In this paper it is shown that mathematical description of strain, constitutive law and dynamics obtained by direct replacement of integer order derivatives with Caputo or Riemann-Liouville fractional order partial derivatives, having integral representation on finite interval, in case of a guitar string, is nonobjective. The basic idea is that different observers, using this type of descriptions, obtain different results which cannot be reconciled, i.e. transformed into each other using only formulas that link the coordinates of the same point in two fixed orthogonal reference frames and formulas that link the numbers representing the same moment of time in two different choices of the origin of time measuring. This is not an academic curiosity! It is rather a problem: which one of the obtained results is correct?

Current therapeutic protocols for the treatment of HIV infection consist of the combination of diverse anti-retroviral drugs in order to reduce the selection of resistant mutants and to allow for the use of lower doses of each single agent to reduce toxicity. However, avoiding drugs interactions and patient compliance are issues not fully accomplished so far. In this respect the identification of single agents with multitarget potential might represent the ideal solution. Accordingly, a small library of biphenylhydrazo 4-arylthiazoles derivatives has been synthesised and evaluated to investigate the ability of the new derivatives to simultaneously inhibit both associated functions of HIV reverse transcriptase. All compounds were active towards the two functions, although at different concentrations. The substitution pattern on the biphenyl moiety appears relevant to determine the activity.

In this paper, we compile the fractional power series method and the Laplace transform to design a new algorithm for solving the fractional Volterra integro-differential equation. For that, we assume the Laplace power series (LPS) solution in terms of power q=1m,m∈Z+, where the fractional derivative of order α=qγ for which γ∈Z+. This assumption will help us to write the integral, the kernel, and the nonhomogeneous terms as a LPS with the same power. The recurrence relations for finding the series coefficients can be constructed using this form. To demonstrate the algorithm's accuracy, the residual error is defined and calculated for several values of the fractional derivative. Two strongly nonlinear examples are discussed to provide the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm gains powerful results for this kind of problem. Under Caputo meaning the obtained results are illustrated numerically, and graphically. Geometrically, the behavior of the solution declares that the changing of the fractional derivative parameter values' in their domain alters the style of the attained solution in a symmetrical meaning and fully coinciding to the ordinary derivative value'. From these simulations, the results report that the recommended novel algorithm is a straightforward, accurate, and superb tool to generate analytic-approximate solutions for Integral, and integro-differental equations of fractional order.

An extension of the models used to generate fractal traffic flows is presented by means of the formulation of a model that considers the use of one-dimensional chaotic maps. Based on the disaggregation of the temporal series generated by the model, a valid explanation of behavior of the values of Hurst exponent is proposed and the feasibility of their control from the parameters of the proposed model is shown.

In this paper, the design and performance investigation of the permanent magnet machines have been done to increase the mechanical and electrical outputs improvement of the systems. A permanent magnet Dc motor (PMDM) and generator (PMDG) have been modelled and designed to improve the angular position and generated current respectively. In this work, augmentation based H 2 optimal and H infinity synthesis controllers have been designed as a controller for the two systems and a comparison between the proposed controller for tracking a reference inputs and a promising results have been obtained.

Aim: To compare the effectiveness of conventional and rotary NiTi files for Gutta-Percha (GP) removal in straight roots during retreatment root canal treatment (RCT), using manual Hedstrom files and ProTaper Universal System, respectively. Methods: It was an in-vitro experimental study using non-probability consecutive sampling. Sixty extracted single rooted maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth with straight canals were selected for this study. Following preparation, the root canals were filled with GP along with a sealer and kept for two weeks in a moist environment at room temperature. Thirty teeth were randomly allocated to the study and control groups each. GP removal was accomplished with Hedstrom files and Pro Taper retreatment files in group 1 and group 2, respectively. Digital radiographs were obtained using Kodak RVG digital radiography system software version VER.6.10.8.3-A and analyzed for the difference of opacities indicating residual GP. AutoCAD 2006 software was used to outline the root canal and the residual root filling. Independent sample t test was used to compare the total residual GP in both groups. Results: No significant difference in the residual root filling was observed following removal with conventional Hedstrom files versus ProTaper universal retreatment files. In both groups, the residual GP was confined to the apical third of the roots. Conclusion: ProTaper Universal Retreatment files and manual Hedstrom files are equally effective in the removal of GP in straight canals.

Using the h-index to assess individual researchers is not only unethical and unfair but also inaccurate and misleading. This index fails to offer a reliable measure of a researcher's impact based on their citation scores. Beyond statistical and conceptual considerations, authorship practices, especially in the case of multi-authored publications, give rise to significant problems that often go unnoticed. While some modifications of the h-index have been proposed to mitigate these weaknesses, the fundamental deficiencies persist. Most of these flaws have been effectively addressed by the c-score, a composite citation index. The c-score excludes self-citations, normalizes the number of citations by considering the number of authors in each paper, and takes into account first, single, and last authorship. This approach provides a more realistic measure of the impact of each individual researcher based on raw citations.

In the paper, by virtue of convolution theorem for the Laplace transforms, Bernstein's theorem for completely monotonic functions, and other techniques, the author finds necessary and sufficient conditions for a difference constituted by four derivatives of a function involving trigamma function to be completely monotonic.

We investigate the behavior of the partial derivative approach to the change of scale formula and prove relationships among the analytic Wiener integral and the analytic Feynman integral of the partial derivative for the function space integral.

Protein oligomerzation is key to countless physiological processes, but also to abnormal amyloid conformations implicated in over 25 mortal human diseases. Angiogenin (h-ANG), a ribonuclease A family member, produces RNA fragments that regulate ribosome formation, the creation of new blood vessels and stress granule function. Too little h-ANG activity leads abnormal protein oligomerization resulting in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Parkinson’s disease. While a score of disease linked h-ANG mutants has been studied by X-ray diffraction, some elude crystallization. There is also debate regarding the structure that RNA fragments adopt after cleavage by h-ANG. Here, to better understand the beginning of the process that leads to aberrant protein oligomerization, the solution secondary structure and residue-level dynamics of WT h-ANG and two mutants: H13A and R121C, are characterized by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy under near physiological conditions. All three variants are found to adopt well folded and highly rigid structures in solution, although the elements of secondary structure are somewhat shorter than those observed in cystallography studies. R121C alters the environment of nearby residues only. By constrast, the mutation H13A affects local residues as well as nearby active site residues residues K41 and H119. The conformation characterization by CD and 1D 1H NMR spectroscopies of tRNAAla before and after h-ANG cleavage reveals a retention of most duplex structure and little or no G-quadruplex formation.

Helicobacter pylori is a common human pathogen that causes gastroduodenal diseases. H. pylori genome consists of numerous restriction-modification (R-M) genes. It is established that N6-adenine methylation plays a crucial role in bacterial gene regulation and virulence, but not much is known about the role of C5-cytosine methylation. In this study, we examined the influence of an orphan cytosine methyltransferase, hpyAVIBM on gastric infection in mice and cultured cells. Histopathological staining showed that the deletion of hpyAVIBM in H. pylori strain SS1 had increased damaging hemorrhagic effects on the mice stomach. The gelatin-zymography result demonstrated that the mice infected with mutant SS1ΔhpyAVIBM had significantly up-regulated pro-MMP-9 than those infected with SS1. Additionally, ELISA results of pro-inflammatory cytokines proved that mutant strain caused significantly more inflammatory effect on mice stomach than its wild-type counterpart. The immunohistochemistry data showed that mutant strain caused attenuated epithelial cell damage. Co-culture studies of H. pylori with AGS (Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma cell line) cells revealed that SS1ΔhpyAVIBM instigated significantly more apoptotic death in the AGS cells compared to the wild-type strain. Our results indicated that DNA methylation by hpyAVIBM plays a crucial role in modulating virulence factors in bacterial cells and their interaction with the host cells.

Fractal behavior and long-range dependence are widely observed in measurements and characterization of traffic flow in high-speed computer networks of different technologies and coverage levels. This paper presents the results obtained when applying fractal analysis techniques on a time series obtained from traffic captures coming from an application server connected to the Internet through a high-speed link. The results obtained show that traffic flow in the dedicated high-speed network link have fractal behavior when the Hurst exponent is in the range of 0.5, 1, the fractal dimension between 1, 1.5, and the correlation coefficient between –0.5, 0. Based on these results, it is ideal to characterize both the singularities of the traffic and its impulsiveness during a fractal analysis of temporal scales. Finally, based on the results of the time series analyses, the fact that the traffic flows of current computer networks exhibit fractal behavior with a long-range dependency is reaffirmed.

In the present paper we introduce three new classes of bi-univalent functions connected with Gregory coefficients. For functions in each of these three bi-univalent function classes we have derived the estimates of the Taylor--Maclaurin coefficients $\left|a_{2}\right|$ and $\left|a_{3}\right|$ and Fekete-Szeg\H{o} functional problems for functions belonging to these new subclasses. We defined three subclasses of the class of the bi-univalent functions $\Sigma$, namely $\mathfrak{HG}_{\Sigma}$, $\mathfrak{GM}_{\Sigma}(\mu)$ and $\mathfrak{G}_{\Sigma}(\lambda)$ by using the subordinations with the function whose coefficients are Gregory's numbers. First, we proved that these classes are not empty, i.e. contains other functions than the identity one. Using the well-known Carath\'eodory Lemma for the functions with real positive parts in the open unit disk, together with an estimation due to P. Zaprawa (see https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/357480) and another one of Libera and Zlotkiewicz, we gave upper bounds for the above mentioned initial coefficients and for the Fekete-Szeg\H{o} functionals. The main results are followed by some particular cases, and the novelty of the definitions and the proofs could involve further studies for such type of similarly defined subclasses.

The fractional derivatives are a generalization the derivatives of integer order and find applications in studying memory processes in various scientific fields. Numerical methods are used to solve and analyze fractional models of real world problems. In this paper, we consider an approximation of the Caputo fractional derivative and its asymptotic formula, whose generating function is the polylogarithmic function. In the paper, we prove the convergence of the approximation and derive an estimate for the error and order. We consider an application of the approximation for the construction of finite difference schemes for numerical solution of the two-term ordinary fractional differential equation and the time-fractional Black-Scholes equation for option pricing. The properties of the approximation are used to prove the convergence of the methods used for numerical solution of the fractional differential equations. The theoretical results for the error and order of the methods are illustrated by the results of numerical experiments.

