Charged dark matters and extended standard model

The properties of the charged dark matters are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Because of the graviton evaporations, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10-48k and large gravitation constant (GN(dd)) of 10GN for the charged dark matters at the present time are expected. The tentative values of G and k are used for the explanation purpose. Therefore, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = Fc(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle. Also, the gravitation constant has been changed with increasing of the time because of the graviton evaporation. In the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = k(lq) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. Also, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G). It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from GN(mm) ≈ 10GN to GN(mm) = GN happened mostly near the inflation period. Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as GN(mm) = GN. And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb’s constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (GN). Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC =− e is (EC)eff = − 10 e. It is concluded that the photons, gravitons and dark matters are the first three particles created since the big bang. The particles can be created from the decay of the matter universe and the pair production of the particle and anti-particle with decreasing of the gravitation constant (GN(mm)).


Introduction
The dark matters have been known to have two properties.First the electromagnetic interactions between the dark matters (d) and normal matters (m) are zero.Secondly, the electromagnetic interactions between the dark matters are zero.Therefore, the zero Coulomb's forces of Fc(dm) = 0 and Fc(dd) = 0 have been proposed.Here, d and m represent the dark matter and normal matter, respectively.Because of the zero Coulomb's force, the electrically neutral particles have been proposed as the most possible candidates of the dark matters.In other words, the electric charges (EC) of these dark matters are zero in Fc(EC) = k .Also, the mini-charged particles (or milli-charged particles) with the near-zero EC charge [1] have been proposed as other possible candidates of the dark matters which give the very small Coulomb's forces between the dark matters and normal matters and between the dark matters.In this case, the same Coulomb's constant of k is applied for both of dark matters and normal matters.
In the present work, the zero Coulomb's constant of k(dm) = 0 is applied between the dark matters and normal matters in order to meet the first condition.In order to meet the second condition, the very small k(dd) values for the dark matters and the k(mm) = k values for normal matters are proposed.Therefore, the relation of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In this case, the dark matters can have the EC charges close to the EC charge of the electron.The B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the tentative electric charges of -2/3e, -5/3e and -8/3e, respectively, were, for the first time, reported as the possible candidates of the dark matters in Ref. [2].Therefore, in the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters.The relations of G N (ll) = G N (qq) = G N (mm) and k(ll) = k(qq) = k(mm) = k are assumed in Fig. 1.Here, l and q represent the leptons and quarks, respectively.Then, note that k(dm) = k(lq) =0.Then the normal matters consist of leptons, quarks and hadrons and the dark matters are the B1, B2 and B3 bastons [2].In Figs. 1 and 2, the Coulomb's constant (k) and gravitation constant (G) have been changed in terms of the conserved charges and conserved rest masses of the particles.And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb's constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (GN).Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC =− e is (EC) eff = − 10 e.And it is concluded that, at 2-3 10 8 years after big bang, the large effective rest masses of the baryons could explain the cooler gas temperature measured by the EDGE experiments.
In Fig. 2, the new concepts of the photon confinement and graviton evaporation are introduced.The Coulomb's constant should be constant with increasing of the time because of the photon confinement.The gravitation constant has been changed since the big bang because of the graviton evaporation.In the present work, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G).It is shown that the relation of, at the present time, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = 0 for the proton-like particle could explain the universe evolution including the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters by giving the tentative values of the Coulomb's constants (k) and gravitation constants (G) for the explanation purpose in Fig. 1.It is discussed that the gravitation constant (GN(mm)) could be decreased from the very large value like 10 36 GN down to the very small value like GN near the inflation period in Fig. 1 and Table 1.Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as G N (mm) = G N .The relations between particles, Planck energies and gravitation constants are tentatively shown.It is concluded that the photons, gravitons and dark matters are the first three particles created since the big bang.The particles can be created from the decay of the matter universe and the pair production of the particle and anti-particle with decreasing of the gravitation constant (GN(mm)) in Table 1.And, the galaxy particles created through the decaying process of the matter universe should have the large black holes at the center and the particles at the outside like the Milky Way galaxy [9].This is the reason why each galaxy has the large black hole at its center.
