This study was aimed at investigating the effects of roasting and cryogenic milling on particle size, water solubility, and amount of bioactive components in ginseng root. Samples were pulverized by cryogenic milling, and one treatment condition was selected for each size range (10-50 μm, and >50 μm). The selected samples were roasted at different temperatures (160-200 °C) followed by cryogenic milling. Powdered samples were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. Results revealed that roasted samples exhibited significantly smaller particle size than controls (not roasted, p<0.05), and the particle size of roasted samples decreased with increase in roasting temperature until flocculation occurred around 180-190 °C. With decrease in particle size of ginseng; water solubility index, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and total polysaccharide content were observed to increase. Ginseng samples showed an increasing trend in antioxidant activity with decreasing particle size (p>0.05) with significantly higher values for all roasted samples compared to the controls (p<0.05). Non-polar ginsenosides such as Rg2(S), Rg2(R), Rg3(S), Rg3(R), and Rh1(S) showed an increase in temperature-dependent manner. This study revealed that roasting at certain temperature range with cryogenic milling has positive effects on ginseng by reducing its particle size, and increasing water solubility and bioactive components.

The properties of the charged dark matters are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Because of the graviton evaporations, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10^-48 k and large gravitation constant (G_N(dd)) of 10⁶ G_N for the charged dark matters at the present time are expected. The tentative values of G and k are used for the explanation purpose. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) > F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = 0 for the proton-like particle. Also, the gravitation constant has been changed with increasing of the time because of the graviton evaporation. In the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. Also, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G). It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from G_N(mm) ≈ 10³⁶ G_N to G_N(mm) = G_N happened mostly near the inflation period. Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as G_N(mm) = G_N. And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb’s constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (G_N). Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC = −2/3 e is (EC)_eff = −2/3·10⁻²⁴ e.

In the past 100 years, quantum theory has achieved remarkable achievements and formed a relatively mature system, but at the same time there are still some incomplete places. For example: What is the origin of quantum? What is the origin of quantum entanglement? What is the origin of quantum mechanical wave-particle duality? This is still a problem that the existing quantum theory has not solved. Therefore, this paper attempts to seek a classic interpretation of quantum mechanics to make up for the shortcomings of existing quantum theory. In the latest research, this paper finds a classic interpretation of blackbody radiation, which can explain the discontinuity of light energy from the perspective of classical mechanics. Based on this discovery, this paper successfully explains the origin of quantum, quantum entanglement and wave-particle duality, and eliminates the confusion of quantum mechanical probability waves.

In this paper, the definition of information entropy of Smoluchowski coagulation equation for Brownian motion is introduced based on coagulation probability. The expression of entropy is the function of geometric average particle volume and standard deviation with lognormal distribution assumption. The asymptotic solution with moment method shows that the entropy is a monotone increasing function of time, which is equivalence to the entropy based on particle size distribution. the result reveals that the present definition of entropy of Smoluchowski coagulation equation are inadequate because the particle average volume at equilibrium cannot be determined from the principle of maximum entropy. This provides a basis for further exploring the global properties of Smoluchowski coagulation equation.

Study of perihelion shift of Mercury and deflection angle are important aspects for the verification of general relativity. For Schwarzschild geometry both the perihelion shift and weak deflection angle were independent of charge whereas for ReissnerNordstrom space-time charge should effect on both the perihelion shift and deflection angle. This paper shows the perihelion shift decreases with the increases of charge. Effect of other parameters like angular momentum, mass parameter, distance of closest approach on perihelion precession and deflection angle has also discussed. This paper also includes the graphical behavior which verifes our theoretical calculations.

Although energy management of a microgrid is generally performed using a day-ahead scheduling method, its effectiveness has been questioned by the research community due to the existence of high uncertainty in renewable power generation, power demand and electricity market. As a result, real-time energy management schemes are recently developed to minimise the operating cost of a microgrid while high uncertainty presents in the network. This paper develops modified particle swarm optimisation (MPSO) algorithms to solve optimisation problems of energy management schemes for a community microgrid and proposes a scheduling approach after taking into consideration high uncertainty to effectively minimise the operational cost of the microgrid. The optimisation problems are formulated for real-time and scheduling approaches, and solution methods are developed to solve the problems. It is observed that the scheduling program demonstrates superior performance in all the cases, including uncertainty in prediction, as compared to the other energy management approaches, although solutions have significant deviations due to prediction errors.

This study aims to evaluate a new approach in modeling gully erosion susceptibility based on deep learning neural network (DLNN) model, ensemble Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with DLNN (PSO-DLNN) and comparing these approaches with common artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in Shiran watershed, Iran. For this purpose, 13 independent variables affecting gully erosion susceptibility in the study area, including altitude, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, drainage density, distance from river, land use, soil, lithology, rainfall, , stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), were prepared. Also, 132 gully erosion locations were identified during field visits. Data for modeling were divided into two categories of training (70%) and testing (30%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) parameters including sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV) and area under curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. The results showed that, the AUC values from ROC with considering testing datasets of PSO-DLNN is 0.89 and which is associated with superb accuracy. Rest of the models also associated with optimal accuracy and near about PSO-DLNN model; the AUC values from ROC of DLNN, SVM and ANN for testing datasets are 0.87, 0.85 and 0.84 respectively. The PSO algorithm has updated and optimized the weights of DLNN model, and as a result, the efficiency of this model in predicting gully erosion susceptibility has increased. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of DLNN model and its ensemble with PSO algorithm can be used as a novel and practical method in predicting the susceptibility of gully erosion that helps planners and managers in managing and reducing the risk of this phenomenon.

A novel metaheuristic optimization method is proposed based on an earthquake that is a geology phenomenon. The novel Earthquake Algorithm (EA) proposed, adapts the principle of propagation of geology waves P and S through the earth material composed by random density to ensure the dynamic balance between exploration and exploitation, in order to reach the best solution to optimization complex problems by searching for the optimum into the search space. The performance and validation of the EA are compared against the Bat Algorithm (BA) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) by using 10 diverse benchmark functions. In addition, an experimental engineering application is implemented to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Early results show a feasibility of the proposed method with a clearly constancy and stability. It is important highlight the fact that the main purpose of this paper is to present a new line of research, which is opened from the novel EA.

We study the light rays in a static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of null aether theory (NAT). To this end, we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation. Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole, we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle. Our calculations show how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field. We also show once again that the bending of light stems from a global and topological effect.

This paper is devoted to investigate charged vector particles tunneling via horizons of a pair of accelerating rotating charged NUT black hole under the influence of quantum gravitational effects. For this purpose, we use the modified Proca equation incorporating generalized uncertainty principle. Using the WKB approximation to the field equation, we obtain a modified tunneling rate and the corresponding corrected Hawking temperature for this black hole. Moreover, we analyze the graphical behavior of corrected Hawking temperature T'_H with respect to the event horizon for the given black hole. By considering quantum gravitational effects on Hawking temperatures, we discuss the stability analysis of this black hole. For a pair of black holes, the temperature T'_H increases with the increase in rotation parameters α and w, correction parameter β, black hole acceleration α and arbitrary parameter k and decreases with the increase in electric e and magnetic charges g.

Currently, various industrial processes are carried out in fluidized bed reactors, such as fermentation, water treatment, and algae growth. Knowing its internal dynamics is fundamental for the intensification of these processes. This work assesses the motion of fluidized calcium alginate spheres under the influence of an upward fluid flow within a 1.2 m high and 0.1 m inner diameter acrylic column. The Radioactive Particle Tracking technique is a proper methodology to study the internal dynamics of these kinds of equipment. Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed is compared with the Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed operation mode in terms of mixing behavior. Data gathered is analyzed in view of Shannon entropy as a dynamic mixing measure. Mixing times are found to be of the same order of magnitude. However, the Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed achieves a lower homogenization degree. Also, we found good agreement between two criteria for assessing stability for the mixed state: the Shannon Entropy time-series plateau and the Glansdorff-Prigogine criterion based on Fisher information.

In this article various heuristic approaches are discussed to solve the dark matter phenomenon by the concept of vacuum polarization. They are compared with a more fundamental approach, based upon an entropy model of the visible universe. They all make use of some kind of gravitational dipole. These dipoles seem to violate Einstein’s equivalence principle between inertial mass and gravitational mass. It is shown how the paradox can be solved by a quantum mechanical principle.

In this paper, we study the weak gravitational deflection angle of relativistic massive particles by the Kerr-like black hole in the bumblebee gravity model. In particular, we focus on weak field limits and calculate the deflection angle for a receiver and source at a finite distance from the lens. To this end, we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem of a two-dimensional surface defined by a generalized Jacobi metric. The spacetime is asymptotically non-flat due to the existence of a bumblebee vector field. Thus the deflection angle is modified and can be divided into three parts: the surface integral of the Gaussian curvature, the path integral of a geodesic curvature of the particle ray and the change in the coordinate angle. In addition, we also obtain the same results by defining the deflection angle. The effects of the Lorentz breaking constant on the gravitational lensing are analyzed. We then consider the finite-distance correction for the deflection angle of massive particles.

Black hole collision produce gravitational radiation which is generally thought in a quantum limit to be gravitons. The stretched horizon of a black hole contains quantum information, or a form of quantum hair, which in a coalescence of black holes participates in the generation of gravitons. This may be facilitated with a Bohr-like approach to black hole (BH) quantum physics with quasi-normal mode (QNM) approach to BH quantum mechanics. Quantum gravity and quantum hair on event horizons is excited to higher energy in BH coalescence. The near horizon condition for two BHs right before collision is a deformed AdS spacetime. These excited states of BH quantum hair then relax with the production of gravitons. This is then argued to define RT entropy given by quantum hair on the horizons. These qubits of information from a BH coalescence should then appear in gravitational wave (GW) data. This is a form of the standard AdS/CF T correspondence and the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula [1]. The foundations of physics is proposed to be quantum information and a duality between spacetime observables and quantum fields.

