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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0091.v1

Predicting the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Utilizing Capability as the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2

Ye Qiu, Yuan-Bo Zhao, Qiong Wang, Jin-Yan Li, Zhi-JIan ZHou, Ce-Heng Liao, Xing-Yi Ge

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); receptor utilization; phylogenetic analysis.

Online: 5 March 2020 (12:12:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0186.v1

The Binding Mechanism of Coronavirus Disease 2019 with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Baliram Lone, Megha Lone

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; RBD; Molecular modelling

Online: 11 May 2020 (04:08:26 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0429.v1

Oral Epithelial Cells Expressing Low or Undetectable Levels of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 are Susceptible SARS-CoV-2Virus Infection in vitro

Laith Ebraham, Chuan Xu, Annie Wang, Divino Rajah, Lewins Walter, Salvatore A.E. Marras, Sanjay Tyagi, Daniel Fine, Carlo Amorin Daep, Theresa Liyun Chang

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; oral epithelial cells; alternative receptors

Online: 24 March 2023 (12:20:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0486.v1

Carnosine to Combat Novel Coronavirus (nCoV, COVID-19): Molecular Docking and Modeling to Co-Crystallized Host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Viral Spike Protein

Loai M. Saadah, Ghina’a I Abu Deiab, Qosay Al-Balas, Iman A. Basheti

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; carnosine; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); practitioner; molecular docking; modeling

Online: 23 October 2020 (10:44:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1377.v1

Serum Level of Ceruloplasmin, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Transferin as Markers of Severity in SARS-Cov-2 Infection in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Patricia Restea, Ștefan Țigan, Laura Grațiela Vicaș, Luminita Fritea, Eleonora Marian, Tünde Jurca, Annamaria Pallag, Iulius Liviu Mureșan, Corina Moisa, Otilia Micle, Mariana Muresan

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: ceruloplasmin; Angiotensin Converting Enzyme; IL-6, transferrin; COVID-19; type 2 diabetes; SARS-CoV-2; serum iron

Online: 19 June 2023 (16:29:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.2061.v1

Inhibitory Efficacy of Main Components of Scutellaria baicalensis on the Interaction between Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme II

Cheng-Han Lin, Ho-Ju Chang, Meng-Wei Lin, Xin-Rui Yang, Che-Hsiung Lee, Chih-Sheng Lin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); Spike protein; Traditional Chinese medicine; Scutellaria baicalensis; Baicalein; Baicalin

Online: 31 January 2024 (02:00:26 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Double-Edged Sword in COVID-19 Infection

Jana Burchfield

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Online: 25 March 2020 (03:56:27 CET)

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The role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a controversial topic of discussion. RAAS inhibitors, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, have been implicated in potentially increasing cell surface levels of ACE2. ACE2 is the host receptor for COVID-19 that was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since December, COVID-19 has transmitted rapidly across the world and has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 is similar to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with the first case reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. COVID-19, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also similar to SARS-CoV, which first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, and caused an epidemic between November 2002 and July 2003. Both SARS-CoV and COVID-19 use ACE2 to enter host cells. ACE2 is primarily expressed in the mouth, lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and intestines, and is a component of RAAS, which serves to maintain vascular tone and blood volume. Inhibition or activation of other components of RAAS has been shown to directly increase or decrease the expression and/or activity of ACE2. Furthermore, RAAS-targeting therapeutics, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, have also been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of ACE2, albeit in animal models. Although these changes in ACE2 have been demonstrated only in animal models, there is no evidence that administration of RAAS-targeting therapeutics to humans for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and heart failure) causes changes in ACE2 expression. Nor is there clinical evidence that RAAS-targeting therapeutics augment COVID-19 infection, morbidity, or mortality. However, clinical evidence does suggest that ACE2 expression may protect against respiratory distress caused by a variety of noxious agents. This review attempts to provide a balanced overview of the potential role of RAAS in regulating ACE2, and the role of ACE2 during COVID-19 infection. Evidence is provided to show that the expression of ACE2 may mediate both positive and negative outcomes, depending on the timing of ACE2 expression.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0642.v1

COVID-19 and Kidney Injury: Could Renin-Angiotensin Components Crosstalk with Immune Responses?

Bernard Nsengimana, Yu Jin, Yuting Jia, Wenqiang Wei, Shaoping Ji

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; RAS; acute kidney injury; immune response

Online: 29 July 2021 (10:20:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0196.v1

SARS-CoV-2 PCR Persistence and Duration of COVID-19 Symptoms in Health Professionals

Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini, Ludmila Fiorenzano Baethgen, Richard Steiner Salvato, Ivone Andreatta Menegolla, CEVS COVID-19 Team, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; PCR persistent positive; respiratory infection; COVID-19

Online: 12 December 2022 (09:04:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2

George Tetz, Victor Tetz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2 Prion-like domain

Online: 29 March 2020 (06:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0390.v1

O-β-GlcNAcylation, Chloroquine and 2-Hydroxybenzohydrazine May Hamper SARS-CoV-2 entry to Human via Inhibition of ACE2 Phosphorylation at Ser787 but Also Induce Disruption of Virus-ACE2 Binding

Waqar Ahmad, Khadija Shabbiri, Nazarul Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV; ACE2; spike protein; phosphorylation; O-β-GlcNAcylation; molecular docking; chloroquine; 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:01:00 CEST)

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The novel coronavirus COVID- 19 disease is extremely contagious and has been spread worldwide. First COVID-19 case was identified in December, 2019 and within three months, more than one million affected cases and over 65,000 deaths have been reported. SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also known as 2019-nCoV is a causative agent of COVID-19 disease and belongs to the SARS CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus) family. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the human body by binding its viral surface spike protein with the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and cause infection. To prevent the virus entry and its transmission in the human body, we focused on the two domains of ACE2: i) the N-terminal extracellular binding domain (18-740 residues) reported for coronavirus spike interaction, and ii) the C-terminal cytoplasmic region (762-805 residues) to prevent the virus transmission. Therefore, we proposed: i) inhibition of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 protein may prevent the virus entry to the host and ii) inhibition of phosphorylation at Ser-787 of ACE2 protein may prevent the transmission of the virus in the COVID-19 patients. In the past, the critical role of Ser 787 in human ACE2 protein has been experimentally verified in SARS-CoV transmission, that upon binding to the receptor, SARS- CoV induces CKII- mediated phosphorylation of ACE2 at Ser-787 that in-turn facilitate virus entry to host cells, followed by replication and activation of ACE2, initiates downstream signaling leading to lung fibrosis. Therefore, in this study, we have suggested post-translational modification (PTM) O-β-GlcNAcylation, and two compounds Chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine might share the common pathways to prevent the COVID-19 infection in human. The addition of O-β-GlcNAcylation at same or neighboring Ser/ Thr residues results in phosphorylation inhibition and a change in protein structural and functional confirmations. Thereby, using neural networking methods, we have identified Ser/ Thr residues in ACE2 that are potential sites for phosphorylation and / or O-β-GlcNAcylation. Molecular docking showed that UDP-GlcNAc has more binding affinity with Ser-787 than the phosphoryl group. Moreover, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine also showed great potential to bind at Ser-787 that may result in inhibition of Ser-787 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. Furthermore, O-β-GlcNAcylation, chloroquine and 2-hydroxybenzohydrazine showed their high affinity at ACE2-SARS-CoV-2receptor binding domain that may prevent the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human body. In conclusion, inhibition of human ACE2 phosphorylation at Ser-787 and ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 binding domain could be promising targets against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0061.v1

