Particles and photons appear to be total opposites; the former has rest mass which requires space to exist; the latter has kinetic energy which requires time to occur (oscillate). But they do share certain properties (e.g., quantization) that remain invariant when one is transformed (swapped) for the other. This gauge invariance is developed in some detail.The symmetry between particle and photon turns out to be one of inversion. It is the equalities of special relativity that support this inversion and the accompanying invariances: mass transformed to energy; space transformed to time. The great advantage of these symmetries (inversions) is that they provide guidance for an object little understood (the photon) based upon an object well understood (the particle). On this basis, progress can be made in the understanding of some long-standing issues: wave-particle duality, time’s arrow, the constant speed of light and nonlocality.

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics successfully describes electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces but omits gravity. We introduce the Kinematrix Field Theory (KFT), integrating gravity into this fundamental force framework through a novel particle, the kinematon. This gauge boson, existing in both massless and massive forms, advances the SM's scope to address enigmas like dark matter and neutrino masses. We detail the mathematical structure of the KFT and establish Feynman rules for kinematon interactions with fermions and gauge bosons. The KFT, synergizing with the Higgs mechanism and general relativity, aspires to a unified quantum theory of gravity. We explore the kinematon's phenomenological implications and potential experimental signatures, forecasting significant advancements in fundamental physics and setting a course for future explorations in the SM.

The realization of a BRST cohomology of the 4D topological gauge-affine gravity is established in terms of a superconnection formalism. Identification of fields in the quantized theory is occurred directly as usual in terms of superconnection and its supercurvature components with the double covering of the general affine group GA¯(4,R). Then, by means of an appropriate decomposition of the metalinear double-covering group SL¯(5,R) with respect to the general linear double-covering group GL¯(4,R) one can easily obtain the enlargements of the fields while remaining consistent with the BRST algebra. This leads to the descent equations allowing us to build the observables of the theory by means of the BRST algebra constructed using a sa¯(5,R) algebra-valued superconnection. In particular, we discuss the construction of topological invariants with torsion.

I examine the groups which underly classical mechanics, non-relativistic quantum mechanics, special relativity, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, quantum flavourdynamics, quantum chromodynamics, and general relativity. This examination includes the rotations SO(2) and SO(3), the Pauli algebra, the Lorentz transformations, the Dirac algebra, and the U(1), SU(2), and SU(3) gauge transformations. I argue that general relativity must be generalized to Einstein-Cartan theory, so that Dirac spinors can be described within the framework of gravitation theory.

The inter-tip times (ITTs) of tipping-bucket rain gauges potentially provide the highest-resolution intensity data that can be acquired from this type of gauge. At an intensity of 100 mm h-1, a typical gauge with a sensitivity of 0.2 mm of rainfall would be expected to tip every 7.2 seconds. However, TBRGs are often equipped with syphons, to reduce the dynamic calibration error that results from continued (and unmeasured) inflow to a bucket as it tips. This increases the accuracy of rainfall depth recording, but the time to fill and empty the syphon can reduce the ability of a TBRG to respond to (and for the ITTs to reflect) short-term intensity fluctuations. This ability is already limited by the discretisation arising from the filling and emptying of the buckets themselves. Laboratory tests with controlled water inflow rates were performed using two high-quality TBRGs, one a 'straight-through' design and the other syphon-equipped. These confirmed that at all intensities at which the syphon operates, a regular sequence of fixed-duration ITTs (such as the 7.2 s mentioned above) does not occur. Rather, the ITTs are perturbed by the syphon cycling. The gauges were also co-located in the field, and linked to carefully synchronised event data loggers. Data collected during several rainfall events revealed differences in the ITTs, and again confirm that the ITT sequence of a syphon-equipped TBRG exhibits artefacts related to syphon operation, that are not present in the 'straight-through' data. These artefacts can result in ITT differences of many minutes, depending on the rainfall intensity, and are problematic for the use of ITTs to estimate intensity. Peaks and troughs in the intensity profile also differed between the two gauges. It is recommended that in the application of TBRGs for studies where short-term intensity data are required, 'straight-through' gauges should be used, and syphon-equipped gauges avoided.

We review the main features of the non-local gauge, named the contour gauge. The contour gauge belongs to the axial type of gauges and extends the local gauge used in the most of approaches. The geometry of gluon fields and the path-dependent formalism are the essential tools for the description of non-local gauges. The principle feature of the contour gauge is that there are no the residual gauges which are left in the finite domain of space. In the review, we present the useful correspondence between the contour gauge conception and the Hamiltonian (Lagrangian) formalism. The Hamiltonian formalism is turned out to be a very convenient framework for the understanding of contour gauges. The comprehensive comparison analysis of the local and non-local gauges advocates the advantage of the contour gauge use. As an example of practical worth, we consider the Drell-Yan process and discuss the gauge invariance of the corresponding hadron tensor. We show that the appropriate use the contour gauge leads to the existence of extra diagram contributions. These additional contributions, first, restore the gauge invariance of the hadron tensor and, second, give the important terms for the observable quantities. We also demonstrate the significant role of the additional diagrams to form the relevant contour in the Wilson path-ordered exponential. Ultimately, it leads to the spurious singularity fixing. Moreover, in the present review, we discuss in detail the problem of spin and orbital angular momentum separation. We show that in SU(3) gauge theories the gluon decomposition on the physical and pure gauge components has a strong mathematical evidence provided the contour gauge conception has been used. In addition, we prove that the contour gauge possesses the special kind of residual gauge that manifests at the boundary of space. Besides, the boundary field configurations can be associated with the pure gauge fields.

A Berry geometrical phase is identified in a strongly metastable system containing dynamically responsive clathrate hydrate structures within a crystal-fluid material. High energy degeneracy in the associated chemistry produces local stability and false vacuum conditions that lead to non-extensive and non-additive contributions in the fundamental thermodynamic relation. Application of Ginzburg-Landau theory and the scaling laws reveals a coherence length and a penetration depth for a macro-scale dual superconductor. The coherence length determines non-extensive volume changes whilst its inverse gives the Higgs mass. The penetration depth determines the extent of QCD vacuum suppression whilst its inverse gives the vector boson mass together with indirect manifestation as non-additive hyperbolic curvature. Simultaneous emergence of the Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition is consistent with gauge-invariant coupling of the scalar field to the Yang-Mills action in QCD. The discovery of an energy gap in the gradient energy term of the system Lagrangian is associated with a critical correlation length revealed in the transition from a gapped to a gapless superconducting state. Together with the emergence and absorption of the Higgs-like scalar field, a mechanism for describing a renormalized QCD mass gap arises.

We present a geometric field theory in which the action and field equation are constructed from an ultra-high-density vector field and its covariant derivative and have full general covariance in a higher-dimensional spacetime. The field equation is the simplest possible generalisation of the Poisson equation for gravity consistent with general covariance and the equivalence principle. It contains the Ricci tensor and metric acting as operators on the vector field. If the covariant derivative is diagonalisable across a neighbourhood under real changes of coordinate basis, spacetime coincides with a product manifold. The dimensionalities of the factor spaces are determined by its eigenvalues and hence by its algebraic invariants. Tensors decompose into multiplets which have both Lorentz and internal symmetry indices. The field equation has a `classical vacuum' solution which is a product of Minkowski spacetime and an Einstein manifold. A worked example is provided in six dimensions. Away from this classical vacuum, connection components in appropriate coordinates include $SO(N)$ gauge fields. The Riemann tensor includes their field strength. Unitary gauge symmetries act indirectly on tensor fields and some or all of the unitary gauge fields are found amongst the $SO(N)$ gauge fields. Symmetry restoration occurs at the zero-curvature `decompactification limit', in which all dimensions appear on the same footing.

When discussing the gauge symmetries of any theory, the Henneaux-Teitelboim transformations are often underappreciated or even completely ignored, due to their on-shell triviality. Nevertheless, these gauge transformations play an important role in understanding the structure of the full gauge symmetry group of any theory, especially regarding the subgroup of diffeomorphisms. We give a review of the Henneaux-Teitelboim transformations and the resulting gauge group in the general case, and then discuss its role in the applications to the class of topological theories called nBF models, relevant for the constructions of higher gauge theories and quantum gravity.

In this work, we explore a the different forms of a new type of modified gravity, namely f(φ) gravity. We construct the Big Rip type for the energy density and the curvature of the universe. We show that dark energy is a result of the transformation of the field φ mass (dark matter) to energy. In addition, we provide that Ω_{m}≈0,050, Ω_{DM}≈0,2, Ω_{DE}≈0,746, is in excellent agreement with observation data. We explore a generalized formalism of braneworld modified gravity. We also construct a new field equations, which generalize the Einstein field equations. We provide a relation between the extra dimension in 3-brane with the vacuum energy density. We show that the energy density of matter depends directly on the number of dimensions. We manage to find the value of the Gauss-Bonnet coupling α=1/4 which is a good agreement with the results in the literature, this correspondence creates a passage between f(R) gravity and Gauss-Bonnet gravity, this comparison leads to a number of bulk dimensions equal to D=10¹²¹+4.

In this note, the toy-model of Fourth Generation quarks coupling to Standard Model particles through unknown Lagrangian has been figured. Eventually producing a 103 TeV vector gauge boson, which is a special gauge boson that appears in unification models and here as a mediator for WeakSM4 interaction. Another anomaly of different gauge boson has been reported.

This note will be a brief account of an unknown vectorial mathematical current in SM4 Field based on disintegrating the Lagrangian of quarks in SM4 into four parts. It is shown that the current breaks while interacting with the quarks and makes the quarks to not interact with fourth-generation quarks. This note also shows that gauge bosons are produced while these currents symmetry break and provides the service as mediators.

Precipitation during 2001-2016 over the northern and central part of Tuscany was studied in order to characterize the rainfall regime. The dataset consisted of hourly cumulative rainfall series recorded by a network of 801 rain gauges. The territory was divided into 30x30 km square areas, the annual, seasonal and daily Average Cumulative Rainfall (ACR) in all areas was estimated along with its uncertainty. The trend analysis of ACR time series was performed by means of the Mann-Kendall test. Four climatic zones were identified: the north-western was the rainiest, followed by the north-eastern, north-central and south-central. An overall increase in precipitation was identified, more intense in the north-west, and determined mostly by the increase in winter precipitation. On the entire territory, the ACR, number of rainy days, mean precipitation intensity and sum of daily ACR in four intensity groups were evaluated at annual and seasonal scale. The main result was a magnitude of the ACR trend evaluated as 35 mm/year, due mainly to an increase in light and extreme precipitations. This result is in contrast with the decreasing rainfall detected in the past decades.