The closed forms of the non-resonant thermonuclear function in the Maxwell-Boltzmann and Tsallis case with depleted tail are obtained in generalized special functions. The results are written in terms of H-function of two variables. The importance of the results in this paper lies in the fact that the reaction rate probability integrals in Maxwell-Boltzmann and Tsallis cases are not obtained by the conventional method of approximation or by means of a single variable transform technique but by means of a two variable transform method. The Behaviour of the depleted non-resonant thermonuclear functions are examined using graphs. The results in the paper are of much interest to astrophysicists and statisticians in their further work in this area.

A methodology based on the concepts that arise from Density Functional Theory named Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) was chosen for the calculation of some global and local reactivity descriptors of the Discodermins A-H family of marine peptides through the consideration of the KID (Koopmans in DFT) technique that was successfully used in previous studies of this kind of molecular systems. The determination of active sites of the studied molecules for different kind of reactivities was achieved by resorting to some CDFT-based descriptors like the Fukui functions as well as the Parr functions derived from Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). A few properties identified with their ability to behave as a drug and the bioactivity of the peptides considered in this examination were acquired by depending on a homology model by studying the correlation with the known bioactivity of related molecules in their interaction with various biological receptors. With the further object of analyzing their bioactivity some parameters of usefulness for future QSAR studies, their predicted biological targets and the the ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) parameters related to the Discodermins A-H pharmacokinetics are also reported.

A major challenge in the clinical management of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is identifying those who do not respond to antiseizure medication (ASM), allowing for the timely pursuit of alternative treatments, such as epilepsy surgery. Here, we investigated changes in plasma metabolites as biomarkers of pharmacoresistance in patients with MTLE. Furthermore, we used the metabolomics data to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying MTLE and response to ASM. We performed an untargeted metabolomic method using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multi- and univariate statistical analyses to compare data obtained from plasma samples of 28 patients with MTLE compared to 28 controls. The patients were further divided according to response to ASM: 20 patients were refractory to treatment, and eight were responsive to ASM. We only included patients using carbamazepine in combination with clobazam. We compared the group of patients with controls and found that the profiles of glucose (p = 0.01), saturated lipids (p = 0.0002), isoleucine (p = 0.0001), β-hydroxybutyrate (p = 0.0003), and proline (p = 0.02) were different in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). In addition, lipoproteins (p = 0.05), lactate (p = 0.05), glucose (p = 0.05), unsaturated lipids (p = 0.05), isoleucine (p = 0.05), and proline (p = 0.05), could discriminate between the two groups of patients classified according to response to ASM. The identified metabolites were linked to different biological pathways related to cell energy metabolism, and pathways linked to inflammatory processes and the modulation of neurotransmitter release and activity in MTLE. In contrast, we found that pyruvate metabolism may be linked to resistance to ASM. In conclusion, in addition to insights into the mechanisms underlying MTLE and the response to treatment with ASM, our results suggest that plasma metabolites may be used as biomarkers of disease and response to ASM in patients with MTLE. These findings warrant further studies exploring the clinical use of metabolites to assist in decision-making when treating patients with MTLE.

This paper proposes a multifractal model, with the aim of providing a possible explanation for the locality phenomenon that appears in the estimation of the Hurst exponent in stationary second order temporal series representing self-similar traffic flows in current high-speed computer networks. It is shown analytically that this phenomenon occurs if the network flow consists of several components with different Hurst exponents.

The bilateral tempered fractional derivatives are introduced generalising previous works on the one-sided tempered fractional derivatives and the two-sided fractional derivatives. An analysis of the tempered Riesz potential is done and showed that it cannot be considered as a derivative.

In this paper, the 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order are defined and investigated for the first time. We start with a generalization of the Sonin condition for the kernels of the general fractional integrals and derivatives and then specify a set of the kernels that satisfy this condition and posses an integrable singularity of power law type at the origin. The 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order are integro-differential operators of convolution type with the kernels from this set. They contain both the general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order of the Riemann-Liouville type and the regularized general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order considered in the literature so far. For the 1st level general fractional derivatives of arbitrary order, some important properties including the 1st and the 2nd fundamental theorems of Fractional Calculus are formulated and proved.

Noise reduction is the major issue in the loudspeaker for the application of the musical instruments and related areas. In this paper, a noise disturbance control of a loudspeaker with optimal and robust controllers has been done successfully. The noise of the loudspeaker has been analyzed by simply track a reference cone displacement with the actual cone displacement. Static output feedback and H infinity optimal loop shaping controllers have been used to compare the actual and reference cone displacements by using a sine wave and random cone displacement signals and a promising results have been analyzed.

Power converter technologies have become increasingly vital in various applications due to their efficient management of electrical energy. With the growing prominence of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, the high penetration of power electronic converters has been justified. However, ensuring power quality has emerged as a significant challenge for grid-connected power converters. The divergence from the ideal sinusoidal waveform in terms of magnitude and frequency impacts both grid-side currents and voltages. Several studies have proposed solutions to address power quality issues at the load side. The advancement of power converters has been fueled by the development of high-performance microprocessors and the emergence of high-speed switching devices, such as SiC-MOSFETs. This paper focuses on the design of voltage source converters, particularly those based on SiC-MOSFET semiconductor devices. The article presents the design of H-Bridge cells, discusses two-level voltage source converters based on cascade H-Bridge cells in parallel configuration with experimental fault analysis, addresses the seven-level voltage source converters topology, and explores the design and experimental results of the matrix converter. The findings underscore the importance of considering the entire converter design for improved performance at high switching frequencies. The article concludes by summarizing the main outcomes and implications of this research.

The increased emergence of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori influences the prevention of stomach cancer. Zingiber officinale is a plant usually used in folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases involving infections, nausea, vomiting, peptic ulcer, dyspepsia, and inflammation. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of Z. officinale extract to combat resistant H. pylori. The disc diffusion, microdilution, and microplate assays were performed to evaluate the susceptibility to antibiotics, and the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the Z. officinale extracts. Using the checkerboard method, the combined effects of the gentamicin and Z. officinale extract were investigated. In addition, anti-inflammatory activity and GC-MS analysis were determined by the modified protocol. According to the findings, H. pylori isolates exhibited resistance rates of 56.33, 50.0, and 45.85 for metronidazole, gentamicin, and tetracycline, respectively. The methanolic extract of Z. officinale had the strongest effectiveness against resistant H. pylori isolates with MIC of 20.0 to 50.0 µg/ml against both H. pylori isolates and the stranded strain NCTC 11637. Z. officinale extract suppress the biofilm formed by H. pylori isolates with a percentage of 92.96% at 50.0µg/ml, compared with 97.19% for gentamicin at the same concentration. According to FICI values, combination of methanolic Z. officinale extract to gentamicin increases bacterial sensitivity to such drugs. Moreover, the Z. officinale extract exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity. The GC-MS analysis of Z. officinale extract exhibits 17 different chemical compounds. Conclusions: The Z. officinale extract contain the anti-inflammatory compound gingerol as the main constituent which inhibits the growth of H. pylori and its biofilm, are a promising natural therapeutic alternative or enhance antibiotics activity

Glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification that conveys functional diversity to glycoconjugates. Cell surface glycosylation mediates several biological activities such as induction of intracellular signaling pathway and pathogen recognition. Red blood cell (RBC) membrane N-glycans determine blood type and influence cell lifespan. Although several proteomic studies were carried out, glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins has not been systematically investigated. This work aims at exploring the human RBC N-glycome by high-sensitivity MALDI-MS techniques to outline a fingerprint of RBC N-glycans. To this purpose, MALDI-TOF spectra of healthy subjects harboring different blood groups were acquired. Results showed the predominant occurrence of neutral and sialylated complex N-glycans with bisected N-acetylglucosamine, core- and/or an-tennary fucosylation. In the higher mass region these species presented with multiple N-acetyllactosamine repeating units. Amongst the detected glycoforms, the presence of glycans bearing ABO(H) antigens allowed us to define a distinctive spectrum for each blood group. For the first time, advanced glycomic techniques have been applied to a comprehensive exploration of human RBC N-glycosylation, providing a new tool for the early detection of distinct glycome changes associated with disease conditions as well as to understand pathogens molecular recognition.

Although most people are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) during their lifetime, only a minority of them develop an EBV-associated malignancy. EBV acts in both direct and indirect ways to transform infected cells into tumor cells. There are multiple ways in which the EBV, host, and tumor environment interact to promote malignant transformation. This paper focuses on some of the mechanisms that EBV uses to transform the tumor microenvironment (TME) of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) for its benefit, including overexpression of IDO1, synergism between H pylori and EBV coinfection, and M1 to M2 switch. In this review, we expand on different modalities and combinatorial approaches to therapeutically target this mechanism.

The main idea of this paper is to investigate the exact solutions and dynamic properties in optical nanofibers, which is modeled by space-time fractional perturbed nonlinear schr\"odinger equation involving Kerr law nonlinearity with conformal fractional derivative. Firstly, by the complex fractional traveling wave transformation, the traveling wave system of the original equation is obtained, then a conserved quantity, namely the Hamiltonian is constructed, and the qualitative analysis of this system is conducted via this quantity by classifying the equilibrium points. Moreover, the prior estimate of the existence of the soliton and periodic solution is established via the bifurcation method. Furthermore, all exact traveling wave solutions are constructed to illustrate our results explicitly by the complete discrimination system for polynomial method.

A simple undirected graph $\Gamma=(V_\Gamma,E_\Gamma)$ admits an $H$-covering if every edge in $E_\Gamma$ belongs to at least one subgraph of $\Gamma$ that isomorphic to a graph $H$. For any graph $\Gamma$ admitting $H$-covering, a total Labelling $\beta: V_\Gamma \cup E_\Gamma \longrightarrow \{1,2,\dots,p\}$ is called an $H$-irregular total $p$-labelling of $\Gamma$ if every two different subgraphs $H_1$ and $H_2$ of $\Gamma$ isomorphic to $H$ have distinct weights where the weight $w_\beta(K)$ of subgraph $K$ of $\Gamma$ is defined as $w_f(K):=\displaystyle \sum_{v\in V_K} f(v) + \sum_{e\in E_K} f(e)$. The smallest number $p$ for which a graph $\Gamma$ admits an $H$-irregular total $p$-labelling is called the total $H$-irregularity strength of $\Gamma$ and is denoted by $ths(\Gamma)$. In this paper, we determine the total $H$-irregularity strength of edge comb product of two graphs.