2 [2].For example, the proton is defined as (1,0,-5) or (1,0).The fact that the baryons and mesons can be defined as (EC,LC) in the electromagnetic interactions is called as the hadronization in Fig. 2.Then, the hadrons can emit and absorb both photons of γ(0,0) and γ(0,0,0).This is why the charged baryons and charged mesons are interacting with the leptons like the electrons through the normal photons of γ(0,0).
Three things have been observed for the electromagnetic interactions.First the electromagnetic interactions between the dark matters (d) and normal matters (m) are zero.Secondly, the electromagnetic interactions between the dark matters are zero.Thirdly, the independent quarks have never been observed electromagnetically through the normal photons of γ(0,0).The third condition indicates that the electromagnetic interactions between the leptons and quarks are zero.Therefore, k(lq) = 0.And the first condition indicates that the electromagnetic interactions between the dark matters and normal matters are zero.Therefore, k(dm) = 0.This indicates that three photons of γ(0), γ(0,0) and γ(0,0,0) are not changed to each other.This is called as the photon confinement in the present work.This means that the different Coulomb force should be defined to the bastons, leptons and quarks in Fig. 2. Second condition can indicate that the Fc(dd) value for the charged dark matters is nearly zero.So, the very small k(dd) value like k(dd) = 10 -48 k for the charged B1, B2 and B3 dark matters can meet the second condition in Figs. 1 and 2.
Three things have been observed for the gravitational force at the present time.First, the gravitational force (F g (dm)) between dark matters and normal matters is not zero as seen in the galaxy structures.Secondly, the gravitational force (Fg(mm)) between the normal matters is very weak compared with the electromagnetic force (Fc(mm)) between the Fig. 2. Photon confinement and graviton evaporation.The graviton evaporation explains why the gravitational force (Fg(mm)) between matters is very weak when compared with the electromagnetic force (Fc(mm)) between normal matters at the present time.Between the dark matters, Fg(dd) is stronger than Fc(dd).See Fig. 1. normal matters.For example, for the proton Fg(mm) = 0.8 10 -36 Fc(mm).Thirdly, the gravitational force is dominating over the electromagnetic force for the dark matters.Because Fg(mm) is so small in the second condition, Fg(dd) could be larger than Fg(mm) for the proton-like particle.And the gravitational force of Fg(dm) could be smaller than the gravitational forces of Fg(mm) and Fg(dd) because Fc(dm) = 0 is smaller than the Coulomb's forces of Fc(mm) and F c (dd).This gives the relations of F g (dd) > F g (mm) > F g (dm) > 0 and G N (dd) > G N (mm) > G N (dm) > 0 because the gravitational force formula is F g (dd) = G N (dd) .The non-zero gravitational force of F g (dm) indicates that three gravitons of g(0), g(0,0) and g(0,0,0) are changed to each other.This is called as the graviton evaporation in the present work in Fig. 1.These relations between the gravitational forces can be compared with the relations of Fc(mm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = Fc(lq) = 0 and k(mm In order to make dark matters to be controlled by the attractive gravitational force in the third condition, the attractive gravitational force (Fg(dd)) between the charged dark matters should be greater than the repulsive Coulomb's force (Fc(dd)) between the charged dark matters.Therefore, Fg(dd) > Fc(dd).Therefore, the relation of Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fg(mm) > Fg(dm) > Fc(dd) > Fc(dm) = Fc(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle is obtained as shown in Fig. 1.
But still why the gravitation force of Fg(mm) is so smaller than the electromagnetic force of Fc(mm) for the proton at the present time needs to be explained.In order to explain this question, we need to consider those forces near the inflation in Fig. 1.Because three photons of γ(0), γ(0,0) and γ(0,0,0) are not changed to each other, the Coulomb's constant of k(mm) inf near the inflation should be equal to the Coulomb's constant of k(mm) pre = k at the present time.This means that F c (mm) inf is equal to F c (mm) pre for the proton.Because three gravitons of g(0), g(0,0) and g(0,0,0) are changed to each other, the gravitation constant of G N (mm) inf near the inflation can be greater than the gravitational constant of G N (mm) pre = G N at the present time because of the graviton evaporations.Near the inflation, F c (mm) inf could be equal or similar to F g (mm) inf for the proton.Then the F c (mm) remains constant with increasing of the time since the inflation.However, F g (mm) inf near the inflation has been decreased to the present value of F g (mm) pre = F g (mm) for the proton with increasing of the time since the inflation in Fig. 1.
