motions was considered. It was found that with the relativistic increase of the photon's resistance to change its directional properties, it inhibits the relativistic trajectory of the second torque, of Minkowski, in an angular range of incidence. After synchronizations, in the OAM inversions, there are reductions of the inertia associated to the translational part that assumes classical predominance, where the relativistic trajectory is allowed while the photon offers less resistance to changes in its directional properties. The classical-relativistic variability of the photon inertia characterizes the classical or relativistic profile of the energy distribution in forms of motion, where adjustments of the rotational and translational parts can be performed as a function of the refractive index rate, temperature and angle of incidence. It was found that with increasing temperature of the refringent medium, the synchronizations displacement in the sense of the normal incidence. A specific vacuum temperature for the refringent medium was characterized, where the photon exhibits a classical-relativistic synchronization under all angles of incidence, characteristic of its immaterial state in vacuum.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the existence of an artificial magnetic monopole and to introduce new electromagnetic equations by altering an electric field and a magnetic field vectors.As a principle device, a cylindrical condenser is prepared, and a superconducting loop is inserted into it. By this conduction, radial electric fields take a role as the centripetal force and both counterclockwise and clockwise motions are induced. As a result, a stationery wave is formed in which the nodes take a part in creating a monopole as follows.First, employing the Lorentz conservations and because node of the stationary wave has no phases, the momentum k and the vector potential A vanish and instead a magnetic potential appears in order to maintain the Lorentz conservation. This magnetic potential has relationship with an electric potential, and thus consequently, a dependent relationship is obtained between an electric field and a magnetic field vectors. Using this conclusive dependent relationship, we can derive new Maxwell equation assembly which are created by altering the electric field and the magnetic field vectors. In this process, we derive a divergent equation of magnetic fields which is not zero, i.e., the existence of a magnetic monopole. Employing these newly derived Maxwell equation, an electromagnetic wave is derived whose speed is the same as one the existing Maxwell equations provide. As a monopole configuration, this paper discusses the energy gap of the vacuum, which is a result of the Dirac equation and describes a monopole as pairs between two Cooper pairs (i.e. four electrons) whose interaction is a photon. As mentioned, because the total momenta and phases are zero, this paper defines the wave function as the Dirac function and demonstrate the condensation, employing the Bloch’s theorem. Moreover, using the macroscopic basic equations, we retrace the creation of the divergent magnetic field in view of macroscopic phenomenon., which provides results in this paper.In Result section in this paper, we succeeded in demonstrating the distribution of the divergent magnetic field of monopole in terms of both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Furthermore, Discussion section describes properties a magnetic monopole should follow.

In the present paper, the effect of the non-linear thermal radiation on the neutral gas mixture in the unsteady state is investigated for the first time. The unsteady BGK technique of the Boltzmann kinetic equations for a neutral non-homogenous gas is solved. The solution of the unsteady case makes the problem more general significance than the stationary one. For this purpose, the moments' method, together with the traveling wave method, is applied. The temperature and concentration are calculated for each gas component and mixture for the first time.Furthermore, the study is held for aboard range of temperatures ratio parameter and a wide range of the molar fraction. The distribution functions are calculated for each gas component and the gas mixture. The significant non-equilibrium irreversible thermodynamic characteristics the entire system is acquired analytically. That technic allows us to investigate the consistency of Boltzmann's H-theorem, Le Chatelier principle, and thermodynamics laws. Moreover, the ratios among the different participation of the internal energy alteration are evaluated via the Gibbs formula of total energy. The final results are utilized to the argon-helium non-homogenous gas at different magnitudes of radiation force strength and molar fraction parameters. 3D-graphics are presented to predict the behavior of the calculated variables, and the obtained results are theoretically discussed.

The Review examines studies aimed at the organization of energy (non-mechanical) control of high-speed flow/flight using spatially multi-component plasma structures and combined energy deposition. The Review covers selected works on experimental obtaining and numerical modeling multi-component plasma structures and use of sets of actuators based on the plasma of such a spatially type for the purposes of control of shock wave/bow shock wave – energy source interaction, as well as control of shock wave – boundary layer interaction. A series of works on repetitive multiple laser pulse plasma structures is also analyzed from the point of view of examining shock wave/bow shock wave boundary layer interaction. Self-sustained theoretical models for laser dual-pulse, multi-mode laser pulses and self-sustained glow discharge are also considered. Separate sections are devoted to high-speed flow control using combined physical phenomena and numerical prediction of flow control possibilities using thermal longitudinally layered plasma structures. The wide possibilities for organization and applying spatially multi-component structured plasma for the purposes of high-speed flow control are demonstrated.

In a previous companion study, satellite data were used to describe peculiar characteristics of ocean surface wave fields, generated by two extra-tropical cyclones (ETCs) rapidly propagating in the North Atlantic. Based on a 2D parametric wave model, further details are now provided to analyse and interpret the spatio-temporal evolution of ETC very intense generated waves. Significant wave height and wavelength values are shown to reach extreme values, 18 m and 500 m, respectively. Resulting energetic swell systems waves then radiate in the whole eastern part of North Atlantic, and more particularly in the Norwegian sea region. Moving to higher latitudes, wind forcing characteristics of ETCs evolve, with the shape of the wind field changing from quasi-cyclonic to "air jets/Icelandic lows". In this paper, the resulting swell generation and propagation, after the deformation of an individual ETC, are studied, as well. Confirmed with comparisons with multi-satellite observations, the application of the parametric-2D wave-ray model is demonstrated to provide robust and highly detailed information on wave generation under very complex wind regime changes.

