The massive use of electronic equipment has raised concerns about electromagnetic (EM) pollution, leading to increased attention to EM shielding in both civil and military applications. EM absorption materials play a crucial role in reducing the energy of microwaves projected onto their surface. In this work, we propose a novel OTA (over-the-air) antenna test method to evaluate and analyze the functionality of EM absorption materials. This method offers a new and practical way to assess the effectiveness of these materials. Measured results indicate that the presence of the EM absorption material led to a decrease in antenna gain of approximately 2-3 dB, a reduction in efficiency of more than 10-15%, and a smaller radiation pattern during the actual testing process. These findings highlight the impact of EM absorption materials on antenna performance. Compared to the traditional S-parameter testing method, the gain comparison testing method exhibits the advantages of higher accuracy and simpler operation in the lower frequency experiment.

The internal wave recognition algorithm in an ocean data buoy system can be used to realize the real-time and flexible observation of internal waves, but there is no accurate automatic recognition method. To meet the need for automatic, real-time, and reliable internal wave recognition, an automatic internal wave recognition algorithm has been proposed for a tightly profiled intelligent buoy system. The sea profile temperature data collected by the Bailong buoy system in the Andaman Sea in 2018 were used to train and test the internal wave recognition neural network model, which consists of two parts: feature extraction and feature classification. The experiment compares the long short-term memory network (LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN) with different layers, and deep neural network (DNN) without a feature extraction network and adjusts the number of convolutional nuclei and convolutional strides to improve the feature extraction efficiency. Experiments show that the best results can be obtained when a CNN layer is used as the feature extraction network, the convolutional step length is 4, the number of convolutional kernels is 5. The recall reaches 95.31% and the precision is 97.53%. The internal wave identification delay of the algorithm is 5.0862 minutes, the number of parameters is 1593, and the number of calculations is 3024. The algorithm can be directly deployed to the ocean data buoy system to realize the demand for automatic, real-time and reliable internal wave identification at the buoy end.

This paper proposes a compact wideband split ring resonator (SRR) based C-shaped antenna for 5G new radio (NR) band n258 millimeter wave (mm-Wave). The proposed antenna covers a wideband frequency range from 24.1 GHz to 28.3 GHz with a reflection coefficient below -10 dB. Stubs are used at each C-shaped element for impedance matching of the antenna. The proposed antenna comprises SRRs with stubs to increase the bandwidth and gain simultaneously for better performance in mm-Wave applications. A simple SRR structure is modeled to function as a reactive impedance surface with inductive property for frequencies less than 30.2 GHz. The proposed antenna realizes an impedance bandwidth of 16.1% and covers a wideband of 4.2 GHz (24.1 GHz -28.3 GHz). The use of stubs and SRR has improved the performance of the proposed antenna at mm-Wave frequencies. Specifically, the deployment of the SRR is able to produce an improved gain for the overall direction of the antenna. The simulation and measured results agree well and maintain a 7.49 dBi gain with a bandwidth of 4.2 GHz. An average efficiency of 90% can be attained in the operating range of the antenna. The designed antenna is applicable for 5G NR Band n258.

Fusion device and its structure may be designed by various means. Two of most popular are; weight basis (described in previous study by author) and energy basis. In present research, later method is explored and described. Energy basis is based on amount of energy released from device upon detonation followed by explosion. Its beneficial in a sense that device size can be kept as independent variable as compared to dependent in former case. Further, it shortens the design procedure. For example, heat transfer pattern in such approach directly helps in quantifying wall thickness which dictates material, fabrication, and manufacturing route. It may also eliminate anisotropy as wall thickness is direct function of amount of heat at which it will rupture and can be much thinner. Device geometry can also be flexibility controlled as it is no longer dependent on pay load bay capacity. This allows more freedom in designing subsystems (compartments, their locations, focusing, switches, and mixers). Such devices can be more compact and simpler. Few such design configurations are proposed.