The construction of carbon-carbon bonds by direct involvement of two unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds, without any directing group, ensures an high atom economy of the entire process. Here it is described a simple protocol for the Pd(II)/Cu(II)-promoted intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of 5-arylimidazoles, benzimidazoles, benzoxazole and 4,5-diphenylimidazole at their C-2 position with functionalized styrenes. This specific CDC, known as Fujiwara-Moritani reaction or oxidative Heck coupling, allowed also the C-4 alkenylation of the imidazole nucleus when both 2 and 5 positions are occupied.

In this research article we solve the problem of synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems described by discrete and time-delayed variable fractional order differential equations. To guarantee the synchronization and anti-synchronization of these systems, we use the well-known PID control theory and the Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability theory for discrete systems of variable fractional order.We illustrate the results obtained through simulation with examples, in which it can be seen that our results are satisfactory, thus achieving synchronization and anti-synchronization of chaotic systems of variable fractional order with discrete time delay.

This paper reports a new global Mittag-Leffler synchronization criterion with regard to fractional-order hyper-chaotic financial systems by designing the suitable impulsive control and the state feedback controller. The significance of this impulsive synchronization lies in the fact that the backward economic system can synchronize asymptotically with the advanced economic system under the effective impulse macroeconomic management means. Matlab LMI-toolbox is utilized to deduce the feasible solution in numerical example, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed methods. It is worth mentioning that the LMI-based criterion usually requires the activation function of the system to be Lipschitz, but the activation function in this paper is fixed and truly nonlinear, which cannot be assumed to be Lipschitz continuous. This is another mathematical difficulty overcome in this paper.

Abstract The modified Bessel function (MBF) of the first kind is a fundamental special function in mathematics with applications in a large number of areas. When the order of this function is integer, it has an integral representation which includes the exponential of the cosine function. Here we generalize this MBF to include a fractional parameter, such that the exponential in the previously mentioned integral is replaced by a Mittag-Leffler function. The necessity for this generalization arises from a problem of communication in networks. We find the power series representation of the fractional MBF of the first kind, as well as some differential properties. We give some examples of its utility in graph/networks analysis and mention some fundamental open problems for further investigation.

For solving the fractional differential equations in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), it’s complicated and difficult by the Laplace and Fourier transforms. Based on the Caputo fractional derivative, the analytical solutions for unsteady unidirectional flows of a generalized Oldroyd-B fluid are deduced by the separation of variables method. Results show that the analytical solutions are given easily, and have good university. For some specific parameter values, the well-known analytical solutions for the generalized second grade fluid, the generalized Upper-Convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid as well as the ordinary Oldroyd-B fluid can be obtained.

The compound, C27H23N3 (1), crystallizes in the triclinic system of the P-1 space group. The unit cell comprises a dimer of 1, in which the monomers are linked by two complementary hydrogen bonds between N1 and H1-C1 of another molecule. The dimers form chains along the a-axis through intermolecular interactions between the N2 acceptor atoms and C17 donors from molecules in the nearest neighbouring dimer. These interactions form extended sheets of the dimers of 1, along the ab plane. The quinolinylmeth-2-yl groups of 1 lie in almost orthogonal planes and their N1/2(q) donor atoms being away from the apical amino N3 atom.

The continuing public health issue known as COVID-19 (the 2019 Novel Corona virus infection) has a global emphasis. Despite (or perhaps because of) the fact that there are significant gaps in our understanding of COVID-19 epidemiology, transmission dynamics, research methods, and management breakout poses a new kind of global hazard. The good news is that there is currently enough knowledge about the epidemic process to allow for the creation of mathematical forecasting models. We modify a conventional SEIR epidemic model to the unique dynamic compartments and epidemic features of COVID 19 as it spreads in a population with a diverse age structure. Although many US states and other nations around the world followed lockdown and reopening processes, we perform some analysis on using some techniques of the epidemic course. A new perspective of fractional calculus known as piecewise derivatives of fractional order is used to study the proposed model. Sufficient conditions are established to show the existence theory. In addition, a numerical scheme based on Newton’s polynomials is established to simulate the approximate solutions of the proposed model by using various fractional orders. Some real data results are also shown with comparison of the numerical results.

In the last years, a recent growing line of research has been developed with fruitful results by using fractional and conformable derivatives in the iterative procedures of classical methods for solving nonlinear equations. In that sense, the use of conformable derivatives has shown better behavior than fractional ones, not only in the theory, but also in the practice. In this work, we adapt the approximation of conformable derivatives in order to design the first conformable derivative-free iterative schemes to solve nonlinear equations: a Steffensen’s type method and a Secant type method; the latter with memory. Convergence analysis is made, preserving the order of classical cases, and the numerical performance is studied in order to confirm the results in the theory. It is shown that these methods can present some numerical advantages versus their classical partners, with wide sets of converging initial estimations.

Hypotrochoidal profile contours have been produced in industrial applications in recent years using twin-spindle processes, and they are considered effective high-quality solutions for positive shaft–hub connections. This study mainly concerns analytical approaches to determine the bending stresses in hypotrochoidal profile shafts. The formulation was developed according to bending principles using the mathematical theory of elasticity and conformal mappings. The loading was further used to investigate the rotating bending behaviour. The stress factors for the classical calculation of maximum bending stresses were also determined for all those profiles presented and compiled in the German standard DIN3689-1 for practical applications. The results were also compared with the corresponding numerical and experimental results, and very good agreement was observed. Additionally, based on previous work, the stress factor was determined for the case of torsional loading to calculate the maximum torsional stresses in the standardised profiles, and the results are listed in a table. This study contributes to the further refinement of the current DIN3689 standard.

The removal of H2S from natural gas and other gases such as biogas, refinery gases, and coal gas is required because H2S is toxic and corrosive, even in traces. Zeolites are widely used in the removal of H2S from the above-mentioned gases. In this work, we prepared an Ag-exchanged 13X molecular sieve by using different concentrations of AgNO3 to increase its adsorption properties. XRD, SEM, and BET techniques were used to characterize samples. When compared to unmodified 13X, the adsorption capacity of AgII-13X increased by about 50 times. The results of this study suggest that the silver-modified 13X molecular sieve is highly effective at extracting H2S from natural gas.

Discretization is the process of converting a continuous function or model or equation into discrete steps. In this work, adaptive and learning methods are implemented to control DC motors that are used for actuating control surfaces of unmanned underwater vehicles. Adaptive control is a method in which the controller is designed to adapt the system with parameters which vary or are uncertain. Parameter estimation is the process of computing the parameters of a system using a model & measured data. Adaptive methods have been used in conjunction with different parameter estimation techniques. Deterministic artificial intelligence, a learning-based approach that uses the process dynamics defined by physics, is also applied to control the output of the DC motor to track a specified trajectory. This work goes further to evaluate the performance of the adaptive & learning techniques based on different discretization methods. The results are evaluated based on the absolute error mean between the output & the reference trajectory and the standard deviation of the error. The first order-hold method of discretization and surprisingly large sample time of seven tenths of a second yields over sixty percent improvement over the results presented in the prequel literature.

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that can develop a multidrug resistance profile associated with the community as well as nosocomial-acquired infections. Among the treatment options for these infections are aminoglycosides combined with bacterial cell wall inhibitors such as beta-lactams, since E. faecalis is intrinsically resistant to aminoglycosides. One of its most representative resistance mechanisms is the expression of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, such as the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type IIIa of E. faecalis (EfAPH(3')-IIIa). This enzyme acts by phosphorylating aminoglycosides in an ATP-dependent reaction, modifying the 3' position of hydroxyl groups of these antibiotics. Considering this scenario, 3,092 natural products obtained from the ZINC22 database were analyzed to select molecules with the highest affinity for the nucleotide-binding pocket of EfAPH(3')-IIIa, which could be potential aminoglycoside adjuvants. The molecules that showed the best-score results obtained from ensemble docking-based virtual screening were ZINC000000952700 (BS-1), ZINC000014793040 (BS-2) and ZINC000015498603 (BS-3). The most promising results were for BS-2, a flavone derivative, due to its improved stability profile in molecular dynamics simulation (average values of RMSD of 0.23 nm, and Rg of 1.94 nm), binding free energy calculations (average ΔG total of -35.3 nm), as well as better toxicological profile (lower probability of hepatotoxicity, carcinogenic, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity effects), compared to BS-1 and BS-3. These results allow us to propose that a flavone derivative may act as an adjuvant to aminoglycosides in the treatment of E. faecalis infections, acting as an inhibitor in the nucleotide-binding pocket of EfAPH(3')-IIIa.

Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers (NHEs) are known to be important regulators of pH in multiple intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. Sperm function is especially dependent on changes in pH and thus it has been postulated that NHEs play important roles in regulating the intracellular pH of these cells. For example, in order to achieve fertilization, mature sperm must maintain a basal pH in the male reproductive tract and then alkalize in response to specific signals in the female reproductive tract during the capacitation process. Eight NHE isoforms are expressed in mammalian testis/sperm: NHE1, NHE3, NHE5, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, NHE10, and NHE11. These NHE isoforms are expressed at varying times during spermatogenesis and localize to different subcellular structures in developing and mature sperm where they contribute to multiple aspects of sperm physiology and male fertility including proper sperm development/morphogenesis, motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. Previous work has provided evidence for NHE3, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, and NHE10 being critical for male fertility in mice and NHE10 has recently been shown to be essential for male fertility in humans. In this article we review what is known about each NHE isoform expressed in mammalian sperm and discuss the physiological significance of each NHE isoform with respect to male fertility.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects approximately 1% of the world's population. To diagnose and estimate the occurrence of epilepsy, the analysis of recorded brain activity is performed by a neurologist, which is not only time-consuming and tedious but also occasionally accompanied by human error. Therefore, in recent decades, researchers have aimed to unravel an approach for designing and building an automated method for diagnosing and estimating the occurrence of epilepsy. Accordingly, the present study proposed two new-fangled ways based on brain signals and a convolutional neural network (CNN). Moreover, this research implements a CNN with a sequential three-layer structure. Numerous experiments were performed, and the accuracy of estimating epilepsy using the developed methods was achieved at 95% without feedback and 97% with feedback. The proposed methods were proven to be more accurate than the previous techniques and can be employed as a physician's assistant once entering the field of operation.

Heavy Ion Beam Probing (HIBP) diagnostic is a powerful tool for electric field studies in hot dense plasma of modern day toroidal magnetic confinement devices. On the TUMAN-3M to-kamak, the HIBP have been used in regimes with improved plasma confinement to clear up the role of radial electric field in the transition to good confinement regimes. Recently, a moderni-zation of the TUMAN-3M HIBP diagnostics was performed aiming to reconfigure it for a work with a reversed plasma current direction and improvement of overall stability of the diagnostic. The results of first measurements of plasma potential in co-NBI scenario are reported and dis-cussed.