The Eastern Mediterranean is a highly populated area with air quality problems as well where climate change already is noticed by higher temperatures and changing precipitation pattern. The anthropogenic aerosol affects health and changing concentra-tions and properties of the atmospheric aerosol affect radiation balance and clouds. Continuous long-term observations are essential in assessing the influence of anthro-pogenic aerosols on climate and health. We present 6 years of observations from Navarino Environmental Observatory (NEO), a new station located at the south west tip of Pelo-ponnese, Greece. The two sites at NEO, were evaluated to show the influence of the local meteorology but also to assess the general background aerosol possible. It was found that the background aerosol was originated from aged European aerosols and was strongly influenced by biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and industry. When subsiding into the boundary layer, local sources contributed in the air masses moving south. Mesoscale meteorology determined the diurnal variation of aerosol properties such as mass and number by means of typical sea breeze circulation, giving rise to pronounced morning and evening peaks in pollutant levels. While synoptic scale meteorology, mainly large-scale air mass transport and precipitation, strongly influenced the season-ality of the aerosol properties.

MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations were carried out for the ZFH₃-B complexes (Z = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb; B = C₂H₂, C₂H₄, C₆H₆ and C₅H₅^-; relativistic effects were taken into account for Ge, Sn and Pb elements). These calculations are supported by other approaches; the decomposition of the energy of interaction, Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) method. The results show that tetrel bonds with π-electrons as Lewis bases are classified as Z…C links between single centers (C is an atom of the π-electron system) or as Z…π interactions where F-Z bond is directed to the mid-point (or nearly so) of the CC bond of the Lewis base. The analogues systems with Z…C/π interactions were found in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). It was found that the strength of interaction increases with the increase of the atomic number of the tetrel element and that for heavier tetrel elements the ZFH₃ tetrahedral structure is more deformed towards the structure with the planar ZH₃ fragment. The results of calculations show that the tetrel bond is sometimes accompanied by the Z-H…C hydrogen bond or even sometimes the ZFH₃-B complexes are linked only by the hydrogen bond interaction.

The plate embedded with acoustic black hole (ABH) indentations is potential for structural vibration and noise control. This work focuses on the mid- and low-frequency performance of plates embedded with the array of ABH for energy focalization and vibration &amp; noise suppression. Plates embedded with two-dimensional ABHs are modelled with detailed Finite Element (FE) models, and the power flow method is introduced to analyze the energy propagation characteristics arising from ABH effect. Then the distribution of average vibration power density along ABH radius is studied. Next, the energy dissipation effects of the plate model embedded with ABH array with two types of damping layers are investigated. Finally, the sound pressure levels of the ABH structure are calculated and discussed. This work is helpful to understand the characteristics of plates embedded with ABH array in reducing vibration and noise radiation. Results show the tremendous potential of ABH array for vibration and noise control.

In this paper, we argue that one can calculate the weak deflection angle in the background of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion black hole using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. To support this, the optical geometry of the black hole with the Gibbons-Werner method are used to obtain the deflection angle of light in the weak field limits. Moreover, we investigate the effect of a plasma medium on deflection of light for a given black hole. Because of dilaton and axion are one of the candidate of the dark matter, it can give us a hint on observation of dark matter which is supported the black hole. Hence we demonstrate the observational viability via showing the effect of the dark matter on the weak deflection angle.

M87 is a giant elliptical galaxy in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. The radio source has a core which coincides with the nucleus of the galaxy and a jet of emission which is detected from radio to X-ray bands. A supermassive black hole is assumed to be at the centre of M87 which sends out relativistic particles in the form jets along its axis of rotation. Relativistic particles accelerated in a magnetic field, give out synchrotron radiation. The centre is surrounded by an accretion disc, which is the closest that we can probe into a black hole. High resolution observations are needed to examine the nature of the radio emission closest to the centre of M87. An array of millimetre-band telescopes across the globe were used as an interferometer, called the Event Horizon Telescope, (EHT) to probe the nuclear region. The angular resolution of this interferometer array is 25 microarc sec, at a wavelength of 1.3mm and the data was carefully calibrated and imaged. The resulting image shows an asymmetric ring which is consistent with the predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from hot plasma near the event horizon. In this paper, we review the results of the observations of the radio galaxy, M87, using the Event Horizon Telescope

With global warming and accelerated degradation of permafrost, the engineering problems caused by the formation of weak zones between the shallow and permafrost layers of soil–rock mixture (S-RM) slopes in permafrost regions have become increasingly prominent. To explore the influence of rock content on the shear strength of the S-RM freezing–thawing interface, the variation in the shear strength for different rock content is studied herein using direct shear tests. In addition, a 3D laser scanner is used for obtaining the topography of the shear failure surface. Combined with the analysis results of the shear band-particle calculation model, the influence of the rock content on the shear strength of the interface is explored. It was found that the impact threshold of the rock content on the interface strength and failure mode is approximately 30%, when the rock content (R) is &gt; 30% and that the shear strength increases rapidly with increasing rock content. When R ≤ 30%, the actual shear plane is similar to waves; when R &gt; 30%, the shear plane appears as gnawing failure. The shear strength of S-RM freezing–thawing interface mainly comes from the bite force and friction between particles. The main reason for the increase in shear strength with increasing rock content is the increase in bite force between particles, which makes the ratio of bite force to friction force approximately 1:1.

This letter aims to show the connection between the sinc approximation for high-energy absorption cross section and the shadow radius of the spherically symmetric black hole. This connection can give a physical interpretation of the absorption cross section in the eikonal limit parameters. Moreover, the use of this alternative way, one can extract its shadow radius from the absorption cross section in high energy limits to gain more information about the black hole spacetime. Our results indicate that the increasing the value of the shadow radius of the black hole, exponentially increase the the absorption cross section of the black hole in high-energy limits which can be captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration.

This paper derives measurement and identical principles, then makes the two principles into measurement and identical theorems of quantum mechanics, plus the three theorems derived earlier, we deduce the axiom system of current quantum mechanics, the general quantum theory no axiom presumptions not only solves the crisis to understand in current quantum mechanics, but also obtains new discoveries, e.g., discovers the velocities of quantum collapse and entanglement are instantaneously infinitely large. We deduce the general Schrȍdinger equation of any n particles from two aspects, and the wave function not only has particle properties of the complex square root state vector of the classical probability density of any n particles, but also has the plane wave properties of any n particles. Thus, the current crisis of the dispute about the origin of wave- particle duality of any n microscopic particles is solved. We display the classical locality and quantum non-locality for any n particle system, show entanglement origins, and discover not only any n-particle wave function system has the original, superposition and across entanglements, but also the entanglements are of interactions preserving conservation or correlation, three kinds of entanglements directly give lots of entanglement sources. This paper discovers, one of two pillars of modern physics, quantum mechanics of any n particle system is a generalization ( mechanics ) theory of the complex square root ( of real density function ) of classical statistical mechanics, any n particle system’s quantum mechanics of being just a generalization theory of the complex square root of classical statistical mechanics is both a revolutionary discovery and key new physics, which are influencing people’s philosophical thinking for modern physics, solve all the crisises in current quantum theories, quantum information and so on, and make quantum theory have scientific solid foundations checked, no basic axiom presumption and no all quantum strange incomprehensible properties, because classical statistical mechanics and its complex square root have scientific solid foundations checked. Thus, all current studies on various entanglements and their uses to quantum computer, quantum information and so on must be further updated and classified by the new entanglements. This and our early papers derive quantum physics, solve all crisises of basses of quantum mechanics, e.g., wave-particle duality & the first quantization origins, quantum nonlocality, entanglement origins & classifications, wave collapse and so on.Key words: quantum mechanics, operator, basic presumptions, wave-particle duality, principle of measurement, identical principle, superposition principle of states, entanglement origin, quantum communication, wave collapse, classical statistical mechanics, classical mechanics

When an edge is removed, a cycle graph Cn becomes a n-1 tree graph. This observation from extremal set theory leads us to the realm of set theory, in which a topological manifold of genus-1 turns out to be of genus-0. Starting from these premises, we prove a theorem suggesting that a manifold with disjoint points must be of genus-0, while a manifold of genus-1 cannot encompass disjoint points.

Nanographene oxide (GOn) constitutes a nanomaterial of high value in the biomedical field. However, large scale production of highly stable aqueous dispersions of GOn is yet to be achieved. In this work, we explored high-power ultrasonication as a method to reduce particle size of GO and characterized the impact of the process in the physico-chemical properties of the material. GOn was obtained with lateral dimensions of 99 ±43 nm and surface charge of −39.9 ± 2.2 mV. High-power ultrasonication enabled an improvement of stability features, particularly by resulting in a decrease of the average particle size, as well as zeta potential, in comparison to GO obtained by low-power exfoliation and centrifugation (287 ± 139 nm; −29.7 ± 1.2 mV). Re-markably, GOn aqueous dispersions were stable for up to 6 months of shelf-time, with a global process yield of 74%. This novel method enabled the production of large volumes of highly con-centrated (7.5 mg mL-1) GOn aqueous dispersions. Chemical characterization of GOn allowed the identification of characteristic oxygen functional groups, supporting high-power ultrasonication as a fast, efficient and productive process for reducing GO lateral size, while maintaining the material’s chemical features.

In this paper, we implement a new method binary Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for solving the kidney exchange problem, which will improve the future decisions of kidney exchange programs. Because using a kidney exchange, we can help incompatible patient-donor couples to swap donors to receive a compatible kidney. Kidney paired donation programs provide an innovative approach for increasing the number of available kidneys. Further, we implementing binary particle swarm optimization in parallel with MATLAB with one, two, three and four threads and from the computations point of view, the authors compare the performance to reduce the running time for kidney exchange to match patients as fast as possible to help clinicians. Moreover, implementing binary particle swarm optimization in solving the kidney exchange problem is an effective method. The obtained results indicate that binary PSO outperforms other stochastic-based methods such as genetic algorithm, ant lion optimization, and efficient the number of resulting exchanges.

A calculation is presented for the mass relationships between electron, muon and the tau particle. It is shown that charged leptons with mass levels beyond the one of the tau particle cannot exist because of insufficient binding energy. The underlying mechanism of the relationship between the leptons is the isospin feature of Dirac particles, which appears being a substantial attribute next to nuclear angular spin. It is further shown that the energy of the elementary electric charge, such as embodied by the mass of an electron, is due to the interaction between the isospins of the pion’s quark and antiquark.