Lysosomotropic Active Compounds—Hidden Protection against COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Markus Blaess, Lars Kaiser, Martin Sauer, Hans-Peter Deigner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Lysosomotropism; Chloroquine

Online: 5 May 2020 (04:29:48 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0543.v1

In-vitro Virucidal Activity of Commercial Enzyme Preparations against SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Anuradha V. Chitnis, Abhijit Rathi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; enzymes; virucidal; biocide

Online: 21 December 2020 (19:10:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0673.v1

ACE2 Nascence, Trafficking and SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis: The Saga Continues

Sally Badawi, Bassam Ali

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); trafficking; localization; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 26 November 2020 (12:10:41 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0962.v1

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 Across the World

Jasmijn Stroo, Michaëla Lepolder, Jean-Luc Murk, Ger T. Rijkers

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID pass; SARS-CoV-2 antigen test; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; societal restrictions

Online: 14 July 2023 (05:20:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0060.v3

Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

Narendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nabina Chaudhary, Manis Dahal, Biswash Guragain, Sumie Rai, Rahul Chaudhary, K.M. Sachin, Reena Lamichhane-Khadka, Ajaya Bhattarai

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; soap; hand washing; WHO

Online: 6 July 2021 (11:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0568.v1

Financial Burden of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pregnancy in a Tertiary Exclusive COVID-19 Maternity

Tina-Ioana Bobei, Romina Marina Sima, Gabriel-Petre Gorecki, Anca Bobircă, Mihai Popescu, Bashar Haj Hamoud, Liana Ples

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-COV-2; pregnancy

Online: 9 May 2023 (04:51:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0020.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 Immunopathogenesis

Antonio Luiz Boechat, Beatriz Pessoa, Carlos Soares, Cecília Barroso, David Vila, Emanuelly Barbosa, Isabela Seffair, João Victor Melo, Julia Becil, Maria Polyanna Rebouças, Natascha Rodrigues, Pedro Henrique Freitas, Rebeka Rocha, Thaise Rodrigues, Vanessa Ferreira, Rosmery Ubiera, Maria Cristina Dos-Santos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Immunopathogenesis; Cytokine storm; IL-6; macrophages; neutrophils

Online: 2 August 2020 (11:53:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0201.v2

Detecting the Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Pravin Pokhrel, Changpeng Hu, Hanbin Mao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Detection, SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test, SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test, False Negative, False Positive, Sensitivity, Specificity, Point-of-care testing (POCT), SARS-CoV-2 Mutants

Online: 25 March 2021 (15:33:14 CET)

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created huge damage to society and brought panics around the world. Such panics can be ascribed to the seemingly deceptive features of the COVID-19: compared to other deadly viral outspreads, it has medium transmission and mortality rates. As a result, the severity of the causative coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was deeply underestimated by the society at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on this, in this review, we define the viruses with features similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 as the Panic Zone viruses. To contain those viruses, accurate and fast diagnosis followed by effective isolation and treatment of patients are pivotal at the early stage of virus breakouts. This is especially true when there is no cure or vaccine available for a transmissible disease, which is the case for current COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2021, more than two hundred kits for the COVID-19 diagnosis on the market are surveyed in this review, while emerging sensing techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. It is of critical importance to rationally use these kits for the efficient management and control of the Panic Zone viruses. Therefore, we discuss guidelines to select diagnostic kits at different outbreak stages of the Panic Zone viruses, SARS-CoV-2 in particular. While it is of utmost importance to use nucleic acid-based detection kits with low false negativity (high sensitivity) at the early stage of an outbreak, the low false positivity (high specificity) gains its importance at later stages of the outbreak. When a society is set to reopen from the lock-down stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes critical to have antibody based immunoassay kits with high specificity to identify people who can safely return to the society after their recovery of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Given that the emergence of mutant viruses at the beginning of 2021 has complicated current battle against the COVID-19, we also discussed approaches and guidelines to detect viral mutants in the middle of the second wave of the pandemic that started at the end of 2020. Finally, since a massive attack from a viral pandemic requires a massive defense from the whole society, we urge both government and private sectors to research and develop more affordable and reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) kits, which can be used massively by the general public (and therefore called as massive POCT) to contain Panic Zone viruses in future.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0040.v2

Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract

Yichuan Liu, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian, Hakon Hakonarson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 September 2020 (03:19:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1883.v1

Circulating Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Possibly Contribute to a Transient ACE2 Dysfunction Leading to Rare Cases of Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

Christian A. Devaux, Philippe Colson, Didier Raoult, Laurence Camoin-Jau

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; mRNA vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 spike; myocarditis; ACE2; renin-angiotensin system

Online: 29 November 2023 (12:20:42 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0260.v2

COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Anshumali Mittal, Kavyashree Manjunath, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Sandeep Kaushik, Sujeet Kumar, Vikash Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-like coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); RdRp; Remdesivir; and neutralizing antibody

Online: 10 July 2020 (16:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0085.v1

Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following the SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Jackson Liang, Mohammad Amin Habib, Mohamad Ali Taghizadeh Moghadam, Arefeh Babazadeh, Elham Ramzani, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Erfan Hashemi, Terence T. Sio, Amirreza Allahgholipour, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccines; Myocarditis; Pericarditis

Online: 6 February 2023 (07:51:04 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0353.v1

Rethinking Aptamers as Nanotheranostic Tools for SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 Infection

christian Dzuvor

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: aptamers; theranostics; SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; bioaffinity

Online: 17 August 2020 (08:01:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1835.v1

COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan—A Review from a General Physician's Perspective

Hiroshi Kusunoki

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccines; breakthrough infection; hybrid immunity; SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Online: 26 May 2023 (04:05:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0292.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Challenge with Covid-19

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Bardia Karim, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Omicron; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of concern

Online: 20 October 2022 (02:16:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0005.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Mohammed Uddin, Farah Mustafa, Tahir A. Rizvi, Tom Loney, Hanan Al Suwaidi, Ahmad Al Marzouqi, Afaf Kamal Eldin, Nabeel Alsabeeha, Thomas E. Adrian, Cesare Stefanini, Norbert Nowotny, Alawi Alsheikh-Ali, Abiola C. Senok

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Pandemic; Viral Genomics

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:22:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0921.v1

Epidemiology of Covid-19

Aho Glele Ludwig Serge

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; epidemiology

Online: 13 July 2023 (10:34:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0038.v1

Serological Response to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Cancer patients: Short Review

Ananda Rodilla, Sooyun Tavolacci, Jazz Cagan, Tanay Shah, Sandeep Mittan, Philip C. Mack, Fred R. Hirsch

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: lung cancer; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immunogenicity

Online: 4 April 2023 (04:58:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1139.v1

Differential Ability of S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Downregulate ACE2