H-adaptivity is an effective tool to introduce local mesh refinement in FEM-based numerical simulation of crack propagation. The implementation of h-adaptivity could benefit the numerical simulation of fatigue or accidental load scenarios involving large structures such as ship hulls. In engineering applications, the element deletion method is frequently used to represent cracks. However, the element deletion method has some drawbacks such as strong mesh dependency and loss of mass or energy. In order to mitigate this problem, the element splitting method could be applied. In this study, a numerical method called ‘h-adaptive element splitting’ (h-AES) is introduced. The h-AES method is applied in FEM programs by combining h-adaptivity with the element splitting method. Two examples using the h-AES method to simulate cracks in large structures under linear-elastic fracture mechanics scenario are presented. The numerical results are verified against analytical solutions. Based on the examples, the h-AES method is proven to be able to introduce mesh refinement in large-scale numerical models that consist of structured coarse meshes. By employing the mesh refinement introduced in this paper, very small cracks are well represented in large structures.

This paper aims to unify q-derivative/q-integral and h-derivative/h-integral in a single definition, this will be called q−h-derivative/q−h-integral. These notions are further extended on finite interval [a,b] in the form of left and right q−h-derivatives and q−h-integrals. Some inequalities are studied for q−h-integrals which are directly connected with well known results. In diverse fields of science and engineering the theory based on q-derivatives/q-integrals and h-derivatives/h-integrals can be unified by using the concept of q−h-derivative/q−h-integral.

A wave is an energy that can propagate with a medium, the propagation of a wave moves with respect to time by carrying energy that moves with velocity per unit of time. Sea waves are one of the propagating wave problems that are broken down to produce wave propagation with a relatively inhomogeneous minimum amplitude and speed of sea waves which have their own difficulties in solving them numerically. This study aims to analyze the stability of wave propagation of submerged breakwaters using the Boundary Element Method. This research will approximate the boundary discretization of the breakwater domain and then combine it with the Finite Element Method in determining the moving elements of the velocity of fluid flow through a porous submerged breakwater. This study varies the magnitude of the incoming propagation velocity and the influence of the breakwater distance. The results of this study indicate that the resulting minimal wave assuming v = 1 m/s and the breakwater distance of s = 20 m gives a wave reflection with a minimum wave speed and amplitude of 0.12515 m

This paper introduces extensions H4,p and X8,p of Horn’s double hypergeometric function H4 and Exton’s triple hypergeometric function X8, taking into account recent extensions of Euler’s beta function, hypergeometric function, and confluent hypergeometric function. Among the numerous extended hypergeometric functions, the primary rationale for choosing H4 and X8 is their comparable extension type. Next, we present various integral representations of Euler and Laplace type, Mellin and inverse Mellin transforms, Laguerre polynomial representation, transformation formulae and a recurrence relation for the extended functions. In particular, we provide a generating function for the X8,p and several bounding inequalities for the H4,p and X8,p.

Bio-based packaging materials and efficient drug delivery systems are gaining attention, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most soluble cellulose derivatives, is a good candidate material due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and reproducibility. However, CMC-based films are lack of sufficient mechanical properties, limiting its widespread application. In this paper, the molecular interactions between CMC and additives with different molecular structures have been studied with rheological method. The additives are chitosan and cellulose derivatives including O-carboxymethylated chitosan (O-CMCh), N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-trimethylammonium-O-carboxymethyl chitosan (HTCMCh), hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), cellulose nanofibers (CNC), and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The influencing factors, such as molecular structure, concentration of additives and temperature on the rheological properties were studied, which results revealed the information intermolecular interactions. Based on the rheological properties, several systems were selected to prepare films, which show very good transparency, wettability, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and cytotoxicity. These good characteristics of the selected films also proved the good biocompatibility of CMC and chitosan and cellulose derivatives. This work will provide an idea to prepare CMC-based food packaging and effective drug delivery materials with specific properties.

The paper presents data from a monthly campaign for the elemental composition of PM10 in a specific receptor Kotórz Mały (Opole Voivodeship) located in the vicinity of a moderately inhabited rural area, measured in one-hour samples with the use of the PX-375 analyzer by the Horiba company. The hourly variability of SO2, NO, NO2, CO, O3 concentrations as well as the variability of meteorological parameters were also determined. On average, during the entire measurement period, the elements related to PM10 can be arranged in the following order: As<V<Ni<Pb<Cr<Mn<Cu<Ti<Zn<K<Fe<Ca<Al<Si<S. Trace elements, including toxic elements, such as As, V, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mn, were present in low concentrations, not exceeding 10 ng/m3 (average daily value). These elements had fairly even concentrations, daily and hourly. The concentrations of the main elements in the PM10 in the receptor are subject to strong hourly changes related not only to changes in the structure of the sources identified in the statistical analysis but mainly to wind speed and direction changes (soil and sand particles pick-up and inflow of pollutants from coal combustion). It has been shown that the transport emission in the receptor can have an intense effect on PM10 in the afternoon.

The ability of 2D hybrid structures formed by boron, nitrogen and carbon atoms (h-BNCs) as potential substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection of dioxin-like pollutants is theoretically analyzed. The strong confinement and high tunability of the electromagnetic response of the carbon nanostructures embedded within the h-BNC sheets point out that these hybrid structures could be promising for applications in optical spectroscopies, such as SERS. In this work, two model dioxin-like pollutants, TCDD and TCDF, and a model h-BNC surface composed by a carbon nanodisk of ninety-six atoms surrounded by a string of borazine rings, BNC96, are employed for the simulation of the adsorption complexes and the static and pre-resonance Raman spectra of the adsorbed molecules. A large affinity of BNC96 by these pollutants is reflected on the large interaction energies obtained for the most stable stacking complexes, with dispersion being the most important contribution to their stability. The large vibrational coupling of some active modes of TCDF and, specially, of TCDD makes the Raman static spectra display a ‘pure’ chemical enhancement of one order of magnitude. On the other hand, due to the strong electromagnetic response of BNC96, confined within the carbon nanodisk, pre-resonance Raman spectra obtained for TCDD and TCDF display large enhancement factors of 108 and 107, respectively. Promisingly, laser excitation wavelengths frequently used in SERS experiments also provoke significant Raman enhancements, around 104, for the TCDD and TCDF signals. Both the strong confinement of the electromagnetic response within the carbon domains and the high modulation of the resonance wavelengths within the visible and/or UV ranges in h-BNCs should lead to a higher sensitivity than graphene and white graphene parent structures, solving one of the main disadvantages of using 2D substrates for SERS applications.

The quest for accurate and more efficient methods for solving periodic/oscillatory problems is gaining more attention in recent time. This paper presents the construction and implementation of a family of exponentially–fitted Obrechkoff methods. A single–step Obrechkoff method involving terms up to the fourth derivatives was used as the base method. We also present the stability and convergence properties of the constructed family of methods. Two numerical examples were use to illustrate the performance of the constructed methods.

In this paper we give approximations to the Mittag-Leffler functions in terms of elementary functions using different methods. This allowed us to establish a practical method we called integerization principle. This principle states that many fractional nonlinear oscillators may be solved by means of the solution to some integer-order Duffing oscillator equation. The accuracy of the obtained results is illsutrated in concrete examples. Formulas for estimating the errors in the approximations are also provided.

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and freezing of gait (FOG) have a loss of presynaptic inhibition (PSI) during anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) for step initiation. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MRL) has connections to the reticulospinal tract that mediates inhibitory interneurons responsible for modulating PSI and APAs. Here, we hypothesized that MLR activity during step initiation would explain the loss of PSI during APAs for step initiation in freezers. Thirty-four freezers were assessed in the ON-medication state. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol of simulated APA task, we assessed beta of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal change of areas known to initiate and pace gait (e.g., MLR), in addition to PSI of the soleus muscle during APA for step initiation, and clinical (e.g., disease duration) and behavioral (e.g., FOG severity and APAs amplitude for step initiation) variables. A linear multiple regression model showed that MLR activity (R2=0.32, P=0.0006) and APA amplitude (R2=0.13, P=0.0097) explained together 45% of the loss of PSI during step initiation in freezers. Decreased MLR activity during a simulated APA task is related to a higher loss of PSI during APA for step initiation. Deficits in central and spinal inhibitions during APA may be related to FOG pathophysiology.

In this paper, a two-link manipulator system stability performance is designed and analyzed using Optimal control technique. The manipulator system is highly nonlinear and unstable. The system is modelled using Lagrangian equation and linearized in upward unstable position. The closed loop system is designed using optimal sliding mode controller. The system is compared with a known PID controller with an impulse applied and disturbance torques and a promising results has been obtained.

Sirtuins are a family of Class III epigenetic modifying enzymes involved in regulating cellular processes through the removal of acetyl groups from proteins. They rely on NAD+ as a coenzyme in contrast with classical HDACs (Class I, II, and IV) that depends on Zn+ for their activation, linking their function to cellular energy levels. There are seven mammalian sirtuin isoforms (SIRT1-7), each located in different subcellular compartments. Sirtuins act as master regulators of cellular homeostasis, responding to changes in nutrient availability and energy status. They play vital roles in diverse physiological and pathological conditions, making them promising therapeutic targets for various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. High levels of SIRT6 are involved in the cancer progression of many tumor types and our previous studies revealed that sirtuin 6 was highly expressed in NSCLC cells and its inhibition potentially favored apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Sirt6 emerged as a promising target and inhibitors of natural and synthetic sources are highly warranted. Imidazole derivatives are often investigated as sirtuin regulators due to their ability to interact with the binding site and modulate their activity. Imidazole bestows many possible substitutions on its ring and neighboring atoms, to design and synthesize derivatives with specific target selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, optimizing drug development. We recently developed imidazole-based derivatives that potentially inhibited classical HDAC enzymes. Therefore, we evaluated the Sirtuin inhibition activity of our in-house compound comprised of imidazole derivatives and the strongest inhibition was observed with Ethyl 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-H-Imidazole-4-yl) acetate against Sirt6 by in-silico and protein expression studies. Our results suggested that Ethyl 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-H-Imidazole-4-yl) acetate could be a potential novel sirt6 inhibitor.