In this paper, an icosahedral non – body centered model to simulate the periodic structure of homogeneous particulate composites, by predicting the particle arrangement, is presented. This model has yielded three different variations which correspond at three different deterministic particle configurations. In addition, the concept of boundary interphase between matrix and inclusions was taken into account. Thus, the influence of particle vicinity was examined in parallel with the interphase concept on the thermomechanical properties of the overall material. Next, by the use of this model the authors derived a closed – form expression to estimate the thermal conductivity of this type of composites. To test the validity of the model, the theoretical values arising from the proposed formula were compared with other theoretical predictions obtained from several accurate formulae found in the literature and an adequate accordance was observed.

The double nature, wave and corpuscular, of the material particles is usually considered incomprehensible as it cannot be represented visually. It is proposed to the student, in the introductory courses, as a fact justified by quantum interference experiments of which, however, no further analysis is possible. In this note we propose a description of the wave function in terms of a simple electrical analogy, which reproduces at least some of its essential properties. The aim we propose is to provide a cognitive representation of an analogical type: starting from a classical context (electrical circuits) and introducing in an appropriate way the notions of "wave" and "particle", we show how typically quantum properties such as delocalization and entanglement emerge in a natural, understandable and intuitive way.

We consider the Dirac electron as a nonperturbative particle-like solution consistent with its own Kerr-Newman (KN) gravitational and electromagnetic field. We develop the earlier models of the KN electron regularized by Israel and López, and consider the non-perturbative electron model as a bag model formed by Higgs mechanism of symmetry breaking. The López regularization determines the unique shape of the electron in the form of a thin disk with a Compton radius reduced by 4π. In our model this disk is coupled with a closed circular string which is placed on the border of the disk and creates the caused by gravitation frame-dragging string tension produced by the vector potential of the Wilson loop. Using remarkable features of the Kerr-Schild coordinate system, which linearizes the Dirac equation, we obtain solutions of the Dirac equation consistent with the KN gravitational and electromagnetic field, and show that this solution takes the form of a massless relativistic string. Parallelism of this model with quantum representations in Heisenberg and Schrodinger pictures explains remarkable properties of the stringy electron model in the relativistic scattering processes.

In this paper, we study light rays in a Kazakov-Solodukhin black hole. To this end, we use the optical geometry of the Kazakov-Solodukhin black hole within the Gauss-bonnet theorem. We first show the effect of the deformation parameter $a$ on the Gaussian optical curvature, and then we use the modern method popularized by Gibbons and Werner to calculate the weak deflection angle of light. Our calculations of deflection angle show how gravitational lensing is affected by the deformation parameter $a$. Moreover, we demonstrate the effect of a plasma medium on weak gravitational lensing by the Kazakov-Solodukhin black hole. We discuss that the increasing the deformation parameter $a$, will increase the weak deflection angle of the black hole. Our analysis also uncloak how one may find a observational evidence for a deformation parameter on the deflection angle.

In this letter, instead of choosing the Einstein Rosen bridge between two black holes as in ER=EPR, we consider a wormhole between a black hole and a closed edge of the wormhole. We assume that information in a black hole travels through a wormhole, turns to mass (dark matter) in the closed region. This study is in contradiction with the existence of the white hole in our Universe. We replace the notion of the white hole with the massive closed region. We prove the metric of the closed region by the Hopf fibration, this new metric generalizes the $AdS_{5}$\ metric.

The apparent shape of the black hole shadow provides a full description of the spin, the inclination angle and the charge of a Kerr black hole, without any astrophysical process or underlying theory in the astrophysical process.

Astrophysical accretion processes near the black hole candidates, such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), X-ray binary (XRB), and other astrophysical sources, are associated with high-energetic emission of radiation of relativistic particles and outflows (winds and/or jets). It is widely believed that the magnetic field plays a very important role to explain such high energetic processes in the vicinity of those astrophysical sources. In the present research note, we propose that the black hole is embedded in an asymptotically uniform magnetic field. We investigate the dynamical motion of charged particles in the vicinity of a weakly magnetized black hole. We show that in the presence of the magnetic field, the radius of the innermost stable circular orbits (ISCO) for a charged particle is located close to the black hole’s horizon. The fundamental frequencies, such as Keplerian and epicyclic frequencies of the charged particle are split into two parts due to the magnetic field, as an analog of the Zeeman effect. The orbital velocity of the charged particle measured by a local observer has been computed in the presence of the external magnetic field. We also present an analytical expression for the four-acceleration of the charged particle orbiting around black holes. Finally, we determine the intensity of the radiating charged accelerating relativistic particle orbiting around the magnetized black hole.

In this paper, we discuss the weak gravitational lensing in the context of stringy black holes. Initially, we examine the deflection angle of photon by charged stringy black hole. For this desire, we compute the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle for spherically balanced spacetime of stringy black hole. We also analyze the influence of plasma medium in the weak gravitational lensing for stringy black hole. Moreover, the graphical impact of coupling constant $\alpha$, impact parameter $b$ , black hole charge $Q$ on deflection angle by charged stringy black hole has been studied in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

Based on collected power generation data associated with solar irradiance, PV system conversion efficiency and cell temperature, an hourly solar PV power estimation model by a parallel artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed. Weight matrices related to different seasons and geographic areas for estimation power generations have been trained by real measured operation data. The parallel PSO algorithm with heuristic global optimization technique assists the ANN training process to get near optimal solutions precisely. The accuracy and reliability of estimation is audited by actual details of photovoltaic power stations in various regions and scales. The results of estimation model can not only assist the electricity dispatcher to explicitly monitor the trend of solar power generation in different areas, but also coordinate with traditional power plants to meet load demand more accurately. The presented model will bring benefits to power dispatching for larger scales of intermittent and unstable solar power generation.

The main goal of this paper is to study the weak gravitational lensing by Horndeski black hole in weak field approximation. In order to do so, we exploit the Gibbons-Werner method to the optical geometry of Horndeski black hole and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to accomplish the deflection angle of light in weak field region. Furthermore, we have endeavored to extend the scale of our work by comprising the impact of plasma medium on the deflection angle as properly. Later, the graphical influence of the deflection angle of photon on Horndeski black hole in plasma and non-plasma medium is examined.

This article will continue ansatz gage matrix of Iyer Markoulakis Helmholtz Hamiltonian mechanics points’ fields gage to Pauli Dirac monopole particle fields ansatz gage general formalism at Planck level, by constructing a Pauli Dirac Planck circuit matrix field gradient of particle monopole flow loop. This circuit assembly gage (PDPcag) that maybe operating at the quantum level, demonstrates the power of point fields matrix theoretical quantum general formalism of Iyer Markoulakis Helmholtz Hamiltonian mechanics transformed to Coulomb gage metrics, to form eigenvector fields of magnetic monopoles as well as electron positron particle gage metrics fields. Eigenvector calculations performed based on Iyer Markoulakis quantum general formalism are substituted for gage values of typical eigenvectors of dipolar magnetically biased monopoles with their conjugate eigenvectors, as well as eigenvector fields that are of the electron and positron particles. Then they are compiled to form combinatorial eigenvector matrix bundle of the monopole particle circuit field constructs assembly. Evaluation of this monopole particle fields matrix provided eigenvector fields results like SUSY, having Hermitian quantum matrix with electron-positron annihilation alongside north and south monopoles collapsing to dipolar “stable” magnetism, representing electromagnetic gaging typical metrics fields. Applying experimental observations on magnetic poles with measuring magnetic forces John Hodge’s results were showing asymmetrical pole forces; author has mathematically constructed asymmetric\strings\gage\metrics to characterize electromagnetic gravity, putting together while integrating with stringmetrics gravity that author has been reporting in earlier published articles. Physical Analysis with generalization of mass-charge and charge-fields gage metrics to quantum relativity gage metrics fields are proposed based on author’s proof formalism paper providing derivational algorithmic steps, to determine gage parametric values within the equation of Coulomb gage. Vortex fields’ wavefunctions and the scalar potential characterized by a function and a coupling constant having quantum density matrix together define the gage metrics quantifiable observable measurement physics of electron-positron cross-diagonal fields; contrastingly, diagonal terms of PDPcag matrix characterizes electron-positron particle eigenvector fields, while Hilbert Higgs mass metrics characterizes eigen-matter. Author is already working with Christopher O’Neill about magic square symmetry configurations to quantitatively understand symmetry, structure, and the real space geometry that are expected to form out of vacuum quanta point fields’ quantitative quantum general formalism theory of Iyer Markoulakis. In addition, author is currently collaborating with Manuel Malaver’s astrophysical Einstein Minkowski modified space time metrics evaluations of the sense-time-space relativistic general metrics to have means to account for curving or shaping of spacetime topology of a five-dimensional sense-time-space. Manuel Malaver’s specialization with modified Einstein Maxwell equations for modeling galaxies and stars cosmological physics, utilizing Einstein-Maxwell-Tolman- Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström spacetime and black holes theoretical formalisms have author of this paper collaboratively model quantum astrophysics of dark energy Star’s theory with Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity equations.

In this article, we calculate the deflection angle of tidal charged black hole (TCBH) in weak field limits. First we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and then apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on it. With the help of Gibbons-Werner method, we are able to calculate the light's deflection angle by TCBH in weak field limits. After calculating the deflection angle of light, we check the graphical behavior of TCBH. Moreover, we further find the light's deflection angle in the presence of plasma medium and also check the graphical behavior in the presence of plasma medium. Moreover, we investigate the shadow of TCBH.For calculating the shadow, we first find the null geodesics around the TCBH and then find its shadow radius. We also obtain TCBH's shadow in the plasma medium. Hence, we discuss the shadow of the TCBH using the $M87^{*}$ parameters announced by the Event Horizon Telescope.

In this paper, we analyze the Hawking radiation phenomenon for types of Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli-like (BTZ-like) black holes. For this purpose, using the Hamilton-Jacobi method, we consider semi-classical WKB approximation to calculate the tunneling probabilities of massive boson particles. For these particles, we use the equation of motion for the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model. Using quantum tunneling process of charged massive bossons, we compute the corresponding Hawking temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of rotation parameter on tunneling probability and temperature.