The transport and entanglement of photons is becoming prominent in optics applied to information and quantum computing, where the angular momentum of light stands out in the exchange and inversion of quantized states, with prospects for several technological applications, such as the transport and storage of quantum information. In order to contribute to the understanding of quantized states in photon-matter interaction, we describe a quantized state equation in multidimensional Hilbert space for the diagnosis of OAM states, where probabilities arise in a relativistic setting. It was found that the classical-relativistic variability of the probabilities constitutes a resultant capable of describing the quantized states of light, where the state variable is the variation of the angular momentum of the photon, capable of estimating the orbital angular momentum inversion points at angular incidence. It was found that the chances of finding the quantized states of light at angular incidence can be treated by purely relativistic probabilities, explaining that when both states have equal chances of being found and the angular momentum variation is zero, the source-observer synchronizations occur at the step of increasing relativistic regime of the photon dynamics. We found that the relativistic effect from the perspective of the source referential is able to alter the chances of an event occurring, dilating and contracting the probabilities of finding a quantized state of light at angular incidence.

Three-dimensional quantized space model is newly introduced. Quantum mechanics and relativity theory are explained in terms of the warped three-dimensional quantized spaces with the quantum time width (Dt=t_q). The energy is newly defined as the 4-dimensional space-time volume of E = cDtDV in the present work. It is shown that the wave function of the quantum mechanics is closely related to the warped quantized space shape with the space time-volume. The quantum entanglement and quantum wave function collapse are explained additionally. The special relativity theory is separated into the energy transition associated with the space-time shape transition of the matter and the momentum transition associated with the space-time location transition. Then, the quantum mechanics and the general relativity theory are about the 4-dimensional space-time volume and the 4-dimensional space-time distance, respectively.

Recently, more wind turbine systems are being installed in deep waters far from the coast. Several concepts of floating wind turbine systems (FWTSs) are developed, among which the semisubmersible platform, due to its applicability in different water depths, good hydrodynamic performance, and facility in the installation process, constitutes the most explored technology compared to the others. However, a significant obstacle to the industrialization of this technology is a design of a cost-effective FWTS, which can be achieved by optimizing the geometry, size and weight of the floating platform, along with the mooring system. This is only possible by selecting a method capable of accurately analyzing the FWTS coupled hydro-aero-structural dynamics at each design stage. Accordingly, this paper aims at providing a detailed overview of the most common coupled numerical and physical methods, including their basic assumptions, formulations, limitations, and costs, used for analyzing the dynamics of FWTSs, mainly those supported by a semisubmersible, to assist the choice of the most suitable method at each design phase of FWTSs. Finally, the article discusses possible future research to address challenges in modeling FWTSs dynamics that persist to date.

This paper introduces an innovative nanotechnology-based approach that provides a pathway to enhance the energy release efficiency of nanoenergetic materials (nEMs) by harnessing self-synchronized collective atomic vibrations and phonon wave resonance within the transition domains between nanocomponents, without altering the material composition. The key innovation involves incorporating finely-tuned 2D-ordered linear-chain carbon-based multilayer nano-enhanced interfaces as programmable nanodevices into the transition domains using advanced multistage processing and assembly techniques. These programmable nanodevices enable precise control over self-synchronized collective atomic vibrations and phonon wave propagation, leading to synergistic effects. To activate and optimize these effects, a combination of various methods is employed, including energy-driven initiation of allotropic phase transformations, surface acoustic wave-assisted micro/nano-manipulation, heteroatom doping, directed self-assembly using high-frequency electromagnetic fields, and data-driven inverse design approaches. By leveraging a data-driven inverse design strategy and uncovering hidden structure-property relationships, we maximize energy release efficiency using the carbon nano-materials genome approach derived from multifactorial neural network-based predictive models. This approach not only unlocks new functionalities in nEMs but also improves environmental performance and safety levels. By pioneering transformative pathways for nEMs through harnessing phonon wave resonance in low-dimensional nanocarbon transition interfaces, this research brings significant advancements in the field.

There is no formal difference between particles and black holes. This formal similarity lies in the intersection of gravity and quantum theory; quantum gravity. Motivated by this similarity, `wave-black hole duality' is proposed, which requires having a proper energy-momentum tensor of spacetime itself. Such a tensor is then found as a consequence of `principle of minimum gravitational potential'; a principle that corrects the Schwarzschild metric and predicts extra periods in orbits of the planets. In search of the equation that governs changes of observables of spacetime, a novel Hamiltonian dynamics of a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold based on a vector Hamiltonian is adumbrated. The new Hamiltonian dynamics is then seen to be characterized by a new `tensor bracket' which enables one to finally find the analogue of Heisenberg equation for a `tensor observable' of spacetime.