Because three photons of γ(0), γ(0,0) and γ(0,0,0) are not changed to each other, the Coulomb's constant of k(dd) inf near the inflation should be equal to the Coulomb's constant of k(dd)pre = k at the present time.This means that Fc(dd)inf is equal to Fc(dd)pre for the proton-like particle.Because three gravitons of g(0), g(0,0) and g(0,0,0) are changed to each other, the gravitation constant of GN(dd)inf near the inflation can be smaller than the gravitation constant of GN(dd)pre at the present time because of the graviton evaporations.Near the inflation, Fc(dd)inf could be equal or similar to Fg(dd)inf for the proton-like particle.Then the Fc(dd) remains constant with increasing of the time since the inflation.However, Fg(dd)inf near the inflation has been increased to the present value of Fg(dd)pre for the proton-like particle with increasing of the time since the inflation in Fig. 1.
Also, in Fig 2, the photons are confined within the corresponding space.This indicates that the Coulomb's constant (k) does not change since the inflation.Therefore, always k(mm) >> k(dd) and k(mm) = k.However, the gravitation constant of G N is different because the gravitons can evaporate into other spaces in Fig. 2.This indicates that the gravitation constant of G has been changing since the inflation.In other words, near the inflation period, F g (mm) >> Fg(dd) and Fc(mm) ≫ Fc(dd) with the condition of GN(mm) >> GN(dd) and k(mm) >> k(dd) in Figs. 1 and 2.Then, because of the graviton evaporation, G N (mm) has been decreased and G N (dd) has been increased since the inflation.At the present time, F g (dd) > F g (mm), F g (dd) > F c (dd) and F g (mm) ≪ F c (mm) with the condition of G N (mm) < G N (dd) and k(mm) >> k(dd) in Fig. 1.At the present time, Fc(mm) > Fg(dd) > Fc(dd) in the force strength and Fg(dd) > F g (mm).In other words, it is assumed that G The tentative numerical values of k and G in Fig. 1 are added just in order to show that the graviton evaporation and photon confinement can explain the relative force strengths of the electromagnetic interactions and gravitational interactions well.For example, near the inflation G N (mm) ≈ 10 36 G N , and G N (dd) = 10 -12 G N in Fig. 1.At the present time, GN(mm) = GN, and GN(dd) ≈ 10 6 GN because of the graviton evaporation in Fig. 1.And, always k(mm) = k ≈ 10 48 k(dd).
At the present time, Fg(mm) = 8 10 -37 Fc(mm) ≈ 10 -36 Fc(mm) for the proton.Fc = Fc(EC) + Fc(LC) + Fc(CC) ≈ Fc(EC) = k because k(EC) > k(LC) > k(CC) [3,4].The lepton charge force of F c (LC) plays an important role for the neutrinos with the zero EC charges and non-zero LC charges [3,4].The missing neutrino fluxes can be studied again by using the lepton charge force of F c (LC) rather than the neutrino oscillation explanation.Here it is assumed that the k and G values are similar for the leptons and quarks.Then F c (mm) ≈ 10 36 F g (mm), F g (dd) = 10 6 F g (mm) and F c (dd) = 10 -12 Fg(mm) for a proton-like particle in Fig. 1.This assumption can explain the relation of, at the present time, Fc(mm) > F g (dd) > F g (mm) > F g (dm) > F c (dd) > F c (dm) = F c (lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle in Fig. 1.For the B1 dark matter with the rest mass of 26.12 eV/c 2 [1], F g (dd) ≈ 10 -10 F g (mm) and F c (dd) = 10 -12 F g (mm) where F g (mm) is for the proton.Therefore, F g (dd) > F c (dd) for the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. This assumption can explain the reason why the gravitational force strength (F g (mm)) between the matters is so weak compared with the electromagnetic force strength (Fc(mm)) between the matters at the present time.Therefore, it is concluded that the Coulomb's constant is constant because of the photon confinement but the gravitation constant has been changed since the inflation because of the graviton evaporation along with the space evolution in Figs. 1 and 2. It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from G N (mm) ≈ 10 36 G N to G N (mm) = G N happened mostly near the inflation period in Fig. 1.Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as G N (mm) = G N .This explanation with the possible numerical values of k and G in Fig. 1 is only the example which needs to be further investigated in the future.