Stenting is a common method for treating atherosclerosis. A metal or polymer stent is deployed to open the stenosed artery or vein. After the stent is deployed, the blood flow dynamics influence the mechanics by compressing and expanding the structure. If the stent does not respond properly to the resulting stress, vascular wall injury or re-stenosis can occur. In this work, Discrete Multiphysics is used to study the mechanical deformation of the coronary stent and its relationship with the blood flow dynamics. The major parameters responsible for deforming the stent are sort in terms of dimensionless numbers and a relationship between the elastic forces in the stent and pressure forces in the fluid is established. The blood flow and the stiffness of the stent material contribute significantly to the stent deformation and affect the rate of deformation. The stress distribution in the stent is not uniform with the higher stresses occurring at the nodes of the structure.

The steady-state multiplicity of the porous, non-isothermal, catalyst pellet when two parallel and consecutive chemical reactions take place was analysed in this work. The geometry selected for the catalyst pellet is finite hollow cylinder. A numerical multigrid continuation technique with the preconditioned conjugate gradient squared as coarse grid solver was used. The continuation parameter is the dimensionless adiabatic heat rise (Prater number) for the first chemical reaction. The effect of the other governing parameters was analysed and the results are compared to those provided by the single chemical reaction.

We explore the possibility to nd the usual quantum theories, within the formulation of a classic theory of mechanics in C⁴. Specically, by releasing the end-point of the integral of the action derived in C⁴, we derive the dynamic path length of the geodesic equation in C⁴. In the at case, the derived Hamilton-Jacobi equations, were identied as the usual Klein-Gordon equation, where the complex functional action S(z_i), is identied as the usual complex scalar field φ. Afterwards, we study the energy-momentum 4-d complex vector, in order to re-establish the usual covariant derivative of gauge theories.

This paper describes the packaging models that are fundamental for the design of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), and their evolution. They are divided into two large groups: continuous and discrete models. The latter are those that provide the best answer in obtaining an adequate simulation of the packing of the particles up to nanometric size. This includes the interaction among the particles by means of loosening and wall coefficients, allowing a simulation of the virtual and real compactness of such particles. In addition, a relationship between virtual and real compactness is obtained, through the compaction index, which may simulate the energy of compaction that the particles undergo in their placement in the mold. The use of last-generation additives allows such models to be implemented with water-cement (w/c) ratios close to 0.18. However, the premise of maximum packing as a basic pillar for the production of UHPC should not be the only one. The cement hydration process affected by nanoadditions and the ensuing effectiveness in the properties in both fresh and hardened state according to the respective percentages in the mixture should also be studied. An adequate ratio and proportion of these additions may lead to an obtaining of better results even with lower levels of compactness.

Current numerical methods for simulating biophysical processes in aquatic environments are typically constructed in a grid-based Eulerian framework or as an individual-based model in a particle-based Lagrangian framework. Often, the biogeochemical processes and physical (hydrodynamic) processes occur at different time and space scales, and changes in biological processes do not affect the hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an alternative strategy to grid-based approaches for linking hydrodynamic and biogeochemical models that can significantly improve computational efficiency for this type of linked biophysical model. In this work, we utilize a new technique which links hydrodynamic effects and biological processes through a property-carrying particle model (PCPM) in a Lagrangian/Eulerian framework. The model is tested in idealized cases and its utility is demonstrated in a practical application to Sandusky Bay. Results show the integration of Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches allows for a natural coupling of mass transport (represented by particle movements and random walk) and biological processes in water columns which is described by a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus (NPZD) biological model. This method is far more efficient than traditional tracer based Eulerian biophysical models for 3-D simulation, particularly for a large domain and/or ensemble simulations.

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the angular one. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and chargeparity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics and that its measurement requires different instrumentation. A proposal has been described how to prove or disprove its existence by experiment. Moreover, by reference from literature, the possible impact is discussed in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

Radiotherapy using accelerated charged particles is rapidly growing worldwide. About 85% of the cancer patients receiving particle therapy is irradiated with protons, which have physical advantages compared to X-rays but similar biological response. In addition to the ballistic advantages, heavy ions present specific radiobiological features that can make them attractive for treating radioresistant, hypoxic tumors. An ideal heavy ion should have lower toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue), and being exquisitely effective in the target region (tumor). Carbon ions have been chosen because they represent the best combination in this direction. Normal tissue toxicities and second cancer risk are similar to those observed in conventional radiotherapy. In the target region, they have increased relative biological effectiveness and reduced oxygen enhancement ratio compared to X-rays. Some radiobiology properties of densely ionizing carbon ions are so distinct from X-rays and protons that they can be considered as a different “drug” in oncology, and may elicit favorable responses such as increased immune response and reduced angiogenesis and metastatic potential. The radiobiological properties of carbon ions should guide patient selection and treatment protocols to achieve optimal clinical results.

In plants, water flows are the major driving force behind the growth and play a crucial role in the life cycle. To study hydrodynamics, methods based on tracking small particles inside water flows occupy a special place. Due to these tools, it is possible to get information about the dynamics of the spatial distribution of the fluxes characteristics. In this paper, using contrast-enhanced MRI, we have shown that gadolinium chelate, used as an MRI contrast agent, marks the structural characteristics of xylem bundles of maize stem nodes and internodes. Supplementing MRI data, a high-precision visualization of xylem vessels by laser scanning microscopy was used to reveal structural and dimensional characteristics of the stem vascular system. In addition, we proposed the concept of using the prototype "Y-type xylem vascular bundles" as a model of the elementary connection of vessels within the vascular system. A Reynolds number can match the microchannel model with the real xylem vessels.

The effect of divergence of chute sidewalls with three different baffle block geometries namely USBR, trihedral and semicircular blocks, as well as the depth and dimensions of the scour hole downstream of the chute were studied using a physical model. For this purpose, 9 models of baffled chutes were designed and constructed with divergence ratios of 1.45, 1.75, and 2.45 and without divergence (with a divergence ratio of 1). Comparing the results on the effect of block geometry at different divergence ratios revealed that the use of blocks proposed in this study instead of standard USBR blocks reduced the mean and maximum scour hole by 50%. For a given block geometry, the mean depth, maximum depth, and length of scour hole were reduced by 75%, 58%, and 50%, respectively.

Gravitational waves have been detected in the past few years from several transient events such as merging stellar mass black holes, binary neutron stars, etc. These waves have frequencies in a band ranging from a few hundred hertz to around a kilohertz to which LIGO type instruments are sensitive. LISA would be sensitive to much lower range of frequencies from SMBH mergers. Apart from these cataclysmic burst events, there are innumerable sources of radiation which are continuously emitting gravitational waves of all frequencies. These include a whole mass range of compact binary and isolated compact objects as well as close planetary stellar entities. In this work, quantitative estimates are made of the gravitational wave background produced in typical frequency ranges from such sources emitting over a Hubble time and the fluctuations in the h values measured in the usual devices. Also estimates are made of the high frequency thermal background gravitational radiation from hot stellar interiors and newly formed compact objects.

Current dry powder formulations for inhalation deposit a large fraction of their emitted dose in the upper respiratory tract where they contribute to off-target adverse effects and variability in lung delivery. The purpose of current study is to design a new formulation concept that more effectively targets inhaled dry powders to the large and small airways. The formulations are based on adhesive mixtures of drug nanoparticles and nanoleucine carrier particles prepared by spray drying of a co-suspension of leucine and drug particles from a nonsolvent. The physicochemical and aerosol properties of the resulting formulations are presented. The formulations achieve 93% lung delivery in the Alberta Idealized Throat model that is independent of inspiratory flow rate and relative humidity. Largely eliminating URT deposition with a particle size larger than solution pMDIs is expected to improve delivery to the large and small airways, while minimizing alveolar deposition and particle exhalation.

The availability of high quality surface observations of precipitation and volume observations by polarimetric operational radars make it possible to constrain, evaluate and validate numerical models with a wide variety of microphysical schemes. In this article, a novel particle-based Monte-Carlo microphysical model (called “McSnow”) is used to simulate the outer rain bands of Hurricane Dorian which traversed the densely instrumented precipitation research facility operated by NASA at Wallops Island, Virginia. The rain bands showed steady stratiform vertical profiles with radar signature of dendritic growth layers near −15 °C and peak reflectivity in the bright band of 55 dBZ along with polarimetric signatures of wet snow with sizes inferred to exceed 15 mm. A 2D-video disdrometer measured frequent occurrences of large drops &gt;5 mm and combined with an optical array probe the drop size distribution was well-documented in spite of uncertainty for drops &lt;0.5 mm due to high wind gusts and turbulence. The 1D McSnow control run and four numerical “experiments” were conducted and compared with observations. One of the main findings is that even at the moderate rain rate of 10 mm/h collisional breakup is essential for the shape of the drop size distribution.

The objective of this study was to investigate successional changes in water flow as a result of changes in soil hydraulic properties after crop abandonment under drought and non-drought conditions, and under water uptake by co-occurring perennial plant species to clarify the observation that typical perennial grass species are seldom observed in abandoned fields. Soil hydraulic properties were measured in croplands which had been abandoned for different periods (2, 9, and 18 years from abandonment) and in a grazed grassland site. Hydrological processes in the soil profiles were simulated with soil hydraulic properties under drought and non-drought summer conditions with water uptake from perennial grass species Suction in the surface soils increased with the period of abandonment, with this trend being particularly obvious in a drought year. Available water appears to be restricted in the later successional stage of abandoned fields and in grazed grassland for plants that have drought tolerance. Dry soil and climate conditions are important factors determining the intrusion of the typical perennial grass, S. krylovii, into degraded abandoned fields. This abiotic interaction between soil hydraulic properties and climate conditions may play an important role for plant succession in abandoned cropland.