Quantitative dynamic strain measurements of the ground would be useful for engineering scale problems such as monitoring for natural hazards, soil-structure interaction studies and non-invasive site investigation using full waveform inversion (FWI). Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), a promising technology for these purposes, needs to be better understood in terms of its directional sensitivity, spatial position, and amplitude for application to engineering-scale problems. This study investigates whether the physical measurements made using DAS are consistent with the theoretical reception patterns and experimental measurements of ground strain made by geophones. Results show that DAS and geophone measurements are consistent in both phase and amplitude for broadband (10s of Hz), high amplitude (10s of microstrain) and complex wavefields originating from different positions around the array when: (1) the DAS channels and geophone locations are properly aligned, (2) the DAS cable provides good deformation coupling to the internal optical fiber, (3) the cable is coupled to the ground through direct burial and compaction, and (4) laser phase noise is mitigated in the DAS measurements. The theoretical relationship between DAS-measured and point-wise strain for vertical and horizontal active sources is introduced using 3D elastic finite-difference simulations. The implications of using DAS strain measurements are discussed including directionality and magnitude differences between the actual and DAS-measured strain fields. A method for spatially aligning the DAS channels with the geophone locations at tolerances less than the spatial resolution of the DAS system is proposed.

Recently, most countries suffering from global warming due to the waste gases coming out of the combustion engines used to generate electric power by traditional methods. Therefore, many countries are currently trying to find alternative solutions to this problem by using renewable energies such as solar energy, wind energy, and energy generated from the waves of the ocean and sea to overcome pollution problems. The waves of the seas and oceans have enormous and largely untapped energy, so this work presents an efficient way to use the energy of sea waves to generate electricity. And also, trying to be a way to produce electricity from wave energy in the future. The best suitable places along the shores of Jizan city were inspected to install the buoy system to revenue advantage of the wave supreme height to achieve the height amount of electrical energy. A mathematical model was made to analyze the wave energy and convert it into energy extracted by mechanical force. The mathematical analyzes used the data collected from satellite maps of the numerous severe waves in the Red sea of the Jazan area, and the data published in previous research along that area. It was found that the beach of the Al Shuqaiq area is the greatest for installing the buoy and obtaining the highest electrical energy due to the presence of the highest wave intensity, followed by the beach of the Baysh and Al Morgan area. Also, one of the objectives of this research is to study the design of a device powered by a buoy to use the waves of the Red Sea to generate electric power. The influence of the buoy system design parameters such as the buoy diameter, length of the cylinder, and the length of the connecting rod on the electrical energy generation from wave energy was investigated. The current device is designed with a gearbox to produce continuous power with a single electric generator. A floating mooring device uses the rise and fall of bulges to convert sea wave energy into electrical energy. The device consists of a float, arm, two wheels of different diameters, a gear set, and an electric generator. The effect of the design of several factors on the performance of the device for converting the sea waves energy into electrical energy, including the length of the buoy arm, the wave height by changing the cam diameter, and the conversion ratios between the gear set, to optimize the output power of the wave energy.

This study on the production of a modern natural water electrochemical antimony (II) test include the use of platinum platinum electrode electrodes. Antimony (II) was pre-concentrated on the modified electrode surface and adsorbed to the surface, oxidizing at E = -680 mV. Compared to the platinum electrode, the platinum nanoelectrode exhibited superior performance and, unexpectedly, received a higher electrochemical response. After 25 min of accumulation, time the best-defined anodic peak was obtained with 0.2 mol L^-1 KNO₃ pH 5.0. Using these parameters, the L^-1 Sb ^{2 +} calibration plot was linear over range 1 = 10⁻⁸ to 5x10⁻⁶ mol. The precision was tested by carrying out eight replicate measurements at a concentration of 2.5x10⁻⁵ mol. L^-1; the variance coefficient was 2.9%. The method was applied to analyte determination in water samples from the river. Other metal ion attack on Sb's (II) voltammetric response has been studied. In the SEM image, the nanoparticle electrode was clearly observed and characterized by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry

This paper presents a hydrodynamic numerical model for a pitching wave energy converter (WEC). The model uses potential wave theory and is based on Cummins' equation, with nonlinear hydrostatic restoring stiffness and excitation forces based on instantaneous body position and water surface elevation. The numerical model can include non-linear forces, like quadratic drag, power-take-off and other forces that may account for unknown viscous effects observed in experiments. The paper discusses the applicability and limitations of the code and presents the cases where assumptions and simplifications can be made. The goal is to conclude on the simplest, yet accurate, version of the model by evaluating its accuracy using experimental data. The case study for validation is Floating Power Plant's (FPP's) WEC [1]. In the full-scale commercial project, FPP's device consists of a semisubmersible platform hosting a wind turbine (5-8MW) and 4 WECs, each one connected to the platform by a rotation shaft. Due to the configuration of the platform, strong interactions occur between the WECs and the structure, as they are very closely spaced. In order to validate a numerical model able to simulate these hydrodynamic interactions, wave basin experiments with a similar but simplified setup were performed.

Anomalous waves and rogue events are closely associated with irregularities and unexpected events occurring at various levels of physics, such as in optics, in oceans and in the atmosphere. Mathematical modeling of rogue waves is a highly actual field of research, which has evolved over the last decades into a specialized part of mathematical physics. The applications of the mathematical models for rogue events is directly relevant to technology development for prediction of rogue ocean waves, and for signal processing in quantum units. In this survey, a comprehensive perspective of the most recent developments in methods for representing rogue waves is given, along with discussion of the devised and forms and solutions. The standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Hirota equation, the MMT equation and further to other models are discussed, and their properties highlighted. This survey shows that the most recent advancement in modeling rogue waves give models which can be used to establish methods for prediction of rogue waves at open seas, which is important for the safety and activity of marine vessels and installations. The study further puts emphasis on the difference between the methods, and how the resulting models form a basis for representing rogue waves in various forms, solitary or with a wave-background. This review has also a pedagogic component directed towards students and interested non-experts, and forms a complete survey of the most conventional and emerging methods published until recently

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) is effective for the manipulation of fluids and particles in microscale. The current approach of integrating interdigitated transducers (IDTs) for SAW generation into microfluidic channels involves complex and laborious microfabrication steps. These steps often require the full access to clean room facilities and hours to align the transducers to the precise location. This work presents an affordable and innovative method for fabricating SAW-based microfluidic devices without the need of clean room facilities and alignment. The IDTs and microfluidic channels are fabricated in the same process and thus precisely self-aligned in accordance with the device design. With the use of the developed fabrication approach, a few types of different SAW-based microfluidic devices have been fabricated and demonstrated for particle separation and active droplet generation.

We give a bilocal field theory description of a composite scalar with an extended binding potential, that reduces to the Nambu–Jona–Lasinio (NJL) model in the pointlike limit. This provides a description of the internal dynamics of the bound state and features a static internal wave-function, ϕ(⃗r), in the center-of-mass frame that satisfies a Schr¨odinger-Klein-Gordon equation with eigenvalues m2. We analyze the “coloron” model (single perturbative massive gluon exchange) which yields a UV completion of the NJL model. This has a BCS-like enhancement of its interaction, ∝ Nc the number of colors, and is classically critical with gcritical remarkably close to the NJL quantum critical coupling. Negative eigenvalues for m2 lead to spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the Yukawa coupling of the bound state to constituent fermions is emergent.

