Preprint Review Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model

Version 1 : Received: 15 February 2022 / Approved: 22 February 2022 / Online: 22 February 2022 (16:01:51 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 20 April 2022 / Approved: 20 April 2022 / Online: 20 April 2022 (09:10:20 CEST)

How to cite: Levichev, A.; Palyanov, A. The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model. Preprints 2022, 2022020280. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202202.0280.v2 Levichev, A.; Palyanov, A. The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model. Preprints 2022, 2022020280. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202202.0280.v2

Abstract

The Multi-Level Model (=MLM) was suggested by A. Levichev as a description of quarks and gluons. The review recalls MLM-terminology while MLM-findings (for quarks and leptons) are compared to the theoretical and experimental data as accepted by the Standard Model (=SM). MLM is based on Segal’s compact space-time U(2) and on the sequence of embeddings: U(2) into U(3), U(2) into U(4), etc. These groups were called the levels (of matter): U(2) - the 0th (that is, our mundane world), U(3) - the 1st, U(4) - the 2nd, etc. Such a convention matches the SM-quarks' generations list. Each SM-quark is viewed either as a sunken proton, or as a captured proton. The MLM-proton is elementary and indestructible (hence no need for confinement). For MLM-quarks, in terms of the notion of a ruling group, flavor and color are defined mathematically. The number of colors (and of flavors) is level-dependent. For levels U(3) through U(6) the correspondence with the SM-quarks is established. Three new quarks and two new leptons are predicted. The SM-puzzle of quark and lepton generations is solved. Using the Han-Nambu scheme, the notion of the quark’s electric charge is expressed in terms of color charges. The original part of the review suggests studying the proton’s properties (like mass, shape and inner pressure) on the ba-sis of its wave function.

Keywords

Standard and Multi-Level Models; Wigner-Segal method; quark matter; generations of quarks and leptons; chronometric proton’s wave function; proton shape

Subject

Physical Sciences, Particle and Field Physics

Comments (2)

Comment 1
Received: 20 April 2022
Commenter: Alexander Levichev
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: According to the Reviewers' suggestions, the changes made the paper more self-contained.
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Comment 2
Received: 2 January 2024
Commenter:
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: I am one of the author
Comment: This is meant as information regarding the recent publication (“The proton’s theoretical description, based on Wigner-Segal approach to elementary particles"), which is related to and describes the so-called Levichev Multi-Level Model. For those already familiar with the current preprint, https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202202.0280/v2 , who now seek information on new developments in this topic, may be interested in reading the following entries in the manuscript located at https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1160023 . These entries would include the following: Definitions 1 & 2; the text directly before 'Remark 4'; the portion of text at the end of Section 3; the first half of Section 5; Figure B4 in the Appendix B; Theorem 4, and Remark 5 (describing Figure B4).
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