Newton’s law of universal gravitation applies between two point-masses. True gravitation of solid Earth is volume integration of gravitation of all point-masses inside the solid Earth on a point-mass in atmosphere. However, in meteorology the Earth “shrinks” into a point-mass located at Earth center with entire Earth mass to identify the Earth gravitation (untrue). Combination of untrue gravitational and centrifugal accelerations gives effective gravity (geff). Combination of true gravitational and centrifugal accelerations leads to true gravity (g). The true gravity g minus the effective gravity geff is the gravity disturbance vector, δg = g – geff. With the true gravity g used in the basic equations, seven non-dimensional numbers are proposed to identify the importance of δg versus traditional forcing terms such as horizontal pressure gradient force and Coriolis force. These non-dimensional numbers are calculated from two publicly available datasets with the geoid undulation (N) from the static gravity field model EIGEN-6C4 and long-term mean geopotential height (Z), wind velocity (u, v), and temperature (Ta) at 12 pressure levels in troposphere from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed climatology. The results demonstrate δg nonnegligible in hydrostatic equilibrium, geostrophic wind, geostrophic vorticity, Ekman pumping, Q vector, and Omega equation, but negligible in thermal wind relation.

The experiment proposed by Bose et al aims to show the non classicality of gravity through entanglement. This paper seeks to establish optimal conditions under which the entanglement would be maximized. The assumptions made by Bose et al to come to the conclusion of quantized gravity would also be discussed along with alternate conclusions that could arise from the experiment.

There has been a disconnect between our understanding of the universe's working at the micro and macro scale - that is, disagreement between quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR). A theory of vacuum-matter equilibrium is presented from scratch to bridge this gap. It is proposed that gravitons are both quanta of matter and gravitation, as every matter entity is believed to interact with gravitation. The vacuum has an energy density that gives rise to virtual-graviton pairs. Upon collision, a virtual-graviton may get stuck to the matter while a graviton from the matter gets ejected. It is possible as all gravitons are identical in mass and size. Equilibrium is thus established where matter erodes in the vacuum, and the vacuum condenses as matter. The probability of graviton exchange depends on the relative energies of the virtual-graviton and matter entity, as calculated in the inertial frame of reference (IFoR) decided by the state motion of vacuum energy at that place. If the rate of matter-vacuum equilibrium is taken as a constant, it leads to the notion of time and time dilation. The force appearing on a matter entity through collision with virtual-gravitons is calculated, and the expression is a hybrid of Newton's and Einstein's equation. It further helps to answer the queries related to phenomena like the flatness of galaxy rotation curves, misconceptions about relativistic mass and length contraction, the relation between time, gravity, and quantum entanglement (QE), and the composite nature of the universal gravitational constant.

Many experiments and collected data support general relativity as it explains spacetime as a smooth Riemannian manifold. However, general relativity does not explain the chaotic nature of spacetime on the quantum level, where determinism is almost impossible. This is one of the major problems in physics yet it requires a deeper theory to solve this incompatibility. In this research, a derivation made from Newton’s law of gravitation to better explain the behavior of spacetime in the quantum world with the assumption that spacetime is quantized with energy wave-particles and these wave-particles accumulate to form massive wave like particles (hence the standard model of particle physics). In the end, the derivation and the assumption together clearly illustrate general relativity and quantum theory.

We use oblate coordinates to study its resulting orbit equations. Their related solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be written as a linear combination of Legendre polynomials of positive denite integers $l$. Starting from solutions of the zeroth order $l=0$ in a nearly newtonian regime, we obtain a non-trivial formula favoring both retrograde and advanced solutions for the apsidal precession depending on parameters related to the metric coecients, particularly applied to the apsidal precessions of Mercury and asteroids (Icarus and 2 Pallas). As a realization of the equivalence problem in general Relativity, a comparison is made with the resulting perihelion shift produced by Weyl cylindric coordinates and the Schwarzschild solution analyzing how different geometries of space-time influence on solutions in astrophysical phenomena.

A new model of gravity is presented here similar to the earlier work of Verlinde on Emergent Gravity but without the use of Verlinde's main assumption on the nature of gravity as an entropic force using the First Law of Thermodynamics. Instead, the model will be shown to be consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics as used in Black Hole Physics. Moreover, it does not use the Equipartition Theorem such that there is no need to define a thermal bath enclosed within a holographic screen. The theory uses $E=NE_{p}$, for the total energy of a massive object where $E_{p}$ is the Planck Energy while $N$ is the number of Planck Energy to represent the maximum possible density of information that can reside in matter. The theory uses also the Holographic Principle as the basis for an information-theoretic approach to the nature of gravity. It is shown here that gravity emerges whenever there is an updating of the information within a given volume of space by the presence of matter.

In this letter, we construct an effective field theory of gravity at large distances. We obtain to the leading order for large distances: a cosmological constant term and a logarithmic term in addition to the usual General Relativistic terms. The novel logarithmic term has important implications in explaining phenomena such as flat galactic rotation curves and stronger gravitational lensing than predicted that are generally attributed to the presence of dark matter.

It is shown that Verlinde’s hypothetical concepts of entropic gravity can be successfully applied to the author’s previous work on the modification of the Newtonian gravity by Einstein’s Cosmological Constant. It allows a theoretical justification for Milgrom’s empirical acceleration constant, thereby revealing some fundamental differences with Verlinde’s conclusions.

We calculate the spectral function of a boson ladder in an artificial magnetic field by means of analytic approaches based on bosonization and Bogoliubov theory. We discuss the evolution of the spectral function at increasing effective magnetic flux, from the Meissner to the Vortex phase, focussing on the effects of incommensurations in momentum space. At low flux, in the Meissner phase, the spectral function displays both a gapless branch and a gapped one, while at higher flux, in the Vortex phase, the spectral function displays two gapless branches and the spectral weight is shifted at a wavevector associated to the underlying vortex spatial structure which can indicate a 8 supersolid-like behavior. While the Bogoliubov theory, valid at weak interactions, predicts sharp delta-like features in the spectral function, at stronger interactions we find power-law broadening of 10 the spectral functions due to quantum fluctuations as well as additional spectral weight at higher 11 momenta due to backscattering and incommensuration effects. These features could be accessed in 12 ultracold atom experiments using radio-frequency spectroscopy techniques.

A careful examination of the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory shows that due to the underlying mathematical assumptions required for Stokes' Theorem, global charge conservation cannot be guaranteed in topologically non-trivial spacetimes. However, in order to break the charge conservation mechanism we must also allow the electromagnetic excitation fields D, H to possess a gauge freedom, just as the electromagnetic scalar and vector potentials $\varphi$ and A do. This has implications for the treatment of electromagnetism in spacetimes where black holes both form and then evaporate, as well as extending the possibilities for treating vacuum polarisation. Using this gauge freedom of D, H we also propose an alternative to the accepted notion that a charge passing through a wormhole necessarily leads to an additional (effective) charge on the wormhole's mouth.

Monitoring of structures is one of the engineering challenges of the 21st century. At the same time, as a result of changes in the conditions of use, design errors, many building structures require strengthening. The article presents research on the development of the external strengthening carbon fiber textile with an option of self-sensing. The idea is based on the pattern of resistive strain gauge, where thread is provided in a zig-zag of parallel lines. Already the first laboratory tests showed the high efficiency of the system in the measurement of strains, but also revealed the sensitivity of measurement to environmental conditions. The article presents studies on the influence of temperature and humidity on the measurement. To separate those effects, resistance changes were tested on unloaded concrete and wooden samples. The models were placed in a climatic chamber and the daily cycle of temperature and humidity changes was simulated. The results of the research confirm preliminary observations. Resistivity growths with the temperature. This effect is more visible on concrete samples, presumably due to its greater natural humidity. The strain measurement with carbon fibers is very sensitive to temperature changes and application of this method in practice requires compensation.

Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron (SHP) electrodynamics formalizes the distinction between coordinate time (measured by laboratory clocks) and chronology (temporal ordering) by defining 4D spacetime events x^μ as functions of an external evolution parameter τ. Classical spacetime events x^μ (τ) evolve as τ grows monotonically, tracing out particle worldlines dynamically and inducing the five U(1) gauge potentials through which events interact. Since Lorentz invariance imposes time reversal symmetry on x⁰ but not τ, the formalism resolves grandfather paradoxes and related problems of irreversibility. The action involves standard first order field derivatives but includes a higher order τ derivative that while preserving gauge and Lorentz invariance removes certain singularities and makes the related QFT super-renormalizable. The resulting field equations are Maxwell-like but τ-dependent and sourced by a current that represents a statistical ensemble of instantaneous events distributed along the worldline. The width λ of this distribution defines a correlation time for the interactions and a mass spectrum for the photons that carry the interaction. As λ becomes very large, the photon mass goes to zero and the field equations become τ-independent Maxwell’s equations. Maxwell theory thus emerges as an equilibrium limit of SHP, in which λ is larger than any other relevant time scale. Particles and fields are not constrained to mass shells in SHP theory, and by exchanging mass may produce pair creation/annihilation processes at the classical level. On-shell evolution with fixed particle masses is restored through a self-interaction associated with the 5D wave equation.

We describe here the coherent formulation of electromagnetism in the nonrelativistic quantummechanical many-body theory. We use the mathematical frame of the field theory and its quantization in the spirit of the QED. This is necessary because of the manifold of misinterpretations emerging from the hystorical development of quantum mechanics, starting from the Schrödinger equation of a single particle in the presence of given electromagnetic fields, followed by the many-body theories of many charged identical particles having just Coulomb interactions inspired from the classical electromagnetic theory of point-like charges. However, this later is known to be inconsistent due to the self-interaction. This way could not be continued further to include properly the magnetic forces between the charged particles and lead to a lot of confusion about the interpretation of the magnetic field in the Hamiltonian, as well as about the gauge invariance. We emphasize the importance of the distinction between the applied (external fields) and the field in the matter. All these problems are length properly solved within the non-relativistic QED, nevertheless the confusion dominates in all the problems related to the magnetic properties of the solid state.

Clew Bay is an important aquaculture production area in Ireland. In this study, we focused on a high-resolution simulation of the Clew Bay region based on a Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). Freshwater discharges from eight rivers are included in the model and a wetting-drying scheme has been implemented. The Clew Bay model simulation was validated and calibrated with available observations (e.g., Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), vertical salinity and temperature profiles and tide gauge) in the geographic area of the model domain. High correlations were found between the model outputs and observed temperature, salinity and tide gauge water levels along with small Root Mean Square Errors. This indicates that the model was able to reproduce the oceanographic phenomena in the study area. The Taylor diagram analysis showed a high correlation coefficient (R=0.99) between the ADCP bottom temperature in the Inner Bay and the Clew Bay model, along with a small Centered Root Mean Square Error (RMSD =0.5 ◦ C). High correlation coefficients (R > 0.80) were found between the model and the two ADCPs for the zonal current component. There was a resemblance in structure between the model and the observed salinity profiles, indicating that freshwater was correctly implemented in the model. Moreover, the correlation coefficient between the model and the tidal sea surface height (SSH) was 0.99, with an RMSD of 0.09 m. We discovered that wind direction and speed have a significant impact on the bay's water inflow rate. The model outputs can be used to provide scientists, fishermen and decision-makers with hydrodynamic information on ocean conditions in the bay.