Paddy fields are classified as wetland environments, and they comprise a freshwater ecosystem. They are ecologically important habitats and breeding grounds for many aquatic insects, amphibians, and reptiles. However, the paddy field ecosystem is constantly threatened by climate change and indiscriminate use of pesticides. The meta-barcode analysis of eDNA (environmental DNA) method is highly effective in accumulating information on many organisms that inhabit the paddy field ecosystem because it can explore organisms that are difficult to identify with traditional sampling methods. The eDNA method is very effective for accumulating information on many organisms in the rice field ecosystem. It can indirectly identify the existence of taxa no longer found in the target ecosystem due to behavioral characteristics like amphibia. In the metabarcoding results of this study, genes of more than five species of frogs were found, but it was impossible to confirm all frog taxa, frog's morphological pictures, and croak sounds. On the other hand, some frog taxa had been found only in the metabarcoding analysis. The eDNA of frogs found only in metabarcoding is estimated to have been introduced from nearby areas inhabited by frogs rather than the target region. Due to the powerful analytical resolution of eDNA metabarcoding, this eDNA-based paddy field search is expected to help investigate the biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.

An odd-dimensional sphere admits a killing vector field, induced by the transform of the unit normal by the complex structure of the ambiant Euclidean space. In this paper, we study orientable hypersurfaces in a Euclidean space those admit a unit Killing vector field and find two characterizations of odd-dimensional spheres. In first result, we show that a complete and simply connected hypersurface of Euclidean space Rn+1, n>1 admits a unit Killing vector field ξ that leaves the shape operator S invariant and has sectional curvatures of plane sections containing ξ positive satisfies S(ξ)=αξ, α mean curvature if and only if n=2m−1, α is constant and the hypersurfaces is isometric to the sphere S2m−1(α2). Similarly, we find another characterization of unit sphere S2(α2) using the smooth function σ=g(S(ξ),ξ) on the hypersurface.

Many of the current strategies for removing pollutants from water are based on nanomaterials and 18nanotechnology. Lower values of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen De- 19 mand (COD) in water results in reduction in the amount of oxidizable pollutants. We present a study 20 on the reduction of COD and BOD5in water from Wadi El Bey River (Tunisia), using magnetite na- 21 noparticles (MNPs) and magnetic fields. The COD and BOD5 removal reached values higher than 22 50% after 60 min, with optimum efficiency at pH values of ≈8 and for MNPs concentrations of 1 g/L. 23 The use of a permanent magnetic field (0.33 T) showed an increase of COD and BOD5 removal from 2461% to 76% and from 63% to 78%, respectively. This enhancement is discussed in terms of the MNPs 25coagulation induced by the magnetic field and the adsorption of ionic species onto the MNPs sur- 26face due to Fe3O4 affinity.

In the present work, the main methodologies used to reconstruct wind fields in the U-SPACE have been analyzed. The SESAR U-SPACE program aims to develop an Unmanned Traffic Management system with a progressive introduction of procedures and services designed to support a secure access to the air space for a large number of drones. The Italian Aerospace Research Center (CIRA) is carrying out the EDUS project focused on the development and validation of operating platform demonstrators serving the micro-scale weather forecasts and the collection of information necessary for the definition of the flight plan of the drones in urban contexts. For this reason, the state of art methodologies that can be used to estimate winds at low altitudes in urban areas starting from available observational data have been reviewed in the present paper. Some of these techniques were originally developed for reconstruction at high altitudes, but successively adapted to treat different heights. A common approach to all techniques is to approximate the probabilistic distribution of wind speed over time with some parametric models, apply spatial interpolation to the parameters and then read the predicted value.

Various formulations of the exact renormalization group can be compared in the perturbative domain, in which we have reliable expressions for regularization-independent (universal) quantities. We consider the renormalization of the $\lambda\phi^4$ theory in three dimensions and make a comparison between the sharp-cutoff regularization method and other more recent methods. The former gives considerably better results, while the other methods are far from optimal in the perturbative domain. In addition, these methods present theoretical problems that are already manifest in the renormalization of mass.

Task fMRI has played a critical role in recognizing the specific functions of the different regions of human brain during various cognitive activities. This study aimed to investigate group analysis and functional connectivity in the Faradarmangars brain during the Faradarmani CF (FCF) connection. Using task functional MRI (task-fMRI), we attempted the identification of different activated and deactivated brain regions during the Consciousness Filed connection. Clusters that showed significant differences in peak intensity between task and rest group were selected as seeds for seed-voxel analysis. Connectivity of group differences in functional connectivity analysis was determined following each activation and deactivation network. In this study, we report the fMRI-based representation of the FCF connection at the human brain level. The group analysis of FCF connection task revealed activation of frontal lobe (BA6/BA10/BA11). Moreover, seed based functional connectivity analysis showed decreased connectivity within activated clusters and posterior Cingulate Gyrus (BA31). Moreover, we observed an increased connectivity within deactivated clusters and frontal lobe (BA11/BA47) during the FCF connection. Activation clusters as well as the increased and decreased connectivity between different regions of the brain during the FCF connection, firstly, validates the significant effect of the FCF and secondly, indicates a distinctive pattern of connection with this non-material and non-energetic field, in the brain.

In this work, we try to find a way to describe the physical law of micro-world under the frame of a space-time theory. By introducing the scalar fields $\mathcal{D}\left( x\right)$ and $\zeta\left( x\right) $, we rewrite the action of conventional field theory and the Lagrangian describing the motion of the particle, where a modified space-time relation is obtained. To test the correctness of this attempt, we demonstrate the Klein-Gordon equation by the Hamilton-Jacobi method in four dimensional form and present a time delay for the ground state of hydrogen atom.

This paper addresses the fate of extended space-time symmetries, in particular conformal symmetry and supersymmetry, in two-dimensional Rindler space-time appropriate to a uniformly accelerated non-inertial frame in flat 1+1-dimensional space-time. Generically, in addition to a conformal co-ordinate transformation, the transformation of fields from Minkowski to Rindler space is accompanied by local conformal and Lorentz transformations of the components, which also affect the Bogoliubov transformations between the associated Fock spaces. I construct these transformations for massless scalars and spinors, as well as for the ghost and super-ghost fields necessary in theories with local conformal and supersymmetries, as arising from coupling to 2-D gravity or supergravity. Cancellation of the anomalies in Minkowski and in Rindler space requires theories with the well-known critical spectrum of particles arising in string theory in the limit of infinite strings, and is relevant for the equivalence of Minkowski and Rindler frame theories.

We describe the design and construction of coils to compensate the earth's magnetic field in the vertical cryostat GERSEMI in the FREIA laboratory at Uppsala University.

Laser ablation of silicon under an external applied magnetic field with different orientations was investigated in respect to the scanning direction and polarisation of the laser beam, by observation of the ablation patterns and debris deposition. Ultra-short ∼230 fs laser pulses of 1030 nm wavelengths were used in the single and multi-pulse irradiation modes. Ablation with an externally applied magnetic B-field (B ≈ 0.1 T) is shown to strongly affect debris formation. The mechanism of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave can explain the ablated periodic patterns observed with alignment along the magnetic field lines.

The electric field is enormously more powerful than the gravitational field. However, in our normal experience there is no electric field, the electric force is missing. How is it that when you get to larger and larger scales the gravitational field is extremely important whereas the electric field becomes less and less important [1]? This paper proposes a model to explain why gravitation dominates at a larger scale.

We study the μ-μ45-T phase diagram of the 2+1-dimensional Gross-Neveu model, where μ denotes the ordinary chemical potential, μ45 the chiral chemical potential and T the temperature. We use the mean-field approximation and two different lattice regularizations with naive chiral fermions. An inhomogeneous phase at finite lattice spacing is found for one of the two regularizations. Our results suggest that there is no inhomogeneous phase in the continuum limit. We show that a chiral chemical potential is equivalent to an isospin chemical potential. Thus, all results presented in this work can also be interpreted in the context of isospin imbalance.