The gradient descent algorithm has become the standard algorithm for computing the extreme values of functions, but for multivariate functions this algorithm is mostly ineffective. This is because the convergence rate of each element is inconsistent in most cases. However, in this paper, we found that the gradient sign is a self-optimizing operator, ensuring that the convergence rate is consistent across all elements. This also explains, from an optimization perspective, the success of the Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) in generating adversarial samples that are indistinguishable from the normal input, but can easily fool neural networks. We also found that the fractional order gradient is also self-optimizing, and that the convergence speed of this algorithm can be controlled by adjusting the order of the gradient. Experiments suggest that this algorithm not only generates adversarial samples faster than other algorithms, but that a single source image can generate many such samples. This algorithm is also more effective than others at generating adversarial samples from simple images.

In this study, we construct a new Atangana-Baleanu fractional model for whooping cough disease to predict future dynamics of the disease, as well as to suggest strategies to eliminate the disease in an optimal way. We prove that the proposed model has a unique solution which is positive and bounded. To measure contagiousness of the disease, we determine the reproduction number R0 and use it to examine the local and global stability at equilibrium points that have symmetry. Through sensitivity analysis, we determine parameters of the model that are most sensitive to R0. The ultimate aim of this research is to analyze different disease prevention approaches in order to find the most suitable one. For this, we include the vaccination and quarantine compartments in the proposed model and formulate an optimal control problem to assess the effect of vaccination and quarantine rates on disease control in three distinct scenarios. Firstly, we study the impact of vaccination strategy and conclude findings with presentation of graphical results. Secondly, we examine the impact of quarantine strategy on whooping cough infection with possible elimination from the society. Lastly, we implement vaccination and quarantine strategies together to visualize their combine effect on infection control. In addition to the study of an optimal control problem, we examine the effect of fractional order on disease dynamics as well as the impact of constant vaccination and quarantine rates on disease transmission and control. We determine that the optimal control strategy with the three controls is more effective in reducing the spread of whooping cough infection. Implementation of Toufik-Atangana type numercial scheme both for the state and adjoint equations is another contribution of this article.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a challenge for global health services, affecting millions and leading hundreds to end-stage liver disease each year. This comprehensive review explores the interactions between HBV and the host, examining their impact on clinical outcomes. HBV infection encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from acute hepatitis B to chronic hepatitis B, which can potentially progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), characterized by low HBV DNA levels in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative individuals, can reactivate and cause acute hepatitis B. The identification of diverse HBV genotypes reveals distinct geographical distributions and associations with clinical outcomes. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the host genome have been linked to several clinical outcomes, including cirrhosis, HCC, OBI, hepatitis B reactivation, and spontaneous clearance. The immune response plays a key role in controlling HBV infection by eliminating infected cells and neutralizing HBV in the bloodstream. Furthermore, HBV can modulate host metabolic pathways involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and bile acid absorption, further influencing disease progression. HBV clinical outcomes correlate with three levels of viral adaptation. In conclusion, the clinical outcomes of HBV infection could result from complex immune and metabolic interactions between the host and HBV. These outcomes can vary among populations and are influenced by HBV genotypes, host genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Understanding the degrees of HBV adaptation is essential for developing region-specific control and prevention measures.

Based on the marine natural products piperafizine B, X334 and our previously reported compound 4m, fourteen novel 3,6-diunsaturated 2,5-diketopiperazine (2,5-DPK) derivatives (1-2, 4-6, 8-16), together with two known ones (3 and 7), were designed and synthesized as anticancer agents against cell lines A549 and Hela. The MTT assay results showed that the derivatives 6, 8-12 and 15 had moderate to good anticancer capacities with the IC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 8.9 μM. Among them, compound 11 with naphthalen-1-ylmethylene and 2-methoxybenzylidene functions at the 3- and 6-positions of 2,5-DPK ring, respectively, displayed good inhibitory activities to both cancer cells A549 (IC50 = 1.2 μM) and Hela (IC50 = 0.7 μM). It could also induce apoptosis and obviously block the cell cycle progression at G2/M phase in both cells at 1.0 μM. The electron withdrawing functions might not be favorable for the derivatives with high anticancer activities. Additionally, compared to piperafizine B and X334, these semi-N-alkylated derivatives have high liposolubilities (&gt; 1.0 mg•mL-1). Compound 11 can be further developed aiming to the discovery of novel anticancer candidate.

The main goal of the paper is to use a generalized proportional Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative (GPRLFD) to model BAM neural networks and to study some stability properties of the equilibrium. Initially, several properties of the GPRLFD are proved such as the fractional derivative of a squared function. Also some comparison results for GPRLFD are provided. Two types of equilibrium of the BAM model with GPRLFD are defined. In connection with the applied fractional derivative and its singularity at the initial time the Mittag-Leffler exponential stability in time of the equilibrium is introduced and studied. An example is given illustrating the meaning of the equilibrium as well as its stability properties.

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacteria usually found in stomach and first part of small intestine, is known to cause infections and ulcers and may have association with cancer. Normally, the treatment options include combinations of antibiotics with proton pump inhibitors and antiinflammatory drugs. However, all of them have high systemic exposure, and hence, unfavourable side effects, whereas their exposure in stomach mucus, the predominant location of the bacteria, is very limited. We have attempted to develop a predominantly gut-restricted formulations of antibiotic + adjuvant combinations as a basis for potentially more safe and efficacious treatment of gastrointestinal tract infections. We have considered E. coli (as a model of H. pylori) and Lactobacilli to study the antibacterial activity of nanogel with combined drugs (classical antibiotics and individual components of essential oils). It has been shown that levofloxacin (LF) in combination with zephirol demonstrates synergy effect against E. coli (cell viability has decreased by about 50%) and weakens the effect against Lactobacilli. A number of other combinations of antibiotic + adjuvant is also shown to be effective. Using FTIR and UV spectroscopy, it has been proved that chitosan nanogels with the drug are well adsorbed on the mucosal model, thereby increasing the bioavailability of drugs. Using ABTS assay, the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and other drugs are shown, which is potentially necessary to minimize the harmful effects of toxins and radicals produced by pathogens. Thus, chitosan nanogels loaded with a combination of drugs can be considered as a new strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and applicable to difficult-to-treat bacteria.

Licochalcone H (LCH), a regioisomer of licochalcone C derived from the root of Glycyrrhiza inflata. CRC treatment has always been challenged by the development of resistance. We investigated the antiproliferative activity of LCH in oxaliplatin (Ox)-sensitive and -resistant CRC cells. LCH significantly inhibited cell viability and colony growth in both Ox-sensitive and Ox-resistant CRC cells. We found that LCH decreased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and AKT kinase activities and related activating signaling proteins including phospho (p)-EGFR and pAKT. A computational docking model indicated that LCH may interact with EGFR, AKT1, and AKT2 at the ATP-binding sites. LCH induced ROS generation, as verified by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment, and increased the expression of the ER stress markers. LCH treatment of CRC cells induced depolarization of MMP and increased. Multi-caspase activity was induced by LCH treatment and confirmed by Z-VAD-FMK treatment. LCH increased the number of subG1 cells and arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase. LCH inhibits the growth of Ox-sensitive and Ox-resistant CRC cells by targeting EGFR and AKT, and inducing ROS generation and ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, LCH could be a potential therapeutic agent for improving not only Ox-sensitive but also Ox-resistant CRC treatment.

This case study focuses on exploring the potential of biogas as a direct substitute for conventional fossil fuels in industrial applications. Instead of being limited to its common uses as a vehicle fuel or for power generation, this research aims to investigate how biogas can be integrated into industrial processes as an advanced and sustainable energy solution. By conducting a detailed analysis of the financial implications associated with the utilization of landfill gas and gas derived from biomass, a comprehensive understanding of their practical applications in the industrial sector can be obtained. This research goes beyond a superficial examination and delves into the intricate aspects of incorporating biogas as a viable alternative fuel source. When we say that utilizing biogas is technically feasible, it means that the necessary infrastructure and technologies are available to support its integration into industrial processes. This implies that there are existing methods and systems in place that can efficiently harness and utilize biogas for various industrial applications. These technologies ensure a seamless transition from conventional fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, leading to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial landscape. Moreover, the statement that utilizing biogas is economically feasible emphasizes that the financial viability of employing biogas in industrial processes is advantageous. This research explores the potential cost savings and benefits associated with substituting conventional fuels with biogas. By carefully examining the economic aspects, such as initial investments, operational costs, and potential revenue streams, a comprehensive understanding of the financial impact of adopting biogas solutions in the industrial sector can be gained. By expanding and broadening the understanding of the technical and economic feasibility of biogas integration, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the potential of advanced biogas solutions for industrial applications. Indeed, to make biogas a viable and sustainable option as a raw material, it is necessary to establish farming subsidies and financial support specifically tailored for biogas production, similar to the existing support provided for food production. These subsidies and financial incentives play a crucial role in promoting and encouraging the growth of the biogas industry. By establishing such support systems, farmers and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector can be incentivized to participate in the production of biogas. This can involve the utilization of agricultural waste, organic residues, or dedicated energy crops for biogas generation. The financial assistance can help offset the initial investment costs, provide incentives for production, and ensure the economic viability of biogas projects. Moreover, when considering large-scale landfills or situations where industrial demands for energy are relatively low, landfill gas becomes a viable and practical option. Landfill gas, which is generated by the decomposition of organic waste in landfills, can be harnessed and utilized for various industrial purposes. This not only helps in managing waste but also provides a valuable source of renewable energy. In summary, while farming subsidies and financial support are crucial for promoting biogas production, landfill gas remains a viable option for large landfills or situations with minor industrial demands. The combination of these two approaches offers a comprehensive outlook on utilizing biogas as a renewable energy source for industrial applications.

Currently, two-component integrable nonlinear equations from the hierarchies of the vector nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the vector derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation are being actively investigated. Usually, such two-component integrable nonlinear evolutionary equations are considered, the form of which does not depend on the replacement of one component with another. In this paper, we propose for consideration and usage a new hierarchy of two-component integrable nonlinear equations, which have an important difference from the already known equations. Among the hierarchy equations there are analogues of the two-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation (second equation from hierarchy) and the two-component modified Korteweg-de Vries equation (fourth equation from hierarchy). The third equation of the hierarchy is a combination of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for one component and the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation for the second component. The equations for the individual components are very different from each other, even if they have the same order. Let us note that even hierarchy equations can be reduced to well-known variants of the scalar derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations, and odd equations can’t be reduced. To construct the hierarchy equations, we use the monodromy matrix method, first proposed by B.A. Dubrovin. Knowledge of the monodromy matrix makes it possible to construct spectral curves of multiphase solutions, as well as to find stationary equations that these solutions satisfy. The last section presents the simplest solutions in the form of solitons and periodic one-phase waves, as well as spectral curves corresponding to these solutions.

