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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0166.v1

SWOT Analysis for Architectural and Structural Solutions Interaction Assessment in High-Rise Buildings Design

Jolanta Tamošaitienė, Ernestas Gaudutis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: high-rise buildings; architecture; structural solutions; interaction; SWOT analysis

Online: 26 November 2017 (12:45:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0601.v1

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Classification, Applications and Challenges: A Review

Gaurav Singhal, Babankumar Bansod, Lini Mathew

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Drone, Remote Sensing, control station, Multispectral, Aviation, Regulations

Online: 27 November 2018 (12:08:39 CET)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0259.v1

Deterministic and Probabilistic Engineering Cost Estimating Approaches for Complex Urban Drainage Infrastructure Capital Improvement (CIP) Programs

Thewodros K. Geberemariam

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: risk management; deterministic; probabilistic; engineering cost estimating; uncertainty; cost estimating methods; urban drainage infrastructure; Capital Improvement (CIP) Programs

Online: 12 November 2018 (04:27:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0581.v1

Prefabricated Hybrid Wall Panel System for Lightweight Steel Construction in Seismic Prone Regions

Pezhman Sharafi, Mina Mortazavi, Bijan Samali, Hamid Ronagh

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: panelised construction; lightweight frames; hybrid systems; cold formed steel; hot rolled steel; design for earthquake, lateral force resisting system

Online: 30 July 2018 (10:24:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0753.v1

Physical Modelling vs. Numerical Modelling: Complementarity and Learning

José S. Antunes do Carmo

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: physical modelling; numerical modelling; construction works; growing risks; safety requirements; hybrid modelling

Online: 31 July 2020 (14:01:04 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0147.v1

Advances in Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels toward Energy Efficient Structural Buildings

Sani Mohammed Bida, Farah Nora Aznieta Abdul Aziz, Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Farzad Hejazi, Abu Bakar Nabilah

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: alternative materials, fibre reinforced polymer, insulation, precast concrete sandwich panel, shear connection, thermal efficiency

Online: 8 October 2018 (12:50:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0300.v1

Improved Hardy Cross Method for Pipe Networks

Dejan Brkić, Pavel Praks

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Hardy cross method; pipe networks; piping systems; hydraulic networks; gas distribution

Online: 25 December 2018 (09:07:02 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0045.v1

Risks of Climate Change on the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System

Sazrul Leena Binti Sa’adin, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, David Jaroszweski

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway infrastructure; high-speed rail; tracks; risk; management and monitoring; climate change; global warming; adaptation; operational readiness

Online: 5 August 2016 (05:11:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0047.v1

Reflections on Pandemics, Civil Infrastructure and Sustainable Development: Five Lessons from COVID-19 through the Lens of Transportation

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Samuel Labi, Brian Woodall, Mikhail Chester, Prerna Singh

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: sustainable development; system resilience; resilient and sustainable infrastructure; pandemics; COVID-19

Online: 6 April 2020 (10:14:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0602.v1

Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis for Wind Turbines Considering Climatic Regions and Comparing Geared and Direct Drive Wind Turbines

Samet Ozturk, Vasilis Fthenakis, Stefan Faulstich

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Reliability; FMEA; wind turbines; climatic conditions; wind turbine type

Online: 30 July 2018 (22:51:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0067.v1

Effects of Layer-Interface Properties on Mechanical Performance of Concrete Elements Produced by Extrusion-Based 3D-Printing

Venkatesh Naidu Nerella, Simone Hempel, Viktor Mechtcherine

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Digital construction, concrete, 3D-printing, extrusion-based deposition, layer interfaces, bond strength, cold joints, concrete testing

Online: 3 October 2018 (17:44:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0567.v1

Pavement Distress Detection Methods: A Review

Antonella Ragnoli, Maria Rosaria De Blasiis, Alessandro Di Benedetto

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: pavement distress; pavement management; distress identification; data collection system

Online: 28 September 2018 (12:28:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0200.v1

The Impact of Climate Change on Reservoir Inflows Using Multi Climate-Model under RCPs’ Including Extreme Events—A Case of Mangla Dam, Pakistan

Muhammad Babur, Mukand Singh Babel, Sangam Shrestha, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Nitin Kumar Tripathi

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: climate change; GCMs’; RCPs’; downscaling; temperature; precipitation; extreme events; SWAT; discharge

Online: 24 August 2016 (10:16:40 CEST)

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Assessment of extreme events and climate change on reservoir inflow is important for water and power stressed countries. Projected climate is subject to uncertainties related to climate change scenarios and Global Circulation Models (GCMs’). Extreme climatic events will increase with the rise in temperature as mentioned in the AR5 of the IPCC. This paper discusses the consequences of climate change that include extreme events on discharge. Historical climatic and gauging data were collected from different stations within a watershed. The observed flow data was used for calibration and validation of SWAT model. Downscaling was performed on future GCMs’ temperature and precipitation data, and plausible extreme events were generated. Corrected climatic data was applied to project the influence of climate change. Results showed a large uncertainty in discharge using different GCMs’ and different emissions scenarios. The annual tendency of the GCMs’ is bi-vocal: six GCMs’ projected a rise in annual flow, while one GCM projected a decrease in flow. The change in average seasonal flow is more as compared to annual variations. Changes in winter and spring discharge are mostly positive, even with the decrease in precipitation. The changes in flows are generally negative for summer and autumn due to early snowmelt from an increase in temperature. The change in average seasonal flows under RCPs’ 4.5 and 8.5 are projected to vary from -29.1 to 130.7% and -49.4 to 171%, respectively. In the medium range (RCP 4.5) impact scenario, the uncertainty range of average runoff is relatively low. While in the high range (RCP 8.5) impact scenario, this range is significantly larger. RCP 8.5 covered a wide range of uncertainties, while RCP 4.5 covered a short range of possibilities. These outcomes suggest that it is important to consider the influence of climate change on water resources to frame appropriate guidelines for planning and management.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0174.v1

Variation of Ambient Air Quality Scenario in Chittagong City: A Case Study of Air Pollution

Md. Arif Hossen, Asiful Hoque

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Air Quality; Gaseous Pollutants; AQI, PM2.5; PM10