This paper presents an Edge-based color image segmentation derived from the method of Particle Motion in a Vector Image Fields (PMVIF) that could previously be applied only to monochrome images. Instead of using an edge vector field derived from a gradient vector field and a normal compressive vector field derived from a Laplacian-gradient vector field, two novel orthogonal vector fields, directly computed from a color image, one parallel and another orthogonal to the edges, were used in the model to force a particle to move along the object edges. The normal compressive vector field is derived from the center-to-centroid vectors of local color distance images. Next, the edge vector field is derived by taking the normal compressive vector field, multiplied by differences of auxiliary image pixels to obtain a vector field analogous to a Hamiltonian gradient vector field. Using the PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2012 (VOC2012) and the Berkeley Segmentation Data Set and Benchmarks 500 (BSDS500), the benchmark score of the proposed method is provided in comparison with those of the traditional PMVIF, Watershed, SLIC, K-means, Mean shift, and JSEG. The proposed method yields better RI, GCE, NVI, BDE, Dice coefficients, faster computation time, and noise resistance.

Non steady applied magnetic field impact on a liquid metals has good prospects for industry. For a better understanding of heat and mass transfer processes under these circumstances, numerical simulations are needed. A combination of finite elements and volumes methods was used to calculate the flow and solidification of liquid metal under electromagnetic influence. Validation of numerical results was carried out by means of measuring with ultrasound Doppler velocimetry technique, as well as with neutron radiography snapshots of the position and shape of the solid/liquid interface. As a result of the first part of the work, a numerical model of electromagnetic stirring and solidification was developed and validated. This model could be an effective tool for analyzing the electromagnetic stirring during the solidification process. In the second part, the dependences of the velocity pulsation amplitude and the melt velocity maximum value on the magnetic field pulsation frequency are obtained. It was found numerically the ability of the pulsating force action to develop higher values of the liquid metal velocity at a frequency close to the MHD resonance. Obtained characteristics give a more detailed description of the electrically conductive liquid behaviour under action of pulsating traveling magnetic field.

This study sought to investigate steel frames’ performance with dual lateral loader system (Frame bending + bracings of divergent and convergent) in near and far filed to fault. In order to this, four categories of steel frame with dual system with 8, 10 and 12 story are designed with average formation based on existing seismic regulation in 2800 standard of Iran and tenth chapter of national regulations of construction (planning and performing steel construction). Time history non-linear dynamic analysis under the effect of near and far field earthquakes has been done on plan’s models. Then the maximum of floors’ dislocation, floors’ drift, roof dislocation, base shear and energy curves of frames are shown and compared with each other. All non-linear time history analyses have been accomplished using PERFORM 3D software.

: Shear-wave elastography (SWE) has become popular in clinical practice for many diseases.However, there are not adequate research for spleen-related diseases.This study aimed to investigate the potential of quantitative values obtained through SWE in evaluating spleen pathologies in the pediatric population and to demonstrate its perfomance to differentiate splenomegaly-related diseases.Research group retrospectively included children with pathological diagnoses related to spleen from November 2016 to April 2021 and they were categorized three groups as portal hypertension (PH), benign lymphoid hyperplasia (BLH), malignant infiltration (MI).Spleen sizes and parenchymal stiffness were also calculated for each group.Subsequently, mean spleen stiffness in each compared with normal values within the same age group.In total 2781 children (1379 children for study group, 1402 children for control group) were enrolled to the study.The highest stiffness were observed in the PH group, which is statistically higher than others (p<0.05). Although the mean spleen stiffness in the group with BLH was higher than the control and MI group, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08).The mean stiffness in the group with MI was significantly lower than both the control group (p=0.005) and PH (p=0.01).In conclusion, using SWE in the differential diagnosis of etiologies causing splenomegaly, could make important contribution.