Protons are gaining increasing attention as neurotransmitters due to their extraordinary abilities to rapidly transfer electrical charge, mobilize cellular calcium and modulate ion channels. How all this is possible is currently the subject of in-depth studies and discussions concerning not only neurophysiology, but also biological materials for artificial intelligence. In this short review, some biochemical mechanisms are described by which protons, in combination with calcium, can initiate firing in sensory neurons and transmit impulse across synapses. Furthermore, mechanisms are put forward concerning how three neurotransmitters, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine, are able to generate protons. The results of the numerous experimental works taken into consideration indicate that protons can play a fundamental role both in the generation and in the transmission of the nerve impulse.

Chronoamperometric curves of the oxidation of a ferrocenyl derivative by the potential step showed diffusion controlled-like currents less than the Cottrell's equation at a platinum wire electrode. The lower deviation cannot be explained by the Butler-Volmer heterogeneous kinetics, but was ascribed to the negatively capacitive current associated with the redox reaction. The deviation at the fully oxidized potential corresponds to the non-zero concentration at the electrode surface, which cannot be predicted from the Nernst equation. The Nernst equation expresses the relationship of the potential with the activity at the electrode surface rather than the concentration. The diffusion equation provides the relation of the current with the surface concentration rather than the activity. The negative capacitance or the non-zero concentration may arise from structure formation on the electrode owing to the dipole-dipole interaction, which is similar to the generation of the double layer capacitance including frequency dispersion. On this concept, we derive here expressions for the lowered diffusion-controlled current and the time-dependent surface concentration. The negatively capacitive current shows the time-dependence of t-0.9, which is similar to the decay of the double layer capacitive currents. The surface concentration decays with the t-0.4-dependence.

In this paper, the new optical wave solutions of truncated M-fractional perturbed Kundu-Eckhaus model with full non-linearity are obtained by utilizing the expa function technique and modified extended tanh expansion function technique. The solutions are in the form of dark soliton, bright soliton, singular solitons and other form of solutions. The gained solutions are helpful for the further development of concerned model. The obtained results have also been presented graphically in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional formats to discuss the dynamical features as well as the parametric dependence of the constructed solutions. The study offers a highly spectacular and acceptable techniques to combine various intriguing wave demonstrations for more sophisticated models of the modern day.

The treatment of the bulky Rind-based dibromosilanes, (Rind)2SiBr2 (2) [Rind = 1,1,7,7-tetra-R1-3,3,5,5-tetra-R2-s-hydrindacen-4-yl: EMind (a: R1 = Et, R2 = Me) and Eind (b: R1 = R2 = Et)], with two equivalents of tBuLi in Et2O at low temperatures resulted in the formation of blue solutions derived from the diarylsilylenes, (Rind)2Si: (3). Upon warming the solutions above −20 °C, the blue color gradually faded, accompanying the decomposition of 3 and yielding the cyclic hydrosilanes (4) via intramolecular C−H bond insertion at the Si(II) center. The molecular structures of the bulky Eind-based 3b and 4b were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Thus, at −20 °C, blue crystals were formed (Crystal-A), which were identified as mixed crystals of 3b and 4b. Additionally, colorless crystals of 4b as a singular component were isolated (Crystal-B), whose structure was also determined by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Although the isolation of 3 was difficult due to their thermally-labile nature, their structural characteristics and electronic properties were discussed based on the experimental findings complemented by computational results. We also examined the hydrolysis of 3b to afford the silanol, (Eind)2SiH(OH) (5b).

The conventional theory of neutron beams interacting with many-body systems treats the beam as a classical system, i.e. with its dynamical variables appearing in the quantum dynamics of the scattering process not as operators but only as c-numbers. Moreover, neutrons are described with plane waves, i.e. the concept of neutron's (finite) coherence length is here irrelevant. The same holds for electron, atom or X-ray scattering. This simplification results in the full decoupling of the probe particle's dynamics from the quantum dynamics of the scatterer---a well-known fact also reflected in the standard formalism of time-correlation functions (see textbooks). Making contact with modern quantum theoretical approaches (e.g., quantum entanglement, 'which-path detection' versus interference, von Neumann measurement, Week Values, etc.) new observable effects may be exposed and/or predicted, for instance, a momentum-transfer deficit and an intensity deficit in neutron scattering from protons of hydrogen-containing samples. 7

As an option to deal with the insulin-dependent disease, a recent commuted PD control strategy is designed and carefully analyzed for different clinic diabetic patients. This controller approach is mainly conceived to stabilize the glucose blood concentration in a diabetic patient around its basal value, hence avoiding extreme situations such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. This control strategy receives two inputs carefully tuned to actuate when the measured variable is out of a prescribed healthy zone. Therefore, one of these variables is invoked to decrease the glucose concentration to insulin injection, and the other is employed to increase the glucose absorption, both by using a proper PD controller. According to our numerical experiments, our controller approach performs well, even when there is an external disturbance in the controlled system.

TThis paper delves into the extension and characterization of radial positive definite functions into non-integer dimensions. We provide a thorough investigation by employing the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and fractional Caputo derivatives, enabling a comprehensive understanding of these functions. Additionally, we introduce a secondary characterization based on the Bernstein characterization of completely monotone functions. The practical significance of our study is showcased through an examination of the positivity of the fundamental solution of the space-fractional Bessel diffusion equation, highlighting the real-world applicability of the developed concepts. Through this work, we contribute to the broader understanding of radial positive definite functions and their utility in diverse mathematical and applied contexts.

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of new compound, potassium 2-[2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamido]ethanesulfonate (Compound I), in depression. Willner's chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in 48 male Wistar rats was used a depression model. The rats were randomized into four groups, including an intact group, a Compound I group, a Fluoxetine group, and a control group receiving saline. Behavioral tests, such as the Porsolt forced swim test, hole-board test, elevated plus maze test, and light-dark box, were used to assess the animals' conditions. Our results demonstrated that Compound I effectively reduced the immobilization time of rats in the forced swim test, increased orientation and exploratory behavior, and decreased the latency period of going into the dark compartment compared to the control group. Hippocampal and striatal serotonin concentrations were increased in the Compound I group, and the compound also reduced the level of corticosterone in the blood plasma of rats compared to intact animals. These results suggest that Compound I has a reliable antidepressant activity, comparable to that of the reference antidepressant Fluoxetine.

In the conservation of monumental heritage, the collection and utilization of information are of primary importance. The Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) procedure harnesses the potential of three-dimensional models, offering significant advantages in accessing documentation, interoperability, multidimensionality of intervention design, cost evaluation and maintenance management. Attention here is focused on the Certosa di Pisa, a large historical complex built in the 14th century as a monastery of the Carthusian order, currently in a state of deterioration and in need of restoration and re-functionalization. The multifaceted nature of this monumental complex, with its intricate interplay of architectural elements spanning different historical periods and featuring diverse techniques, poses a significant challenge for structural safety assessment. This case study presents an opportunity to explore an HBIM approach to streamline the diagnostic process and facilitate the intervention design phase. The goal is achieved by utilizing an accurate 3D model enriched with data from multiple sources and automating certain operations for structural assessment. The usefulness of the HBIM methodology is highlighted as a valuable tool in the realm of Cultural Heritage structures for both technicians and scholars alike.

A fundamental tool in mathematical physics is the logarithmic Sobolev inequality. A quantitative version proven by Carlen with a remainder involving the Fourier-Wiener transform is equivalent to an entropic uncertainty principle more general than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In the stability, the remainder is in terms of an entropy, not a metric. Recently, a stability result for H¹ was obtained by Dolbeault, Esteban, Figalli, Frank, and Loss in terms of an L^p norm. Afterwards, Brigati, Dolbeault, and Simonov discussed the stability problem involving a stronger norm. A full characterization with a necessary and sufficient condition to have H¹ convergence is identified in this paper. Moreover, an explicit H¹ bound via a moment assumption is shown. Also, the L^p stability of Dolbeault, Esteban, Figalli, Frank, and Loss is proven to be sharp.

In this study, we investigate the existence of positive solutions within a system of Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations that incorporate the (r1,r2,r3)-Laplacian operator while being subject to three-point boundary conditions. These equations incorporate various fractional derivatives and are influenced by parameters represented as (ψ1,ψ2,ψ3). Our approach involves employing techniques such as cone expansion and compression of the functional type, in conjunction with the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem, to establish the existence of positive solutions. To emphasize the practical significance of our findings in the realm of fractional differential equations, we provide two illustrative examples.

The regulation of intracellular pH in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells is critical for cell function and viability. In yeast, protons (H+) can be excreted from cell by the plasma membrane ATPase Pma1 and pumped into vacuoles by the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Because Pma1 is critical to the survival of yeast cells, it is unknown whether other compensatory components are involved in the pH homeostasis in the absence of Pma1. To elucidate how intracellular pH is regulated independently of Pma1, we employed a screening approach by exposing the yeast haploid deletion mutant library (ver 4.0) to the selective plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor PS-1, which we previously reported. After repeated screenings and verification, we identified two proteins, ALY1 and ALY2, that play a role in the regulation of intracellular pH when Pma1 is deficient. Our research uncovers a new perspective on the regulation of intracellular pH related to Pma1 and also preliminarily reveals a role for ALY1 and ALY2 in the regulation of intracellular pH.

The Fourier Continuous Derivative ($D_C$) offers a unique perspective on fractional differentiation grounded in the theory of Fourier series. This approach has the potential to address problems across various disciplines, including physics, engineering, and mathematics. The primary insight underpinning this approach is that a convex function defined on $\mathbb{Z}$ retains its convexity on $\mathbb{R}$. This paper delves into the Fourier Continuous Derivative, compares it with traditional fractional derivatives, and outlines its possible real-world applications, such as modeling viscoelastic materials, solving wave equations, and financial data analysis.

Abstract: — management of the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) operation has proven to be a difficult undertaking due to the complex and ever-changing nature of its behavior, which is both nonlinear and dynamic, which is further compounded by its instability. Attempts have been made to use Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for such processes, but the performance is often poor due to the inherent limitations of the controllers. In contrast, heuristic algorithms have been employed to tune the controllers, but these methods can only provide optimal performance for a restricted range of parameter variations. This paper presents a novel approach that involves using a conventional gain scheduling PID controller in combination with a fuzzy gain scheduling (FGS) controller method to calibrate set-point weighted PID controllers for the CSTR process. The paper outlines the design of the controllers and evaluates their performance by subjecting them to varying input signals within the given bandwidth.