Online: 18 August 2016 (10:36:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0370.v1

An Automated IoT Visualization BIM Platform for Decision Support in Facilities Management

Kai-Ming Chang, Ren-Jye Dzeng, Yi-Ju Wu

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: building information modeling; industry foundation classes; internet of things; smart campus; environmental sensors; Dynamo

Online: 25 May 2018 (12:29:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0040.v1

Comparison of the Automatically Calibrated Google Evapotranspiration Application—EEFlux and the Manually Calibrated METRIC Application

Foad Foolad, Philip Blankenau, Ayse Kilic, Richard G. Allen, Justin L. Huntington, Tyler A. Erickson, Doruk Ozturk, Charles G. Morton, Samuel Ortega, Ian Ratcliffe, Trenton E. Franz, David Thau, Rebecca Moore, Noel Gorelick, Baburao Kamble, Peter Revelle, Ricardo Trezza, Wenguang Zhao, Clarence W. Robison

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Google Earth Engine; EEFlux; METRIC; evapotranspiration; Landsat; water resources management

Online: 3 July 2018 (11:51:31 CEST)

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Reliable evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is a key factor for water resources planning, attaining sustainable water resources use, irrigation water management, and water regulation. During the past few decades, researchers have developed a variety of remote sensing techniques to estimate ET. The Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux) application uses Landsat imagery archives on the Google Earth Engine platform to calculate the daily evapotranspiration at the local field scale (30 m). Automatically calibrated for each Landsat image, the EEFlux application design is based on the widely vetted Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model and produces ET estimation maps for any Landsat 5, 7 or 8 scene in a matter of seconds. In this research we evaluate the consistency and accuracy of EEFlux products that are produced when standard US and global assets are used. Processed METRIC products for 58 scenes distributed around the western and central United States were used as the baseline for comparison. The goal of this paper is to compare the results from EEFlux with the standard METRIC applications to illustrate the utility of the EEFlux products as they currently stand. Given that EEFlux is derived from METRIC, differences are expected to occur due to differing calibration methods (automatic versus manual) and differing input datasets. The products compared include the fraction of reference ET (ETrF), actual ET (ETa), and surface energy balance components net radiation (Rn), ground heat flux (G), and sensible heat flux (H), as well as Ts, albedo and NDVI. The product comparisons show that the intermediate products of Ts, Albedo, and NDVI, and also Rn have similar values and behavior for both EEFlux and METRIC. Larger differences were found for H and G. Despite the more significant differences in H and G, results show that EEFlux is able to calculate ETrF and ETa values comparable to the values from trained expert METRIC users for agricultural areas. For non-agricultural areas such as semi-arid rangeland and forests, the automated EEFlux calibration algorithm needs to be improved in order to be able to reproduce ETrF and ETa that is similar to the manually calibrated METRIC products.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0046.v1

The Finite Element Analysis for Concrete Filled Steel Columns under Blast Load

Fereydoon Omidinasab, Peyman Beiranvand, Saeideh Sadeghi Golmakani, Mohammad Zarei

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: blast load; concrete-filled steel columns; finite element analysis

Online: 13 October 2016 (05:11:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0001.v1

Effective Height of a Floor Splitter Anti-Vortex Device under Varying Flow Conditions

Hyung-Jun Kim, Sung Won Park, Dong Sop Rhee

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Pump station, Sump, Anti-vortex device, Flow pattern, Vortex

Online: 3 October 2016 (11:15:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0049.v1

Physical Modelling of Bridge Pier Scour and Its Effect on Dynamic Response: Towards Real-Time Monitoring of Bridges

Fatemeh Rahimi, Alireza Keshavarzy, Mohsen Askari

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: bridge stability; scour; physical modelling; structural health monitoring; modal analysis

Online: 3 September 2020 (04:04:48 CEST)

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The generation of vortices around bridge piers can lead to removal of riverbed materials from around piers, especially during flood events and heavy rainfalls, which can compromise the stability of the bridge and consequently its failure, if not properly detected and mitigated. Bridge failures pose serious threats to the local socio-economic and public safety and can cost lives. As such, real-time monitoring and early warning systems for scour-induced bridge failure can serve as a vital tool to protect the community and civil infrastructure against disastrous events. Vibration-base monitoring of bridge scour is an attractive option due to its low cost and relatively easy installation without the need to block the road and close the bridge to traffic. While limited number of previous studies have shown the capabilities of acceleration-based monitoring techniques in this area of research, they generally lack a rigorous framework for data analysis within and relating those to evaluate scour. This paper is an attempt to provide such framework that would enable a fast and low-cost analysis of vibration data within a physical modelling study on a simplified bridge pier. To achieve this, three experiments were conducted on an ideal single-pier scaled model bridge in a hydraulic flume, where water flows at a velocity near the critical velocity for the sand bed which in turn generates a scour hole around the pier. Then, the vibration data recorded using two mounted wireless accelerometers, were used to conduct an operational modal analysis through which the natural frequencies are extracted. The extracted natural frequencies and measured scour depths are then used to provide a chart that relates these two parameters. The results of this study showed the promising capability of the vibration-based data analysis in finding this relationship, indicating an up to around 30-50% reduction in natural frequencies as a result of around 50% scour ratio (ratio of maximum scour depth to buried depth), and beyond 50% scour ratio the natural frequencies remain constant. While the data presented in this paper are preliminary, they clearly show a promising potential for application in real-time monitoring of bridge stability under the effect of local scour and further works are underway to enrich the experimental data and empower the proposed methodologies at the laboratory scale.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0161.v1

Recycling of Rolling Stocks

Rafael Favoretto Silva, Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway; trains; rolling stocks; recycling; reuse; life cycle; environmental benefit

Online: 17 August 2016 (11:25:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0013.v1

Analysis of Drought Characteristics using Time Series of Modified SPEI in South Korea from 1981 to 2010

Seungjong Bae, Sang-Hyun Lee, Seung-Hwan Yoo, Taegon Kim

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: drought; SPEI; evapotranspiration; Thornthwaite; FAO Penman-Monteith