I want to find an extension of the Hausdorff Measure and Fractal Measure which allows me to compute a unique, satisfying average for functions defined on non-fractal, measurable sets in the sense of Carathedory which has no gauge function.

In this article the reduction of a $n$-dimensional space to a $k$-dimensional space is considered as a reduction of $N^n$ states to $N^k$ states, where $N$ stands for the number of single-particle states per unit of spatial length. It turns out, this space reduction could be understood as another definition of inflation. It is shown that the introduction of the non-associativity of the algebra of physical fields in a homogeneous space leads to a nonlinear equation, the solutions of which can be considered as two-stage inflation. Using the example of reduction $T\times R^7$ to $T\times R^3$, it is shown that there is a continuous cross-linking of the Friedmann and inflationary stages of algebraic inflation at times $10^{-15}$ with the number of baryons $10^{80}$ in the Universe. In this paper, we construct a new gravitational constant based on a nonassociative octonion algebra.

In this article the reduction of a $n$-dimensional space to a $k$-dimensional space is considered as a reduction of $N^n$ states to $N^k$ states, where $N$ stands for the number of single-particle states per unit of spatial length. It turns out, this space reduction could be understood as another definition of inflation. It is shown that the introduction of the non-associativity of the algebra of physical fields in a homogeneous space leads to a nonlinear equation, the solutions of which can be considered as two-stage inflation. Using the example of reduction $T\times R^7$ to $T\times R^3$, it is shown that there is a continuous cross-linking of the Friedmann and inflationary stages of algebraic inflation at times $10^{-15}$ with the number of baryons $10^{80}$ in the Universe. In this paper, we construct a new gravitational constant based on a nonassociative octonion algebra.

The estimation of the Hubble constant in the past few decades has increasingly become more accurate with the advance of new techniques. But its value seems to depend on the epoch at which the measurements are made. The Planck estimate of the Hubble constant from the observations of the CMBR in the early Universe is about 67.

The use of spherical radial basis functions (SRBFs) in regional gravity field modeling has become popular in recent years. However, to our knowledge, their potential for combining gravity data from multiple sources, particularly data with different spectrum information in the frequency domain, has not been extensively explored. Therefore, band-limited SRBFs, which have good lo-calization characteristics in the frequency domain, are the main tool in this study. We propose a residual and a-prior accuracy comparative analysis method to determine the optimal degree of expansion of SRBFs for gravity data. Using this methodology, we constructed a high-resolution geoid model called ColSRBF2023 in Colorado. The degrees of expansion for terrestrial and airborne data were set to 5200 and 1840, respectively. Results indicate that ColSRBF2023 has a standard deviation (STD) value of 2.3 cm compared to the GSVS17 validate data. This value is 2-6 mm lower than models obtained using different degrees of expansion for gravity data and models from other institutions considered in this study. Additionally, at the 1'×1' grid in the entire target area, ColSRBF2023 has an STD value of 2.4 cm when compared to the validation model. This value is also the best among the options examined in this study. These findings highlight the importance of determining the optimal expansion degree of gravity data, particularly when constructing high-resolution gravity field models in rugged mountainous regions.

The gauge field equation for fluid mechanics established in Part 1 is developed into a first-order scattering theory in the simplified case of a two-dimensional incompressible flow over a flat plate. This is used to present a model for the origin of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves based on scattering between fluid particles. As a result, analytical formulae for the maximum amplification factor and the transition point from laminar to turbulent flow in the boundary layer are obtained. The mathematical transformations from the stationary field equations in Part 1 to a scattering theory with time evolution along the flow axis using Wick rotation are elaborated in detail.

The stage of a super-early scale-invariant Universe is considered on the basis of the Poincaré–Weyl gauge theory of gravity in a Cartan–Weyl space-time. An approximate solution has been found that demonstrates an inflationary behavior of the scale factor and, at the same time, a sharp exponential decrease in the effective cosmological constant from a huge value at the beginning of the Big Bang to an extremely small (but not zero) value in the modern era, which solves the well-known “cosmological constant problem”.

Accurate and consistent rainfall observations are vital for climatological studies in support of better planning and decision making. However, estimation of accurate spatial rainfall is limited by sparse rain gauge distributions. Satellite rainfall products can thus potentially play a role in spatial rainfall estimation but their skill and uncertainties need to be under-stood across spatial-time scales. This study aimed at assessing the temporal and spatial performance of seven satellite products (TARCAT (Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite and ground-based observations (TAMSAT) African Rainfall Climatology And Time series), Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM-3B43), Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Morphing (CMORPH), the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks- Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) using gridded (0.05o) rainfall data over East Africa for 15 years(1998-2012). The products’ error distributions were qualitatively compared with large scale horizontal winds (850 mb) and elevation patterns with respect to corresponding rain gauge data for each month during the ‘long’ (March-May) and ‘short’ (October-December) rainfall seasons. For validation only rainfall means extracted from 284 rain gauge stations were used, from which qualitative analysis using continuous statistics of Root Mean Squared Difference, Standard deviations, Correlations, coefficient of determinations (from scatter plots) were used to evaluate the products’ performance. Results revealed rainfall variability dependence on wind flows and modulated by topographic influences. The products’ errors showed seasonality and dependent on rainfall intensity and topography. Single sensor and coarse resolution products showed lowest performance on high ground areas. All the products showed low skills in retrieving rainfall during ‘short’ rainfall season when orographic processes were dominant. CHIRPS, CMORPH and TRMM performed well, with TRMM showing the best performance in both seasons. There is need to reduce products’ errors before applications.

Can a gravitational lens magnify gravity ? The answer to this question is the subject of this article. Light is deflected as it passes through curved spacetime caused by a mass distribution. This phenomenon, known as "gravitational lensing," has been extensively studied and is well understood. According to the general theory of relativity, the same deflection is expected for gravitational waves, because they also propagate at the speed of light. But this applies to gravitational fields as well. Thus, gravitational fields, which extend through curved spacetime, are also deflected correspondingly. This effect is referred to as "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity". It leads to the fact that the gravitational field strength originating from an object in the background of a gravitational lens is enhanced in the same way as its light intensity. If the background object is visible to an observer several times due to the gravitational lens, each of the images also exerts a corresponding gravitational attraction on her ! For the first time, a proof of the existence of this amazing effect is given. In a simple thought experiment the contraction of a spherically symmetric gravitational lens is discussed. The proof is essentially based on Birkhoff's theorem. According to this theorem, during the contraction additional null geodesics between the background object and the observer come into existence. To these null geodesics also contributions to the gravitational field are to be assigned. In the literature, similar descriptions can be found for the gravitational self-interaction of a particle in a curved spacetime background. The article is organized as follows: In the introduction, the historical origin of the idea of the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" is briefly outlined. In the second chapter, the subsequently required basic principles and essential features of general relativity are explained. In the third chapter I analyze different arrangements of masses and describe the observations to be expected. The arrangements show step by step the transition from the classical "Newtonian limit" in a flat spacetime background to the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" in a curved spacetime background. Due to its clarity, the simple scenario may also serves as a suitable test case for the mathematical methods of general relativity. The concluding outlook provides references to current questions in astrophysics, especially the question of the existence of Dark Matter. Here, the general theory of relativity offers much simpler explanations with the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity".

A gravitational lens is mass-curved spacetime. Light that propagates freely, locally always on the fastest way, follows curved paths in it. The same applies to all effects propagating with the speed of light, also to gravity itself. They all have to follow the curvature of spacetime. A gravitational lens not only enhances the light from background objects but concurrently also their gravitational effect ! The "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" (GLG) is a still scarcely noticed peculiar feature of general relativity. In [1] I presented a thought experiment to make the existence of this effect plausible. Here these considerations are described in terms of future and past light cones or null cones commonly used in relativity theory to illustrate the causal structure of spacetime. In the framework of general relativity, the GLG effect can be understood as a consequence of the folding of the past null cone by a gravitational lens. Starting from the basic ideas of the theory, the terms are introduced and applied. The extensive description on textbook level should be understandable also for beginners. In order not to obstruct the view on the essential physical relations, I avoid a mathematical formalism and use instead diagrams and figures, based on realistic numerical calculations, to reinforce my logical argumentation. Experts will recognize many long-known facts, but may still be surprised by the resulting conclusions. First, I present some particular aspects of the historical evolution of the concept of gravitational lensing and give a brief overview of the work of other authors on the subject GLG. I then explain the limitations of the applicability of the "Newtonian Limit" and move on to the key role of the speed of gravity in understanding GLG. Finally, I use a simple example to illustrate the possible significance of the GLG effect. With this work I intend to elicit greater interest in "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" and to initiate a broader discussion about it.

The thesis proposes a argument that a mass point moving in a horizontal circle on the Earth's surface can generate a radial centrifugal force of the Earth's center of mass, thus realizing an unconventional anti-gravity path. And through the theoretical analysis of the difference in the distribution of gravitational acceleration at different latitudes caused by the rotation of the earth, and the centrifugal force of a mass point moving in a horizontal circle on the earth's surface is analyzed, the validity of the argument is demonstrated. At the same time, the paper puts forward two possible basic principles, and makes theoretical analysis and demonstration. Conceive of the concrete experimental verification of principle two is proposed. Four technical schemes for antigravity ascent are proposed and basic analysis is made. On the premise of not fully considering the practical technical ability, it is theoretically proved that three of them have realistic operability and development potential. In theory, this paper opens up a different way of anti-gravity for human beings, which will bring new ideas and prospects for human beings to get rid of the bondage of gravity.

We show that the entropy or information flow of a gravitational system constrains the dependence of gravitational force on radial distance r which for very large r is equivalent to gravity in two dimensions. This explains the "origin" of dark matter and provides a natural solution to the problem of flat rotation curves of galaxies at very large distances and a larger deflection angle for a gravitational lens.

We investigate alternative candidates to dark energy that can explain the current state of the universe in the framework of the generalized teleparallel theory of gravity f(T ) where T denotes the torsion scalar. To achieve this, we carried out a series of reconstruction taking into account to the ordinary and entropy-corrected versions of the holographic and new agegraphic dark energy models. These models used as alternative to dark energy in the literature in order describe the current state of our universe. It is remarked that the models reconstructed indicates behaviors like phantom or quintessence models. Furthermore, we also generated the EoS parameters associated to entropy-corrected models and we observed a transition phase between quintessence state and phantom state as showed by recent observational data. We also investigated on the stability theses models and we created the {r − s}. The behavior of certains physical parameters as speed of sound and the Statefinder parameters are compatible with current observational data.