Aim. To study the processes of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes depending on the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, depending on the stage. Materials and methods. 39 patients with stage I-II gastric cancer and 30 patients with stage III-IV gastric cancer were examined. The study of the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes was carried out, the parameters of the lipid peroxidation system and antioxidant protection in plasma were determined using the spectrophotometric method. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 7.0 software package (StatSoft, USA). Results. In patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, regardless of stage, the proportion of neutrophilic granulocytes with normal activity does not exceed 1/3 of the total number of patients, the remaining 2/3 of patients have an altered chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes: in patients with gastric cancer by I -II stage of the disease, the majority revealed a reduced function of neutrophilic granulocytes, and in patients with gastric cancer stage III-IV of the disease, the majority showed increased chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes. In all patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, regardless of the stage of the disease, an increase in lipid peroxidation processes with activation of antioxidant defense enzymes was detected. Conclusion. In all patients with gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection, regardless of the stage of the disease, an increase in lipid peroxidation processes with activation of antioxidant defense enzymes was detected. At the same time, there are no statistically significant differences between the indicators of the system lipid peroxidation - antioxidant protection depending on the stage of gastric cancer and the chemiluminescent activity of neutrophilic granulocytes, which probably indicates that all reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophilic granulocytes in the respiratory burst are consumed locally, minimally affecting the development of oxidative stress in the blood plasma.

Glioblastoma, a deadly brain tumor, shows limited response to standard therapies like te-mozolomide (TMZ). Recent findings from the REGOMA trial underscore a significant survival improvement offered by regorafenib (REGO) in recurrent glioblastoma. Our study aimed to propose a 3D ex vivo drug response precision medicine approach to investigate recurrent glio-blastoma sensitivity to REGO and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in tumor resistance or responsiveness to treatment. 3D glioblastoma organoids (GB-EXPs) obtained from 18 patients’ resected recurrent glioblastoma tumors were treated with TMZ and REGO. Drug responses were evaluated using NAD(P)H FLIM, stratifying tumors as responders (Resp) or non-responders (NR). Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 16 tissue samples, and whole-transcriptome analysis on 13 GB-EXPs treated and untreated. We found 35% (n=9) and 77% (n=20) of tumors responded to TMZ and REGO, respectively, with no instances of TMZ-Resp be-ing REGO-NR. Exome analysis revealed a unique mutational profile in REGO-Resp tumors compared to NR tumors. Transcriptome analysis identified distinct expression patterns in Resp and NR tumors, impacting Rho GTPase and NOTCH signaling, known to be involved in drug response. In conclusion, recurrent glioblastoma tumors were more responsive to REGO com-pared to TMZ treatment. Importantly, our approach enables a comprehensive longitudinal ex-ploration of the molecular changes induced by treatment, unveiling promising biomarkers in-dicative of drug response.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the validity of three alternative methods compared to the gold standard 24-h urine collection for estimating dietary sodium intake, a modifiable risk factor for hypertension, among middle-aged and older adults with elevated blood pressure. These included spot urine collection (using Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT equations), 24-h dietary recall, and food frequency questionnaire responses, compared against 24-h urine collection in a subset of 65 participants (aged 50–75 years, 58.5 % women, 61.6 % hypertensive) from the DePEC-Nutrition trial. The validity of the methods was assessed using bias, Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman analysis. Among the alternative methods, spot urine collection using the Kawasaki equation showed the strongest correlation (SCC 0.238; ICC 0.119, 95 % CI -0.079 to 0.323) but it exhibited a significant bias (1414 mg/day, p-value < 0.001) relative to 24-h urine collection. Conversely, dietary surveys had a smaller bias but wider limits of agreement. These findings underscore the complexities of accurately estimating dietary sodium intake using spot urine collection or dietary surveys in this specific population, suggesting that a combination or refinement of existing methodologies might improve accuracy. Further research with larger samples is necessary to develop more reliable methods for assessing sodium intake in this high-risk group.

The design of a mixed-mode proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller circuit using current-feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) as active components is proposed. With the same circuit topology, the proposed configuration of three CFOAs, four resistors, and two capacitors is capable of performing the PID controller in all four operation modes: namely voltage mode, trans-admittance mode, current mode, and trans-impedance mode. Numerous mathematical analyses are conducted to determine the controller performance under ideal and non-ideal conditions. Additionally, the mixed-mode second-order lowpass filter is suggested, and also used to examine the workability of the proposed mixed-mode PID controller in a feedback control structure. The proposed PID controller is implemented with the commercially available IC-type CFOA AD844, and the simulation results are presented to illustrate the functionality of the controller and its closed-loop control system.

In the particular configuration of the scalar field K-essence in the Wheeler-DeWitt quantum equation, for some age in the Bianchi type I anisotropic cosmological model, a fractional differential equation for the scalar field arises naturally. The order of the fractional differential equation is $\beta=\frac{2\alpha}{2\alpha - 1}$. This fractional equation belongs to different intervals, depending on the value of the barotropic parameter; when $\omega_{X} \in [0,1]$, the order belongs to the interval $1\leq \beta \leq 2$, and when $\omega_{X}\in[-1,0)$, the order belongs to the interval $0<\beta \leq 1$. In the quantum scheme, we introduce the factor ordering problem in the variables $(\Omega,\phi)$ and its corresponding momenta $(\Pi_\Omega, \Pi_\phi)$, obtaining a linear fractional differential equation with variable coefficients in the scalar field equation, then the solution is found using a fractional power series expansion. The corresponding quantum solutions are also given. We found the classical solution in the usual gauge N obtained in the Hamiltonian formalism and without a gauge. In the last case, the general solution is presented in a transformed time $T(\tau)$, however in the dust era we found a closed solution in the gauge time $\tau$.

We report on the occurrence of natural Magnesium Alumina Silicate Hydrate (M-(A)-S-H) cement at Feragen and Leka in eastern and western Trøndelag Norway, respectively. Both occurrences are located in the sub-arctic climate zone and form in glacial till and moraine material deposited on ultramafic rock during the Weichselian glaciation. Weathering of serpentinized peridotite dissolve brucite and result in a relative high pH alkaline fluid that subsequently reacts with the felsic minerals of the till (quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar) to form a cement consisting of an amorphous material or a mixture of nanocrystalline Mg-rich phyllosilicates, including illite. The presence of plagioclase in the till results in the enrichment of alumina in the cement, i.e., forms M-A-S-H instead of the M-S-H cement. Dissolution of quartz results in numerous etch-pits and negative quartz crystals filled with M-A-S-H cement. Where the quartz dissolution is faster that the cement precipitation, a honeycomb-like texture is formed. Compositionally the cemented till (tillite) contains more MgO and has a higher loss of ignition than the till, suggesting that the cement is formed by a MgO fluid that previously reacted with the peridotite. The M-(A)-S-H cemented till represent a new type of duricrust, coined magsilcrete. The study of natural Mg-cement provides information on peridotites as a Mg-source for Mg-cement and as a feedstock for CO2 sequestration.

Low-sodium salt substitute (LSSS) has the potential in regulating sodium and potassium intake and has been available in China market for years. However, its real-world use and impact to sodium\potassium intake is unclear. Baseline data of 4000 adult participants who participated in three similar-designed randomized controlled trails were pooled together for this study. Self-reported awareness and use of LSSS were collected using the uniform questionnaire, and the 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion was used to estimate their dietary intake. Mixed-effects models were developed to assess the relationship between LSSS and 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. 32.0% of the participants reported awareness of LSSS and 11.7% reported its current use. After adjusting location, sex, age, and education, compared with the group of participants unaware of LSSS, participants who were aware but not using LSSS and those who were using LSSS had a lower 24-h urinary sodium excretion by –356.1(95% CI: –503.9, –205.9) mg/d and –490.6(95% CI: –679.2, –293.7), respectively (p&lt;0.001). No significant difference was found for 24-h urinary potassium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio among the three groups (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, although associated with lower sodium intake, the awareness and real-world use of LSSS are still very low in China.

Using the colloidal method, Au NP’s were deposited onto 6 different supports (TiO2,  and -Al2O3, HFeO2, CeO2, and C), and their catalytic activity and selectivity were compared in the alkylation of aniline by benzyl alcohol. Correlations were made between the nature of the support, the Au NP size and H-binding energy.

A four-step synthesis of bifunctional, noncovalent organocatalysts based on the chiral (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine scaffold containing a 1,2-benzenediamine H-bond donor was developed. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the 2-fluoronitrobenzene derivative with the commercial (1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine was followed by selective alkylation of the primary amino group, reduction of the aromatic nitro group and final derivatization of the primary aromatic amino group, i.e. acylation, sulfonation, reductive alkylation and arylation, leading to the four subtypes of organocatalysts. All new compounds were fully characterized. The prepared organocatalysts (32 examples) were tested in the Michael addition of acetylacetone to trans-β-nitrostyrene, yielding the addition product with incomplete conversions (up to 93%) and enantioselectivities of up to 41% ee.

This paper introduces new improvements to the modified version of the BIRECT (BI secting RECTangles) algorithm referred to as BIRECTv. We explore various approaches, by first including a grouping strategy for hyper-rectangles having almost the same sizes by categorizing them into different classes. Therefore constraining them not to exceed a certain pre-defined threshold (a small positive value to define the tolerance level). This approach allows for more efficient computation and can be particularly useful when dealing with a large number of hyper-rectangles with varying sizes. To avoid over-sampling, and preventing redundant or excessive sampling, at some shared vertices in descendant subregions, a particular vertex database is used to limit the number of samples taken within each subregion to two. The experimental investigation shows that these improvements have a positive impact on the performance of the BIRECTv(imp.) algorithm and the proposal is a promising global optimization algorithm compared to the original BIRECTv algorithm and its variants. Additionally, the BIRECTv(imp.) algorithm showed particular efficacy in solving high-dimensional problems.

In this paper, existence and stability results of non-local integro-differential equation with Hilfer derivative of order ω∈(1,2) have been investigated. In this derivative is applied in RLC circuit equation of various fractional order. To proposed problem the existence solutions are derived using Schaefer’s fixed point theorem and the Banach contraction principle is using for uniqueness results. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of our theoretical conclusions and two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation were used to solve four numerical results.