Online: 6 October 2016 (13:04:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0087.v1

Cassava Waste Management and Biogas Generation Potential in Selected Local Governments Areas in Ogun State Nigeria

David O. Olukanni, Tope O. Olatunji

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: solid waste management; environmental pollution; agricultural waste; cassava waste; biogas generation; sustainable technology

Online: 5 September 2018 (05:32:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0005.v1

Evaluation of Soil-Structure Interaction on the Seismic Response of Liquid Storage Tanks under Earthquake Ground Motions

Mostafa Farajian, Mohammad Iman Khodakarami, Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: liquid storage tanks; soil-structure interaction; seismic response; earthquake ground motions

Online: 1 December 2016 (10:36:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0079.v1

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamic Influence of River Flow Confluences to the Open Channel Stage-Discharge Relationship

Xiekang Wang, Haizhou Wang, Xufeng Yan, Xingnian Liu, Huan-Feng Duan

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: river confluence; stage-discharge relationship; hydrodynamic influence; backwater; flow separation

Online: 19 October 2016 (12:31:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0227.v1

Life Cycle Cost Evaluation of Noise Control Methods at Urban Railway Turnouts

Rodrigo Tavares De Freitas, Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway noise; railway vibration; squeal noise vibration; screeching noise vibration; impact noise vibration; abatement; mitigation; life cycle analysis

Online: 29 August 2016 (12:39:40 CEST)

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The railway industry focus in the past years was to research, find and develop methods to mitigate noise and vibration resulted from wheel/rail contact along track infrastructure. This resulted in a wide range of abatement measures that are available for the professionals of the industry today. However, although there are many options in the market, their practical implementations depend upon general constraints that affect most technological application in the engineering world. The progression of these technologies have facilitated the selection of more adequate methods for each best case scenario, but further studies are ought to be made to proper assess if each one is fit for their purpose. Every method implementation must be analyzed through budget and timeframe limitations, which includes building, maintenance and inspection costs and time allocation, while also aiming to meet different benefits, such as environmental impact control and wear of the whole infrastructure. There are several situations and facilities in a railway project design that need noise and vibration mitigation methods and each design allocates different priorities for each one of them. Traditionally the disturbance caused by railways to the community are generated by wheel/rail contact sound radiation that expresses in different ways, depending on the movement of the rolling stock and track alignment, such as rolling noise, impact noise and curve noise. More specifically, in special trackworks such as turnouts, the main area of this study, there are two noises types that must be evaluated: impact noise and screeching noise. With respect to the second, it is similar to curve squeals and, being such, its mitigation methods are to be assigned as if it was to abate curve squeal in turnouts and crossings. The impact noise on the other hand, emerges from the sound made by the rolling stock moving through joints and discontinuities (i.e. gaps) that composes these special components of a railway track. A life cycle analysis is therefore substantial for this reality and in this case will be applied to Squeal and Impact Noise on Special Trackwork. The evaluation is based on a valid literature review and the total costs were assumed by industry reports to maintain coherency. The period for a life cycle analysis is usually of 50 years, hence it was the value assumed. As for the general parameters, an area with high density of people was considered to estimate the values for a community with very strict limits for noise and vibration.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0133.v1

Comparison of Stochastic and Machine Learning Methods for Multi-Step Ahead Forecasting of Hydrological Processes

Georgia A. Papacharalampous, Hristos Tyralis, Demetris Koutsoyiannis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: multi-step ahead forecasting; neural networks; random forests; stochastic vs machine learning models; support vector machines; time series

Online: 20 October 2017 (03:18:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0534.v1

Application of Jute Fiber in Soil Stabilization

Shwetha Prasanna, Nevil Macedon Mendes

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: jute fibre; reinforcement; modified compaction test; California bearing ratio test; stabilization; shear strength

Online: 25 August 2020 (03:30:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0050.v1

Investigation of Physical Characteristics of Non-Structural Lightweight Aggregate Blocks

Hamid Reza Ashrafi, Marzieh Sadat Moayyeri, Peyman Beiranvand

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: non-load-bearing lightweight blocks; lightweight aggregates; density; compressive strength; water absorption volume

Online: 13 October 2016 (12:01:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0026.v1

Propose of Mix Design Method for CO₂ Reduction Concrete Using the Regression Analysis

Tae Hyoung Kim

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: concrete; sustainability; regression analysis mix design; CO2 emission; cost

Online: 3 August 2016 (06:05:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0210.v1

Driving Factors of Smart City Construction in China—An Exploratory Method by Grounded Theory and Empirical Research

Qinghong Cui, Guangbin Wang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: smart city; smart city construction; urban sustainability; driving factors; grounded theory; empirical research

Online: 26 August 2016 (11:18:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0316.v1

Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis in Infrastructure Projects: A Systematic Review

Wesam Salah Alaloul, Muhammad Altaf, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Amir Mosavi

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Infrastructure projects; LCCA; Systematic Review; PRISMA statement; Sustainability; LCA

Online: 11 March 2021 (11:23:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0368.v1

Effect of Multiple Layers of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete

Ali Raza Khoso, Muhammad Akram Akhund, Shankar Lal Menghwar, Fida Hussain Siddiqui

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: CFRP; double layers of CFRP; concrete repair; flexural behavior; load deflection curve

Online: 20 July 2018 (03:49:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0420.v1

Presentation a New Method for Determining of Bridge Condition Index by Using Analytical Hierarchy Process

Saeid Darban, Hosein Ghasemzadeh Tehrani, Nader Karballaeezadeh

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: transportation infrastructure; bridge management system; concrete bridges; bridge condition index; analytical hierarchy process; expert system

Online: 29 March 2020 (04:55:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0056.v1

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Black Shales after CO₂-Water-Rock Interaction

Qiao Lyu, P.G. Ranjith, Xinping Long, Bin Ji

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: shale; CO2-water-rock interaction; mechanical properties; crack propagation; microstructure

Online: 5 August 2016 (12:35:12 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0047.v1

Toughness of Railroad Concrete Crossties with Holes and Web Opening

Erosha K. Gamage, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Alex M. Remennikov, Tetsuya Ishida

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Concrete sleeper; crosstie; design standard; holes; web opening; railway infrastructure; static performance

Online: 5 August 2016 (08:06:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0081.v1

Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Water: A Review

Farhan Mohammad Khan, Rajiv Gupta

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: escherichia coli, e. coli, indicator, fecal coliform bacteria, water, bacteriological analysis, fcb, classification.