The holographic principle states that the information about the volume of space is stored on its boundary. Assuming this holds, we can explain the aspects of gravity. The spacetime needs to be extended to 5D to explain gravity in this context. This naturally explains the four classical tests of gravity namely the gravitational redshift, the perihelion precession, the bending of light, and the gravitational time delay. We also show a novel way in which the universe expands in an accelerated manner at late times without the need for any form of dark energy.

In this paper we will show that standard physics to a large degree consists of derivatives of a deeper reality. This means standard physics is both overly complex and also incomplete. Modern physics has typically started from working with first understanding the surface of the world, that is typically the macroscopic world, and then forming theories about the atomic and subatomic world. And we did not have much of a choice, as the subatomic world is very hard to observe directly, if not impossible to observe directly at the deepest level. Despite the enormous success of modern physics, it is therefore no big surprise that we at some point have possibly taken a step in the wrong direction. We will claim that one such step came when one thought that the de Broglie wavelength represented a real matter wavelength. We will claim that the Compton wavelength is the real matter wavelength. Based on such a view we will see that many equations in modern physics are only derivatives of much simpler relations. Second, we will claim that in today’s physics one uses two different mass definitions, one mass definition that is complete or at least more complete, embedded in gravity equations without being aware of it, as it is concealed in GM, and the standard, but incomplete, kg mass definition in non-gravitational physics. First, when this is understood, and one uses the more complete mass definition that is embedded in gravity physics, not only in gravity physics, but in all of physics, then one has a chance to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. Our new theory shows that most physical phenomena when observed over a very short timescale are probabilistic for masses smaller than a Planck mass and dominated by determinism at or above Planck mass size. Our findings have many implications. For example, we show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is rooted in a foundation not valid for rest-mass particles, so the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can say nothing about rest-masses. When re-formulated based on a foundation compatible with a new momentum that is also compatible with rest-masses, we obtain a re-defined Heisenberg principle that seems to become a certainty principle in the special case of a Planck mass particle. Furthermore, we show that the Planck mass particle is linked to gravity and that we can easily detect the Planck scale from gravity observations. The Planck mass particle is unique as it only lasts the Planck time, and in that very short time period it can only be observed directly from itself, and it therefore closely linked to absolute rest.

Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBRs) have been, and apparently will continue to be one of the most widely used pieces of equipment for rainfall monitoring, being frequently used for the calibration, validation and downscaling of radar and remote sensing data, due to their major advantages–low cost, simplicity, and low energy consumption. Thus, many works have focused and continue to focus on their main disadvantage–measurement biases (mainly in wind and mechanical underestimations). However, despite arduous scientific effort, calibration methodologies are not frequently implemented by monitoring networks operators or data users, propagating bias in databases and in the different applications of such data, causing uncertainty in the modeling, management, and forecasting in hydrological research, mainly due to a lack of knowledge. Within this context, this work presents a review of the scientific advances in TBR measurement uncertainties, calibration, and error reduction strategies from a hydrological point of view, by describing different rainfall monitoring techniques in Section 2, summarizing TBR measurement uncertainties in Section 3, focusing on calibration, and error reduction strategies in Section 4, a discussion and perspectives in Section 5, and conclusions in Section 6, providing an overview of the of the state of the art and future perspectives of the technology.

Advances in remote sensing have led to use of satellite-derived rainfall products to complement the sparse rain gauge data. Although globally derived and some regional bias corrected, these products often show large discrepancies with ground measurements attributed to local and external factors that require systematic consideration. Decreasing rain gauge network however inhibits continuous validation of these products. We propose to deal with this problem by the use of Bayesian approach to merge the existing historical rain gauge information to create a consistent satellite rainfall data that can be used for climate studies. Monthly Bayesian bias correction is applied to the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS v2) data to reduce systematic errors using a corresponding gridded (0.05°) rain gauge data over East Africa for a period of 33 (1981–2013) years of which 22 years are utilized to derive error fields which are then applied to an independent CHIRPS data for 11 years for validation. The bias correction is spatially and temporally assessed during the rainfall wet months of March-May (MAM), June-August (JJA) and October–December (OND) in East Africa. Results show significant reduction of systematic errors at both monthly and yearly scales and harmonization of their cumulative distributions. Monthly statistics showed a reduction of RMSD (29–56)% and MAE (28–60)% and an increase of correlations (2–32) %, while yearly ones showed reductions of RMSD (9-23)%, and MAE (7–27)% and increase of correlations (4–77)% for MAM months, reduction of RMSD (15–35)% and MAE (16–41)% and increase in correlations (5–16)% for JJA months, and reduction of RMSD (3–35)% and MAE (9–32)% and increase of correlations (3–65)% for OND months. Systematic errors of corrected data were influenced by local processes especially over Lake Victoria and high elevated areas. Large-scale circulations induced errors were mainly during JJA and OND rainfall seasons and were reduced by the separation of anomalous years during training. The proposed approach is recommended for generating long-term data for climate studies where consistencies of errors can be assumed.

Black hole's quasinormal frequencies are basically the complex numbers which provide information about the relaxation of perturbations and depend on the characteristics of the spacetime and types of perturbations. In this paper, we evaluate the quasinormal modes of Hayward black hole in Einstein Gauss-Bonnet gravity, Hayward black hole in anti-de Sitter space (AdS) spacetime, and 4-dimensional black hole in Einstein-Lovelock gravity. By utilizing the WKB resonance technique, we examine the quasinormal modes frequencies $\omega$ by shifting the charge parameter $Q$ (it is also identified with the cosmological constant), circular harmonic index $l$, and mass of scalar field $m$. We also study the relaxation rate for those black holes and find out that the relaxation rate increases with increasing values of $Q$. We observe that real and imaginary components of the quasinormal modes are not linear functions as similar to Reisnner Nordstr\"{o}m-AdS. For large values of charge, quasinormal ringing becomes slower to settle down to thermal equilibrium and hence the frequency of the oscillation becomes smaller.

During the 90 days following hospitalization for acute heart failure, ejection fraction and type of discharge medications have been shown in clinical trials to have little effect on mortality. We examined the recent literature addressing brain-related etiologies of sudden death following heart failure. Two mechanisms of sudden unexpected death have been suggested to possibly result from 4 significant influences on pathophysiology in the brain. The two causes of death are severe cardiac arrhythmia, and neurogenic pulmonary edema. They are both mediated through the brainstem autonomic nuclei generally, and executed specifically through the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. The four significant influences on pathophysiology in the brainstem autonomic nuclei are: 1) Hyper-stimulation of neurons in the solitary tract nucleus, increasing their metabolic requirements; 2) Inadequate blood flow at a vascular watershed terminus; 3) Additionally decreased blood flow following vasoconstriction related to relative hyperventilation and decreased pCO2 levels; 4) Gravitational ischemia in the brain—caused by the weight of the brain mass sitting above the brainstem. Changes in head tilt release gravitational ischemia in the brain. There is no specific head position (relative to gravity) that is considered favorable or unfavorable for an extended period of time (i.e. more than 24 hours). Even a small degree of head elevation, used in managing pulmonary congestion, may increase gravitational ischemia in the posterior fossa and brainstem. In this paper we suggest a new and important research avenue for intervening in cardiac arrhythmias, and preventing their occurrence, through the non-invasive use of head-tilting, and other head repositioning maneuvers. This could potentially help many geriatric patients with heart failure, who have decreased mobility in bed, and who tend to stay in one position longer, thereby increasing gravitational ischemia in the brain.

On the basis of a limited number of reasonable axioms, we discuss the classification of all the possible universality classes of diffeomorphisms invariant metric theories of quantum gravity. We use the language of the renormalization group and adopt several ideas which originate in the context of statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. Our discussion leads to several ideas that could affect the status of the asymptotic safety conjecture of quantum gravity and give universal arguments towards its proof.

The purpose of this paper is to show a new approach to unify the theory of general relativity and quantum physics. For this, we rely on thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and the theory of information. We will then see that the Shannon entropy, Boltzmann and Von Neumann can be the source of gravity, which would be a form emerging. For this, we will study at first what is lacking for the unification of general relativity and physics. Secondly, we will explain the concept of entropic gravity by introducing calculations Erik Verlinde. Then we will explain the concept of entropy Boltzmann, Shannon, Von Neumann and the links between them. Then, we will modify Einstein's equations by transforming the tensor of perfect fluid in terms of entropy. Finally, we will link our theory with experience already carried out as part of a link between gravity and quantum theory.

The understanding of black holes in loop quantum gravity is becoming increasingly accurate. This review focuses on the possible experimental or observational consequences of the underlying spinfoam structure of space-time. It adresses both the aspects associated with the Hawking evaporation and the ones due to the possible existence of a bounce. Finally, consequences for dark matter and gravitational waves are considered.

In this article we presented an application of the quantum cosmological model in teleparallel gravity. Working with a vacuum solution, the gravitational energy density is quantized with the Weyl procedure and we obtain a discrete expression for the gravitational energy. As an immediate consequence the empty space exhibits an expansion for an early universe.

In this article a simplified view is given on Verlinde’s entropic gravity. It reveals several shortcomings in the theory. This holds in particular for the inclusion of the dark matter effect in the derived modified expression for the Newtonian gravitational acceleration. Although the merit of the entropic view on gravity is recognized, the proposed explicit axiomatic hypothesis as a basis is criticized. There is no reason why it should be preferred above Einstein’s Field Equation.

Our main goal is here to make a comparative analysis between the well-known MOND theory and a more recent model called κ-model. An additional connection, between the κ-model and two other novel MOND-type theories: Newtonian Fractional-Dimension Gravity (NFDG) and Refracted Gravity (RG), is likewise presented. All these models are built to overtake the DM paradigm, or at least to strongly reduce the dark matter content. Whereas they rely on different formalisms, however, all four seem to suggest that the universal parameter, a0, appearing in MOND theory could intrinsically be correlated to either the sole baryonic mean mass density (RG and κ-model) and/or to the dimension of the object under consideration (NFDG and κ-model). We could then confer to the parameter a0 a more flexible status of multiscale parameter, as required to explain the dynamics together in galaxies and in galaxy clusters. Eventually, the conformal gravity theory (CFT) also seems to have some remote link with the κ-model, even though the first one is an extension of general relativity, and the second one is Newtonian in essence. The κ-model has been tested on a small sample of spiral galaxies and in galaxy clusters. Now we test this model on a large sample of galaxies issued from the SPARC database.