Yosuke Maeda, Mako Toyoda, Takeo Kuwata, Hiromi Terasawa, Umiru Tokugawa, Kazuaki Monde, Tomohiro Sawa, Takamasa Ueno, Shuzo Matsushita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ACE2; downregulation; S protein; VOCs

Online: 15 December 2023 (08:27:12 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0235.v1

Database of COVID-19 Cases Treated with Classical Homeopathy

Seema Mahesh, Petr Hoffmann, Cristiane Kajimura, IACH COVID Collaborators, George Vithoulkas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Homeopathy; Database

Online: 13 January 2023 (04:33:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0151.v1

Dynamics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in the Albanian Population: Impact of Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity during the COVID-19 Pandemic Year from August 2021 to August 2022

Genc Sulcebe, Alban Ylli, Fabian Cenko, Margarita Kurti-Prifti, Erkena Shyti, Jonida Dashi-Pasholli, Erina Lazri, Irena Seferi-Qendro, Melissa J. Perry

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence; Vaccination Status; SARS-CoV-2; anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; Albanian population

Online: 2 August 2023 (10:10:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0449.v2

An Updated Primer on SARS-CoV-2 and the Evolving Covid-19 Pandemic

Subramani Mani

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; pandemic; primer; India; mortality rate; evolution; updated primer; evolving pandemic

Online: 1 June 2020 (11:08:03 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0019.v2

COVID-19: A Conundrum to Decipher

Vishwajit Deshmukh, Satyendra C. Tripathi, Arvind Pandey, Vaishnavi Deshmukh, Ashlesh Patil, Bharat Sontakke, Jody Vykoukal

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS

Online: 3 April 2020 (15:23:50 CEST)

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OBJECTIVE: Recent worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a current, ongoing life-threatening crisis and international public health emergency. The early diagnosis and management of the disease remains a major challenge. In this review, we aim to summarize the updated epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A broad search of the literature was performed in “PubMed” “Medline” “Web of knowledge”, and “Google Scholar” World Health Organization-WHO” using the keywords “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19, “SARS”, “SARS-CoV-2” “Epidemiology” “Transmission” “Pathogenesis” “Clinical Characteristics”. We reviewed and documented the information obtained from literature on epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical appearances of SARS-CoV-2 infection.RESULTS: The global cases of COVID-19 as of April 2, 2020 have risen to more than 900,000 and morbidity has reached more than 47,000. The incidence rate for COVID-19 has been predicted to be higher than the previous outbreaks of other coronavirus family members, including those of SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The main clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranges from asymptomatic stages to severe lower respiratory infection in the form of pneumonia. Most of the patients also presented with fever, cough, sore throat, headache, fatigue, myalgia and breathlessness.Individuals at higher risk for severe illness include elderly people and patients with a weakened immune system or that are suffering from a underlying chronic medical condition like hypertension, diabetes, cancer, respiratory illness or cardiovascular diseases.CONCLUSIONS: SARS-Cov-2 has emerged as a worldwide threat, currently affecting 170 countries and territories across the globe. There is still much to be understood regarding SARS-CoV-2 about its virology, epidemiology and clinical management strategies; this knowledge will be essential to both manage the current pandemic and to conceive comprehensive measures to prevent such outbreaks in the future.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0024.v1

Serological Testing for COVID-19 in the Fertility Setting: The Lockdown Impact and Subsequent Dynamics Reflected in the Seroprevalence of Sars-Cov-2 Antibodies

Corina Manolea, andrei capitanescu, anca pop, roxana bors, ioana rugescu, melihan bechir, claudia mehedintu, valentin varlas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; COVID-19; infertility; lockdown; IVF; SARS-CoV-2 serological testing

Online: 4 January 2021 (12:07:44 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0082.v1

Update on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Global Pandemic Challenge

Abhishek Kumar Soni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; global pandemic; global health emergency; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (10:08:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0572.v1

Link Between the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR), SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, ACE2, Vaccines, and Long COVID

Marcos Altable

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: G Protein-Coupled Receptor; SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) Protein; Vaccines; Long COVID; ACE2; COVID-19

Online: 11 March 2024 (05:33:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0375.v1

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

Hayder O. Hashim, Mudher K. Mohammed, Mazin J. Mousa, Hadeer H. Abdulameer, Alaa T.S. Alhassnawi, Safa A. Hassan, Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; pike glycoprotein; stop mutations

Online: 17 September 2020 (05:33:59 CEST)

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There is a rising global concern for the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high transmission rate and unavailability of treatment. Through the binding of its spike glycoprotein with angiotensin type 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently get in the cells of patients and start its pandemic cycle. Herein, the biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed in Babylon province of Iraq by investigating the possible genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein. A specific coding region of 795 bp within the viral spike (S) gene was amplified from 19 patients who suffered from obvious symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sequencing results identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all the identified variations showed obvious co-infections with at least two different viral strains per sample. Within these co-infections, the majority of samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s, p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel, and p.436del, which yielded three truncated SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins of 301, 380, and 436 amino acids length, respectively. The network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that for all viral infections were derived from multi-ancestral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree entailed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the absence of any single strain infection among all investigated viral samples in the studied area, which may entail a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. Through the identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins, we suggest that defective SARS-CoV-2 may depend on helper strains having intact spikes in its infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection way also suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the co-infection of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0189.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Prakarti Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS CoV; SARS CoV-2; novel CoV; India

Online: 12 April 2020 (09:17:16 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0363.v2

Neutrophil Involvement in Covid-19

Athanasios Didangelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-Cov-2; inflammation; neutrophil

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:23:01 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1794.v1

Adjuvant Oligonucleotide Vaccine Increases Survival of Transgenic Mice [B6.Cg-Tg (K18-ACE2)2]

Volodymyr Oberemok, Kateryna Laikova, Kseniya Yurchenko, Ilya Novikov, Tatyana Makalish, Anatolii Kubyshkin, Oksana Andreeva, Anastasiya Bilyk

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: oligonucleotide vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; phosphorothioate oligonucleotides; innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Online: 25 May 2023 (10:13:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0145.v1

Lessons for SARS-CoV-2 Study (COVID-19 Disease) From Its Exosome Relatives

Pierre Arsene

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Exosome; Extracellular Vesicle; Diagnostics; Vaccine; Treatment

Online: 12 June 2020 (09:01:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0425.v1

COVID-19 Pandemic and the South African Podiatrist

Bernhard Zipfel, Nadia Dembskey

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus; podiatry; foot

Online: 18 September 2020 (09:58:49 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0432.v1

Nitazoxanide/Azithromycin Combination for COVID-19: A Suggested New Protocol for COVID-19 Early Management

Mina Kelleni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS CoV-2; COVID-19; Nitazoxanide; Azithromycin; Interferons

Online: 24 April 2020 (09:24:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1085.v1

COVID-19 in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Poland, PAPITCO-19 study ( Polish Analysis in PICUs Trends of COVID-19)

Maria Damps, Elżbieta Byrska Maciejasz, Małgorzata Kowalska, Judyta Rosada-Kurasińska, Beata Rybojad, Joanna Sordyl, Marzena Malgorzata Zielinska, Alicja Bartkowska-Śniatkowska