Online: 8 October 2019 (10:27:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0187.v1

Carbon Dioxide Sequestered Concrete: A Review Paper

Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Zarina Itam, Yuovendra Sivaganese, Norizham Abdul Razak

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Sequestration, Carbon Dioxide, concrete strength, carbon footprint.

Online: 7 August 2020 (11:21:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0088.v1

Multi-range Conditional Random Field for Classifying Railway Electrification System Objects

Jaewook Jung, Leihan Chen, Gunho Sohn, Chao Luo, Jong-Un Won

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: classification; railway; power line; mobile laser scanning data; conditional random field; layout compatibility

Online: 26 September 2016 (09:33:05 CEST)

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Railway has been used as one of the most crucial means of transportation in public mobility and economic development. For efficiently operating railways, the electrification system in railway infrastructure, which supplies electric power to trains, is essential facilities for stable train operation. Due to its important role, the electrification system needs to be rigorously and regularly inspected and managed. This paper presents a supervised learning method to classify Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data into ten target classes representing overhead wires, movable brackets and poles, which are recognized key objects in the electrification system. In general, the layout of railway electrification system shows a strong regularity of spatial relations among object classes. The proposed classifier is developed based on Conditional Random Field (CRF), which characterizes not only labeling homogeneity at short range, but also the layout compatibility between different object classes at long range in the probabilistic graphical model. This multi-range CRF model consists of a unary term and three pairwise contextual terms. In order to gain computational efficiency, MLS point clouds is converted into a set of line segments where the labeling process is applied. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as a local classifier considering only node features for producing the unary potentials of CRF model. As the short-range pairwise contextual term, Potts model is applied to enforce a local smoothness in short-range graph. While, long-range pairwise potentials are designed to enhance spatial regularities of both horizontal and vertical layouts among railway objects. We formulate two long-range pairwise potentials as the log posterior probability obtained by Naïve Bayes classifier. The directional layout compatibilities are characterized in probability look-up tables which represent co-occurrence rate of spatial relations in horizontal and vertical directions. The likelihood function is formulated by multivariate Gaussian distributions. In the proposed multi-range CRF model, the weight parameters to balance four sub-terms are estimated by applying the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). The results show that the proposed multi-range CRF can effectively classify detailed railway elements, representing the average recall of 97.66% and the average precision of 97.07% for all classes.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0065.v1

Modeling the Influence of River Bed Reconstruction on a River Stage Using a Two-Dimensional/Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model

Wei-Bo Chen, Wen-Cheng Liu

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering

Online: 11 November 2016 (18:26:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0090.v1

A Practical Method for Assessing the Energy Consumption & CO₂ Emissions of Mass Haulers

Hassanean Jassim, Weizhuo Lu, Thomas Olofsson

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: hauling operations; optimum schedule; energy consumption; CO2 emission; hauler

Online: 26 September 2016 (10:12:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0118.v2

On the Numerical Modelling of Bond for the Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete

Peter Grassl, Morgan Johansson, Joosef Leppänen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: bond; concrete; reinforcement; damage-plasticity; failure

Online: 25 August 2017 (08:01:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0063.v1

Investigating Non-Linear Dynamic Behavior of Dual Steel Frames under the Effect of Near and Far Fields to Fault

Hamid Reza Ashrafi, Soroush Dadgar, Peyman Beiranvand

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: dual steel frame; far field from fault; near field to fault; time history non-linear dynamic analysis

Online: 15 October 2016 (08:39:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0106.v1

Recycling and Reuse Technology: Waste to Wealth Initiative in a Private Tertiary Institution, Nigeria

David Olukanni, Anne Aipoh, Inibraniye Kalabo

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste; Waste Management, Sustainable Technology, Recycling, Reuse, Waste to wealth

Online: 6 August 2018 (09:44:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0065.v1

The Potential of Active Contour Models in Extracting Roads from Mobile Laser Scanning Data

Pankaj Kumar, Paul Lewis, Tim McCarthy

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: active contour models; LiDAR, segmentation; road edges

Online: 8 May 2017 (12:24:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0090.v1

Fundamentals of the Behavior of Concrete Recycled with PET Additives through Its Porosity

J. Miguel Mendivil-Escalante, J. Manuel Gómez-Soberón, J. Luis Almaral-Sánchez, F. Guadalupe Cabrera-Covarrubias

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: PET additives; recycled concrete; concrete porosity; polymeric resins; porosimetry of nitrogen (N2) gas adsorption; acoustic resonance spectroscopy

Online: 16 December 2016 (11:01:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0019.v1

An Overview on Bioconcrete and the Utilization of Microbes in Civil Engineering

Mohammad Rizwan Bhina, Antoni H Wibowo, Kuang Yen Liu, Waseem Khan, Mohammad Salim

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: bioconcrete; microbes; biomineralization; self-healing; calcite precipitation

Online: 1 April 2021 (12:56:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0030.v2

Nearly Zero Energy Standard for Non-Residential Buildings with High Energy Demands—An Empirical Case Study Using the State Related Properties of Bavaria

Michael Keltsch, Werner Lang, Thomas Auer

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 2010); nearly zero energy standard; non-residential buildings; highly technically installed buildings; energy balance

Online: 9 January 2017 (10:35:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0173.v1

Comparison between Different Fiber Coatings and Adhesives on Steel Surfaces for Distributed Optical Strain Measurements based on Rayleigh Backscattering in Concrete Structures

Martin Weisbrich, Klaus Holschemacher

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: optical fiber; flat steel; bending test; fiber coating; adhesives; Rayleigh backscatter; distributed optical strain measurement

Online: 12 June 2018 (08:32:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0147.v1

Application of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to the Abay River Basin of Ethiopia: The Case of Didessa Sub Basin