A locally-rotationally-symmetric Bianchi-I model filled with strange quark matter (SQM) is explored in f(R, T) gravity. We take f(R, T) = R + 2 f(T) = R + 2λT, where R is the Ricci scalar, T is the trace of energy-momentum tensor and λ is an arbitrary constant. Exact solutions are obtained by assuming that the expansion scalar is proportional to the shear scalar. This yields a constant value for the deceleration parameter, q = 2, which corresponds to the decelerated phase of the universe. The model is found to be physically viable for λ < −1. SQM during early evolution mimics ultra-relativistic radiation whereas at late times, it behaves as dust, quintessence or even the cosmological constant depending on the value of λ. The effective matter acts as a stiff fluid irrespective of the matter content and of the f(R, T) terms. The model is shear free at late times but remains anisotropic throughout the evolution. In the absence of the f(R, T) terms, SQM accelerates the universe. In the specific case when SQM vanishes at late times, the effect of f(R, T) is to accelerate the universe. The model admits the possibility that SQM could be an alternative to dark energy.

In this paper, we investigated the capacitive effect and the electromagnetic coupling on the measurement chain induced by the gas gun or the powder gun during impact experiments. Reduced bandwidth and noise have been noticed on experimental signals. Rogowski coil measurements have been added on the cables to characterize the electromagnetic coupling. The perturbation currents on the cables have been quantified depending on the configuration. The gauge, the transmission line and the conditioning system have been modeled. The calculations have reproduced the electrical wave arrival time, the transmission line transfer impedance, the conditioning system transfer impedance and it shows the bandwidth limitation. A capacitive effect with the piezoresistive manganin gauge embedded into the sample has been identified depending on the experimental setup.

Isometric exercises for physiotherapeutic rehabilitation are often prescribed, with little quantification of the load being prescribed. This article aimed to provide a framework and practical examples of how the physiotherapist may take a more quantitative evidence-based approach to isometric assessment, monitoring, and exercise prescription of knee osteoarthritis, by integrating a strain gauge into their practice. Strength measures to monitor were discussed. A series of fourteen studies were reviewed, with the intent of identifying isometric exercises that had been utilized in the rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis. Of the fourteen studies, the three most identified isometric exercises were seated knee extension, knee flexion, and the supine straight leg raise. The integration of strain gauge technology with these exercises provided the focus of the remainder of the article.

Accurate knowledge of the rain amount is an crucial driver in several hydro-meteorological applications. This is especially true in complex orography territories, which are typically impervious, thus leaving ungauged most of the mountain areas. Thanks to their spatial and temporal coverage, weather radars can potentially overcome such an issue. However, weather radar, if not accurately processed, can suffer from several limitations (e.g., beam blocking, altitude of the observation, path attenuation, indirectness of the measurement) that can hamper the reliability of the rain estimates performed. In this study, a comparison between rain gauge and weather radar retrievals is performed in the target area of the Abruzzo region in Italy, which is characterized by a heterogeneous orography ranging from the sea side to Apennine ridge. Consequently, the Abruzzo region has an inhomogeneous distribution of the rain gauges, with station density decreasing with the altitude reaching up to approximately 1500 m a.s.l. Notwithstanding, pluviometric inflow spatial distribution shows a sub-regional dependency as a function of four climatic and altimetric factors: coastal, hilly, mountain, and inner plain areas (i.e., Marsica). Such areas are used in this analysis to characterize the radar retrieval vs. rain gauge amounts in each of those zones. Compared to previous studies on the topic, the analysis presented an attention to the importance of an accurate selection of the climatic and altimetric sub-regional areas where undertake the radar vs. rain gauge comparison. This aspect is not only of great importance to correct biases in radar retrievals in a more selective way, but it also paves the way for more accurate hydro-meteorological applications (e.g., hydrological model initialization, quantify the aquifers recharge etc.) which, in general, require the accurate knowledge of rain amounts upstream of a basin. To fill the gap caused by the uneven rain gauge distribution, Ordinary Kriging has been applied on a regional scale to obtain 2D maps of rainfall data, which are cumulated on a monthly and yearly base. Weather radar data from the Italian mosaic are considered as well, in terms of rain rate retrievals and cumulations performed on the same time frame used for rain gauges. The period considered for the analysis is two continuous years: 2017 and 2018. The output of the elaborations are raster maps for both radar and interpolated rain gauges, where every pixel contains a rainfall quantity. Although the results show a general underestimation in the weather radar data especially in mountain and Marsica areas, even though within the 95% confidence interval of the OK estimation. Our analysis highlights that the average bias between radar and rain gauges, in terms of precipitation amounts, is a function of altitude and is almost constant in each of the selected areas. This achievement suggests that after a proper selection of homogeneous target areas, the radar retrievals can be corrected using the denser network of rain gauges typically distributed at lower altitudes and extend such correction at higher altitudes without loss of generality.

Precipitation is a crucial driver for many environmental processes and weather radars are capable of providing precipitation information with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, radar-based quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) are also subject to various potential uncertainties. This study explores the development, uncertainties and potentials of the hourly operational German radar-based and gauge-adjusted QPE called RADOLAN and its reanalysed radar climatology dataset named RADKLIM in comparison to ground-truth rain gauge data. The precipitation datasets are statistically analysed across various time scales ranging from annual and seasonal aggregations to hourly rainfall intensities in regard to their capability to map long-term precipitation distribution, to detect low intensity rainfall and to capture heavy rainfall. Moreover, the impacts of season, orography and distance from the radar on long-term precipitation sums are examined in order to evaluate dataset performance and to describe inherent biases. Results revealed that both radar products tend to underestimate total precipitation sums and particularly high intensity rainfall. But our analyses also showed significant improvements throughout the RADOLAN time series as well as major advances through the climatologic reanalysis regarding the correction of typical radar artefacts, orographic and winter precipitation as well as range-dependent attenuation.

We show that the Einstein field equations for a five-dimensional warped spacetime, where only gravity can propagate into the bulk, determine the dynamical evolution of the warp factor of the four-dimensional brane spacetime. This can be explained as a holographic manifestation. The warped 5D model can be reformulated by considering the warp factor as a dilaton field ($\omega$) conformally coupled to gravity and embedded in a smooth $M_4 \otimes R$ manifold. On the brane, where the U(1) scalar-gauge fields live, the dilaton field manifests itself classically as a warp factor and enters the evolution equations for the metric components and matter fields. We write the Lagrangian for the Einstein-scalar-gauge fields in a conformal invariant setting. However, as expected, the conformal invariance is broken (trace-anomaly) by the appearance of a mass term and a quadratic term in the energy-momentum tensor of the scalar-gauge field, arising from the extrinsic curvature terms of the projected Einstein tensor. These terms can be interpreted as a constraint in order to maintain conformal invariance. By considering the dilaton field and Higgs field on equal footing on small scales, there will be no singular behavior, when $\omega\rightarrow 0$ and one can deduce constraints to maintain regularity of the action. Our conjecture is that $\omega$, alias warp factor, has a dual meaning. At very early times, when $\omega \rightarrow 0$, it describes the small-distance limit, while at later times it is a warp (or scale) factor that determines the dynamical evolution of the universe. We also present a numerical solution of the model and calculate the (time-dependent) trace-anomaly. The solution depends on the mass ratio of the scalar and gauge fields, the parameters of the model and the vortex charge $n$.

Many reported sea level records are often not a single measurement. They are then a composition of different records from several tide gauges. Sometimes, they are from the same tide gauge, but the tide gauge stability has been affected by earthquakes. This is the case of Guam as discussed in the present manuscript. The claimed sea level acceleration of Guam is only the result of two earthquakes that have compromised the stability of the tide gauge.

Studying the two famous old problems that why the moon can move around the Sun and why the orbit of the Moon around the Earth cannot be broken off by the Sun under the condition that calculating with F=GMm/R^2, the attractive force of the Sun on the Moon is almost 2.2 times that of the Earth. We found that the planet and moon are unified as one single gravitational unit which results in that the Sun cannot have the force of F=GMm/R^2 on the moon. The moon is moved by the gravitational unit orbiting around the Sun. It could indicate that the gravitational field of the moon is limited inside the unit and the gravitational fields of both the planet and moon is unified as one single field interacting with the Sun. The findings are further clarified by reestablishing Newton’s repulsive gravity.

Parasite control strategies such as blanket anthelmintic treatment of all horses in a herd or interval treatment regimen based on egg reappearance remain widely followed practices for the last several decades. These practices have resulted in the fast emergence of resistance in equine strongyles to all major classes of drugs on the market. In this regard, the guidelines set by the American Association of Equine Practitioners advocate evidence-based strongyle control in horses. It recommends targeted treatment of all heavy egg shedders [&gt; 500 eggs per gram (EPG) of feces] while the low shedders (0-200 EPG) are left untreated to maintain susceptible parasite refugia in a herd. As 50-75% of adult horses in a herd are low shedders, preventing them from unnecessary anthelmintic exposure is critical to tackling resistance. There are various fecal egg count (FEC) techniques with many modifications and variations in use, but none is identified as a gold standard and methods comparison studies are lacking. We hypothesized that the diagnostic performance of commonly used quantitation methodologies differs and the FEC methods must be evaluated to determine the gold standard. In this regard, we performed methods comparison studies using polystyrene beads with size and specific gravity comparable to strongyle eggs, as proxy. The linearity of 12 commonly used FEC methodologies (3 techniques with 4 different solutions) was studied using bead standards in the clinically applicable range (63 to 1,000) to determine their suitability for strongyle egg counts. Deming regression analysis identified Mini-FLOTAC with sugar (specific gravity 1.33) as the test with the greatest coefficient of determination. All tests underestimated the true bead count, and we determined a correction factor (CF) for each test to estimate the true count. CF negates the preference for a gold standard test. Finally, we analyzed the validity of CF for 5 tests with R2&gt;0.95 to accurately quantify strongyle eggs from 40 different horses. Overall, this study identified methodologies with the highest diagnostic performance and the limitations to standardizing routine FEC tests to promote uniformity in implementing AAEP parasite control guidelines.

The field dynamics of neutral and charged matter (treated as gauge fields) beyond the event horizon of black holes are investigated. As an extension of the work done in Ganesan (2023) [1], the analysis was done using the combined dynamics of the two-dimensional Yang-Mills and Liouville gravity fields beyond the event horizon. The quantum interactions and symmetry breaking mechanisms of the combined two-dimensional fields are discussed. The second part of this paper explores the quantum dynamics occurring at the event horizon. By considering the structure of the event horizon as a Möbius strip (embedded in three-dimensional space), a formulation for the lower bound of the first energy eigenvalue of a quantum particle (electron) at the event horizon is obtained.

The problem of fluid dynamics can be greatly simplified if, for every point in space, the strain-rate tensor is diagonalized. This tensor is introduced into the Navier-Stokes equations via material law and divergence of the stress tensor. This article shows that local SO(3)xU(1) gauge fields can be used to locally diagonalize the diffusion components of the strain-rate tensor. The gauge fields resulting from the connection can be interpreted as convection components of the flow, they show properties of quasiparticles and can be interpreted as elementary vortices. Thus, the proposed approach not only offers new insights for the solution and situative simplification of the Navier-Stokes equations, it also uncovers hidden symmetries within the flow convection, allowing - depending on boundary conditions - further interpretation.