This study aims to model grinding of a Polish slag and evaluate the particle size distributions of the products obtained after different grinding times. Then, selected products were alkali activated in order to investigate the effect of particle size on the compressive strength of the produced alkali activated materials (AAMs). Other parameters affecting alkali activation, i.e. temperature, curing and ageing time were also examined. Among the different mathematical models used to simulate the particle size distribution, Rosin-Rammler (RR) was found to be the most suitable. When piecewise regression analysis was applied to experimental data it was found that the particle size distribution of the slag products exhibits multi fractal character. In addition, grinding of slag exhibits non-first-order behavior and the reduction rate of each size is time dependent. The grinding rate and consequently the grinding efficiency increases when the particle size increases, but drops sharply near zero after prolonged grinding periods. Regarding alkali activation, it is deduced that among the parameters studied, particle size (and the respective specific surface area) of the raw slag product and curing temperature have the most noticeable impact on the compressive strength of the produced AAMs.

Single particle tracking (SPT) is a powerful class of methods for studying the dynamics of biomolecules inside living cells. The techniques reveal the trajectories of individual particles, with a resolution well below the diffraction limit of light, and from them the parameters defining the motion model, such as diffusion coefficients and confinement lengths. Most existing algorithms assume these parameters are constant throughout an experiment. However, it has been demonstrated that they often vary with time as the tracked particles move through different regions in the cell or as conditions inside the cell change in response to stimuli. In this work, we propose an estimation algorithm to determine time-varying parameters of systems that discretely switch between different linear models of motion with Gaussian noise statistics, covering dynamics such as diffusion, directed motion, and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dynamics. Our algorithm consists of three stages. In the first stage, we use a sliding window approach, combined with Expectation Maximization (EM) to determine maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters as a function of time. These results are only used to roughly estimate the number of model switches that occur in the data to guide the selection of algorithm parameters in the second stage. In the second stage, we use change detection (CD) techniques to identify where the models switch, taking advantage of the off-line nature of the analysis of SPT data to create non-causal algorithms with better precision than a purely causal approach. Finally, we apply EM to each set of data between the change points to determine final parameter estimates. We demonstrate our approach using experimental data generated in the lab under controlled conditions.

In this study, a simple and direct numerical scheme is proposed for the similarity solution of Smoluchowski coagulation equation based on Taylor series expansion method of moment. The results show that the present method is convergence with high accuracy by comparison with previous work in the literatures.

The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method has been developed in order to investigate microscopic phenomena, and with the advances of computing power, newly developed codes have been used for several fields such as astrophysical, magnetospheric, and solar plasmas. PIC applications have grown extensively with large computing powers available on supercomputers such as Pleiades and Blue Waters in the US. For astrophysical plasma research PIC methods have been utilized for several topics such as reconnection, pulsar dynamics, non-relativistic shocks, relativistic shocks, relativistic jets, etc. PIC simulations of relativistic jets have been reviewed with the emphasis on the physics involved in the simulations. This review summarizes PIC simulations, starting with the Weibel instability in slab models of jets, and then focuses on global jet evolution in helical magnetic field geometry. In particular we address kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and mushroom instabilities.

Nowadays, model checking is applied as an accurate technique to verify software systems. The main problem of model checking techniques is the state space explosion. This problem occurs due to the exponential memory usage by the model checker. In this situation, using meta-heuristic and evolutionary algorithms to search for a state in which a property is satisfied/violated is a promising solution. Recently, different evolutionary algorithms like GA, PSO, etc. are applied to find deadlock state. Even though useful, most of them are concentrated on finding deadlock. This paper proposes a fuzzy algorithm in order to analyze reachability properties in systems specified through GTS with enormous state space. To do so, we first extend the existing PSO algorithm (for checking deadlocks) to analyze reachability properties. Then, to increase the accuracy, we employ a Fuzzy adaptive PSO algorithm to determine which state and path should be explored in each step to find the corresponding reachable state. These two approaches are implemented in an open-source toolset for designing and model checking GTS called GROOVE. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that the hybrid fuzzy approach improves speed and accuracy in comparison with other techniques based on meta-heuristic algorithms such as GA and the hybrid of PSO-GSA in analyzing reachability properties.

Plastics are naturally hydrophobic materials so, in order to employ flotation for the separation of plastic mixtures, the use of appropriate wetting agents is mandatory. In this work, the effect of pretreatment with alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide on the floatability of four plastics (PET, PS, PMMA and PVC) was studied. The influence of NaOH concentration, treatment time and temperature of the alkaline solution, and influence of particle size was analyzed. Results showed that alkaline treatment had a strong effect on PET floatability, some effect on floatability of PMMA and PVC and no effect on floatability of PS. Plastics floatability decreased with the increase of NaOH concentration, temperature and treatment time of the alkaline solution. Based on flotation behavior of simple plastics, flotation separation after alkaline treatment of bi-component mixtures of PET with PS and PVC was achieved efficiently. The best separation was obtained for PET/PS mixture, a floated with a grade of 98% in PS and a sunk with a grade of 100% in PET. PET/PMMA mixture led to the worst separation. For PET/PMMA and PET/PVC mixtures, flotation separation improved with the decrease of the particles size.

In the first part of this talk we review some prerequisites for and essential arguments involved in the construction of the thermal-ground-state estimate for the deconfining phase in the thermodynamics of SU(2) Quantum Yang-Mills theory and how this structure supports its distinct excitations. The second part applies deconfining SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics to the Cosmic Microwave Background in view of (i) a modified temperature-redshift relation with an interesting link to correlation-length criticality in the 3D Ising model, (ii) the implied minimal changes in the dark sector of the cosmological model, and (iii) best-fit parameter values of this model when confronted with the spectra of the angular two-point functions TT, TE, and EE, excluding the low-$l$ physics. The latter, which is treated in an incomplete way because of the omission of radiative effects, is addressed in passing towards future work.

In this part of the two-part series of essays, we first derive some equations for further physical redshift distances. We then analyze a catalog with 132,975 quasars, for which both the apparent magnitude m and the redshift z are given, in order to find the today’s value of the parameter β₀ of the theory presented. We then use this value to determine the today’s value of the radius R_0a of the Friedmann sphere using a magnitude redshift diagram of 19 SNIa. With the help of the known values of R_0a and β₀, statements about astrophysical data from the black hole in the galaxy M87 can be made. In addition, the today’s Hubble parameter H₀ results from both parameters. Furthermore, we calculate the values of the further physical redshift distances for the black hole in M87 and all 19 SNIa. The resulting parameter values are: β₀ ≈ 0.731, R_0a ≈ 2,712.48 Mpc and H₀ ≈ 65.638 km / (s ∙ Mpc). The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere is ρ₀ ≈ 4.843 x 10^-27 g / cm 3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we find M_FK ≈ 1.206 x 10⁵⁶ g. Annotation: Knowledge of the first part [1] of the series of articles is a prerequisite for understanding this article.

As currently understood, the Dirac theory employs a 4 x1 type wavefunction. This 4x1 Dirac wavefunction is acted upon by a 4x4 Dirac Hamiltonian operator, in which process, four independent particle solutions result. Insofar as the real physical meaning and distinction of these four solutions, it is not clear what these solutions really mean. We demonstrate herein that these four independent particle solutions can be brought together under a single roof wherein the Dirac wavefunction takes a new form as a 4x4 wavefunction. In this new formation of the Dirac wavefunction, these four particle solutions precipitate into three distinct and mutuality dependent particles that are eternally bound in the same region of space. Given that Quarks are readily found in a mysterious threesome cohabitation-state eternally bound inside the Proton and Neutron, we make the suggestion that these Dirac particles might be Quarks. For the avoidance of speculation, we do not herein explore this idea further but merely present it as a very interesting idea worthy of further investigation. We however must say that, in the meantime, we are looking further into this very interesting idea, with the hope of making inroads in the immediate future.

This paper uncovers that quantum uncertain principle makes the single particle with global property have no certain path, and then wave of quantum particle can simultaneously do pass the double slits. The two subwaves after passing Young’s double slits are entanglement, they may form interference of subwaves. Consequently, we find a kind of quantum probabilistic entanglements with Wheeler's delayed choice. Quantum particles such as photons, electrons, neutrons, protons etc mean that wave of the quantum particle can simultaneously do pass through Young's double slits, rather than individual quantum particle may pass through Young's double slits at the same time. When considering wave property, we cannot consider particle property (Just as in the photoelectric effect, considering the particle nature of the system, people cannot consider wave property, otherwise the photoelectric effect cannot appear). Therefore, this paper discovers that the ability of single photon to hit electrons out in photoelectric effect is complementarily equivalent to the ability of wave of the single photon to simultaneously pass through Young's double slits in wave-particle duality. Objective criteria for distinguishing classical and quantum particles are discovered and objectively give the applicable realm of quantum mechanics for the first time. The crisis of the single particle’s simultaneously passing through Young's double slits, which has been plaguing physicists in the whole world up to now for decades, is solved, in which the studies are classified as classical and quantum particles, the classical particle and quantum particle wave cannot and can pass the Young’s slits, respectively. This paper discovers both the new physics mechanism of passing the double slits of the wave with the amplitude of 4-dimensional momentum representation wave function reflecting particle nature and the principle of self-adaptive emergence of wave-particle duality, and then using the principle, this paper gives both direct explanations to the current experiments and new predictions of new some experiments for wave-particle duality. All the deduced results here are consistent with all relevant physics experiments.

Low-cost particle sensors are now used worldwide to monitor outdoor air quality. However, they have only been in wide use for a few years. Are they reliable? Does their performance deteriorate over time? Are the algorithms for calculating PM2.5 provided by the Plantower company for PurpleAir monitors accurate? We investigate these questions using continuous measurements of four monitors (8 sensors) under normal conditions inside and outside a home for 1.5-3 years. A recently-developed algorithm (called ALT-CF3) is compared to the two existing Plantower algorithms. The Plantower CF1 algorithm was shown to lose 25-50% of all indoor data due to the questionable practice of assigning zero to all concentrations below a threshold. None of these data were lost using the ALT-CF3 algorithm. About 92% of all data showed precision better than 20% using the ALT-CF3 algorithm, but only about 45-75% of data achieved that level using the Plantower CF1 algorithm. The limits of detection (LODs) using the ALT-CF3 algorithm were mostly under 1 ug/m3, compared to about 3-10 ug/m3 using the Plantower CF1 algorithm. The percent of observations exceeding the LOD was 53-92% for the ALT-CF3 algorithm, but only 16-44% for the Plantower CF1 algorithm. For indoor air in homes, the Plantower algorithms are inappropriate.