Timketa Adula Duguma

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Didessa sub basin; SWAT; simulated stream flow

Online: 9 May 2018 (14:34:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0300.v2

Hardy Cross Method for Pipe Networks

Dejan Brkić, Pavel Praks

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Hardy cross method; pipe networks; piping systems; hydraulic networks; gas distribution

Online: 28 January 2019 (11:05:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0123.v1

Time Domain Strain/Stress Reconstruction Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition: Numerical Study and Experimental Validation

Jingjing He, Yibin Zhou, Xuefei Guan, Wei Zhang, Wei Fang Zhang, Yongming Liu

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: limited sensor data; structural health monitoring; strain/stress response reconstruction; empirical mode decomposition

Online: 11 August 2016 (11:06:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0037.v1

Measurement of Heat-Flux of New Type Façade Walls

Todorka Samardzioska, Roberta Apostolska

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: energy efficient building; heat flux; thermal transmittance; in situ measurement

Online: 4 August 2016 (08:09:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0133.v2

Comparison of Stochastic and Machine Learning Methods for Multi-Step Ahead Forecasting of Hydrological Processes

Georgia Papacharalampous, Hristos Tyralis, Demetris Koutsoyiannis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: multi-step ahead forecasting; neural networks; random forests; stochastic vs machine learning models; support vector machines; time series

Online: 20 February 2018 (13:32:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0061.v1

Assessing Hydrological Impacts of a Watershed in the Context of Climate and Land Cover Changes

Dong-Sin Shih, Ray-Shyan Wu, Chung-Yuan Tsai

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: climate change; land cover change; WASH123D

Online: 12 January 2017 (10:05:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0046.v1

Full-Scale/Model Test Comparisons to Validate the Traditional ABL Wind Tunnel Simulation Technique: A Literature Review

X.X. Cheng, J. Dong, Y. Peng, L. Zhao, Y.J. Ge

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: comparative study; full-scale measurement; wind tunnel model test; multiple-fan actively controlled wind tunnel; research scheme

Online: 9 October 2017 (06:38:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0161.v2

Recycling of Rolling Stocks

Rafael Favoretto Silva, Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway; trains; rolling stocks; recycling; reuse; life cycle; environmental benefit

Online: 23 December 2016 (10:45:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0144.v1

Statistical Study on Crash Frequency Model Using GNB Models of Freeway Sharp Horizontal Curve Based on Interactive Influence of 3 Explanatory Variables

Yanjie Zeng, Xiaofei Wang, Lineng Liu, Xinwei Li, Caifeng Jiang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: freeway; crash prediction model (CPM); sharp horizontal curve segment (SHCS); interactive influence among three explanatory variables; generalized negative binomial (GNB)

Online: 15 August 2016 (09:47:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0047.v1

Current Research and Challenges in Bitumen Emulsion Manufacturing and Its Properties

Ahmed Al-Mohammedawi, Konrad Mollenhauer

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Bitumen Emulsion; Formulation; Emulsification Temperature.

Online: 3 February 2022 (10:39:10 CET)

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The global increase of road infrastructure and its impact on the environment requires serious attention to develop sustainable and environmentally friendly road materials. One group of those materials is produced by using bitumen emulsion. However, there are still scientific and technical obstacles standing against its regular application. The bitumen emulsion formulation process and compositional optimization are subjected to a high number of degrees of freedom. Consequently, obtaining the desired product is mostly based on a series of random and tedious trials because of the enormous number of tests to be carried out. The current review of the physicochemical formulation may indeed be extensively used in helping to reduce the number of unnecessary experimentations as well as discuss the vital aspects in the bitumen emulsion production process. Among these, emulsion stability, viscosity, droplet size (and distribution), bitumen emulsion chemistry, the function of the emulsion components, surfactant type, acids or alkalis, and additives are all discussed and used to define the emulsion's physical properties and reactivity. Besides, current developments in the mechanisms of breaking and setting processes are also summarized. It is discussed how emulsions are graded based on their reactivity, particle charge, and physical features. Two emulsification techniques are outlined namely the colloid mill method and the High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR) method. Furthermore, some emulsion formulation tools/theories were identified and are explained. In that way, optimized formulations can be used to offer a practical guide for bitumen emulsion manufacturers when trying to formulate a well-defined bitumen emulsion for its use in pavement infrastructure rather than simply to meet standard specifications. This review paper aims to enable the ultimate potential of the bitumen emulsion in the field of cold recycling technology by further following up the research progress of bitumen emulsion manufacturing, therefore, this paper reviews and discusses the literature available up to now on this topic, in road engineering and emulsion chemistry.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0163.v1

A Hybrid MCDM Technique for Risk Management in Construction Projects

Kajal Chatterjee, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Jolanta Tamošaitienė, Krishnendu Adhikary, Samarjit Kar

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: D number, Analytical Network Process (ANP), MABAC, Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), Consistent fuzzy preference relation (CFPR), Construction project risk, Risk Management

Online: 24 November 2017 (16:46:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0118.v1

On the Numerical Modelling of Bond for the Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete

Peter Grassl, Morgan Johansson, Joosef Leppänen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: bond; concrete; reinforcement; damage-plasticity; failure

Online: 18 April 2017 (18:28:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0241.v1

Survey of Full Scale Side-Stream EBPR Facilities and Comparison with Conventional EBPR: Process Stability, Kinetics and Microbial Ecology

Annalisa Onnis-Hayden, Varun Srinivasan, Nicholas B. Tooker, Guangyu Li, Dongqi Wang, April Z. Gu

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: EBPR; PAOs; GAOs; Side Stream EBPR

Online: 14 August 2018 (04:42:38 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an Indicator of Fecal Contamination in Water: A Review

Farhan Mohammad Khan

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: escherichia coli; e. coli; indicator; fecal coliform bacteria; water; bacteriological analysis; fcb; classification

Online: 12 February 2020 (12:12:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0049.v1

Fluid-Structure Interaction Models in Pressurized Fluid-Filled Pipes: A Review

David Ferras, Pedro A. Manso, Anton J. Schleiss, Dídia I. C. Covas

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: hydraulic transients; water-hammer; fluid-structure interaction; degrees-of-freedom; junction coupling; Poisson coupling; friction coupling; Bourdon coupling