Precipitation gauges are critical for measuring precipitation rates at regional and global scales and are often used to calibrate precipitation rates estimated from other instruments such as satellites. However, precipitation measured at the gauges is affected by gauge-undercatch that is often larger for solid precipitation. In the present work, two popular gauge-undercatch correction factors are assessed: one utilizes a dynamic correction model and is used in the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) Monitoring product and the other one employs a fixed climatology and is used in the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) product. How much the choice of correction factors can impact the total estimate of precipitation was quantified over land at seasonal, annual, regional, and global scales. The correction factors are also compared as a function of the environmental variables used in their development, among those are near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, elevation, and precipitation intensity. Results show that correction factors can increase the annual precipitation rate based on the gauges by ~9.5 % over the global land (excluding Antarctica), although this amount can vary from ~6.3% (in boreal summer) to more than 10% (in boreal winter), depending on the season and the method used for gauge-undercatch correction. Annual variations of correction factors can also be large, so the use of the fixed climatology correction factors requires caution. Given their magnitudes and differences, selection of appropriate correction factors can have important implications in refining the water and energy budget calculations.

Research on early stages of corrosion of steel bars, together with the formation and development of cracks induced in the surrounding concrete and caused by chloride penetration, is relevant in improving the durability of reinforced concrete structures. This paper uses integration of the analytical models examined in the published literature, combined with experimental research in corrosion induced at the concrete/steel interface, in estimating the time-to-crack initiation of reinforced concrete subjected to corrosion. This work studies the influence of the porous network and electric current density on the cracking process at early ages. The experimental campaign was performed by using an accelerated corrosion test on a conventional concrete (CC) and a concrete with silica fume (SFC) by submitting them to a current density of 50μA/cm² and 100μA/cm². Examination performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) provided both qualitative and quantitative information on the penetration of the rust layer in the surrounding concrete porous network. Strain gauges were used to measure corrosion-induced deformations between steel and concrete matrices, as well as the formation of corrosion-induced cracks. A good correlation between the rate of penetration of the rust products in the surrounding pores and the delay of the cracking pressure in concrete was observed from the experimental results. This phenomenon is incorporated into the analytical model by using a reduction factor, which mainly depends on the pore size of the concrete. The crack width obtained exhibited a significant dependency on electric current density at the beginning of the test, depending mainly on the pore size of the concrete later.

This article presents a new input device for spastic patients and others with similar symptoms. The sensor consists of a disc used to determine positions and can replace standard joysticks in medical devices such as electric-powered wheelchairs. Using a standard joystick while operating a powered wheelchair can result in dangerous situations when spastic movements occur and extremities cramp making them uncontrollable. To avoid this, a disc was developed that can be controlled with any body part. By shifting weight (x- and y-axis) the disc can tilt in any direction creating a proportional output signal and can also be pushed down in the center (z-axis) to open a menu on a screen for example. When spasms occur it is impossible for users to get stuck on the input device because the disc is flat and can be mounted within a control panel. Body parts coming into contact with the disc would merely slide across the disc without triggering unintentional actions. The sensor presented here is also adaptive and can be adjusted to fit a user’s strength and range of motion. This proposal aims to develop an input device that enables spastic patients to operate sensitive systems safely.

This paper delves into the intricate interactions of photons in the realms of gravity and antigravity. Photons, being fundamental particles of light, exhibit remarkable behaviors as they traverse through the cosmos. They journey through the vast expanses of the universe until they venture into the enigmatic invisible realm. The photon's encounters with gravity and antigravity are explored in detail. When confronting the gravitational influence of massive objects, such as celestial bodies, photons neither gain nor lose energy, but they exchange momentum with the external gravitational field while steadfastly preserving their intrinsic momentum. Intriguingly, the photon's interaction with the mysterious force of antigravity, propelled by dark energy, presents an irreversible transformation. The consequences of this interaction are profound, as photons undergo a cosmic redshift of a magnitude greater than that induced by gravity or other redshift mechanisms. This distinctive effect manifests as the photon departs from the gravitational embrace of galaxies and embarks on a journey beyond their boundaries, where the domain of zero gravity commences. Furthermore, the paper elucidates the dynamics of external forces exerted by massive objects on photons during their interactions. These forces momentarily carry the photons while they engage with the massive objects. Yet, despite this external assistance, the photons maintain their original momentum. Notably, within a gravitational field, the effective deviation from this transportation remains zero, reaffirming the photon's commitment to its initial trajectory.

In physics, symmetry is mostly about the symmetry between elementary particles, between matter and antimatter. In the universe, we have two fundamental types of energy: energy of matter and energy of space. These two energies have a symmetry that is not geometry type, not electric charge type, it is energy type. Every physical object with mass m symmetrically diminishes the energy density of space in its center exactly for the amount of its mass. This symmetry of matter and space energies is the physical source of gravity that is also valid in the centre of black holes.

We investigate the Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker cosmological models within the framework of Rastall gravity incorporating particle creation. The modified field equations for Rastall gravity are derived and exact solutions are obtained under various choices of scale factors. The qualitative behaviour of our solutions depends on the Rastall coupling parameter ψ=kλ. Following the literature, we have restricted the Rastall coupling parameter ψ(k=1) to the range −0.0001 < ψ < 0.0007 at 68% CL from CMB+BAO data. Further, we have discussed the distinct physical behaviour of the derived models in detail.

(3+1)D quantum mechanics is a four-dimensional quantum formalism, which is developed neither in a Minkowski spacetime, nor in a purely Hilbert space and not its metric is Lorentzian. This quantum mechanics also yields the quantum Einstein field equation in (3+1)D quantum spacetime. Every observable (3+1)D quantum spacetime can be found to contain internally hidden opposite spin quantum state, that results Supersymmetry. Closed continuous mappings of this hidden quantum state immediately yield more extra hidden dimensions including string. This string is found to be fundamentally eleven-dimensional (rather than lower dimensional) by nature within this quantum spacetime, which is necessarily a natural phenomenon of (3+1)D Quantum Mechanics.

Affine quantization is a relatively new procedure, and it can solve many new problems. This essay reviews this new, and novel, procedure for particle problems, as well as those of fields and gravity. New quantization tools, which are extremely close to, and even constructed from, the tools of canonical quantization, are able to fully solve selected problems that using the standard canonical quantization would fail. In particular, improvements can even be found with an affine quantization of fields, as well as gravity.

In this paper, we explore the black hole solutions with the rainbow deformed metric in the presence of the exponential form of the nonlinear electrodynamics with asymptotic Reissner- Nordstr ̈om properties. We calculate the exact solution of metric function and explore the geometri- cal properties in the background of massive gravity. From the obtained solution, the existence of the singularity is confirmed in proper limits. Using the solutions we also investigate the thermodynamic properties of the solutions by checking the validity of the first law of thermodynamics. Continuing the thermodynamic study, we investigate the conditions under which the system is thermally stable from the heat capacity and the Gibbs free energy. We also discuss the possible phase transition and the criticality of the system. It was found that the quantum gravitational effects of gravity’s rain- bow render the thermodynamic system stable in the vicinity of the singularity. Hence, we obtained a first order phase transition which is interpreted as the large/small black hole phase transition. From the equation of state it was found that after diverging at the singularity, the system evolves asymptotically into pressure-less dust as one moves away from the central singularity. We also calculated the quantum work using the change of the Helmholtz free energy.

Advances in cosmology and astronomical observations over the last two decades have revealed significant tensions and many ambiguities within the standard model of cosmology of a spatially flat Universe, the lambda cold dark matter model. Moreover, the recent Planck Legacy 2018 (PL18) release has confirmed the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level higher than 99%. This paper addresses the study of a quantum mechanism that could replace the concept of dark matter and energy by considering a primordial curvature as preferred by the PL18 release while yielding the present-day spatial flatness. The implied primordial curvature is incorporated as the background curvature to extend the field equations in terms of the brane-world modified gravity. The Universe evolution is modelled by utilizing a new wavefunction of the Universe that propagates in the bulk with reference to the scale factor of the early Universe and its radius of curvature upon the emission of the CMB, which revealed both positive and negative solutions. This characteristic implies that a pair of entangled wavefunctions was created and evolved in opposite directions as a manifestation of distinct matter and antimatter sides of the Universe. The wavefunction indicates a nascent hyperbolic expansion away from early energy is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion in reverse directions, whereby both sides free-fall towards each other under gravitational acceleration. The predicted background curvature evolution demonstrates the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies as they travelled through earlier conformally curved spacetime. Finally, the wavefunction predicts an eventual phase of rapid spatial contraction that culminates in a Big Crunch, signaling a cyclic Universe. These findings reveal that early plasma could be separated and evolved into distinct sides of the Universe that collectively and geometrically inducing its evolution, physically explaining the effects attributed to dark matter and energy.

The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the literature on the use of anti-gravity treadmill and its effects on lower limb motor functions in children and adolescents with locomotor impairments. Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science) were searched for articles from inception to August 2021. Inclusion criteria were: (1) experimental or quasi-experimental studies using the anti-gravity training as the primary intervention; (2) studies conducted in paediatricpediatric participants; (3) articles reporting outcomes related to the lower limb functions; and (4) studies published in French or English. Fifteen articles were included in the review. Studies included children and adolescents aged 4–18 years with locomotor impairments. The intervention duration was ranged from 2 and to 12 weeks, with 2-5 sessions per week. Included studies showed reported that anti-gravity training induces improvements in muscle strength, balance, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and walking endurance in children with locomotor impairments. This review provides relevant information about the modalities, outcomes and limits associated with the anti-gravity training protocol reported in the literature. Overall, the anti-gravity treadmill training could be viewed as a valuable training modality for children with cerebral palsy. However, more precise, and comprehensive description of anti-gravity rehabilitation protocols would be useful.

This paper gives both a general canonical quantum gravity theory and the general canonical quantum gravity theories of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers the relations reflecting symmetric properties of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the canonical quantization of the standard gravity.

The constant ħ is elevated to a dynamical field, coupling to other fields, and itself, through the Lagrangian density derivative terms. The spatial and temporal dependence of ħ falls directly out of the field equations themselves. Three solutions are found: a free field with a tadpole term; a standing-wave non-propagating mode; a non-oscillating non-propagating mode. The first two could be quantized. The third corresponds to a zero-momentum classical field that naturally decays spatially to a constant with no ad-hoc terms added to the Lagrangian. An attempt is made to calibrate the constants in the third solution based on experimental data. The three fields are referred to as actons. It is tentatively concluded that the acton origin coincides with a massive body, or point of infinite density, though is not mass dependent. An expression for the positional dependence of Planck’s constant is derived from a field theory in this work that matches in functional form that of one derived from considerations of Local Position Invariance violation in GR in another paper by this author. Astrophysical and Cosmological interpretations are provided. A derivation is shown for how the integrand in the path integral exponent becomes Lc/ħ(r), where Lc is the classical action. The path that makes stationary the integral in the exponent is termed the “dominant” path, and deviates from the classical path systematically due to the position dependence of ħ. The meaning of variable ħ is seen to be related to the rate of time passage along each path increment. The changes resulting in the Euler-Lagrange equation, Newton’s first and second laws, Newtonian gravity, Friedmann equation with a Cosmological Constant, and the impact on gravitational radiation for the dominant path are shown and discussed.