In Figs. 1 and 2, if the gravitons are confined within the corresponding space like the photons, the gravitation constant of G N (mm) could be larger than the gravitation constant of G N (dd) like k(mm) is larger than k(dd).In Figs. 1 and 2, it is proposed that k(dd) is much smaller than k(mm) in order to explain the charged dark matter distribution of the galaxy cluster.And if the gravitons are evaporated to other spaces, the gravitation constant of GN(mm) can be smaller than the gravitation constant of GN(dd).Experimentally, Fg(mm) = 8*10 -37 Fc(mm) for the proton.Therefore, the GN(mm) value is so small at the present time when compared with the k(mm) value.This indicates that the gravitons are evaporated as shown in Fig. 2. Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space in Figs. 1 and 2, the gravitational force between the dark matters on the x1x2x3 space should be stronger than the gravitational force between the matters of the baryons, leptons and mesons and the electromagnetic force between dark matters.Because of the strong gravitational force between the dark matters, the charged dark matters of the B1, B2 and B3 bastons are distributed following the gravitational forces rather than the electromagnetic force between the dark matters.The observed dark matter distributions around the galaxies and galaxy clusters support the strong gravitational force between the dark matters.As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, for the dark matters, F g (dd) > F c (dd), for the matters F g (mm) << F c (mm) and between the matter and dark matter F g (dm) > F c (dm) = 0.Here F g and F c are the gravitational force strength and electromagnetic force strength, respectively.Also, it is assumed that GN (dd) > GN(mm) > GN (dm) for the gravitation constant and k(dm) = k(lq) = 0, k(mm) >> k(dd) for the Coulomb's constant in Figs. 1 and 2.Here d and m mean the dark matter and (normal) matter, respectively.Then, F c (dm) = 0, F c (mm) >> F c (dd) for the proton-like particle and F g (dm) < F g (mm) < F g (dd) for the proton-like particle.Also, F c (mm) > F g (dd) in Figs. 1 and 2.
It has been observed from the gravitational lensing measurements for the bullet cluster [5], Abell 1689 cluster [6] and Abell 520 cluster [7] that the dark matters have been easily separated from the normal matters.The weak gravitational force with the small GN(dm) value between the dark matters and normal matters can explain why the dark matters are distributed as observed in the gravitational lensing measurements [5,6,7].In other words, these gravitational lensing measurements [5,6,7] are the direct evidence of the weak gravitational force with the small G N (dm) value between the dark matters and normal matters.Therefore, the dark matters and normal matters around the galaxies are connected by the weak gravitational force which can affect the rotational motions of the normal matters.For the bullet cluster [5], the dark matters and normal matters are taking the head and tail parts, respectively, when the corresponding galaxy cluster is moving.The strong gravitational force with the longer force range of the g(0) graviton between the dark matters can make the location and shape of the dark matter distributions different from those of the normal matter distributions as observed in the Abell 1689 cluster [6] and Abell 520 cluster [7].The weak gravitational force with the shorter force range of the g(0,0,0) graviton between the baryonic normal matters can make the location and the shape of the normal matter distributions as observed in the Abell 1689 cluster [6] and Abell 520 cluster [7], which have mostly the normal matters (galaxies) in the outside area and dark matters in the inside center area.Recently, the ultra-diffuse galaxy called as NGC1052-DF2 without the dark matters was found [8].The formation of the galaxy without the dark matters could be explained with increasing of Fg(dm) as a function of the time as shown in Figs. 1 and 3.The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters could be explained, too, as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, the galaxies can be classified as the oldest galaxies, middle aged galaxies and the youngest galaxies as shown in Fig. 3.The ultra-diffuse galaxy called as NGC1052-DF2 without the dark matters was found [8] and is classified as the oldest galaxy.Then the dark matter galaxy and matter galaxy classified as the middle aged galaxies can rotate as the pair by the Fg(dm) force.Therefore, looking for the rotating pair of the dark matter and matter galaxies will be interesting.See Ref. [9] for the gravitational force range for the dark matters in Fig. 3.