Online: 4 September 2018 (03:38:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0258.v2

Data-Driven Solutions and Discoveries in Mechanics Using Physics Informed Neural Network

Qi Zhang, Yilin Chen, Ziyi Yang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Conservation laws; Data inference; Data discovery; Dimensionless form; PINN

Online: 30 September 2020 (03:51:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0498.v1

An Essay on Railway Track Bed Failure Issues, Analysis and Remedy

S M Nazmuz Sakib

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Railway; Track bed; Track bed failure; Railway track; Track bed failure remedy

Online: 29 September 2021 (14:23:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0012.v1

Reconstruction of Earth Extreme Topography from UAV Structure from Motion Photogrammetry

Francisco Agüera-Vega, Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez, Patricio Jesús Martínez-Carricondo, Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla López

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); UAV-photogrammetry; Structure From Motion (SfM); cut slope; extreme topography; landslide

Online: 3 April 2017 (18:34:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0031.v1

Saving Soil for Sustainable Land Use

Carmelo Maria Torre, Pierluigi Morano, Francesco Tajani

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Sustainability, Environmental Evaluation of Land use, Soil sealing soil take, land plus value recapture, transition matrix

Online: 4 November 2016 (17:24:32 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Effects of Tunnel-Soil-Structure Interaction and Tunnel Location on the Seismic Response of Steel Structures

Arash Rostami

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: seismic interaction; tunnel-soil-structure; steel structures; drift; seismic response

Online: 15 November 2019 (04:10:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0188.v1

A Study on Optimal D-InSAR Filtering Technique According to Landform Relief

Youm Minkyo, Yun Hongsic, Kim Kwangbae, Kim Hanbual, Lee Woneung

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: D-InSAR; Coherence; Goldstein; Boxcar-filter

Online: 24 March 2017 (11:02:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0094.v1

Modeling Time-Dependent Behavior of Concrete Affected by Alkali Silica Reaction in Variable Environmental Conditions

Mohammed Alnaggar, Giovanni Di Luzio, Gianluca Cusatis

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: alkali silica reaction; lattice discrete particle model; concrete; creep; shrinkage; aging; deterioration

Online: 17 April 2017 (06:12:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0147.v1

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Concrete and its Effects on ConcreteCompressive Strength

Zarina Itam, Hafiz Zawawi, Yuovendra Sivaganese, Salmia Beddu, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: sequestration; carbon dioxide; concrete strength

Online: 6 August 2020 (10:10:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0132.v1

Investigation of Clay Balls in Asphalt Pavement

Weiguang Zhang, Jusang Lee, Hyung Jun Ahn

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: clay ball; asphalt pavement; pattern and density; infrared image collection system; field core

Online: 16 January 2018 (05:00:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0336.v1

Role of Socially-Equitable Economic Development in Creating Resilient and Sustainable Systems: COVID-19-Related Reflections

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Samuel Labi, Brian Woodall, Greg Marsden, Emily Grubert

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; economic development; equity; socially-equitable development; resilient and sustainable infrastructure; resilient and sustainable communities; disaster management

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:09:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0172.v1

A Study on Coastal Flooding and Risk Assessment under Climate Change in Mid-Western Coast of Taiwan

Tai-Wen Hsu, Dong-Sin Shih, Chi-Yu Li, Yuan-Jyh Lan, Yu-Chen Lin

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Climate Change; Coastal Disasters; Vulnerability; Disaster Risk.

Online: 21 March 2017 (16:41:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0441.v1

Practice-Oriented Buildability Criteria for Developing 3D-Printable Concretes in the Context of Digital Construction

Venkatesh Naidu Nerella, Martin Krause, Viktor Mechtcherine

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: digital construction; 3D-concrete-printing; buildabiltiy; additive manufacturing

Online: 27 August 2018 (06:37:13 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0085.v1

Electrochemical Chloride Extraction and Inhibitor Injection in Salt-Contaminated Repair Mortar

Jing Gong, Zhang Shen, Yangyang Tong, Zhipeng Li, Xianming Shi

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: finite element modeling; electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE); electrical injection of corrosion inhibitor (EICI); rebar corrosion; repair mortar

Online: 19 June 2017 (13:40:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0199.v1

Optimisation of Multipurpose Reservoir Operation by coupling SWAT and Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Operating Policy (Case Study: Ganga River basin)

Jatin Anand, A K Gosain, R Khosa

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Reservoir operation; SWAT; Genetic Algorithm; Urbanisation; Ganga River

Online: 23 March 2018 (15:07:22 CET)

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Reservoirs are recognized as one of the most efficient infrastructure components in integrated water resources management and development. At present, with the ongoing advancement of social economy and requirement of water, the water resources shortage problem has worsened, and the operation of reservoirs, in terms of consumption of flood water, has become significantly important. Reservoirs perform both regulation of flood and integrated water resources management, in which the flood limited water level is considered as the most important parameter for trade-off between regulation of flood and conservation. To achieve optimal operating policies for reservoirs, large numbers of simulation and optimization models have been developed in the course of recent decades, which vary notably in their applications and working. Since each model has their own limitations, the determination of fitting model for derivation of reservoir operating policies is challenging and most often there is always a scope for further improvement as the selection of model depends on availability of data. Subsequently, assessment and evaluation associated with the operation of reservoir stays conventional. In the present study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models and a Genetic Algorithm model has been developed and applied to two reservoirs in Ganga River basin, India to derive the optimal operational policies. The objective function is set to minimize the annual sum of squared deviation form desired irrigation release and desired storage volume. The decision variables are release for irrigation and other demands (industrial and municipal demands), from the reservoir. As a result, a simulation-based optimization model was recommended for optimal reservoir operation, such as allocation of water, flood regulation, hydropower generation, irrigation demands and navigation and e-flows using a definite combination of decision variables. Since the rule curves are derived through random search it is found that the releases are same as that of demand requirements. Hence based on simulated result, in the present case study it is concluded that GA-derived policies are promising and competitive and can be effectively used operation of the reservoir.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0143.v1