The cosmological constant problem is examined by taking an Einstein--scalar with a Higgs-type potential and scrutinizing the infrared structure induced by finite temperature effects. A variant optimal perturbation theory is implemented in the recently proposed quantum-gravitational framework. The optimized renormalized mass, i.e., the renormalized mass determined by the variant optimal perturbation theory, of the scalar field turns out to be on the order of the temperature. This shifts the cosmological constant problem to compatibility of the consequent perturbative analysis. The compatibility is guaranteed essentially by renormalization group invariance of physical quantities. We point out the resummation behind the invariance.

Power spectra always play an important role in the theory of inflation. In particular, the ability to reproduce the galaxy matter power spectrum $ P(k) $ and the CMB temperature angular power spectrum $ C_l $’s to high accuracy is often considered a triumph of inflation. In our previous work, we presented an alternative explanation for the matter power spectrum based on nonperturbative quantum field-theoretical methods applied to Einstein’s gravity, instead of inflation models based on scalar fields. In this work, we review the basic concepts and provide further in-depth investigations. We first update the analysis with more recent data sets and error analysis, and then extend our predictions to the CMB angular spectrum coefficients $ C_l $, which we did not consider previously. Then we investigate further the potential freedoms and uncertainties associated with the fundamental parameters that are part of this picture, and show how recent cosmological data provides significant constraints on these quantities. Overall, we find good general consistency between theory and data, even potentially favoring the gravitationally-motivated picture at the largest scales. We summarize our results by outlining how this picture can be tested in the near future with increasingly accurate astrophysical measurements.

Since general relativity (GR) has already established that matter can simultaneously have two different values of mass depending on its context, we argue that the missing mass attributed to non-baryonic dark matter (DM) actually obtains because there are two different values of mass for the baryonic matter involved. The globally obtained "dynamical mass'' of baryonic matter can be understood as a small perturbation to a background spacetime metric even though it's much larger than the locally obtained "proper mass". Having successfully fit the SCP Union2.1 SN Ia data without accelerating expansion or a cosmological constant, we employ the same ansatz to compute dynamical mass from proper mass and explain galactic rotation curves (THINGS data), the mass profiles of X-ray clusters (ROSAT and ASCA data) and the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (Planck 2015 data) without DM. We compare our fits to modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), metric skew-tensor gravity (MSTG) and scalar-tensor-vector gravity (STVG) for each data set, respectively, since these modified gravity programs are known to generate good fits to these data. Overall, we find our fits to be comparable to those of MOND, MSTG and STVG. While this favorable comparison does not establish the validity of our proposition, it does provide confidence in using the fits to pursue an underlying action. Indeed, the functional form of our ansatz reveals an interesting structure in these fits.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce a geometric approach to study the circular orbit of a particle in static and spherically symmetric spacetime based on Jacobi metric. Second, we apply the circular orbit to study the weak gravitational deflection of null and time-like particles based on Gauss-Bonnet theorem. By this way, we obtain an expression of deflection angle and extend the study of deflection angle to asymptotically non-flat black hole spacetimes. Some black holes as lens are considered such as a static and spherically symmetric black hole in the conformal Weyl gravity and a Schwarzschild-like black hole in bumblebee gravity. Our results are consistent with the previous literature. In particular, we find that the connection between Gaussian curvature and the radius of a circular orbit greatly simplifies the calculation.

There has been observational evidence about spin axes of quasars in large quasar groups correlated over hundreds of Mpc. This is seen in the radio spectrum as well as in the optical range. There is not yet a satisfactory explanation of this "spooky" alignment. This alignment cannot be explained by mutual interaction at the time that quasars manifest themselves optically. A cosmological explanation could be possible in the formation of superconducting vortices (cosmic strings) in the early universe, just after the symmetry-breaking phase of the universe. We gathered from the NASA/IPAC and SIMBAD extragalactic databases the right ascension, declination, inclination, position angle and eccentricity of the host galaxies of 3 large quasar groups to obtain the azimuthal and polar angle of the spin vectors. The alignment of the azimuthal angle of the spin vectors of quasars in their host galaxy is confirmed in the large quasar group U1.27 and compared with two other groups in the vicinity, i.e., U1.11 and U1.28. It is well possible that the azimuthal angle alignment fits the predicted azimuthal angle dependency in the theoretical model of the formation of general relativistic superconducting vortices, where the initial axially symmetry is broken just after the symmetry breaking of the scalar-gauge field.} \keyword{quasar groups; alignment spin vectors; host galaxy; cosmic strings; symmetry breaking; scalar-gauge field.

We develop a renormalizable model of Quantum General Relativity (QGR). We do this by building on earlier work with quantum electrodynamics (QED). Working with the Feynman path integral (FPI) approach to QED, we generalize the paths from varying in space to varying in space and time. This gives the standard results plus dispersion in time of order attoseconds or left. Over longer times, the dispersion in time averages out, but at attosecond times it should be detectable with current technology. As an unexpected but welcome side-effect, the approach caused the usual loop integrals to be finite. Since the usual UV divergences are significantly harder to renormalize in QGR than in QED, and since using paths in time plus space is definitely more in keeping with the general spirit of GR, we here apply the same approach to QGR. We show that with an appropriate choice of gauge (trace-reversed de Donder gauge) we can extend the earlier results to include QGR. Sub-attosecond measurements of individual gravitons are not within our reach, but at least the ultraviolet divergences in QGR are contained in the same way. We have therefore a renormalizable model of QGR

The Quantum-Cosmos Nexus Theory delves into the intricate web of relationships that tie together fundamental constants, cosmological properties, and the boundaries of our comprehension in the realm of physics. It unveils a profound interconnection between the gravitational constant (G), the speed of light (c), and the parameters of the observable universe. It introduces a unification equation that hints at a connection between the fundamental constants. It also introduces a new constant, , which is similar to the Planck constant but, on a large scale, signifies the ultimate unit of action or energy on a cosmic scale. With this new constant, new units similar to Planck units have been introduced. They are the equivalence of Planck units in the sense that they represent the limits of our current understanding of physics on the largest scale. The theory also shows that most of the fundamental constants of nature, including the gravitational constant (G), the speed of light (c), vacuum permittivity (ε₀) vacuum permeability (u₀), the Boltzmann constant (K_B), and the fine-structure constant (α), can be derived from these new units and Planck units. The first derived equation suggests a potential weakening of the gravitational constant over time, assuming the density remains relatively constant. Although this is a matter of speculation, it has the potential to explain observations related to dark matter. The theory also makes use of the Planck force, defining it as the maximum force on the quantum and cosmic scales. It also emphasizes that the Planck scale is not the ultimate limit and reveals our observational constraints, offering a unique perspective on the universe's fundamental workings. The Quantum-Cosmos Nexus Theory reveals how fundamental constants, cosmic dynamics, and the limits of our understanding converge, opening the door to fresh perspectives on the underlying principles of the universe.

Localized turbulence is common in geophysical flows, where the roles of rotation and stratification are paramount. In this study, we investigate the evolution of a stratified turbulent cloud under rotation. Recognizing that a turbulent cloud is composed of vortices of varying scales and shapes, we start our investigation with a single eddy. Compared to an eddy under pure rotation, the stratified eddy shows the physical manifestation of a known potential vorticity mode, appearing as a static stable vortex. In addition, the expected shift from inertial waves to inertial-gravity waves is observed. In our numerical simulations of the turbulent cloud, carried out at a constant Rossby number over a range of Froude numbers, stratification causes columnar structures to deviate from vertical alignment. This deviation increases with increasing stratification, slowing the expansion rate of the cloud. The observed characteristics of these columnar structures are consistent with the predictions of linear theory, particularly in their tilt angles and vertical growth rates, suggesting a significant influence of inertial-gravity waves. Using Lagrangian particle tracking, we have identified regions where wave activity dominates over turbulence. In scenarios of milder stratification, these inertial-gravity waves are responsible for a significant energy transfer away from the turbulent cloud, a phenomenon that attenuates with increasing stratification.

The center of mass dynamics of human seated posture in a work environment under hypogravity (0<g<1) have rarely been investigated and it remains to be accomplished. The present study determined the difference in the body system of 32 participants working under simulated 1/6g (Moon) and 1g (Earth) for comparison reason using static and dynamic action measurements. This was based on analyzing the participant's center of mass before, during, and after the task when they started to get fatigued. According to this analysis, there is a positive relation (p<0.01) with a positive coefficient of correlation between CoM body shift down along the Y axis and gravity level for males and females. At the same time, the same positive relationship (p<0.01) between the tilt of the body back along the Z axis and the level of gravity was found only in females. This offers fresh perspectives for comprehending hypogravity. It can also improve workplace ergonomics, body stability, equipment design, and biomechanics.

This study investigates the ionospheric variations resulting from thunderstorms that occurred between 00:00 UTC and 08:00 UTC on November 10, 2018, in the central region of Argentina, site of the RELAMPAGO-CACTI Project (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations; Clouds, Aerosols, and Complex Terrain Interactions). The data used were the Total Electron Content (TEC), which was computed from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements provided by the Argentinian Continuous Satellite Monitoring Network (RAMSAC by its Spanish acronym) stations and the atmospheric electrical activity data that were provided by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN). We observed that the generated disturbances have periods less than or equal to 100 minutes and peak-to-peak DVTEC amplitude values reaching up to 1.35 TECU (1 Total electron content unit =1016electrons/m2). We also noted that these atmospheric gravity waves, which show the highest peak-to-peak amplitudes, occur during periods of intense lightning activity. Finally, we found that for a day with Atmospheric Electrical Activity (AEA), the peak-to-peak amplitudes of the waves are approximately 2.91 times greater than the peak-to-peak amplitudes of a day without AEA.

The paper proposes a theoretical study that investigates the quantum effects on the gravity of black holes. The study utilizes a gravitational model that incorporates quantum mechanics derived from the classical-like quantum hydrodynamic representation. The research calculates the mass density distribution of quantum black holes, specifically in the case of central symmetry. The gravity of the quantum black hole shows contributions coming from the quantum potential energy, which is also sensitive to the presence of the background of gravitational noise. The additional energy, stored in the quantum potential fluctuations and constituting a form of dark energy, leads to a repulsive gravity in the weak gravity limit. This repulsive gravity overcomes the attractive classical Newtonian force at large distances of order of the intergalactic length.