Dark energy, particle creation and gravitation constant
The dark energy can be described as the ground state oscillation of the vacuum energy.Then the vacuum energy density (ρ) was derived in terms of the QFT (quantum field theory) [10].
The maximum vacuum oscillation energy is E max = ℏ .When the Planck energy of E p =1. 2 10 19 GeV is taken as the maximum vacuum oscillation energy, the obtained vacuum energy density is ρ(QFT) = 5.85 10 114 erg/cm 3 which   1).
is too big to explain the observed vacuum energy density of ρ exp = 6.29 10 -9 erg/cm 3 [11].The huge vacuum energy density of ρ(QFT) = 5.85 10 114 erg/cm 3 is one of the unsolved questions in physics that is called as the cosmological constant puzzle.This problem is solved in the present work as follows.In Fig. 4, the x1x2x3 space is the background space where the particles are moving.The vacuum energy is calculated based on the x1x2x3 space.The space oscillation energy can be converted to the rest masses of the elementary particles like the quarks, leptons and dark matters by the pair production of the particle and anti-particle in Fig. 4 when this space oscillation energy is greater than the rest mass energies of the created particles.Therefore, in the present work, the vacuum oscillation energy is defined as the space energy which cannot be larger than the rest mass energy of the created particle pair.From this new definition, the minimum rest mass energy of the particles can be taken as the half of the maximum vacuum oscillation energy of E max = ℏ .In the x1x2x3 space without the elementary particles, the Planck energy of E p =1. 2 10 19 GeV can be taken as the maximum vacuum oscillation energy in Fig. 4. The vacuum energy density of ρ(QFT) = 5.85 10 114 erg/cm 3 obtained on the x1x2x3 space without the elementary particles cannot explain the experimental vacuum energy density of ρexp = 6.29 10 -9 erg/cm 3 observed on the x1x2x3 space with the elementary particles.And in the x1x2x3 space with the elementary particles of the dark matters (bastons), leptons and quarks, the rest mass energy of the electron neutrino (νe) can be used as the half of the maximum vacuum oscillation energy of Emax = ℏ as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, from the relation of ( ) = = 6.29 10 erg/cm , the obtained rest mass energy of the electron neutrino (νe) is 3.494 10 -3 eV.This one can be compared to the calculated one of 2.876 10 -7 eV [1].In other words, the rest mass of the electron neutrino (ν e ) is determined to be 3.494 10 -3 eV/c 2 experimentally from the observed vacuum energy density of ρ exp = 6.29 10 -9 erg/cm 3 [11] in terms of the quantum field theory (QFT).