Of all the renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaic (PV) power is estimated to be a popular source due to several advantages such as its free availability, absence of rotating parts, integration to building such as rooftops, and less maintenance cost. The nonlinear current-voltage (I–V) characteristics and power generated from a PV array primarily depend on solar insolation/irradiation and panel temperature. The extracted PV output power is influenced by the accuracy with which the nonlinear power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve is traced by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. In this paper, a bio-inspired roach infestation optimization (RIO) algorithm is proposed to extract the maximum power from the PV system (PVS). To validate the usefulness of the RIO MPPT algorithm, MATLAB/Simulink simulations are performed under varying environmental conditions, for example, step changes in solar irradiance, and partial shading of the PV array. Furthermore, the search performance of the RIO algorithm is examined on different unconstrained benchmark functions, and it is that realized that the RIO algorithm has improved convergence characteristics in terms of finding the optimal solution than Particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results demonstrated that the RIO-based MPPT performs remarkably in tracking with high accuracy as the PSO-based MPPT.

There are unsolved problems related to inflation, gravity, dark matter, dark energy, missing antimatter, and the birth of the universe. Some of them can be better answered by assuming the existence of aether and hypoatoms. Both were created during the inflation in the very early universe. While aether forms vacuum, hypoatoms, composed of both matter and antimatter and believed to be neutrinos, form all observable matter. In vacuum, aether exists between the particle-antiparticle dark matter form and the dark energy form in a dynamic equilibrium: A + A-bar = gamma + gamma. The same reaction stabilizes hypoatoms and generates a 3-dimensional sink flow of aether that causes gravity. Based on the hypoatom structure, the singularity does not exist inside a black hole; the core of the black hole is a hypoatom star or neutrino star. By gaining enough mass, ca. 3 X 10²² M_sun, to exceed neutrino degeneracy pressure, the black hole collapses or annihilates into the singularity, thus turning itself into a white hole or a Big Bang. The universe is anisotropic. Its center, or where the Big Bang happened, is at 0.66^+0.03_-0.01 times the radius of the observable universe at Galactic coordinates (l, b) = (286⁺¹⁰_-10, -43⁺⁷_-6). If we look from the Local Group to the center of the universe, the universe is rotating clockwise.

Ammonia (NH3), the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays a significant role in PM2.5 formation, atmospheric chemistry, and new particle formation. This paper reviews quantification of [NH3] through measurements, satellite-remote-sensing, and modeling reported in over 500 publications towards synthesizing current knowledge of [NH3], focusing on spatiotemporal variations, controlling processes, and quantification issues. Most measurements are through regional passive sampler networks. [NH3] hotspots are typically over agricultural regions like the Midwest US and North China Plain, with elevated concentrations reaching monthly averages of 20 and 74 ppbv, respectively. Topographical effects dramatically increase [NH3] over the Indo-Gangetic Plains, North India and San Joaquin Valley, US. Measurements are sparse over oceans, where [NH3] ≈ few tens of ppbv, variations of which can affect aerosol formation. Satellite-remote-sensing (AIRS, CrIS, IASI, TANSO-FTS, TES) provides global [NH3] quantification in the column and at surface since 2002. Modeling is crucial for improving understanding of NH3 chemistry and transport, its spatiotemporal variations, source apportionment, exploring physicochemical mechanisms, and predicting future scenarios. GEOS-Chem (global) and FRAME (UK) models are commonly applied for this. A synergistic approach of measurements↔satellite-inference↔modeling is needed towards improved understanding of atmospheric ammonia, of concern from the standpoint of human health and the ecosystem.

The snow melt from the High Atlas is a critical water resource in Morocco. In spite of its importance, monitoring the spatio-temporal evolution of key snow cover properties like the snow water equivalent remains challenging due to the lack of in situ measurements at high elevation. Since 2015, the Sentinel-2 mission provides high spatial resolution images with a 5 day revisit time, which offers new opportunities to characterize snow cover distribution in mountain regions. Here we present a new data assimilation scheme to estimate the state of the snowpack without in situ data. The model was forced using MERRA-2 data and a particle filter was developed to dynamically reduce the biases in temperature and precipitation using Sentinel-2 observations of the snow cover area. The assimilation scheme was implemented using SnowModel, a distributed energy-balance snowpack model and tested in a pilot catchment in the High Atlas. The study period covers 2015-2016 snow season which corresponds to the first operational year of Sentinel-2A, therefore the full revisit capacity was not yet achieved. Yet, we show that the data assimilation led to a better agreement with independent observations of the snow height at an automatic weather station and the snow cover extent from MODIS. The performance of the data assimilation scheme should benefit from the continuous improvements in MERRA-2 reanalyses and the full revisit capacity of Sentinel-2.

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the one associated with the angular momentum. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics. The analysis has resulted into the identification of a third type Dirac particle, next to the electron type and the Majorana particle. It is shown that, unlike as in the case of the electron type, its second anomalous dipole moment is real valued and is therefore subject to polarization in a vector field. Examples are given that it may have a possible impact in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

The dynamics of a low-energy charged particle in an axis-symmetric magnetic field is known to be a regular superposition of periodic–although possibly incommensurate–motions. The projection of the particle orbit along the two non-ignorable coordinates (x,y) may be expressed in terms of each other: y=y(x), yet–to our knowledge–such a functional relation has never been directly produced in literature, but only by way of a detour: first, equations of motion are solved, yielding x=x(t),y=y(t), and then one of the two relations is inverted, x(t)→t(x). In this paper we present a closed-form functional relation which allows to express coordinates of the particle’ orbit without the need to pass through the hourly law of motion.

The structure of existing activated models is inherently deficient in reflecting the major role of the membrane filtration. This study developed and proposed a novel model, MASM, for the membrane activated process. The effective filtration size imposed by the membrane module, entrapping larger size particles was adopted as the basis of the proposed model. The model defined a modified COD fractionation, accounting for the captured COD fractions as additional model components and utilizing related mass balance relationships. It was implemented for testing the fate of soluble hydrolysable COD and system performance of super-fast membrane activated sludge based on real data for the characterization and process kinetics of domestic sewage and denim processing effluents. Model evaluation was carried for parallel systems with gravity settling and membrane filtration operated at a sludge age range of 0.5-2.0 d. Results reflected significantly better performance of super-fast membrane activated sludge system for both wastewaters, underlining that it was crucially important to account for the captured COD fractions to provide an accurate evaluation of system behavior and effluent quality. This should also be identified as the major shortcoming of the ASM models for evaluating and predicting system performance of activated sludge configurations with membrane separation.

This paper gives both a general canonical quantum gravity theory and the general canonical quantum gravity theories of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers the relations reflecting symmetric properties of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the canonical quantization of the standard gravity.

A black hole in a Schwarzschild spacetime is considered. A transformation is proposed that describes the relationship between the coordinate systems exterior and interior to an event horizon. Application of this transformation permits considerations of the (a)symmetry of a range of phenomena taking place on both sides of the event horizon. The paper investigates two distinct problems of a uniformly accelerated particle. In one of these, although the equations of motion are the same in the regions on both sides, the solutions turn out to be very different. This manifests the differences of the properties of these two ranges.

In this article, Planck star and remnant scenario i.e., solution of black hole information paradox in loop quantum gravity (LQG) are elaborated. Since, Black hole is the final fate of collapse scenario in general relativity; firstly, gravitational collapse with two possible final outcomes i.e., black hole and naked singularity, is outlined. Thereafter, black hole thermodynamics along with four laws of black hole thermodynamics, Hawking radiation, brief introduction to information theory and cause of information paradox are given. Then, solution of black hole information paradox outside the LQG are briefly explained. Thereafter, basic concepts of LQG along with loop quantum cosmology (LQC) are described. LQG can solve information paradox by its natural cut off on the value of quantum volume operator. In LQG, a star namely, Planck star is also proposed that is formed at Planck density and resides at so-called singularity point. Since, LQG removes singularity through big bounce and proposes Planck star which provides enough room for information to escape; hence, it can solve information paradox. LQG predicts remnant of black hole of the order of \(10^{-14} m\); which, is under current technological regime. In the remnant scenario, black hole makes quantum transition into white hole and this white hole behaves as a long lived remnants that can solve information paradox. In this quantum transition, a black hole tunnels into a white hole at the end of evaporation.

A practical wind farm controller for production maximisation based on coordinated control is presented. The farm controller emphasises computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. The controller combines Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) with a turbulence intensity based Jensen wake model (TI-JM) for exploiting the benefits of either curtailing upstream turbines using coefficient of power ($C_P$) or deflecting wakes by applying yaw-offsets for maximising net farm production. First, TI-JM is evaluated using convention control benchmarking WindPRO and real time SCADA data from three operating wind farms. Then the optimized strategies are evaluated using simulations based on TI-JM and PSO. The innovative control strategies can optimise a medium size wind farm, Lillgrund consisting of 48 wind turbines, requiring less than 50 seconds for a single simulation, increasing farm efficiency up to a maximum of 6% in full wake conditions.

The non-symmetrical collapse of an empty cylindrical cavity is modelled using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The presence of a nearby surface produces an anisotropic pressure field generating a high velocity jet that hits the surface. The collapse follows a different dynamic based to the initial distance between the centre of the cavity and the surface. When the distance is greater than the cavity radius (detached cavity) the surface is hit by travelling shock waves. When the distance is less than the cavity radius (attached cavity) the surface is directly hit by the jet and later by other shock waves generated in the last stages of the of the collapse. The results show that the surface is hit by a stronger shock when distance between the centre of the cavity and the surface is zero while showing more complex double peaks behaviour for other distances.