We investigate the determinants of U.S. bilateral imports of olive oil and their dynamics from shocks in foreign supplies and changes in U.S. olive oil demand, using an augmented gravity framework that leads to an equilibrium of bilateral trade flows from olive oil exporters to the U.S. market. The empirical specification is applied at the disaggregated HS-6 level in a panel dataset, and three estimation techniques (truncated OLS, PPML, Heckman), for which the latter two account for zero trade flows, the extensive margin of trade and the potential censored distribution of exports with zero trade flows. We run Reset and HPC tests to qualify our results. On the supply side, exporters’ capacity to exports, multilateral trade resistance, and immigrants’ networks into the US are strong determinants of the bilateral trade flows for both aggregate olive oil exports and for virgin olive oil exports, On the consumer side, U.S. GDP, the import unit value, and immigrant network effects are robust determinants of bilateral flows as well for aggregate and virgin olive oil trade flows. Migrants’ stock, exporters’ GDP and population, and total exports revenues increase the probability of an exporter entering the U.S. market. We could not find robust evidence of consumer behavior being influenced by popular press measures of the emergence of Mediterranean diet and olive oil, or measures of cultural globalization of U.S. consumers.

All fundamental Planck scale symmetries are restored on a global level when a new charge is postulated in a finite, closed, Euclidean discrete space. Gravity emerges as a residual effect of the electromagnetic force in this scenario, resulting in a deterministic toy universe driven by a single input parameter. The model is developed using a constructive approach. Randomness is identified using a Chaintin argument. Aleph0 definite value is tied to the size of the universe. This is not an interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, but a deeper attempt to describe nature.

All fundamental Planck scale symmetries are restored on a global level when a new charge is postulated in a finite, closed, Euclidean discrete space. Gravity emerges as a residual effect of the electromagnetic force in this scenario, resulting in a deterministic toy universe driven by a single input parameter. Randomness is identified using a Chaintin argument. Aleph0 definite value is tied to the size of the universe. This is not an interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, but a deeper attempt to describe nature.

The fact that quantum gravity does not admit a co-variant vacuum state has far-reaching consequences for all physics. It points out that space could not be empty, and we return to the notion of an ether . Such a concept requires a preferred reference frame for, e.g., universe expansion and black holes. Here, we intend to discuss vacuum and quantum gravity from three essential viewpoints: universe expansion, black holes existence, and quantum decoherence.

I demonstrate that the macrocosmic gravitational interaction between two masses and the microcosmic electrostatic interaction between two charges unify in simple concepts and mathematical laws when electric charge and ordinary mass are interpreted in reciprocal terms. No previous research has ever attempted to unify charge and mass. The difficulty has been lack of an intelligible definition of charge. A three-point paradigm shift solves the problem, giving convincing evidence – for the first time – that positron and negatron are the ultimate elementary particles. That is, matter is pure positive and negative grains of electricity. Paradigm shift #1: Electron is a moving charge; a charge is static electron – ‘one entity two identities’. This implies that ordinary matter contains equal numbers of positive and negative electrons – observed in motion as ‘electrons’ and at rest as ‘charges’. In motion, a positron-negatron pair obeys the laws of electrodynamics and annihilates; at rest, the pair obeys the laws of electrostatics and neutralizes. Paradigm shift #2: Electron mass and electrostatic field are either positive or negative. Opposite masses and fields, rather than indefinable ‘charge’, make opposite electrons physically different. Paradigm shift #3: Electric charge and ordinary mass interconvert. Positive charge (e⁺) and negative charge (e^-) neutralize to neutral charge (2e⁰), which is nature’s quantum of ordinary mass. Conversely, a quantum of ordinary mass splits to opposite charges e.g. in frictional electrification. The insights systematize the search, identification and classification of ‘elementary particles’, ending decades of confusion in the ‘elementary particle zoo’. They identify a new, stable subatomic particle – a third nucleon.

Using a joint statistical analysis, we test a four-dimensional FLWR model embedded in a five-dimensional bulk based on the Nash-Greene embedding theorem. Performing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) modelling, we combine observational data sets as those of the recent ``Gold 2018'' growth data, the best-fit Planck2018/$\Lambda$CDM parameters on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) measurements, the Pantheon Supernovae type Ia and the Hubble parameter data with redshift ranging from $0.01 < z < 2.3$ to impose restrictions on the model. From linear Nash-Green fluctuations of the metric, we obtain the related perturbed equations in longitudinal Newtonian gauge to obtain the evolution of growth matter. We show that a mild alleviation is obtained from the $\sigma$ tension between the growth amplitude factor and the matter content $(\sigma_8$-$\Omega_m)$ of the observations from CMB and Large Scale Structure (LSS) probes with degeneracies on the parameters. We also apply the Om(z) diagnosis to distinguish the model from $\Lambda$CDM. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is used and we find a relative statistical consistence of the present model with both $\Lambda$CDM and $w$CDM models up to 1$\%$ of percentage difference at early times.

The Hubble parameter H(z), as a function of redshift, is modified by the presence of a new term originated from the extrinsic curvature in an embedded space-time. Assuming an asymptotic expansion factor $a\sim 0$ or, equivalently $z\rightarrow \infty$, it is obtained a nearly resemblance of the present model ($\beta$-model) with quintessence $w$CDM model with $H(z)\sim H_{wCDM}(z)$ at background level. In conjunction with $\Lambda$CDM, we test the models using a pack of recent datasets like that of the ``Gold 2018'' growth data, the best-fit Planck2018/$\Lambda$CDM parameters on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) measurements, the Pantheon Supernovae type Ia and the Hubble parameter data with redshift ranging from $0.01 < z < 2.3$. Performing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to ascertain the statistical viability of the model from Jeffreys' scale, we apply a joint likelihood analysis to the data with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We find that the present model is in very good agreement with observations with a close statistical equivalence with the $\Lambda$CDM and $w$CDM cosmologies at 1-$\sigma$ level. We also show that a mild alleviation of the $\sigma$ tension between the growth amplitude factor and the matter content $(\sigma_8$-$\Omega_m)$ of the observations from CMB and Large Scale Structure (LSS) probes. A comparison of the aforementioned full pack of data in MCMC chains is made with the resulting MCMC from Pantheon SNIa+$H(z)$ in order to analyse the sensitivity of the models and how they respond to a cosmography analysis on the evolution of $H(z)$ and the deceleration parameter $q(z)$. In this sense, we find that only the $\beta$-model can be unaffected to the variations of the previous datasets due to its several minima in the likelihood (degeneracies) of the related parameters with an overall percentage relative difference only up to 4$\%$.

We study a localization of gravity through the matching point between non-inertial frames and local inertial frames. This localization of gravity is done through defining relative gravitational red-shift. This lead to an emergence of a timeless state in a mathematically consistent way. In this timeless state of gravity, we find a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass. The experimental support of the timeless state is the quantum entanglement and internal symmetries that are independent of time. Therefore gravity would be responsible for measurements independent of time including quantum entanglement. Timeless state in that sense explain why do we have gravity/gauge correspondence. We conjecture that the universe emerged from a black hole with a global $SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ symmetry on its event horizon that produces gauge fields Electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear force through localization of this global symmetry. Through the localization in the gravity field, the timeless measurements such as spin will be correlated with the varying of timeless measurement which is relative gravitational red-shift. We present a gravitational or geometric interpretation of spin-0, spin-1, and spin-1/2 states. We present an interpretation of why do we measure matter rather than anti-matter. We found that the Higgs scalar field is represented by the gravitational red-shift at every point in the space around the black hole. We derive the numerical value of the cosmological constant that agrees with experimental observations.

In this paper, we investigate how Rindler observer measures the universe in the ADM formalism. We compute his measurements in each slice of the space-time in terms of gravitational red-shift which is a property of general covariance. In this way, we found special relativity preferred frames to match with the general relativity Rindler frame in ADM formalism. This may resolve the widely known incompatibility between special relativity and general relativity on how each theory sees the red-shift. We found a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass.

Recent advances in the theory of quantum gravity show that the Ricci flow serves as the time evolution operator for the vacuum energy density and that in the presence of baryonic matter, the Ricci flow is analogous to the heat equation in the presence of a heat sink. Here we show using the equations of quantum gravity, that quantum information can be modelled as a thermal fluid consisting of a superposition of weakly excited eigenstates of a quantum field and that each eigenstate vector has an associated eigenstate potential well. The depth of the potential well depends on the amplitude of the eigenstate vector. Measurement is then considered as a selection by tuning process which only allows an eigenstate resonating with the detector to be detected. During the detection process, the resonating eigenstate vector increases in amplitude, deepening its potential well such that the other weakly excited states rapidly drain their small excitation energies into it via the principle of minimum action. This draining process is the act of collapsing the wave function to a specific state. Also, the presence of the eigenstate potential wells is what cancels out the infinities from high energy interactions.

This research work investigates the possibility of shielding gravity. The ultimate purpose of this work is to understand the reality behind the concept of Gravitational Shielding (GS) and time dilation. Since the 19th century, scientists have tried to arrive at an understanding of GS via the use of various experiments. Unfortunately, some experiments failed to prove the existence of gravitational shielding, whereas some results proclaimed the possibility of attaining GS. The original phenomenon exhibited by nature cannot easily be understood, but some experiments have demonstrated that the answer may lie behind the mysterious GS. If GS is proved, then in the future, it would be possible to travel across black holes by defying gravity or through any bigger mass having high gravitational field. To unravel the mystery of GS, this work investigates the history of GS and considers the future vision of technologically advanced spacecraft or other warp drive mechanisms with appropriate gravitational shielding. Though the problem is very complex, this research work tries to come to a deeper understanding and explanation of the complexity involved in achieving gravitational shielding.

In this work, we investigate the embedding of a four-dimensional spherically symmetric metric in a six dimensional bulk. By using the Nash-Greene theorem, the additional $SO(2)$ symmetry of the two space-like extra-dimensions induces the appearance of horizons of a lukewarm charged black hole. Accordingly, an emerged mass-dependent cosmological constant is obtained with a prediction with a bound for the mass and minimal charge.

In this work it is acknowledged that important attempts to devise an emergent quantum (gravity) theory require space-time to be discretized at the Planck scale. It is therefore conjectured that reality is identical to a sub-quantum dynamics of ontological micro-constituents that are connected by a single interaction law. To arrive at a complex system-based toy-model identification of these micro-constituents, two strategies are combined. First, by seeing gravity as an entropic phenomenon and generalizing the dimensional reduction of the associated holographic principle, the universal constants of free space are related to assumed attributes of the micro-constituents. Second, as the effective field dynamics of the micro-constituents must eventually obey Einstein’s field equations, a sub-quantum interaction law is derived from a solution of these equations. A Planck-scale origin for thermodynamic black hole characteristics and novel views on entropic gravity theory result from this approach, which eventually provides a different view on quantum gravity and its unification with the fundamental forces.