In the present time, the Planck energy is Ep(mm) = 1.2 10 19 GeV ≈ 10 28 eV.All elementary particles can be created now because the Planck energy is bigger than the rest mass energies of the particles.For example, the proton was created from the vacuum fluctuations when the Planck energy is bigger than the rest mass energy of the proton.Then Planck energy is depending on the gravitation constant of G.If G = 10 x G N , E p = (ℏ / ) .= 10 -x/2 10 28 eV.And E(particle) = mc 2 < E p and r (particle radius) > R(particle Schwarzschild radius) in Table 1.In Table 1 and Fig. 1, when Ep ≥ E(νe) and r(νe) > R(νe) from the condition of the Schwarzschild radius of R = 2Gm/c 2 , the first electron neutrinos are created from the vacuum energy.When E p = 10 8 eV, l p = 10 -15 m and G N (mm) = 10 40 G N .Therefore, the electron neutrinos are the first particles created around G N (mm) = 10 40 G N after big bang in Fig. 1 and Table 1.Here, from the relation of Ep ≥ E(particle) = 10 A eV, A ≤ 28 -x/2.And the first e, u and d quarks are created around GN(mm) = 10 36 G N in Fig. 1 and Table 1.The proton has the rest mass of 10 9 eV/c 2 and the radius (r) of about 10 -15 m.When G N (mm) = 10 12 G N , the Schwarzschild radius (R(p)) is about 10 -38 m which is smaller than the proton radius of about 10 -15 m.The particle of Le, W(-1,0), Z(0,0), Z/W/Y(0,0,CC), p, n and hadrons can be created when GN(mm) = 10 12 GN in Table 1.In this case the Schwarzschild radius (R(p)) of about 10 -38 m at GN(mm) = 10 12 GN is smaller than the Planck length of 10 -29 m at G N (mm) = 10 12 G N. It is assumed that the rest masses of the Z/W/Y(0,0,CC) bosons are less than 10 16 eV/c 2 in Table 1.
The Planck length of 10 -17 m at G N (mm) = 10 36 G N is larger than the Planck length of 10 -35 m at G N (mm) = G N and the Planck length of 10 -32 m at G N (dd) = 10 6 G N at the present flat space in Table 1.Therefore the minimum space length is the Planck length (lp0) of 1.6 10 -35 m at GN(mm) = GN as shown at the present flat space.Therefore, the possible radii (r) of particles should be r ≥ lp0.The possible radii (r) of particles can be smaller than the Planck length (lp) because lp ≥ l p0 in Table 1.The Schwarzschild radius (R(e)) of an electron is about 10 -22 m at G N (mm) = 10 36 G N which is smaller than the possible electron radius (r(e)) of 10 -17 m.If the electron neutrino has the rest mass of about 10 -3 eV/c 2 , the Schwarzschild radius (R(ν e )) of an electron neutrino is about 10 -26 m at G N (mm) = 10 40 G N .It is thought that the radius of the electron neutrino is larger than 10 -26 m.The particles are identified by the conservation of the radii, charges and rest masses during the evolution of the universe.Therefore, the radii, charges and rest masses of the particles should be fixed.The particles have the fixed radii which are not depending on the gravitation constant.And it is proposed that the radii of the force carrying bosons (gravitons and Z/W/Y bosons) are equal to the Planck length (l p0 ) [9,4].Therefore, r (particle radius) > R(particle Schwarzschild radius).
The B1, B2 and B3 dark matters have been created since the big bang in Fig. 1 and Table 1 because G N (dd) is smaller than G N near the inflation.Therefore, the nuclei, gas and atoms could be formed roughly around G N (mm) = 10 10 G N .All elements with the rest masses less than10 22 eV could be formed roughly around GN(mm) = 10 4 GN.The first galaxies and stars could be built around GN(mm) = 10 2 GN in Fig. 1 and Table 1 at ≈10 8 years after big bang according to the standard cosmological model.The rest mass of the Le particle is taken as 1.4 TeV in Table 1 [9].Dark matter galaxies are formed because the gravitational force between dark matters is greater than the electromagnetic force between dark matters in Fig. 1.The photon has the zero rest mass which means that the photon has been present since the big bang time when the gravitation constant is very large in Fig. 1 and Table 1.And the graviton could have the small rest mass of 3.19 10 -31 eV/c 2 [9] which means that the graviton has been present since the big bang time when the gravitation constant is very large in Table 1.The relations between particles, Planck energies and gravitation constants are listed in Table 1.It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from G N (mm) ≈ 10 36 GN to GN(mm) = GN happened mostly near the inflation period in Fig. 1 and Table 1 within ≈10 8 years after big bang.And it is thought that the gravitation constant (G N (mm)) is nearly equal to the present gravitational constant (G N (mm)) of G N during most of the universe evolution.