The principal objective of this project is to investigate the gravitational lensing by asymptotically flat black holes in the framework of Horndeski theory in weak field limits. To achieve this objective, we utilize the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to the optical geometry of asymptotically flat black holes and applying the Gibbons-Werner technique to achieve the deflection angle of photons in weak field limits. Subsequently, we manifest the influence of plasma medium on deflection of photons by asymptotically flat black holes in the context of Horndeski theory. We also examine the graphical impact of deflection angle on asymptotically flat black holes in the background of Horndeski theory in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

A thin-shell wormhole is crafted by the cut-and-paste method of two Bardeen de-Sitter black holes using Darmois-Israel formalism. Energy conditions are considered for different values of magnetic charge while both mass and cosmological constant are fixed. The attractive and repulsive characteristics of the throat of the thin-shell wormhole are also examined through the radial acceleration. Dynamics and stability of the wormhole are studied around the static solutions of the linearized radial perturbations at the throat of the wormhole. The regions of stability are determined by checking out the condition of concavity of the potential as a function in the throat radius for different values of magnetic charges.

Double suction centrifugal pump installed along the Yellow River faces the serious sediment erosion due to the high sediment content which cause the poor operation efficiency of pump unit. The particle motion characteristics and erosion characteristics in the pump under different flow rates and different particle concentrations were numerically simulated based on the particle track model of solid-liquid two-phase flow. The results show that the flow rate has a significant effect on the particle tracks and the erosion caused by the particles in the impeller. The total erosion rate is positively correlated with the flow rate, and increases with the increase of flow rate. The vortex and secondary flow in the impeller have obvious influence on the particle trajectory, which increases the particle concentration at the trailing edge of the pressure surface and intensifies the impact erosion in this area. The particles carried by the vortex intensifies the local erosion. The particle concentration mainly affects the erosion rate, but has little effect on the erosion position. The in-fluence of flow rate on the pump erosion is greater than that of the particle properties. These results provide a reference for optimization of the design of anti-erosion blades of the double-suction pump and regulation-operation of pumping station.

The proximal part of the colon offers opportunities to prolong the absorption window following oral administration of a drug. In this work, we used computer simulations to understand how the hydrodynamics in the proximal colon might affect the release from dosage forms designed to target the colon. For this purpose, we developed and compared three different models: a completely-filled colon, a partially-filled colon and a partially-filled colon with a gaseous phase present (gas-liquid model).The highest velocities of the liquid were found in the completely-filled model, which also shows the best mixing profile, defined by the distribution of tracking particles over time. No significant differences with regard to the mixing and velocity profiles were found between the partially-filled model and the gas-liquid model. The fastest transit time of an undissolved tablet was found in the completely-filled model. The velocities of the liquid in the gas-liquid model are slightly higher along the colon than in the partially-filled model. The filling level has an impact on the exsisting shear forces and shear rates, which are decisive factors in the development of new drugs and formulations.

A dark region and a bright part of accretion disk are viewed on the first image of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87 obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope. We demonstrate that a viewed dark region is a silhouette of the black hole event horizon, while the outline (contour) of this silhouette is an equator of the event horizon globe. A dark silhouette of the black hole event horizon is placed within the expected position of the black hole shadow, which is not revealed on the first image. We calculate numerically a relation between the viewed position of the black hole silhouette and the brightest point in a thin accretion disk in dependence of the black hole spin. A spin of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87, derived from this relation, is $a=0.75\pm0.15$.

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality that sensitively and specifically detects superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Many labs have been developing cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tools using both SPIONs and fluorine-19 (19F)-based contrast agents for numerous important applications, including tracking of immune and stem cells used for cellular therapies. SPION-based MRI cell tracking has very high sensitivity, but low specificity. SPIONs produce negative contrast in MRI, or signal voids. SPIO is not directly detected by MRI, but indirectly through its relaxation effects on protons, therefore, it is not possible to reliably quantify the local tissue concentration of SPION particles and cell number cannot be determined. 19F based cell tracking uses perfluorocarbons (PFC) to label cells. The number of 19F atoms can be directly measured from 19F MR images and related to cell number. 19F MRI has high specificity, but low sensitivity. MPI cell tracking displays great potential for overcoming the challenges of MRI-based cell tracking allowing for both high cellular sensitivity and high specificity and quantification of SPIO labeled cell number. In this paper we describe nanoparticle and MPI system factors that influence MPI sensitivity and resolution, quantification methods and give our perspective on testing and applying MPI for cell tracking.

This paper presents a multifunctional reflective digital metasurface of arbitrary base based on voltage tunable liquid crystal (LC). The reflective digital metamaterial can be multiplexed for different desirable functions by properly biasing the LC for different code patterns. Simulation results of three significant functions, beam steering with a steering elevation angle 27° at 75 GHz, RCS reduction of at least 15dB along the incident direction, and beam shaping with different beam shapes have been presented to prove the concept.

In 2011, by 1.3 mm wavelength VLBI radio wave observations of the SgrA*, Fish, V. L. et al showed that the emissions tightly related to the formation of a black hole shadow have a remarkably large time-varying feature within a region of less than 50 μas. The present paper suggests that the origin of the time variation in the observed emission is due to effects of the orbital motion of the existing super-massive black hole binary orbiting at SgrA* with a period of 2150±2.5 s. This suggestion is based on observations of decameter radio wave pulses from SgrA*. We show a good correlation between the time variation in the coherent flux density of the VLBI results and the time variation model of estimated emission intensities based on the periodic motion of the super-massive black hole binary by applying parameters deduced from the decameter radio wave pulse observation model (DRWP-Model). With further confirmation by Fourier analyses of the potential periodicity of the VLBI data that show the same periods of DRWP Model, we conclude that the time variation detected by the 1.3 mm wavelength radio wave VLBI is evidence of an existing super-massive black hole at Sgr A*.

It has been known that the performance of the High-Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) varies as a function of method used to confine laterally the rolls, their diameter/length (aspect) ratio as well as their condition, if new or worn. However, quantifying these effects through direct experimentation in machines with reasonably large dimensions is not straightforward given the challenge, among others, of guaranteeing that the feed material remains unchanged. The present work couples the discrete element method (DEM) to multibody dynamics (MBD) and a novel particle replacement model (PRM) to simulate the performance of pilot-scale HPGRs grinding pellet feed. It shows that rotating side plates, in particular when fitted with studs, allow reaching more uniform forces along the bed, which also translates in a more constant product size along the rolls as well as higher throughput. It also shows that the edge effect is relatively constant with roll length, leading to substantially larger proportional edge regions for high-aspect ratio rolls. On the other hand, the product from the center region of such rolls was found to be finer when pressed at identical specific forces. Finally, rolls were found to have higher throughput, but generate a coarser product when worn following the commonly observed trapezoidal profile. The approach used in industry to compensate for roller wear by increasing the specific force and roll speed has then been demonstrated to be effective to maintain and potentially even increase product fineness and throughput, as long as the minimum safety gap is not reached.

A persistent idea in cosmology is that the universe originated and then continued to evolve as a black hole. While the notion of a black hole universe has generally been framed within the standard cosmological model, the latter has had numerous problems related to dark matter, dark energy and other issues. To avoid such problems an alternative is proposed which omits cosmic expansion, dark matter and dark energy. The observable universe is cast instead as primarily a thin spherical shell of cold (~29 K) baryonic matter situated near the Hubble radius. This shell of plasma holds 95% of the observable universe’s mass, the remaining 5% existing in the interior galaxies and gas clouds. A key premise of the model is that spacetime is fundamentally photonic in nature. This allows photon energy to be transferred to spacetime in the Hubble redshift and to be transferred back to photons in a novel blueshift. These exchanges together drive a cosmic energy cycle for gravity and the cosmological constant, Λ. Photons of the cosmic microwave background originating in the plasma shell lose energy to ‘cooler’ regions of spacetime in interior zones via the Hubble redshift. This gives rise to gravity through the optical gravity approach. The depleted photons moving back towards the shell are then reenergized in ‘hotter’ spacetime regions via the Hubble blueshift. These photons eventually exert outward pressures on the shell which perfectly balance the inward forces of gravity, in this manner functioning as Einstein’s cosmological constant. The observable universe behaves as a closed system in thermodynamic equilibrium with constant energy and entropy and indeterminate age. Black holes are suggested to have analogous plasma shell structures and gravity/Λ cycles.

By drilling periodic thru-holes in a suspended film, the phonon system can be modified. Being motivated by the BCS theory, the technique, so-called phonon engineering, was applied to a niobium sheet. The newly emergent high-T_c superconductivity, however, cannot be accounted for by the BCS theory. Rather, its exposed configuration, namely a square-lattice oxygen network, is reminiscent of the copper--oxygen plane in cuprate high-T_c superconductors. It turns out that its magnetic result is consistent with the principle of giant atom, which was developed by another heroes of superconductivity, Fritz London and John Slater, in the 1930s, several decades earlier than the propagation of BCS theory. The superconducting transition feature is discussed on the basis of a comprehensive theory of the giant atom---the theory of hole superconductivity.

In this paper, we discuss optical properties of the topologically charged rotating black hole. We study the horizon, the photon region, the shadow of the black hole and other observables. The results show that in addition to the black hole spin parameter $a$, the other two parameters, five-dimensional mass parameter $\beta$ and electric charge $q$, are also found to affect the horzion, the photon region and the black hole shadow. In a certain range, with the increase of the three parameters, the horizon distance, shape of the photon region and the black hole shadow will all shrink. Moreover, with the increase of these three parameters, the distortion parameter $\delta_{s}$ gradually increases, while the peak of the black hole energy emission rate decreases.

Cladding is typically used to protect components from wear and corrosion while also improving the aesthetic value and reliability of the substrate. The cladding process induces significant residual stresses due to the temperature difference between the substrate and the clad layer. However, these residual stresses could be effectively utilized by modifying processes and geometrical parameters. This paper introduces a novel methodology for using the weld-cladding process as a cost-effective alternative to various existing reinforcement techniques. The numerical analyses are performed to maximize the reinforcement of a cylindrical tool. The investigation of how the weld cladding develops compressive stresses on the specimen in response to a change in the weld beads and the welding sequence is presented. For the benchmark shape, experimental verification of the numerical model is performed. The impact of the distance between the weld beads and the effect of the tool diameter is numerically investigated. Furthermore, the variation in compressive stresses due to temperature fluctuations during the extrusion process has been evaluated. The results showed that adequate compressive stresses are generated on the welded parts through the cladding process after cooling. Hence, the targeted reinforcement of the substrate can be achieved by optimizing the welding sequence and process parameters.