In the paper, a study of the performance of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), establishes numerical simulation model of the chassis system by three-dimensional software and finite element analysis software. Based on the numerical modelling and analysis, the work focuses on study of the strength and stiffness of the vehicle's chassis and researched the distribution of stress and deformation under the extremal condition. The paper also presents an autopilot design with new cascade control system for an autonomous motion of an unmanned ground vehicle based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Feed-Forward (FF) control. The PID-FF controller is a part of dedicated for presented UGV used in a hybrid control system for precise control and stabilization, necessary to increase the vehicle motion stability and maneuvers precision. The hybrid PID-FF control system proposed for the ground vehicle model gives a satisfactory quality of control, while maintaining the simplicity of the control system. Presented tests performed in area of mechanical design and control analysis gives good results and proves usefulness of designed unmanned device.

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a devastating, potentially fatal T lymphocyte malignancy affecting the skin. Despite all efforts, the etiology of the disease remains unknown. Infectious agents have long been suspected as factors or co-factors in CTCL pathogenesis. This review deals with the panel of bacterial and viral pathogens that have been investigated so far in an attempt to establish a potential link between infection/carriage and CTCL development. A special focus is given to a recently discovered human protoparvovirus, namely the cutavirus (CutaV), which has emerged as a plausible CTCL etiological agent. Available evidence in support of this hypothesis as well as alternative interpretations and uncertainties raised by some conflicting data are discussed. The complexity and the multifacetedness of the Parvoviridae family of viruses are illustrated by presenting another protoparvovirus, the rat H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV). H-1PV belongs to the same genus as the CutaV but carries a considerable potential for therapeutic applications in cutaneous lymphoma.

There were designed and synthesized two new sulfone 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives. Coordination compounds were obtained with nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and mercury(II) and these novel ligands. There were fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis was performed on order to study the relevant intra and inter non-covalent interactions, mainly H...π, lone pair·...π, π...π, highlighting the difference between the ethyl and phenyl groups in such interactions. Dimeric and trimeric supramolecular syntons were found for some of these compounds. Their biological activity was investigated, being the copper(II) compounds with the sulfone phenyl derivative the most active.

Edible oils have commercial and nutritional value due to the presence of essential fatty acids. They can be consumed fresh in the form of capsules known as nutraceuticals. The quality of such products is of interest to the consumer. In this context, this study describes a method based on high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis (FTIR), combined with statistical analyzes to differentiate different edible oils used as nutraceuticals in Brazil by fatty acid content. Through the analysis of 1H NMR spectra, the levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils were characterized and quantified. Statistical analysis of the data confirmed the real distinction between nutraceutical raw materials, with emphasis on ω-9, ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids. The analytical approach presented also demonstrated potential to identify the origin (animal or vegetable) of edible oils used as nutraceuticals.

We propose a new hierarchy of the vector derivative nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger equations and consider the simplest multiphase solutions of this hierarchy. The study of the simplest solutions of these equations led to the following results. First, the three-leaf spectral curves $\Gamma=\{(\mu,\lambda)\}$ of the simplest multiphase solutions have a quite simple symmetry. They are invariant with respect to holomorphic involution $\tau$. The type of this involution depends on the genus of the spectral curve. Or the involution has the form $\tau:(\mu,\lambda)\to(\mu,-\lambda)$, or $\tau:(\mu,\lambda)\to(-\mu,-\lambda)$. The presence of symmetry leads to the fact that the dynamics of the solution is determined not by the entire spectral curve $\Gamma$, but by its factor $\Gamma/\tau$, which has a smaller genus. Secondly, it turned out that the dynamics of the two-component vector $\bp=(p_1,p_2)^t$ is determined, first of all, by the dynamics of its length $\abs{\bp}$. Independent equations determine the dependence of the direction of the vector $\bp$ from its length. In cases where the direction of the vector $\bp$ is fixed, the corresponding spectral curve splits into separate components. In conclusion, we note that, as in the case of the Manakov system, the equation of the spectral curve is invariant with respect to the orthogonal transformation of the vector solutions. I.e., the solution can be found from the spectral curve up to the orthogonal transformation. This fact indicates that the spectral curve does not depend on the individual components of the solution, but on their symmetric functions. Thus, the spectral data of multiphase solutions have two symmetries. These symmetries make it difficult to reconstruct signals from their spectral data. The work contains examples illustrating these statements.

This research aims to deepen the understanding of the relationship between conductivity and morphology in polypyrrole (PPy) via a comparison of the bipolaron to polaron ratios with a focus on the C-H deformation area. PPy samples were synthesized with different surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and tween 80 (TW). The study revealed that SDS significantly altered the bipolaron and polaron in C-H deformation region and showed higher conductivity than other surfactants. Notably, the morphological shifts to a sheet-like structure when using ammonium sulfate (APS) contrasted with the particle-like form observed with ferric chloride (FeCl3). These results showed that if the oxidant changed, the bi-polaron and polaron ratios in C-H deformation were unrelated to PPy morphology. However, this work showed a consistent relationship between SDS use, the bipolaron and polaron ratios in the C-H deformation, and the conductivity properties. Moreover, the natural positive charge of PPy and negatively charged SDS molecules may lead to an electrostatic interaction between PPy and SDS. This work assumes that this interaction might cause the transformation of polaron to bipolaron in the C-H deformation region, resulting in improved conductivity of PPy. This work offers more support for the future investigation of PPy characteristics.

Biodiesel is one of the most popular biofuels as it is a promising substitute of the conventional diesel fuel, but for now it cannot be used as a stand-alone fuel due to its low oxidative stability. For this reason, the last years there have been efforts for its upgrading through the partial hydrogenation of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that biodiesel consists of. This procedure succeeds in resolving the problem of low oxidative stability, but in some cases a new problem arises as the non-selective hydrogenation is deteriorating the fuel’s cold flow properties, which are crucial for its operation without damaging the vehicle’s engine. More specifically, the problem of deteriorated cold flow properties is caused by the formation of trans-monounsaturated FAMEs and fully saturated FAMEs while the hydrogenation reaction is taking place. The hydrogenated biodiesels are preferred to contain more cis-monounsaturated FAMEs, because these are considered to have the best combination between high oxidative stability and good cold flow properties. As a result, various systems and methods have been tested in order to achieve a selective partial hydrogenation of biodiesel’s FAMEs. In this review article, the catalytic systems and methods that stood out in various researches are presented and the factors that lead to the best possible outcome are investigated and discussed.

The time interval set approach depends on results for radiation propagation from star sources, ie spherically symmetric, where properties relate to propagation sphere surfaces, finite for any realistic event and measurement. In contrast the usual vector and one moment time set approach from Newton’s laws, applies to stationary parallel radiation. A time interval only description necessarily has to start from it's own definitions, and properties for time intervals have to be defined with time intervals. This paper is devoted to deriving time interval only set properties commutation, addition and multiplication and derivative, and to define how these can correspond consistently to one moment time set properties. Time development within the time interval description equilibrium depends on the well-known ‘mean velocity theorem’ (MVT) and the time interval version of the Legendre transform, defined in earlier papers. Radiation propagation ‘away from’ and gravitation ‘towards’ the star source can be part of the description. In the discussion parts these properties are applied within astrophysics. Included is a integral derivation of star source radiation energy for both zero and non zero wave particle mass. The time interval set is not one of the usual sets encountered. However it’s non-linearity or non-commutativity property can be related to Noether charges and structure constants, that equal the radiation wave group-velocity, for photons the light velocity c, and, different from the usual derivative to one moment time, to specifics of the time interval only set derivative to time intervals.

This paper presents various procedures for determining the optimal control law for a wing section in compressible flow. The flow regime includes subsonic as well as supersonic flows. For the evolution of the system in the Laplace plane the present method makes use of the exact unsteady aerodynamic forces in the Laplace plane once the control law is established. This is a great advantage against other results previously published, where the unsteady aerodynamics in the Laplace plane are just approximations of the curve-fitted values in the frequency domain (imaginary axis). Different control techniques are investigated like pole-placement, LQR and H-infinity norm. Among these, the H-infinity norm emerges as the optimal choice, exhibiting a norm magnitude approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the LQR case. Furthermore, the H-infinity controller demonstrates lower pole values that those of the pole placement and LQR compensator, showing the advantage of the H-infinity controller in terms of economic efficiency.

The role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) tumor testing in colon and endometrial carcinomas is well-established, yet the universal application of this testing faces challenges due to limited data on its efficacy in diverse populations. This retrospective study at a community hospital in Northern Indiana examined MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) results across 549 cases. Our analysis found intact MMR expression in 469 cases, while 80 demonstrated MMR deficiency, translating to MMR deficiency rates of 10% in colon cancers and 22% in uterine carcinomas. Notably, only 16 patients (2.9%) were categorized as high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), a rate significantly lower than the 3-5-fold higher incidences reported in other Midwestern populations, including Ohio. These findings suggest that the benefits of universal cascade methylation testing, particularly in MLH1/PMS2 IHC-negative tumors, may vary significantly based on regional demographics. Given the notably lower MSI-H incidence in this study, re-evaluating reflex testing protocols in low-resource settings could lead to more targeted, cost-effective approaches without compromising diagnostic accuracy. This study challenges the one-size-fits-all approach to MMR testing, highlighting the need for tailored strategies that consider regional variations in cancer genetics.

Support effect is an important issue in heterogeneous catalysis while the explicit role of a catalytic support is often unclear for catalytic reactions. A systematic density functional theory computational study is reported in this paper to elucidate the effect of a model boron nitride (BN) support on the first N-H bond activation step of NH3 on Run (n =1, 2, 3) metal clusters. Geometry optimizations and energy calculations were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) calculation for intermediates and transition state from the starting materials undergoing the N-H activation process. The primary findings are summarized as follows. The involvement of the model BN support does not significantly alter the equilibrium structure of intermediates and transition state in the most favorable pathway (MFP). Moreover, the involvement of BN support decreases the free energy of activation, ΔG≠, thus improving the reaction rate constant. This improvement is more obvious at high temperatures like 673 K than low temperatures like 298 K. The BN support effect leading to the ΔG≠ decrease is most significant for the single Ru atom case among all three cases studied. Finally, the involvement of model BN may change the spin transition behavior of the reaction system during the N-H bond activation process. All these findings provide a deeper insight into the support effect on the N-H bond activation of NH3 for supported Ru catalyst in particular and for supported transition metal catalysts in general.

The duality is one of the most interesting properties of the Laplace and Fourier transforms associated to the integer order derivative. Here, we will generalize it for fractional derivatives and extend the results to the Mellin, Z and discrete-time Fourier transforms. The scale and nabla derivatives are used.