The relations of GN(ll) = GN(qq) = GN(mm) and k(ll) = k(qq) = k(mm) = k are assumed in Fig. 1 and Table 1.Here, l and q represent the leptons and quarks.Then, note that k(dm) = k(lq) =0.And the normal matters consist of leptons, quarks and hadrons, and the dark matters are the B1, B2 and B3 bastons [2].Also, near the inflation the relation of Ep(dd) ≥ E(particle) is used for the dark matter creation in Table 1.Then the B1, B2 and B3 dark matter particles exist since the big bang along with the photons and gravitons.Therefore, all elementary particles including the B1, B2, B3 dark matters are created near the inflation as shown in Table .1.The particles with the rest mass (m) of m > E p /c 2 and the radius (r) of r < R become the virtual black hole particles from the condition of the Schwarzschild radius of R = 2Gm/c 2 .E p /c 2 = m p is the Planck mass which is the black hole.The real particles are defined as the particles with the radius (r) of r > R. Therefore, in Table 1 and Fig. 1, the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters are the real particles because of the gravitation constant (G) of G ≤ 10 6 GN.And all particles are the real particles in Table 1.And it is proposed that the force carrying bosons of gravitons and Z/W/Y bosons with the non-zero rest masses have the radii equal to the Planck length (l p0 ) in Table 1 [9,2,4].Therefore, the force carrying Z/W/Y bosons and gravitons are always the real particles because the radii of the force carrying bosons and gravitons are lp0 = 1.6 10 -35 m larger than their Schwarzschild radii given by R = 2Gm/c 2 .The size of the photon with the zero rest mass cannot be defined.These Z/W/Y bosons exist only during the very short time allowed by the uncertainty principle.These Z/W/Y bosons are created from the decay of the vacuum energy in Table 1.Therefore, the first Z(0,0) and W(-1,0) particles with the rest mass energies of 91 GeV/c 2 and 80 GeV/c 2 , respectively, were the virtual real particles that were created from the decay of the vacuum energy with the G=10 12 GN and Ep = 10 22 eV in Table 1.
The pair of the matter universe with the charge configuration of (EC, LC, CC) and anti-matter universe with the charge configuration of (-EC, -LC, -CC) could be created from the big bang because our universe is full of the matters.In this case, if the matter universe is defined to be negatively charged for the EC, LC and CC charges, the anti-matter universe should be defined to be positively charged for the EC, LC and CC charges.Then, the matters can be created from the decay of the matter universe with decreasing of the gravitation constant (G(mm)) in Fig. 1 and Table 1.Also, the pair of the matter and anti-matter can be created from the vacuum energy fluctuation with decreasing of the gravitation constant (G(mm)) in Fig. 1 and Table 1.The anti-particles created by the pair production of the particle and anti-particle are changed to the photons by the pair annihilation of the particle and anti-particle.And the particles created by the decay of the matter universe survive to form the galaxies and stars.This is why our matter universe is full of the particles.The decay of the matter universe to create the new particles takes place mostly near the inflation period through the formation of the universe particle and galaxy particles [9] in Table 1.But the pair production of the particle and antiparticle to be created from the vacuum energy fluctuation takes place always from the big bang time up to the present time.Also, the pair production of the matter universe and anti-matter universe can explain the CP symmetry problem of why the matters are dominating over the anti-matters on the present universe.And, the galaxy particles created through the decaying process of the matter universe should have the large black holes at the center and the particles at the outside like the Milky Way galaxy [9].This is the reason why each galaxy has the large black hole at its center.

Effective mass and effective charge
In Figs. 1 and 2, the Coulomb's constant (k) and gravitation constant (G) have been changed in terms of the conserved charges and conserved rest masses of the particles.Then the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles can be defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb's constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (G N ).For example, F c (EC) for the dark matters.So the effective rest mass of the dark matter is = 10 .For example, the effective rest mass of the B1 dark matter with the rest mass of 26.12 eV/c 2 [1] is m eff = 26.12 10 eV/c .The first gas and stars existed at 1.8 10 8 years after big bang [12].It was reported [12,13] that the baryon gas temperature at that time was lower than expected by the standard cosmological model.And the gas and stars could be created when the gravitation constant of the matters is 10 2 GN in Table 1 and Fig. 2. Therefore, the colder gas temperature could be related with the strong gravitation constant of 10 2 G N which increases the potential energy and decreases the kinetic energy compared with the gas temperature with the current gravitation constant of G N .In other words, the effective rest masses of the baryons should be increased by the factor of 10 at 3 10 8 years after the big bang when compared with the rest masses of the baryons with the current gravitation constant of GN.The large effective rest masses of the baryons and the large gravitation constant between the baryons could explain the cooler gas temperature measured by the EDGE experiments at 2-3 10 8 years after big bang [12].