This study proposes a 3D particle-base (discrete) multiphysics approach for modelling calcification in the aortic valve. Different stages of calcification (from mild to severe) were simulated, and their effect on the cardiac output assessed. The cardiac flow rate decreases with the level of calcification. In particular, there is a critical level of calcification below which the flow rate decreases dramatically. Mechanical stress on the membrane is also calculated. The results show that, as calcification progresses, spots of high mechanical stress appear. Firstly, they concentrate in the regions connecting two leaflets; when severe calcification is reached, then they extend to the area at the basis of the valve.

An exact spherically symmetric and magnetically charged black hole solution in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) is obtained. The NED Lagrangian is given by ${\cal L}_{NED} = -{\cal F}/(1+\sqrt[4]{2\beta{\cal F}})$, where ${\cal F}$ is the field invariant. We study the thermodynamics calculating the Hawking temperature and the heat capacity of the black hole. The phase transitions take place when the Hawking temperature has an extremum and the heat capacity is singular. We demonstrate that black holes are thermodynamically stable in some range of event horizon radii where the heat capacity is positive. The BH shadow radii are calculated. It is shown that when increasing the nonlinearity parameter $\beta$ the BH shadow radius is decreased.

The effects of residual stress in a tungsten gate on a polysilicon channel in scaled 3D NAND flash memories were investigated using a technology computer-aided design simulation. The NAND strings with respect to the distance from the tungsten slit were also analyzed. The scaling of the spacer thickness and hole diameter induced compressive stress on the polysilicon channel. Moreover, the residual stress of polysilicon in the string near the tungsten slit had greater compressive stress than the string farther away. The increase in compressive stress in the polysilicon channel degraded the Bit-Line current (Ion) because of stress-induced electron mobility deterioration. Moreover, a threshold voltage shift (△Vth) occurred in the negative direction because of conduction band lowering.

In this work, we investigate the weak deflection angle of light from exact black hole within the non-linear electrodynamics. First we calculate the Gaussian optical curvature using the optical spacetime geometry. With the help of modern geometrical way popularized by Gibbons and Werner, we examine the deflection angle of light from exact black hole. For this desire, we determine the optical Gaussian curvature and execute the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on optical metric and calculate the leading terms of deflection angle in the weak limit approximation. Furthermore, we likewise study the plasma medium's effect on weak gravitational lensing by exact black hole. Hence we expose the effect of the non-linear electrodynamics on the deflection angle in the weak gravitational field.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce a geometric approach to study the circular orbit of a particle in static and spherically symmetric spacetime based on Jacobi metric. Second, we apply the circular orbit to study the weak gravitational deflection of null and time-like particles based on Gauss-Bonnet theorem. By this way, we obtain an expression of deflection angle and extend the study of deflection angle to asymptotically non-flat black hole spacetimes. Some black holes as lens are considered such as a static and spherically symmetric black hole in the conformal Weyl gravity and a Schwarzschild-like black hole in bumblebee gravity. Our results are consistent with the previous literature. In particular, we find that the connection between Gaussian curvature and the radius of a circular orbit greatly simplifies the calculation.

Black hole temperature T_BH = T_P/2πd as a function of its Planck length real diameter multiplier d is derived from black hole surface gravity and Hawking temperature w.l.o.g. It is conjectured d = 1/2π describes primordial Big Bang singularity as in this case T_BH = T_P. A black hole interacts with the environment and observable black holes have uniquely defined Delaunay triangulations with a natural number of spherical triangles having Planck areas (bits), where a Planck triangle is active and has gravitational potential of -c² if all its vertices have black hole gravitational potential of -c²/2 and is inactive otherwise. As temporary distribution of active triangles on an event horizon tends to maximize Shannon entropy a black hole is a fundamental, one-sided thermodynamic equilibrium limit for a dissipative structure. Black hole blackbody radiation, informational capacity fluctuations, and quantum statistics are discussed. On the basis of the latter, wavelength bounds for BE, MB, and FD statistics are derived as a function of the diameter multiplier d. It is shown that black holes feature wave-particle duality only if d ≤ 8π, which also sets the maximum diameter of a totally collapsible black hole. This outlines the program for research of other nature phenomena that emit perfect blackbody radiation, such as neutron stars and white dwarfs.

A new model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is used to select optimal air conditioning setpoints for a commercial office building, considering variable electricity prices, weather, occupancy and lighting. This algorithm, Cost-Comfort Particle Swarm Optimization (CCPSO), is the first to combine a realistic, smooth representation of occupants’ willingness to pay for thermal comfort with a bottom-up, non-linear model of the building and air conditioning system under control. We find that using a quadratic preference function for temperature can yield solutions that are both more comfortable and lower-cost than previous work that used a ``brick wall'' preference function with no preference for further cooling within an allowed temperature band and infinite aversion to going outside the allowed band. Using historical pricing data for a summer month in Chicago, CCPSO provided a 3\% reduction in costs vs. a ``brick-wall'' MPC approach with similar comfort and 13\% reduction in costs vs. a standard night setback strategy. CCPSO also reduced peak-hours demand by 3\% vs. the ``brick-wall'' strategy and 15\% vs. standard night-setback. At the same time, the CCPSO strategy increased off-peak energy consumption by 15\% vs. the ``brick-wall'' strategy. This may be valuable for power systems integrating large amounts of renewable power, which can otherwise become uneconomic due to saturation of demand during off-peak hours.

The calculation of the release of liquid hazardous chemicals storage tanks is an important part of the quantitative risk assessment of accidents. This paper mainly establishes a continuous real–time release model based on the instantaneous mass flow Q_m model. Meanwhile, the software function module was analyzed, and programming software was developed using C# language for model solving. A series of experiments for repeated leakage tests was designed and the discharges through three small holes with different heights for 200 s were observed. The results show that the continuous real–time leakage model is effective, and the deviation between theoretical and experimental release amounts are within a reasonable range. The higher the liquid level above the leak hole is, and the smaller the height of the leak hole from the ground is, the greater the flow rate at the leak orifice is and the smaller discharge rate change is. Therefore, the deviation between the theoretical release amount M_t and the experimental average release amount Ma is greater while the height of the leak hole from the ground is smaller, which indicates that the smaller the distance from the leak orifice to the ground, the greater the influence of the empirical discharge coefficient C₀ on the release amount M.

There is no formal difference between particles and black holes. This formal similarity lies in the intersection of gravity and quantum theory; quantum gravity. Motivated by this similarity, `wave-black hole duality' is proposed, which requires having a proper energy-momentum tensor of spacetime itself. Such a tensor is then found as a consequence of `principle of minimum gravitational potential'; a principle that corrects the Schwarzschild metric and predicts extra periods in orbits of the planets. In search of the equation that governs changes of observables of spacetime, a novel Hamiltonian dynamics of a Pseudo-Riemannian manifold based on a vector Hamiltonian is adumbrated. The new Hamiltonian dynamics is then seen to be characterized by a new `tensor bracket' which enables one to finally find the analogue of Heisenberg equation for a `tensor observable' of spacetime.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease, which is characterized by the appearance of vesicles in and around the mouth and feet of cloven-hoofed animals. BHK21 cells are the cell line of choice for the propagation of FMDV for vaccine production world-wide but vary in their susceptibility for different FMDV strains. Previous studies showed that the FMDV resistance of a certain BHK cell line can be overcome by using a closely related but permissive cell line for the pre-adaptation of the virus, but the adapted strains were found to harbor several capsid mutations. In this study, these adaptive mutations were introduced into the original Asia-1 Shamir isolate individually or in combination to create a panel of 17 Asia-1 mutants by reverse genetics and examine the effects of the mutations on receptor usage, viral growth, immunogenicity and stability. A single amino acid exchange from glutamic acid to lysine at position 202 in VP1 turned out to be of major importance for productive infection of the suspension cell line BHK-2P. In consequence, two traditionally passage-derived strains and two recombinant viruses with a minimum set of mutations were tested in vivo. While the passaged-derived viruses showed a reduced particle stability, the genetically modified viruses were more stable but did not confer a protective immune response against the original virus isolate.

The Schwarzschild metric describes a non-rotating and charge-free celestial body, and it results in things stopping at the event horizon of a black hole and spending infinite time across the event horizon by the observer far away from the black hole. The analysis of the particle’s behavior at the event horizon tells us that this solution predicts an un-expanded black hole which violates the astronomical observations and our knowledge about the black hole. Although some alternative metrics have been proposed, the singularity problem is still unsolved. In this research, the degenerate Fermi electron gas is used to reveal that the Fermi electron gas cannot shrink to a point no matter how large energy it obtains, so the singularity exists at the center very unreasonably. In order to avoid these problems, a finite-size nucleus of the black hole is proposed and reasonably explained by the behaviors of the Fermi electron gas and the Fermi neutron gas there. On the other hand, the Kerr-Newman metric is the one describing the rotating and charged black hole and the equation of the light velocity at each space point can be obtained. It tells us that there are two real and non-imaginary solutions for the radial speed of light at the position larger than the Schwarzschild radius.

Large quantities of real-time particle data are becoming available from low-cost particle monitors. However, it is crucial to determine the quality of these measurements. The largest network of monitors in the United States is maintained by the PurpleAir company, which offers two monitors: PA-I and PA-II. PA-I monitors have a single sensor (PMS1003) and PA-II monitors employ two independent PMS5003 sensors. We determine a new calibration factor for the PA-I monitor and revise a previously published calibration algorithm for PA-II monitors (ALT-CF3). From the PurpleAir API site, we downloaded 83 million hourly average PM2.5 values in the PurpleAir database from Washington, Oregon, and California between January 1, 2017 and September 8, 2021. Daily outdoor PM2.5 means from 194 PA-II monitors were compared to daily means from 47 nearby Federal regulatory sites using gravimetric Federal Reference Methods (FRM). We find a revised calibration factor of 3.4 for the PA-II monitors. For the PA-I monitors, we determined a new calibration factor (also 3.4) by comparing 26 outdoor PA-I sites to 117 nearby outdoor PA-II sites. These results show that PurpleAir PM2.5 measurements can agree well with regulatory monitors when an optimum calibration factor is found.