Model of the Russian Federation Construction Innovation System: An Integrated Participatory Systems Approach

Emiliya Suprun, Oz Sahin, Rodney A. Stewart, Kriengsak Panuwatwanich

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: participatory modelling; causal loop diagram development; structural analysis; systems modelling; construction innovation; Russian Federation

Online: 15 August 2016 (08:56:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0019.v1

Seismic and Energy Renovation. A Review of the Design Approach in Italy and in Romania

Emil-Sever Georgescu, Mihaela Stela Georgescu, Zina Macri, Edoardo Michele Marino, Giuseppe Margani, Vasile Meita, Radu Pana, Horia Petran, Pier Paolo Rossi, Vincenzo Sapienza, Marius Voica

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: building rehabilitation; energy efficiency; seismic reinforcement

Online: 2 April 2018 (10:26:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0163.v1

A New Health Assessment Index of Tunnel Lining Based on the Digital Inspection of Surface Cracks

Xuezhen Wu, Yujing Jiang, Jianhua Wang, Kusaba Masaya, Tetsuya Taniguchi, Takahide Yamato

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: tunnel lining; health assessment; fractal dimension; tunnel-lining crack index; digital inspection test; field test

Online: 26 April 2017 (05:59:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0258.v1

Data Driven Solutions and Discoveries in Mechanics Using Physics Informed Neural Network

Qi Zhang, Yilin Chen, Ziyi Yang

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Conservation laws; Data inference; Data discovery; Dimensionless form; PINN

Online: 21 June 2020 (10:56:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0724.v1

Economic and Functional Feasibility of Concrete Encased Composite Columns in Buildings

Umair Ahmed, Assad Rashid, Zafar Baig

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Composite structures, Concrete-encased composite column, Economic comparison between R.C.C columns and concrete-encased composite columns, Modeling of composite columns.

Online: 30 March 2021 (10:10:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0093.v2

Nanotechnology Applications Towards Sustainable Road Sur-face Maintenance and Effective Asset Protection, Generating Rapid Employment Opportunities in a Post COVID-19 Era

Gerrit J Jordaan, Wynand J vdM Steyn

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: nanotechnology applications in road maintenance; preventative road surface maintenance; nanotechnology clear-seals; New-age (Nano) Modified Emulsions (NME); pot-hole repairs; modified binder slurry seals; hydrophobic slurries; hydrophobic road surface sealants; labour intensive maintenance; rapid employment creation through nanotechnology usage in road maintenance

Online: 25 January 2022 (17:34:49 CET)

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: Nanotechnology options to road surface maintenance offers several advantages compared to traditionally used materials. The small particle sizer of hydrophobic Nano-Silane modified Nano-Polymers (NSNP) enables these nanotechnology products to deeply penetrate existing road surfaces, sealing micro-cracks and render surfacings to be water-resistant for extended periods of time. In comparison, traditionally used products contain minimum partial sizes of about 1 – 5 microns, that provide a superficial protection that wears off in a relatively short period of time. These traditional products are often associated with vehicle contamination while drying and requires the re-instatement of road markings. None of these disadvantages are associated with applicable NSNP technologies that are quick drying, with no vehicle contamination risks and is equivalent to a “clear-seal” requiring no reinstatement of road markings. In a similar vein, pot-hole repairs can be done using applicable, easy to use, pre-packed and treated pot-hole repair kits that are water-repellent and quick-drying at a fraction of the costs of conventional cold-mix products. Resurfacing using NME binder slurries can be done labour-intensively on a pre-treated NSNP surfacing, restoring cracked surfacing and providing a water-resistant long-lasting protective layer without the removal of existing cracked areas. The implementation of nanotechnology solutions for road surface maintenance operations is directly associated with ease of use, labour-intensive operations, prevention of considerable deterioration in riding quality due to removal and manual re-instatement of cracked surfaces, time and cost savings and a reduction in the risk of water damage to the sub-structure. TRANSLATE with x English ArabicHebrewPolish BulgarianHindiPortuguese CatalanHmong DawRomanian Chinese SimplifiedHungarianRussian Chinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovak CzechItalianSlovenian DanishJapaneseSpanish DutchKlingonSwedish EnglishKoreanThai EstonianLatvianTurkish FinnishLithuanianUkrainian FrenchMalayUrdu GermanMalteseVietnamese GreekNorwegianWelsh Haitian CreolePersian TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back TRANSLATE with x English ArabicHebrewPolish BulgarianHindiPortuguese CatalanHmong DawRomanian Chinese SimplifiedHungarianRussian Chinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovak CzechItalianSlovenian DanishJapaneseSpanish DutchKlingonSwedish EnglishKoreanThai EstonianLatvianTurkish FinnishLithuanianUkrainian FrenchMalayUrdu GermanMalteseVietnamese GreekNorwegianWelsh Haitian CreolePersian TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0004.v1

Application of Game Theory to Conflict Management in a Construction Contract

Beata Grzyl, Magdalena Apollo, Adam Kristowski

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: civil engineering; construction contract; court strategy; conflict modelling; decision analysis; game theory

Online: 3 January 2019 (09:08:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0100.v1

An Energy Demodulation Based Fiber Optic Sensing System for Landslide Early-Warning

Xing Wang, Bin Shi, Guangqing Wei, Shenen Chen

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: landslides; fiber optic sensing system; early-warning; energy demodulation; event sensor

Online: 17 April 2017 (12:10:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0235.v1

Utilizing UAV and 3D Computer Vision for Visual Inspection of a Large Gravity Dam

Ali Khaloo, David Lattanzi, Adam Jachimowicz

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: infrastructure inspection; computer vision; structure from motion; dam inspection; 3D scene reconstruction; aerial robots; remote sensing; structural health monitoring; unmanned aerial vehicles

Online: 25 January 2018 (05:00:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0097.v1

Application of FBG Sensing Technology in Stability Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Slope

Yijie Sun, Hongzhong Xu, Peng Gu, Wenjie Hu

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: FBG; geogrid; slope; numerical modeling; stability analysis

Online: 15 March 2017 (08:19:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0043.v1

Full Spectrum Analytical Channel Design with the Capacity/Supply Ratio (CSR)

Travis R. Stroth, Brian P. Bledsoe, Peter A. Nelson

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: stream restoration; sediment transport

Online: 7 April 2017 (11:57:46 CEST)

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Analytical channel design tools have not advanced appreciably in the last decades, and continue to produce designs based upon a single representative discharge that may not lead to overall sediment continuity. It is beneficial for designers to know when a simplified design may be problematic and to efficiently produce alternative designs that approximate sediment balance over the entire flow regime. The Capacity/Supply Ratio (CSR) approach, an extension of the Copeland method of analytical channel design for sand channels, balances the sediment transport capacity of a design reach with the sediment supply of a stable upstream reach over the entire flow duration curve (FDC) rather than just a single discharge. Although CSR has a stronger physical basis than previous analytical channel design approaches, it has not been adopted in practice because it can be a cumbersome and time-consuming iterative analysis without the use of software. We investigate eighteen sand-bed rivers in a comparison of designs based on the CSR approach and five single-discharge metrics: the effective discharge (Qeff), the 1.5-year recurrence interval discharge (Q1.5), the bankfull discharge (Qbf), and the discharges associated with 50th (Qs50) and 75th (Qs75) percentiles of the cumulative sediment yield curve. To facilitate this analysis we developed a novel design tool using the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language in Excel® to produce stable channel slope-width combinations based on the CSR methodology for both sand- and gravel-bed streams. The CSR Stable Channel Design Tool’s (CSR Tool) code structure was based on Copeland’s method in SAM and HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System) and was tested with a single discharge to verify outputs. The Qs50 and Qs75 single-discharge designs match the CSR output most closely, followed by the Qbf, Qeff, and Q1.5. The Qeff proved to be the most inconsistent design metric because it can be highly dependent on the binning procedure used in the effectiveness analysis. Furthermore, we found that the more rigorous physical basis of the CSR analysis is potentially most important in designing ‘labile’ channels with highly erodible substrate, high perennial flow ‘flashiness,’ low width-to-depth ratio, and high incoming sediment load. The CSR Tool provides a resource for river restoration practitioners to efficiently utilize in-depth design techniques that can promote sediment balance in dynamic fluvial systems.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0149.v1

Hydraulic Performance Analysis and Modeling of Water Supply Distribution System of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

Chalchisa Milkecha, Habtamu Itefa

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Water Demand; Water Supply; Performance; Hydraulic Modeling; Water GEMSV8i

Online: 11 February 2020 (14:52:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0189.v1

The Index System for the Development Level Evaluation of Regional Construction Industrialization: a Case Study in Jiangsu, China

Ping Liu, Qiming Li, Liangliang Song, Ruoyu Jia

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: construction industrialization; dimensions; index system; evaluation

Online: 24 March 2017 (11:21:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0009.v1

Automatic Crack Detection of Road Pavement Based on Aerial UAV Imagery

Farzaneh Dadrasjavan, Nima Zarrinpanjeh, Azam Ameri

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: crack detection; UAV imagery; SMV classification; aerial photogrammetry

Online: 1 July 2019 (11:33:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0210.v1

Structuring a BIM Service Scoping, Tendering, Executing, and Wrapping-up (STEW) Guide for Public Owners

Jongho Ock, Kyoung-Jun Park

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: BIM; BIM Guide; BIM Deliverable; Public Owner; BIM Execution Plan

Online: 17 February 2022 (11:05:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0158.v1

A Practical Approach Deriving Optimal Unit Hydrograph from Noisy Runoff in absence of Rainfall Data

Kee-Won Seong

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: root selection method; unit hydrograph; Savitzky-Golay filter; Nash-Sutcliffe index

Online: 24 October 2017 (11:22:37 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

A Review about the T-Stub Components for the Analysis of bBolted Moment Connections

Giovani Jesus Berrospi Aquino, Ana María Gomez Amador, Jorge Hernan Alencastre Miranda, Juan José Jiménez de Cisneros Fonfría

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: T-stub; Method of Components; Eurocodes; Finite Element Simulations; Experimental Tests

Online: 10 August 2021 (08:43:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0230.v1

Analysis of the Causes of Accident in Construction Project

Shakil Ahmed

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: accident; construction project; causes; Bangladesh; RII based rank

Online: 9 November 2018 (03:29:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0055.v1

Prediction vs. Performance of IDF Curves from Precipitation Data of Regional Climate Models for a Brazilian Coastal County

Daniela Martins, Nadiane Smaha Kruk, Paulo Ivo Braga de Queiroz, Wilson Cabral de Souza Júnior, Gabriele Vanessa Tschöke

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: IDF curves; urban drainage; regional climate model; bias correction; climate changes

Online: 4 April 2018 (08:26:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0083.v2

A Two-Phase Model of Air Shock Wave Induced by Rock-Fall in Closed Goaf

Fengyu Ren, Yang Liu, Jianli Cao, Rongxing He, Yuan Xu, Xi You, Yan-jun Zhou

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: air shock wave; rock-fall; two-phase model; computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Online: 23 January 2017 (09:15:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0270.v1

Combined Use of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Rebound Hammer for Structural Health Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Ahmed Lasisi, Obanishola Sadiq, Ibrahim Balogun

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Non-Destructive Tests, Structural Health Monitoring, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Rebound Hammer, Surface Hardness, Compressive Strength, Linear regression

Online: 28 January 2019 (09:43:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0722.v1

Water Quality Assessment of Keenjhar Lake, Thatta

Mushtaq Ahmed Nizamani

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Pollution; water quality; Keenjhar lake; environmental impacts; Physico-chemical parameters

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:24:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0031.v1

Integrated Lighting Efficiency Analysis in Large Industrial Buildings to Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality

Dusan Katunsky, Erika Dolnikova, Saeed Doroudiani

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: industrial building; environment; lighting analysis; building physics; sustainable architecture; computational simulation; integrated lighting; solar radiation; luminance; sky components

Online: 4 May 2017 (03:07:19 CEST)

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