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; children infection; respiratory failure

Online: 28 April 2023 (03:02:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0086.v2

An Overview of Basic Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2 and Current COVID-19 Prevention Strategies

Ankur Das, Raja Ahmed, Suraiya Akhtar, Khaleda Begum, Sofia Banu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Genome organisation and expression; Polyproteins; Prevention strategies

Online: 14 June 2020 (16:49:10 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0134.v1

A Crispr-Cas9 System Designed to Introduce Point Mutations into the Human ACE2 Gene to Weaken the Interaction of the ACE2 Receptor with the SARS-CoV-2 S Protein

Pedro Tanaka, Jadson Santos, Ernna Oliveira, Natane Miglioli, Amanda Assis, Ana Monteleone-Cassiano, Vitor Ribeiro, Max Duarte, Mayara Machado, Romario Mascarenhas, Alex Souza, Leticia Brito, Leticia Oliveira, Eduardo Donadi, Geraldo Passos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Crispr-Cas9; ACE2 gene; SARS-CoV-2; new coronavirus; COVID-19

Online: 7 May 2020 (15:26:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1203.v1

Intervention Effects of Physical Activity on Type 2 Diabetic Patients Potentially Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Lihua Yu, Sainyu Guo, Wen Ji, Hailian Sun, Seong-no Lee, Deju Zhang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: COVID-19; physical activity; diabetes; immunity; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 September 2023 (04:11:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0387.v1

Acquisition of Humoral Immune Responses in Convalescent Japanese People with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in 2021

Koshiro Monzen, Takanori Watanabe, Toshihiro Okabe, Hisakuni Sekino, Hironori Nakagami, Ryuichi Morishita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Convalescent serum; Neutralizing antibody

Online: 4 August 2023 (12:35:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1799.v1

A Soluble ACE2 Protein Improves Survival and Lowers Viral Titers in a Lethal Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection with the Delta Variant

Cosimo Cianfarini, Luise Hassler, Jan Wysocki, Abdelsabour Hassan, Vlad Nicolaescu, Derek Elli, Haley Gula, Amany M. Ibrahim, Glenn Randall, Jack Henkin, Daniel Batlle

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2, ACE2

Online: 25 December 2023 (09:30:36 CET)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Is H34 of ACE2 an indicator of the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2? Clues from multi-species sequence analyses

Jianghai Lin, Fengjuan Lyu, Wenjuan Xiao, Yuan Xu, Zehuan Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; susceptibility; livestock; aquatic mammals

Online: 7 June 2020 (08:18:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0022.v1

Structural and Genetic Analysis of Coronaviruses Spike Proteins Suggest Pangolin as a Proximate Intermediate Host of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Sohail Raza, Muhammad Asif Rasheed, Wajeeha Zahir, Muhammad Tariq Navid, Rana Aamir Diwan, Muhammad Awais, Tahir Yaqub, Masood Rabbani, Muhammad Rashid

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; origin; bat; pangolin

Online: 2 May 2020 (16:29:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0075.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and Advances in Developing Potential Therapeutics and Vaccines to Counter this Emerging Pandemic Virus – A Review

Ali A. Rabaan, Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Yashpal Singh Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Karam Pal Singh, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Shafiul Haque, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunotherapeutics; therapeutics; vaccines

Online: 7 April 2020 (02:01:34 CEST)

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A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has resulted in an outbreak in China which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 175 countries while affecting nearly 500,000 persons and causing more than 22,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. Till date, no clinically proclaimed, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs and therapeutics, and vaccines have turned up. Several molecular diagnostic tests such as Real Time-PCR, isothermal loop-mediated amplification of coronavirus (i-LACO), full genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays are in use currently for the laboratory confirmation of this CoV infection. In this review article, we describe the basic molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 2 November 2020 (10:18:00 CET)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0185.v1

Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War Against COVID-19?

Elrashdy M. Redwan, Fatma Elrashdy, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz, Debmalya Barh, Adam M. Brufsky, Sk. Sarif Hassan, Kenneth Lundstrom, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Kazuo Takayama, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Bruce D. Uhal, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variant; sublineage; transmission; immunity; infection; vaccination; non-pharmaceutical interventions

Online: 14 March 2022 (11:19:04 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0889.v1

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparative Review

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Homa Mazaherinia, Hosein Nazari rostami, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohammad Barary, Erfan Hashemi, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS); COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination

Online: 13 October 2023 (10:58:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0432.v1

Biomedical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Success in Sars-Cov-2 and Other Infectious Diseases

Nuno S. Osório, Maria Isabel Veiga

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Infectious disease; Pandemics; Epidemics; Biomedical Research

Online: 19 February 2021 (10:03:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0577.v1

Effects of Toll Like Receptor Agonists and SARS-Cov-2 Antigens on Interferon (IFN) Expression by Peripheral Blood CD3+ T Cells in COVID-19 Patients

Samaneh A Abdolmohammadi-Vahid, Behzad Baradaran, Armin Sadeghi, Gilina Bezemer, Fatemeh K Kiaee, Ian Adcock, Gert Folkerts, Johan Garssen, Esmaeil Mortaz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: TLR; IFN; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:13:21 CET)

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Background: Signaling by toll like receptors (TLRs) initiates important immune responses against viral infection. The role of TLRs in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is not well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the interaction of TLRs agonists and SARS-COV-2 antigens with immune cells in vitro. Material & methods: 30 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (15 severe and 15 moderate) and 10 age and sex matched control (HC) were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and activated with TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 agonists, the spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) unit of SP. Frequencies of CD3⁺IFN-β⁺ T cells, and CD3⁺IFN-g⁺ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Interferon (IFN)-b gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. Results: The frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells was higher in moderate and severe patients at baseline in comparison with HCs. Stimulation of PBMCs from moderate patients with SP and TLR8 agonist significantly upregulated the frequency of CD3+IFN-β+ T cells (P=0.0005 and 0.0024, respectively) when compared to non-stimulated (NS) samples. The greatest increase in CD3⁺IFN-b⁺ T cell frequency in PBMCs from severe patients was seen with TLR8 and TLR7 agonists when compared to NS (P= 0.003 and 0.0167, respectively). TLR stimulation did not significantly enhance the frequency of CD3+IFN-g+ T cells generated from PBMCs from moderate and severe patients compared with unstimulated controls. However, the frequency of CD3+IFN-ɣ+ T cells in PBMCs from moderate patients was upregulated by agonists of TLR3, 8 and 9, SP and RBD when compared with NS samples from HCs. The expression of the IFN-β gene after stimulation of CD3⁺T cells with the TLR8 agonist was also up-regulated in moderate than severe patients (moderate vs. severe: p=0.0006). In addition, stimulation of CD3⁺ T cells with SP, up-regulated the expression of IFN-β gene expression in cells from patients with moderate disease (moderate vs. severe: p=0.01). Conclusion: Stimulation of PBMCs from COVID-19 patients with a TLR8 agonist and with SP enhanced IFN-b protein and gene levels. This may potentiate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent viral replication and spread.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.2265.v1

Type1 Diabetes and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Possible Management

Kebria Kashfi, Narges Anbardar, Artin Asadipooya, Kamyar Asadipooya

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: ACE2, DKA, SARS-CoV-2, T1D

Online: 30 June 2023 (14:11:59 CEST)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Could Unconventional Immunomodulatory Agents Help Alleviate COVID-19 Symptoms and Severity?

Stephen Mamber, Steven Krakowka, Jeffrey Osborn, Lloyd Saberski, Ryan Rhodes, Albert Dahlberg, Kara Fitzgerald, Neal Wright, Sarah Beseme, John McMichael

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2, Immunomodulators

Online: 27 April 2020 (09:55:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0379.v1

The Distinct Absence of a Post-boost Spike-IgG Antibody Surge in Ugandan Recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Has Implications for Vaccination Policies

Jennifer Serwanga, Violet Ankunda, Joseph Ssebwana Katende, Jackson Sembera, Gerald Kevin Oluka, Claire Baine, Geoffrey Odoch, Peter Ejou, Laban Kato, The COVID-19 Immunoprofiling Team, Pontiano Kaleebu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine; SSA, S-IgG antibody dynamics; S-IgM; S-IgA; SARS-CoV-2; breakthrough Infections

Online: 9 October 2023 (04:35:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1684.v1

High Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among Pregnant Women after the First and Second Waves of COVID-19 in Senegal

Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara, Fatou Thiam, Seynabou Coundoul, Noël Magloire Manga, Halimatou Diop Ndiaye, Assane Senghor, Sophie Deli Tene, Sarbanding Sané, Betty Kane, Habibou Sarr, Yakhya Dieye, Seynabou Lo, Fodé Danfakha, Marie Edouard Faye Dieme, Babacar Biaye, Cheikh Momar Nguer, Martine Peeters, Coumba TOURE KANE, Ahidjo Ayouba

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Seroprevalence; Pregnancy and COVID-19; Senegal

Online: 26 October 2023 (09:09:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0251.v1

RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase and Spike Protein Mutant Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Predominate in Severely Affected COVID-19 Patients

Subrata K. Biswas, Sonchita R. Mudi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Spike protein; Mutant; Genome

Online: 12 July 2020 (12:03:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0299.v1

scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of ACE2 Receptor, a Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection, in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells

Zhengpin Wang, Xiaojiang Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; infection; scRNA-Seq; ACE2; spermatogonia

Online: 21 February 2020 (02:42:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0189.v1

Is Japan Succeeding in Suppressing COVID-19? Estimation of Infection Rate and the Size of the Population Potentially Exposed to SARS-CoV-2

Motohiko Naito

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; NESID; Japan; infection

Online: 9 July 2020 (12:18:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0448.v1

Betacoronavirus Genomes: How Genomic Information Has Been Used to Deal with past Outbreaks and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Alejandro Llanes, Carlos M. Restrepo, Zuleima Caballero, Sreekumari Rajeev, Melissa A. Kennedy, Ricardo Lleonart

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: betacoronaviruses; genomics; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 27 May 2020 (08:50:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1449.v1

COVID-19–Sensitive Tumour Response – 2-Year Assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Response in Cancer Patients in Oncology Hospital in Poland

Piotr Kosiorek, Bożena Mikołuć, Samuel Stróż, Anna Hryniewicz, Dorota Elżbieta Kazberuk, Robert Milewski, Anna Grzeszczuk, Magdalena Joanna Borkowska, Anna Stasiak-Barmuta

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: breast cancer; lung cancer; colon cancer; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 19 January 2024 (04:45:55 CET)

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Background: So far, vaccination has been considered the most crucial defense against viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of the above vaccines in oncology patients. It has also been proven that, apart from vaccinations and oncological therapy, the course of the cancer process itself influences the magnitude of the humoral response, especially in people after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Objective: This study aimed to answer the question about the impact of the cancer process on the humoral response in oncological patients vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in patients after COVID-19. Material and methods: 1,668 people were observed. Over two years, 5,082 SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibody samples were determined. The concentration of antibodies was assessed in three groups of oncological patients: those undergoing anticancer therapy after contracting COVID-19 and those after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The obtained results indicate a naturally more significant humoral response in oncological patients who have not been vaccinated and have not undergone anticancer therapy, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgical intervention. The above observation applies to patients with breast, lung, and colon cancer, although the response varies significantly depending on the type of cancer. Summary: The size of the humoral response and the presence of specific antibodies directed against the SARS-CoV-2, IgM, and IgG, in response to the supply of the vaccine antigen or assessed after COVID-19, is an indicator of adequate immune protection against reinfection. This study highlights for the first time the phenomenon of increased humoral response in response to a viral infection in patients with certain types of cancer that are assumed to be sensitive to oncological therapy, the initiation of which, according to generally accepted principles, was blocked by infection with the SARS-CoV-2. The phenomenon we observe seems to confirm the presence of a "natural" defence potential in a cancer patient's body, in this case, directed against infection with a viral pathogen. A "stronger" antiviral response also seems to explain the asymptomatic course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in some of the above patients. It remains an open question to what extent the SARS-CoV-2 infection weakened the "natural" potential of the anticancer response in these patients.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0060.v1

COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies

Renuka Raman, Krishna J. Patel, Kishu Ranjan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variants; vaccines; immune dysregulated; comorbidities; antibody; Spike protein; biomolecules; coronavirus

Online: 2 June 2021 (09:56:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0097.v1

Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri, Meena Singh, Mana Rao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Bivalent COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccination booster; COVID-19; Omicron; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 6 March 2023 (07:00:00 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0137.v1

Longitudinal IgA and IgG Response, and ACE2 Binding Blockade, to Full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants in a Population of Black PLWH Vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19

Muneerah Smith, Gaurav Kwatra, Alane Izu, Andrew Nel, Clare Cutland, Khatja Ahmed, Vicky Baillie, Shaun Barnabas, Qasim Bhorat, Carmen Briner, Erica Lazarus, Keertan Dheda, Lee Fairlie, Anthonet Koen, Shabir Madhi, Jonathan Blackburn

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein; vaccine; HIV; IgA; IgG; neutralization

Online: 9 January 2023 (03:30:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0719.v1

Long-term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility

Meilin Jin, Xingyu Wang, Haini Jiang, Lijuan Hua, Weiwei Yu, dan ding, ke wang, Xiaopan Li, Kun Huang, Zhong zou, Shuyun Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-term; neutralization antibody; lymphocyte functionality; viral pathogenicity.

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:16:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0530.v1

Antiviral phytochemicals identified in Rhododendron arboreum petals exhibited strong binding to SARS-CoV-2 M^Pro and Human ACE2 receptor

Maneesh Lingwan, Shagun Shagun, Yogesh Pant, Bandna Kumari, Ranjan Nanda, Shyam K Masakapalli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: R. arboreum, Antiviral phytochemicals, SARS-CoV-2, MPro, ACE2, COVID-19

Online: 24 August 2020 (11:14:07 CEST)

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Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects human respiratory function causing COVID-19 disease. Safe natural products with potential antiviral phytochemicals with benefits to control high-altitude sickness could be adopted as adjunct therapy for COVID-19. The red petals of Rhododendron arboreum, commonly available and consumed in the Himalayan region may have phytochemicals with potential antiviral properties against COVID-19 targets.Purpose: This study was aimed to profile the secondary metabolites of R. arboreum petals, to assess their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) properties and evaluate their antiviral potential by docking against COVID-19 targets such as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro PDB ID: 6LU7) and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor (PDB ID: 1R4L) that mediates the viral replication and entry into the host respectively.Methods: The phytochemicals of R. arboreum petals were mainly profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and ¹H-NMR. In addition, the phytochemicals reported from the literature were tabulated. The ADME properties of the phytochemicals were predicted using SwissADME tool. Molecular docking simulation of the phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro PDB ID: 6LU7) and Human Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor (PDB ID: 1R4L) were carried out using PyRx.Results: R. arboreum petals were found to be rich in appreciable proportions of secondary metabolites such as Quinic acid, 3-Caffeoyl-quinic acid, 5-O-Coumaroyl-D-quinic acid, 5-O-Feruloylquinic acid, 2,4-Quinolinediamine, Coumaric acid, Caffeic acid, Epicatechin, Catechin, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Shikimic acid, Protocatechuic acid, Epicatechin gallate, Quercetin, Quercetin-O-pentoside, Quercetin-O-rhamnoside, Kaempferol-O-pentoside and Kaempferol. Several of these phytochemicals were reported to exhibit inhibitory activities against a range of viruses. From the molecular docking studies, 5-O-Feruloylquinic acid, 3-Caffeoyl-quinic acid, 5-O-Coumaroyl-D-quinic acid, Epicatechin and Catechin showed strong binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 M^pro and human ACE2 receptor.Conclusion: This report showed that R. arboreum petals are rich in several antiviral phytochemicals that also docked against SARS-CoV-2 M^Pro and Human ACE2 receptor. This is the first report highlighting R. arboreum petals as a reservoir of antiviral phytochemicals with potential for synergetic activities. The outcomes merit further in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on R. arboreum phytochemicals to develop natural formulations against COVID-19 disease for therapeutic benefits.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0315.v2

Biosafety in Dental Care Facing Highly Transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Introduction of Prospective Setting Protocol in Prevention of COVID-19

Andrej Thurzo, Alexandra Bražinová, Neda Markovská, Iveta Waczulíková, Martin Smatana, Wanda Urbanová, Martin Strunga, Veronika Kurilová, Jana Kaiferová, Peter Sabaka, Helena Kosnáčová, Bela Mriňáková, Ivan Varga, Ladislav Czakó, Branislav Gális, Georgia Fountoulaki, Bohuslav Novák

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron; biosafety protocol; dentistry; orthodontics; sustainability

Online: 8 April 2022 (03:58:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0534.v1

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Explicit IgG Antibody Revelation

Bijon Kumar Sil, Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin, Md. Ahsanul Haq, Mohib Ullah Khondoker, Nowshin Jahan, Shahad Saif Khandker, Tamanna Ali, Mumtarin Jannat Oishee, Taku Kaitsuka, Masayasu Mie, Kazuhito Tomizawa, Eiry Kobatake, Mainul Haque, Nihad Adnan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Serological test, Sensitivity, Specificity, Serosurveillance.

Online: 20 April 2021 (11:36:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0384.v1

Clinical and Evolutionary Features of SARS Cov-2 Infection (COVID-19) in Children, A Romanian Perspective

George Jugulete, Daniela Pacurar, Mirela Luminita Pavelescu, Mihaela Safta, Elena Gheorghe, Bianca Borcos, Carmen Pavelescu, Mihaela Oros, Madalina Merisescu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; children; clinical features; comorbidities; male genderSARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, children, clinical features, comorbidities, male gender

Online: 26 July 2022 (04:43:02 CEST)

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Background: Given the potential for additional development to clarify a better knowledge of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the pediatric population, the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents are still being explored. Morbidity in children is characterized by a variable clinical course. Our study's goal was to compare clinical aspects of 230 pediatric patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were hospitalized between April 2020 and March 2022. Methods: In a retrospective analysis, we compared two groups hospitalized in the infectious diseases clinical ward IX at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Bals," Bucharest, Romania. The first group of 88 patients was admitted between (April–December 2020) and their clinical manifestations were compared with the second group of 142 children followed between July 2021 and March 2022. Results: Of 230 children, the median age was 4.5 (interquartile range 0.6-17) years, 53.9% were male. 88 (36.21%) patients (first group) were admitted during the second wave in Romania, mostly aged < 5 years old, and experienced digestive manifestations like fever (p=0.001), and diarrhoea (p=0.004). The second group experienced different clinical signs when compared with the first group, with higher temperature and increased respiratory symptoms analogous to those of acute respiratory viral infections. The proportion in the second group increased, and 64.5% had symptoms for a median interval of 5 days; age (0-4 -years old) and length of stay were both proportionally inversely (p<0.01) and with correlation with hospital admission (p = 0.04). We report two Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) in the second group, with favourable evolution under treatment. Comorbidities were risk factors for complications appear (p < 0.001) in both groups. All paediatric cases admitted to our clinic evolved favourably and no death was recorded. Conclusions: In the first group children experienced digestive symptoms, whereas the second group experienced mild and moderate respiratory symptoms. We confirmed risk factors for severe cases as manifestations across the age spectrum, 0-4 (digestive symptoms) and 5-12 years old (for respiratory symptoms), associated comorbidities, fever, and male gender. The potential effects of COVID-19 infection in children older than 5 years should encourage caregivers to vaccinate and improve the prognosis among pediatric patients at risk.

Working Paper REVIEW

The Rationale for Potential Pharmacotherapy of COVID-19

Maha Saber-Ayad, Mohamed A. Saleh, Eman Abu-Gharbieh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; redmdesivir; cholorquine; therapy; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 10 May 2020 (18:26:04 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0416.v1

Science’s Response to COVID-19

Yimon Aye, Marcus Long

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; CoVID-19 Dignosis; CoVID-19 Chemistry & Biology

Online: 16 March 2021 (11:54:28 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0555.v1

Up to 40% of COVID-19 Critically Ill Patients Have Vitamin D Deficiency

Teresa-Maria Tomasa-Irriguible, Lara Bielsa-Berrocal

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; covid-19; vitamins

Online: 23 September 2020 (17:44:21 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0348.v1

An Update on SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 with Particular Reference on Its Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology and Mitigation Strategies – A Review

Kuldeep Dhama, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Ruchi Tiwari, Yashpal Singh Malik, Rajendra Singh, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; clinical pathology; pathogenesis; immunopathology

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:51:17 CET)

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in early December 2019 in China and attained a pandemic situation worldwide by its rapid spread to nearly 167 countries with 287.239 confirmed cases and 11.921 human deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of around 4 per cent. Bats were considered as the reservoir host, and the search of a probable intermediate host is still going on. Animals have anticipated culprit of SARS-CoV-2 as of now. The disease is mainly manifested by pneumonia and related respiratory signs and symptoms, but the involvement of the gastrointestinal system and nervous system is also suggested. The severe form of the disease associated with death is mainly reported in older and immune-compromised patients with pre-existing disease history. Death in severe cases is attributed to respiratory failure associated with hyperinflammation. Cytokine storm syndrome associated with rampant inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as the leading killer of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients were reported with higher levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like IFN-g, IL-1b, IP-10, and MCP-1. Furthermore, severe cases of COVID-19 revealed higher levels of TNF-α, G-CSF, and MIP-1A. Blood profile of the COVID-19 patients exhibits lymphopenia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and RNAaemia along with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women does not lead to fetus mortalities unlike other zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with no evidence of intrauterine transmission to neonates. Rapid and confirmatory diagnostics have been developed, and high efforts are being made to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the absence of any virus-specific therapeutic, internationally health care authorities are recommending adoption of effective prevention and control measures to counter and contain this pandemic virus. This paper is an overview of this virus and the disease with a particular focus on SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19 clinical pathology, pathogenesis and immunopathology along with a few recent research developments.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0708.v1

Phytochemicals as Therapeutics Against COVID-19: An In-Silico Study

Debraj Koiri, Ditam Chakraborty, Pranotosh Das, Rajkumar Rana, Soumyanil Chatterjee, Tanmoy Das, Paltu Kumar Dhal

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Phytochemicals; SARS-CoV-2; S-Protein; Molecular docking; ACE 2

Online: 28 December 2020 (16:51:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0225.v1

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Arbidol in Patients with COVID-19

Yujiao Bai, Xianqin Zhang, Meng Yang, Lin Zhang, Xu Jia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; arbidol; treatment

Online: 26 April 2022 (04:07:48 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0260.v1

COVID-19 and Vasa Vasorum: New Atherogenic Factor? A Case Report and Autopsy Findings

Julia Makarova, Sofia Malachova, Tatiana Novitskaya, Valeria Shapkina, Leonid Churilov

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; atherosclerosis

Online: 16 February 2023 (02:18:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0372.v1

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Possible Therapeutic Options for COVID-19

Yusha Araf

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; Diagnosis; Pathogenesis; Treatment; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 21 April 2020 (04:44:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0036.v1

COVID-19 in Infants and Children under 2 years – Lung Ultrasound Score Correlated with Biomarkers and Symptoms

Emil Robert Stoicescu, Jovan Lovrenski, Roxana Iacob, Simona Cerbu, Daniela Iacob, Emil Radu Iacob, Septimiu Radu Susa, Ioana Mihaiela Ciuca, Andreea Ciornei-Hoffman, Cristian Oancea, Diana Luminita Manolescu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: lung ultrasound; infants; children; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; multisystem inflammatory syndrome.

Online: 2 December 2022 (02:29:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1746.v1

COVID-19 Variants and Vaccine Development

Ziyao Zhao, Sahra Bashiri, Zyta M. Ziora, Istvan Toth, Mariusz Skwarczynski

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Mutations; Variants; Vaccination; Vaccine effectiveness

Online: 24 January 2024 (08:53:45 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

COVID-19: Role of the Interferons

Claudio G. Gallo, Sirio Fiorino, Giovanni Posabella, Donato Antonacci, Antonio Tropeano, Emanuele Pausini, Carlotta Pausini, Tommaso Guarniero, Marco Zancanaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS CoV-2; IFN-⍺; IFN-β; IFN-λ

Online: 2 August 2020 (11:31:40 CEST)

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COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus, is a potentially fatal disease that represents a serious public health and economic problem worldwide. The SARS-CoV2 virus infects the lower respiratory tract and can cause pneumonia in humans. ARDS is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 disease. One of the main characteristics of ARDS is the cytokine storm, an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response resulting from the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and growth factors, by immune cells. The other important aspect of the disease is represented by the involvement of the vascular organ that undergoes endothelitis. Hyperinflammation and endothelitis contribute in various ways to trigger coagulation disorders with diffuse micro thrombotic and thromboembolic phenomena. Lastly, multiple organ failure may occur (MOF). Since so far there is no approved treatment, there is an urgent need to reposition known treatments, considered safe, to be included in trials. Naturally produced interferons represent the body's first line of defense against viruses. Pharmacological forms, obtained by means of genetic recombination techniques, have long been approved and used to treat numerous pathologies. Interferons are divided into three families, within which some subfamilies are distinguishable. Only IFN-II comprises a single isoform which has completely different aspects and functions. The IFN I and III, however, each comprise different subfamilies (17 subfamilies the IFN-I and 4 subfamilies the IFN-III), share many aspects, representing the body's first antiviral response, but play different roles. The use of IFNs has been studied in two severe hCoV (Human Coronavirus) diseases, closely related to COVID-19 disease, such as SARS and MERS. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted, often in combination with other antivirals. The results have been controversial. The positive results in vitro and in experimental animals were often not replicable in humans. The possible positioning of these molecules in the right window of therapeutic opportunity requires that the complex dialogue between IFN, inflammasome, cytokines, pro-inflammatory chemokines, growth factors and barrier function be shed light.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0262.v1

Epidemiological Models of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) to Control the Transmission Based on Current Evidence: A Systematic Review

Swati Arora, Rishabh Jain, Harendra Pal Singh

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; Lockdown; Epidemiological Models; Machine Learning; Transmission

Online: 12 July 2020 (15:18:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1910.v1

Cytokine Storm Fatal Acute Kidney Infection Triggered by COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) Infection: A Review

Hailemeleak Regassa, Kasahun Gudeta, Ankeet Bhagat, Rachna Chaturvedi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: cytokine storm, COVID-19, Acute kidney infection, SARS-CoV-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines

Online: 29 January 2024 (02:10:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.2087.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Dynamic Perspective

Valentina Gerussi, Maddalena Peghin, Alvisa Palese, Maria De Martino, Elena Graziano, Stefania Chiappinotto, Federico Fonda, Giulia Bontempo, Tosca Semenzin, Luca Martini, Miriam Isola, Carlo Tascini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Influenza; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Green-Pass; Vaccination; Immunization; Vaccine-hesitancy; Pandemic

Online: 29 June 2023 (10:23:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0487.v1

COVID-19 Mortality Risk Assessment among Various Age Groups using Phylogenetic Analysis

Pawan Verma, Rasha Elkaffas, Oluwasefunmi C. Shodunke, Pavlo Hrab, Oluwatobiloba H. Adebayo, Humaira Marzia Alam, Wilson Gbedema, Mosadoluwa A. Agbonyin, Ahmed M. Osman, Joseph O. Igbokwe, Harinath Sudarsanam, Ayodeji Adepoju, Ohilebo A. Abass, Sola R. Olorunfemi, Sarah O. Oladejo, Sonaike Semilogo, Jairo Hurtado, Shahida Ferdousee, Josiah Aminu Peter, Adetutu D. Oluwasanmi, Sheriff T. Agbaje, Alexandra Sheen, Mukul Sharma, Opeyemi Ibitoye, Ahmed El-Gammal, Olaleye T. Olutunde, Meera Krishna, Tracy-allen M. Ezechukwu, Sarah H. Carl

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Phylogenetics; mortality

Online: 21 September 2020 (03:35:15 CEST)

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The age-related mortality and morbidity risk of COVID-19 has been considered speculative without enough scientific evidence. This study aimed to collect more evidence on the association between patient age and risk of severe disease state and/or mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genomic dataset along with metadata (3608 samples) retrieved from GISAID from different geographical regions were grouped into 10 age groups (0-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, 91-100 years) as well as high-risk or low-risk according to patient clinical status. Genomic sequences were aligned and analyzed using MAFFT and FASTTREE to build a phylogenetic tree in order to identify age-risk associations based on phylogenetic clustering. Case fatality rates (CFR), as well as the Odds ratio (OR) for high-risk outcomes, were calculated for different age groups. Results revealed that individuals aged between 25-50 years have the best immune response to the infection. On the other hand, disease fatality was higher in patients aging above 50 years. We created an application to calculate the OR of being at high risk given a certain age threshold from GISAID datasets. OR values increased between ages 1-10 years (1.271) and 11-20 years (1.313) but reduced at age range 21-30 years (1.290) and increased again for 61-70 years (2.465). CFR calculated for each of the age groups had peak values at 90-100 years (26.8%) and the lowest at 0-10 years (0%). The CFR for ages above 50 years was about twice greater (11.6%-26.8%) than that for ages below (0-6.6%). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of samples obtained from India showed low-risk among different age groups and were defined as clade GH. Another cluster from Singapore visualization showed unfavorable patient outcome across several age groups and were classified under clade O. To conclude, this study analyses showed a variety of age-risk associations. As scientists from different countries upload more genomes to globally shared databases, more evidence will reinforce mortality risk associations in COVID-19 patients.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0304.v1

Neurological Complications of Pandemic COVID-19: What Have We Got So Far?

Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Marco Antônio Machado Schlindwein, Leticia Caroline Breis, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Neurology; coronavirus

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:27:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0250.v1

Low Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Canine and Feline Serum Samples Collected during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong and Korea

Yun Young Go, Maura Carrai, Yan Ru Choi, Christopher J. Brackman, Karina W.S. Tam, Pierra Y.T. Law, Fiona Woodhouse, Jane Gray, Ji Hun Kim, Joohyung Park, Chae Won Jeon, Hyomi Jang, Ioannis Magouras, Nicola Decaro, Samuel MS Cheng, Malik Peiris, Julia A. Beatty, Vanessa R. Barrs

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Feline; Canine; seroprevalence; zoonosis

Online: 13 January 2023 (10:21:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0201.v1

Coronavirus (Covid-19): The Lockdown Strategy in Nigeria

Ehijiele Ekienabor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; lockdown; social distancing

Online: 11 May 2020 (13:26:56 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0384.v1

Tackling the Pandemic COVID-19: The Bangladesh Perspective

Md. Taimur Islam, Anup Kumar Talukder, Md. Nurealam Siddiqui, Tofazzal Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Bangladesh; Pandemic; stimulus package

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:34:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0105.v1

COVID-19 and Recycled Wastewater Irrigation: A Review of Implications

Md. Moinul Hosain Oliver, Guna Alankerage Hewa, David Pezzaniti, Md. Ariful Haque, Shamsul Haque, Md. Manjurul Haque, Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Mostafizar Rahman, Khokan K. Saha, Md. Nurul Kadir

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Recycled Wastewater; Irrigation; Sprinkler; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 June 2020 (16:00:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0456.v1

Winter is Coming: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective of the Environmental Drivers of SARS-CoV-2 and the Potential Seasonality of COVID-19

Albertus Smit, Jennifer Fitchett, Francois Engelbrecht, Robert Scholes, Godfrey Dzhivhuho, Neville Sweijd

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; environmental influences; humidity; SARS-CoV-2; seasonality; temperature

Online: 20 July 2020 (07:41:44 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2 virus infections in humans were first reported in December 2019, the boreal winter. The resulting COVID-19 pandemic was declared by the WHO in March 2020. By July 2020 COVID-19 is present in 213 countries and territories, with over 12 million confirmed cases and over half a million attributed deaths. Knowledge of other viral respiratory diseases suggests that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 could be modulated by seasonally-varying environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Many studies on the environmental sensitivity of COVID-19 are appearing online, and some have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Initially, these studies raised the hypothesis that climatic conditions would subdue the viral transmission rate in places entering the boreal summer and that southern hemisphere countries would experience enhanced disease. For the latter, the COVID-19 peak would coincide with the peak of the influenza season, increasing misdiagnosis and placing an additional burden on health systems. In this review, we assess the evidence that environmental drivers are a significant factor in the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic, globally and regionally. We critically assessed 42 peer-reviewed and 80 preprint publications that met qualifying criteria. Since the disease has been prevalent for only half a year in the northern, and a quarter of a year in the southern hemisphere, datasets capturing a full seasonal cycle in one locality are not yet available. Analyses based on space-for-time substitutions, i.e. using data from climatically distinct locations as a surrogate for seasonal progression, have been inconclusive. The reported studies present a strong northern bias. Socio-economic conditions peculiar to the ‘Global South’ have been omitted as confounding variables, thereby weakening evidence of environmental signals. We explore why research to date has failed to show convincing evidence for environmental modulation of COVID-19, and discuss directions for future research. We conclude that the evidence thus far suggests a weak modulation effect, currently overwhelmed by the scale and rate of the spread of COVID-19. Seasonally-modulated transmission, if it exists, will be more evident in 2021 and subsequent years.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0188.v2

SARS-CoV-2 S1 and N-Based Serological Assays Reveal Rapid Seroconversion and Induction of Specific Antibody Response in COVID-19 Patients

Abdullah Algaissi, Mohamed A. Alfaleh, Sherif Hala, Turki S. Abujamel, Sawsan S. Alamri, Sarah A Almahboub, Khalid A. Alluhaybi, Haya I. Hobani, Reem M. Alsulaiman, Rahaf H. Alharbi, M-Zaki El-Assouli, Rowa Y Alhabbab, Ahdab A. AlSaieedi, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Afrah A. AL-Somali, Fadwa S. Alofi, Asim A. Khogeer, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Almohanad A Alkayyal, Naif A.M. Almontashiri, Arnab Pain, Anwar M. Hashem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 serology; ELISA; N protein; COVID-19; serosurvey

Online: 2 July 2020 (07:19:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0663.v1

Ciliary Dysfunction Secondary to COVID-19. Explanation of the Pathogenesis From Analysis of Human Interactome With Sars-Cov-2 Proteome

Alejandro Jesús Bermejo-Valdés, Alexander Ariel Padrón-González, Jessica Archer-Jiménez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; interactome; ciliary-flagellar dysfunction; infertility; pathogenicity

Online: 25 December 2020 (13:18:03 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0518.v1

Epitope Coverage of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgA and IgG Antibodies Correlates With Protection Against Re-Infection by New Variants in Subsequent Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Michelle O. Mullins, Muneerah Smith, Hazel Maboreke, Andrew J. M. Nel, Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi, Wendy A. Burgers, Jonathan M. Blackburn

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: immunoassay; epitope coverage; quantitative antibody binding; protein microarray; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; humoral response; SARS-CoV-2 re-infection

Online: 27 December 2022 (10:43:18 CET)

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