Summary
In the present work, the dark matter properties of the bastons are shown for the gravitational force and electromagnetic force.When the proper values of the gravitation constants and Coulomb's constants are given for the normal matter and dark matters, the charged dark matters like the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters can be the good candidates of the dark matters.The B1, B2 and B3 bastons are originated from the extended standard model which is called as the threedimensional quantized space model.Here it is assumed that the k and G values are similar for the leptons and quarks.Then F c (mm) ≈ 10 36 F g (mm), F g (dd) = 10 6 F g (mm) and F c (dd) = 10 -12 F g (mm) for a proton-like particle in Fig. 1.This assumption can explain the relation of, at present time, F c (mm) > F g (dd) > F g (mm) > F g (dm) > F c (dd) > F c (dm) = F c (lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle in Fig. 1.For the B1 dark matter with the rest mass of 26.12 eV/c 2 [1], F g (dd) ≈ 10 - 10 F g (mm) and F c (dd) = 10 -12 F g (mm) where F g (mm) is for the proton.Therefore, F g (dd) > F c (dd) for the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In order to make dark matters to be controlled by the attractive gravitational force, the attractive gravitational force (Fg(dd)) between the dark matters should be greater than the repulsive Coulomb's force (F c (dd)) between the dark matters.Therefore, F g (dd) > F c (dd).Therefore, the relation of F c (mm) > F g (dd) > F g (mm) > F g (dm) > F c (dd) > F c (dm) = F c (lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle is obtained as shown in Fig. 1.Therefore, it is concluded that the Coulomb's constant is constant because of the photon confinement but the gravitation constant has been changing since the inflation because of the graviton evaporation along with the space evolution in Fig. 1.It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from G N (mm) ≈ 10 36 G N to G N (mm) = G N happened mostly near the inflation period in Fig. 1.Therefore, during the most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as GN(mm) = GN.This explanation with the possible numerical values of k and G in Fig. 1 is only the example which needs to be further investigated in the future.This assumption can explain the reason why the gravitational force strength (Fg(mm)) between the matters is so weak compared with the electromagnetic force strength (Fc(mm)) between the matters.
The relations between particles, Planck energies and gravitation constants are listed in Table 1.It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from GN(mm) ≈ 10 36 GN to GN(mm) = GN happened mostly near the inflation period in Fig. 1 and Table 1.And it is thought that the gravitational constant (G N (mm)) is nearly equal to the present gravitational constant (G N (mm)) of G N during most of the universe evolution.The particles created by the decay of the matter universe survive to form the galaxies.This is why our matter universe is full of the particles.The pair production of the matter universe and anti-matter universe can explain the CP symmetry problem of why the matters are dominating over the anti-matters on the present universe [4,9].And, the galaxy particles created through the decaying process of the matter universe should have the large black holes at the center and the particles at the outside like the Milky Way galaxy [9].This is the reason why each galaxy has the large black hole at its center.In Figs. 1 and 2, the Coulomb's constant (k) and gravitation constant (G) have been changed in terms of the conserved charges and conserved rest masses of the particles.And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb's constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (GN).The effective charge of the B1 dark matter with the EC =− e is (EC) eff = − 10 e.And the large effective rest masses of the baryons and the large gravitation constant between the baryons could explain the cooler gas temperature measured by the EDGE experiments at 2-3 10 8 years after big bang [12].

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3.The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters is shown (see Fig 1 and Table1).
matters.So the effective charge of the dark matter is ( ) = 10 .For example, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with the EC =− e is (EC)eff = − 10 e. Also, at the present time Fg(mm) = GN for the matters Preprints (www.preprints.org)| NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: