Abstract: Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are critical for maintaining optimal operating temperatures (20-40°C) in lithium-ion batteries, particularly for electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-scale energy storage [1,2]. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have emerged as a transformative solution, leveraging latent heat absorption/release during phase transitions to provide passive thermal regulation [3]. This review systematically evaluates inorganic (salt hydrates), organic (paraffins, fatty acids), and composite PCMs, analyzing their thermophysical properties, performance characteristics, and implementation challenges in BTMS applications [4,5]. Key findings reveal that advanced composite PCMs with thermal conductivity enhancers (graphene, metal foams) can achieve 3-5× improvement in heat dissipation while maintaining >90% of base latent heat capacity [6,7]. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for next-generation PCM development and integration strategies.

Abstract: Substrates have become essential enabling materials for creating lightweight electronic components, particularly supporting advanced telecommunication technologies. This progress is driven by continuous advancements in novel substrate materials and cut-ting-edge fabrication techniques, pushing the limits of high-frequency device design. This paper explores both the challenges and breakthroughs in 5G mmWave substrate technology, focusing on recent developments in materials, device fabrication and integration methods that enhance performance and providing an in-depth analysis on the importance of mmWave technology. This paper highlights the key concerns in substrates design to researchers and academicians accelerates invention and commercialization of substrate designs in areas such as antenna engineering and integrated circuit technologies as well as addressing key issues like scalability and thermal impact in flexible substrates. Since matters related to material losses and substrates’ fabrication constraints are increasingly severe at high frequencies, mmWave substrates are highly needed to be look at, therefore this paper details the particular issues related to mmWave propagation and manufacturing design processes for high-frequency devices. Aims at optimizing antenna and system reliability by employing advanced design and materials as well as outlines the existing gaps that need a clarification to augment 5G mmWave infrastructure and services.

Abstract: We analyzed the behavior of a “Solar Wall” and validated the apparatus with three nanofluids (silver, titanium dioxide and a hybrid compound) in view of their photothermal conversion performance. The factors considered were the temperature gain in relation to the base fluid, the stored energy and the specific absorption rate. A cost survey was carried out to find out the profit of each nanofluid. Five concentrations were studied for each nanofluid. A hybrid nanofluid formed by the previous ones was also tested. The results presented that the Solar Wall has achieved repeatability, and we can state that it is suitable for the tests on other nanofluids. The silver and hybrid nanofluids performed better, the first obtained a temperature gain of 10.2 °C compared to the base fluid and the hybrid reached 9.9 °C. Regarding the energy gain, the silver-based obtained a gain of 31.93%, and the hybrid obtained 34.52%. The SAR values for the silver nanofluid were higher than the titanium-based, nevertheless the cost to generate an energy unit using the former was higher than in the titanium case. The silver-based and the hybrid nanofluids obtained improved photothermal conversion, being the most promising options.

Abstract: The concept of maintenance has undergone a significant evolution, adapting to the changing demands of industry over time. Initially limited to corrective actions during the Industrial Revolution—often performed without specialized personnel or dedicat-ed departments—modern maintenance now incorporates advanced design considera-tions such as reliability, maintainability, safety, sustainability, and performance. This research presents a novel methodology aimed at integrating maintainability into the early stages of equipment and system design. Centered on continuous improvement, the approach prioritizes design variables that facilitate efficient maintenance throughout the asset’s lifecycle. Grounded in the UNE 151001 standard and employing the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique, the proposed methodology intro-duces the “House of Maintainability”—a structured tool that supports maintainabil-ity-oriented design and allows for diagnostic assessments of existing systems. By cap-turing stakeholder requirements and maintenance experience across various systems and contexts, the tool systematically translates these inputs into design criteria, ensur-ing compliance with maintainability standards. The methodology is validated through a real-world case study, confirming its practical applicability and effectiveness in en-hancing industrial design processes with a focus on maintainability.

Abstract: The most severe premalignant lesion of glandular epithelium of the cervix is adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). In most cases it is associated with persistent Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and most often occurs in women in the fourth decade of life. In most high-income countries, primary screening has shifted to HPV testing, while cytology is used for patient triage. Even with current robust screening protocols, their sensitivity for glandular lesions remains limited. Diagnosis of AIS obtained by biopsy, brushing or curettage is confirmed by excisional methods and pathohistological verification. Therapy depends on the patient’s lifestyle and reproductive age. In our case, we present nulliparous patient with persistent ASC-US, HPV infection with alpha-7 types (without HPV 16 and 18 types), and AIS which was diagnosed after conization, follow up and two biopsies with curettage of cervical canal. Our case report highlights limitations in detection of glandular lesions and need for caution in patients with persistent and seemingly low-grade cytological abnormalities, notably in young patients with high-risk HPV types.

Abstract: The objective of this work is to propose a simulation strategy for production planning that is compatible with the dynamism of natural gas processing, especially under open-market arrangement, in which several scheduling simulations must be performed within short time horizons. In such contexts, traditional first-principles-based ap-proaches, although accurate, require prohibitive computational times, motivating the need for an alternative simulation strategy. This work thus proposes a data-driven model built with the aid of machine learning and applied in a case study with historical data from the largest gas processing site in Brazil: Cabiúnas Petrobras asset. Main plant flowrates were selected: 18 targets and 44 input candidates – 1282 observations from three and a half years of operation. Principal Component Analysis was used for order reduction, keeping the 22 main principal components. A forward neural network (2 hidden layers and 225 neurons per layer) was built from training/test sets randomly selected and optimized hyperparameters – learning rate (0.001533) and batch size (8). Training converged in roughly 200 epochs (Adam optimizer), with early stop triggered by validation set. A mean absolute error of 0.0017 (test set) and R2=0.72 were found, a promising result considering plant complexity and data simplicity. Results showed particularly good fit for lighter products (sales gas, natural gas liquid), also indicating an opportunity for further work by including inputs related to liquid fractionation.

Abstract: In the grinding of silicon carbide, surface and subsurface damage have a significant im-pact on the product's surface quality. A method to obtain controllable crack dimension through laser irradiation on SiC surface and its effect on the grinding process was ana-lyzed. A series of experiments were carried out based on the orthogonal experimental de-sign, with systematic adjustments made to laser parameters including pulse energy (cur-rent), laser spot spacing, scanning times as well as grinding process parameters. During the experiments, the grinding force was monitored by a dynamometer, and the specific grinding energy was calculated accordingly. Pulsed engraving laser modification could effectively reduce the hardness of the ceramic surface layer by about 20%. The median and radial crack sizes in the subsurface layer induced by laser were in the range of 20.4 μm to 54.3 μm, which could effectively inhibit the further propagation of median and radial cracks during grinding, and simultaneously reduce the tangential grinding force Ft by about 30%. These conclusions were obtained by corresponding experiments, which link the surface roughness with laser power to grinding parameters. The laser induced con-trollable crack characteristics on the grinding process are conducive to realizing the con-trol of surface and subsurface grinding damage of brittle materials.

Abstract: In recent years, the architectural design process has experienced significant advance-ments due to computational design, which has enabled the real-time exploration of design alternatives based on parametric modeling. In this context, gaining a deeper understanding of how natural ventilation operates within buildings can support deci-sion-making, potentially reducing the need for wind tunnel tests and computational simulations. This paper presents an effort to determine the flow patterns of natural ventilation in indoor environments under specific conditions, using an experimental setup comprising five configurations analyzed comparatively against a control sample. An idealized and simple flow visualization technique was proposed to assist the anal-ysis. By following scientific methodologies and employing both computational and wind tunnel techniques in a complementary manner, satisfactory inferences were ob-tained. The results indicate that the diagonal positioning of openings substantially ac-celerates wind speed in indoor environments, making this design strategy more effec-tive than simply adding additional openings when the goal is to increase air speed and indoor air renewal.

Abstract: To mitigate structural vibrations caused by liquid sloshing inside the suspended water tank of high-speed trains and to prevent issues such as baffle fatigue failure and water leakage from tank cracking, this study designed an acoustic black hole (ABH)-type baffle that comprehensively considers both vibration and wave suppression performance. Based on acoustic black hole (ABH) theory, numerical simulations were conducted using the CFD software Fluent to analyze the vibration and wave suppression characteristics of the ABH-type baffle under lateral and longitudinal impact conditions. The influence of the position and number of ABH structures on the baffle’s performance was systematically examined. Finally, the structural strength and the vibration/wave suppression capability of the baffle were validated.The results demonstrate that the structural strength of the ABH-type baffle meets the design requirements. Compared to a conventional baffle, the ABH-type baffle reduces the liquid sloshing force inside the tank, lowers the peak sloshing pressure under various operating conditions, and decreases the surface vibration velocity of the baffle within its dominant vibration frequency range of 0–100 Hz. The optimal positions for the ABHs are at the 80% and 20% water-level lines on the baffle, and the best suppression performance is achieved when the center of the ABH is aligned horizontally with the liquid surface. Furthermore, the vibration and wave suppression capability deteriorates when the number of ABHs is either greater or fewer than three.

Abstract: In recent years, numerous initiatives have aimed to implement renewable energy sources in diverse contexts. This article presents the design and evaluation of a photovoltaic charging station prototype for low-power devices in educational settings. Its foremost innovation is achieved through the integration of IoT technologies for real-time monitoring and optimization, enabling data collection on energy generation, consumption, and environmental conditions, with potential for AI-based processing. The system adopts a modular and scalable design, allowing adaptation to different needs and conditions. The project demonstrates how renewable energy use can be optimized in non-commercial contexts according to environmental factors and energy demand. The system comprises four subsystems: solar energy capture via a photovoltaic panel, current regulation and control, environmental parameter monitoring, and real-time data transmission through advanced communication protocols. Results indicate that the prototype efficiently supports device charging and enables intelligent energy management through IoT integration. Remote access to operational data facilitates real-time decision-making and management optimization. The charging efficiency allows laptops to operate for a one-hour class in off-grid outdoor environments, with up to four hours of battery life under average radiation. Beyond technical outcomes, the project positively impacted student motivation and user engagement, fostering critical thinking, problem-solving, and environmental awareness. In conclusion, this proposal contributes to advancing the intersection of education, sustainability, and technological innovation. Its modular structure, real-time analysis capacity, and educational value make it an adaptable and replicable solution that contributes to a more efficient and sustainable energy model.

Abstract: The robotic arm of the Wentian module can complete tasks such as supporting astronauts' extravehicular activities, installing and maintaining payloads, and inspecting the space station. The 7-joint SSRMS manipulator is critical for space missions. This study aims to build its kinematic model via screw theory. It simplifies SSRMS to right-angle rods, defines joint screw axes, twist coordinates, and initial pose matrix. Using PoE formula, the 7-DOF forward kinematics equation is derived. Besides, it derives fixed joint angle for inverse kinematics, including analytical solutions and numerical solutions. It elaborates analytical solutions for fixing joints 1/7 and 2/6 and numerical solutions for fixing joints 3/4/5,solves all joint angles via kinematic decoupling, and addresses special cases. Experiments with China’s space station small arm parameters show The probability of meeting the accuracy threshold of 10−4 is 99.79%,verifying model effectiveness, while noting singularity-related weak solving areas. This provides a reliable basis for subsequent inverse kinematics optimization.

Abstract: This study investigates the utilization of Abies Alba exudate resin for the development of hybrid resins intended as matrices for composite materials. Two formulation routes were explored: (i) dilution of spruce resin in turpentine derived from pine buds, and (ii) dilution in food-grade ethanol (96%). The diluted resins were subsequently blended with an epoxy resin, whose addition initiated polymerization and enabled the formation of a solid hybrid matrix. The resulting hybrid resins were characterized by multiple testing methods and further applied in the fabrication of cotton fiber–reinforced composites.

Abstract: This article investigates the qualification of photovoltaic micromodules intended for energy harvesting in Internet-of-Things systems, with emphasis on the degradation mechanisms induced by accelerated environmental aging typical of tropical conditions. The study employs multiple complementary characterization techniques—including pulsed I–V measurements, electroluminescence imaging, and impedance spectroscopy—combined with multivariate statistical analysis to support decision-making regarding acceptance criteria, fault prediction models, maintenance scheduling, and failure mode clustering.In addition, dimensionality-reduction methods are explored to extract the most relevant indicators from empirical datasets and to improve interpretability when dealing with highly correlated or redundant variables. The work addresses a regulatory gap affecting photovoltaic devices below 5 Wp, a class of modules whose deployment is rapidly expanding in remote, autonomous, and low-power IoT applications, yet remains largely unsupported by existing reliability and certification standards.

Abstract: In this paper we derived a novel dynamic dictionary set of algorithms that supports perfectly balanced binary searches for large data sets. The dynamic dictionary is part of our FSP_vgv open source C# package that aims to implement a portable version of Octave/Matlab in order to enable its users to apply the iterative design methodology faster. Our package does not attempt to outdate other software, but fill specialised needs listed in this work. By processing the version control commit history of the FSP_vgv package we validate empirically that with unknown research horizon the time spend developing grows exponentially in the volume of production code. We identify a parameter related to howintuitive a programming language is which also controls the exponential growth of research time hence motivating the need for the highly intuitive Octave/Matlab language and its various software deployments.

Abstract: High-level roof borehole is one of the core technologies for gas control in high-gas mines in China. However, in soft and fragmented rock strata, the influence of mining-induced stress disturbance often causes compression-torsion deformation, borehole wall collapse, or dislocation when the borehole passes through the coal-rock interface due to lithological differences. This results in blockage of the gas flow channel or even borehole failure. Existing borehole protection technologies generally suffer from issues such as heavy screen pipes, low construction efficiency, and difficulty in large-scale application. To address these problems, this study, based on the engineering background of Xin’an Coal Mine, developed a stainless-steel socket-type screen pipe with an “upper large, lower small” structure by systematically analyzing the necessity of borehole protection and the stress characteristics of protective pipes. A stepwise insertion method driven by the drill rig’s jacking system was adopted to achieve full-length borehole protection in soft rock strata. Meanwhile, the YZT-Ⅱ rock formation borehole detector was used to analyze borehole wall stability, and a comparative experiment between protected and unprotected boreholes was carried out at the 14230 working face of Xin’an Coal Mine. The results indicate that the rock formation detector identified the coal-rock interface as the high-incidence zone of borehole collapse, whereas the novel protective screen pipe effectively maintained borehole wall integrity in this zone. The gas drainage concentration of protected boreholes remained stable above 80%, with a pure extraction flow rate of ≥0.2 m3/min, and the total extracted gas volume was 8–10 times higher than that of unprotected boreholes (with extraction concentrations of 30%–45% and pure flow rates of 0.03–0.06 m3/min). Furthermore, based on a fluid-solid coupling model and field data, the optimal spacing between high-level roof boreholes under these geological conditions was determined to be 3.0–3.5 m, with an optimal number of three boreholes. The proposed novel screen pipe and corresponding construction technology effectively solve the problems of borehole collapse and blockage in high-level roof boreholes within soft and fragmented rock strata, significantly improving gas drainage efficiency and borehole utilization. This provides reliable technical support for gas control in mines with similar geological conditions and demonstrates broad application potential.

Abstract: Fluid jet polishing process (FJP) demonstrates high shape accuracy and surface quality in the machining of nonlinear and complex surfaces, and it achieves precise and adjustable material removal rates through computer control. However, there are still challenges in terms of machining efficiency, system complexity, and stability. Particularly, there is uncertainty in process optimization, especially with higher challenges in optimizing process parameters after changes in working conditions. This study utilizes digital twin technology to propose a new framework for optimizing the FJP process. By reviewing the application of DT in the machining field, this paper identifies the limitations of existing methods and proposes a human-centric design approach that integrates key factors of DT-driven FJP, such as jet kinetic energy, nozzle structure, abrasive type, and machining path. This method encompasses multiple aspects from removal function models to machining path algorithms. By introducing a core method based on transfer learning, this research aims to improve the predictive accuracy, machining efficiency, and stability of the FJP process, realizing efficient and precise polishing operations. Ultimately, this paper validates the proposed method through a case study on 3D printed workpieces, discusses the key enabling technologies, and main challenges. This study not only advances the application potential of FJP process but also provides a new perspective and strategy for optimizing complex machining processes using DT technology.

Abstract: Composite wing structures are widely used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) because of their high specific strength and stiffness, but they are vulnerable to localized impact events such as tool drops, runway debris and small bird or drone strikes. In many aerospace applications, carbon fiber–reinforced polymers (CFRP) are preferred for their high stiffness and weight efficiency, although they tend to fail in a brittle manner and are expensive. E-glass fiber composites, on the other hand, are tougher and cheaper, but usually considered less competitive in stiffness and impact resistance. This study numerically investigates the impact resistance of optimized E-glass fiber composite UAV wing skins compared with aerospace-grade carbon fiber skins, both supported by balsa-wood cores. A 3D finite element (FE) model of a 600 mm semi-span UAV wing segment was developed in Abaqus/Explicit, with a user-defined VUMAT implementing an orthotropic elastic law and a Hashin-type progressive damage model. A rigid spherical impactor (radius 8 mm) with various mass velocity combinations (0.5 kg at 5000 and 10 000 mm/s, and 1.0 kg at 20 000 mm/s) was used to represent low, medium and high energy impacts. E-glass material sets were defined and gradually improved, within realistic mechanical limits derived from published E-glass/epoxy systems, until a “maximum experimental limit” E-glass configuration was obtained. This optimized E-glass wing skin was then compared with carbon-fiber configurations taken as benchmark aerospace. The comparison is based on peak contact force, penetration or non-penetration, absorbed energy, and damage extent in the skin and sub-structure. The study also proposes a coupon- and sub-component-level experimental programme to validate the numerical predictions using drop-weight impact tests on E-glass and carbon-fiber laminates and on a scaled UAV wing segment. These findings indicate that suitably engineered E-glass composites can be a viable, cost-effective alternative to carbon fiber for impact-resistant UAV wing structures.

Abstract: Axial postural abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are traditionally assessed us-ing clinical rating scales, although picture-based assessment is considered the gold standard. This study evaluates the reliability and clinical relevance of two markerless body-tracking frameworks, the RGB-D-based Microsoft Azure Kinect (MAK) and the RGB-only Google MediaPipe Pose (MP), using a synchronous dual-camera setup. Forty PD patients performed a 60-second static standing task. We compared MAK with three MP models (at different complexity levels) across horizontal, vertical, sagittal, and 3D joint angles. Results show that lower-complexity MP models achieved high congruence with MAK for trunk and shoulder alignment (ρ > 0.75), while the lateral view signifi-cantly improved sagittal tracking (ρ ≥ 0.72). Conversely, the high-complexity model introduced significant skeletal distortions. Clinically, several angular parameters emerged as robust metrics for postural assessment and global motor impairments, while sagittal angles correlated with motor complications. Unexpectedly, a more up-right frontal alignment was associated with greater freezing of gait severity, suggest-ing that static postural metrics may serve as proxies for dynamic gait performance. In addition, both RGB-only and RGB-D frameworks effectively discriminated between postural severity clusters. These findings demonstrate that MP models are a reliable alternative to RGB-D sensors for objective postural assessment in PD, facilitating the widespread application of objective posture measurements in clinical contexts.

Abstract: Drag reduction forms a key area of focus in aerodynamics with a significant emphasis on delaying the laminar to turbulent transition of boundary layers over the wing of aircraft. There is enough evidence to suggest that achieving such transition delays is particularly challenging for backward swept wings with large leading edge sweep angles, which give rise to crossflow and attachment line instabilities, in addition to the Tollmien-Schlichting waves. The sustenance of extended laminar flow regions at high sweep angles has been demonstrated in recent studies, by designing airfoils with specially curated leading edge profiles, which generate pressure distributions that can suppress crossflow. Such airfoils are called Crossflow Attenuating Natural Laminar Flow (CATNLF) airfoils. However, the design of such airfoils is presently restricted to inverse methodologies due to the inability of the conventional geometry parameterization techniques in representing the specialized leading edge profiles of CATNLF airfoils. The aim of this study is to illustrate that a parametric representation of CATNLF airfoils can be realized using Bezier curves, thereby enabling their forward multi-point design using gradient-free Bayesian optimization. The developed design framework in terms of geometry parameterization and optimization formulation is able to deliver airfoils that can sustain natural laminar flow up to around 50% chord length on the upper surface, with a leading edge sweep angle greater than 27 degrees at a Mach number of 0.78 and a Reynolds number of 20 million within a range of lift coefficients Cl = 0.5 ± 0.1, making them a suitable design choice for a medium-range transport aircraft.

Abstract: This paper presents a hardware-aware field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a layered 2-dimensional corrected normalized min-sum (2D-CNMS) decoder for quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes in very small aperture terminal (VSAT) satellite communication systems. The main focus of this work is leveraging Xilinx Vitis high-level synthesis (HLS) to design and generate an LDPC decoder IP core based on the proposed algorithm, enabling rapid development and portability across FPGA platforms. Unlike conventional NMS and 2D-NMS algorithms, the proposed architecture introduces dyadic, multiplier-free normalization combined with two-level magnitude correction, achieving near-belief propagation (BP) performance with reduced complexity and latency. Implemented entirely in HLS and integrated in Vivado, the design achieves real-time operation on Zynq UltraScale+ multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) with throughput of 116-164 Mbps at 400 MHz and resource utilization of 8.7K-22.9K LUTs, 2.6K-7.5K FFs, and zero DSP blocks. Bit-error-rate (BER) results show no error floor down to 10⁻⁸ across additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel model. Fixed scaling factors are optimized to minimize latency and hardware overhead while preserving decoding accuracy. These results demonstrate that the proposed HLS-based 2D-CNMS IP core offers a resource-efficient, high-performance solution for multi-frequency time division multiple access (MF-TDMA) satellite links.