Public housing stock, called Social Housing, in Italy developed between the 1950s and the 1980s. As of today, the first residential developments are almost nearing their end-of-life age, in need of urgent and intensive renovation. The European Commission, with the Renovation Wave, has set a goal of doubling the rate of building renovation over the next 10 years, reducing emissions, improving energy performance, and promoting decarburization. Renovation interventions, including structural, functional, energy, plant upgrading, etc., are to be preferred over integral demolition and reconstruction interventions, which have significant repercussions in terms of managerial and social discomfort. The case studies examined concern renovation interventions aimed at energy efficiency, functional adaptation of housing as well as facade restyling. The design variants analyzed were evaluated in terms of CO2e emissions, according to LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) and EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) approaches. This approach has a twofold purpose: to propose design guidelines, with low CO2e emissions, through hypotheses of variants to the case studies, and to propose, to the Economic Operators, economically advantageous bidding scenarios, in the procurement process.

Numerous experimental and theoretical studies undertaken to determine the effective-stress coefficient for seismic velocities in rocks stem from the importance of this geomechanical parameter both for monitoring changes in rock saturation and pore pressure distribution in connection with reservoir production, and for overpressure prediction in reservoirs and formations from seismic data. The present work pursues a task to determine, in the framework of a low-frequency laboratory study, the dependence of the elastic moduli of n-decane saturated sandstone on the relationship between pore and confining pressures. The study was conducted on a sandstone sample with high quartz and notable clay content in the quasi-static regime, when the 100 ml tank filled with n-decane was directly connected to the pore space of the sample. The measurements were carried out at a seismic frequency of 2 Hz and strains, controlled by semiconductor strain gauges, not exceeding 10-6. The study was performed using a forced-oscillation laboratory apparatus utilizing stress-strain relationship. The dynamic elastic moduli have been measured in two sets of experiments: at constant pore pressures of 0, 1 and 5 MPa and differential pressure (defined as a difference between confining and pore pressures) varied from 3 to 19 MPa; and at а constant confining pressure of 20 MPa and pore pressure varied from 1 to 17 MP. It was shown that the elastic moduli obtained in the measurements are in good agreement with the Gassmann moduli calculated for the range of differential pressures used in our experiments, which corresponds to the effective-stress coefficient equal to unity.

A gas-hydrate method of CO₂ gas storage is one of the modern technology for reducing it emissions into the atmosphere. The breakup of gas bubbles by a shock wave is an actual area of scientific and technological research. However, it is little known that such research began in the late 1950s in the USSR. The article presents the main discoveries related to the destruction of gas bubbles in a liquid under the influence of a shock wave, made more than 60 years ago. Looking back: study the past to understand the present.

Antioxidants reduce arterial stiffness but the effects previously reported are weak. The present study evaluated the effects of 2 weeks of therapy with a combination of antioxidants (l-cysteine, thiamine, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid) compared to placebo on stiffness index (SI) a measure of arterial stiffness that is strongly correlated with central pulse wave velocity (PWV), using a Pulse Trace recorder in a diverse group of 78 volunteers. SI fell by 1.7 m/sec relative to placebo (95% confidence intervals 0.6 to 2.7 m/sec), a reduction of 19% (95% confidence intervals 9% to 31%). The Glass effect size was 1.4, indicating a very strong treatment effect which was substantially greater than found in previous studies of the effects of antioxidant therapy on arterial stiffness. The magnitude of reduction in SI was positively correlated with increasing age (r = 0.362 P = 0.02). The change in RI, a measure of compliance of small to medium size arteries, did not differ between the antioxidant and placebo groups The combination of antioxidants studied reduced PWV to a much greater extent than reported for other antioxidants. This combination may be of value in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Background: During pregnancy, major physiological changes occur in every system. Understanding the hemodynamic changes in different stages of pregnancy can help to identify abnormal states during pregnancy. Harmonic analysis could be a useful tool in monitoring the state of the ventricular-arterial system during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific statistical relationships between changes in harmonic indices during different stages of pregnancy. Methods: A Total of 380 women (190 pregnant women and 190 age-matched non-pregnant women), with ages ranging from 20 to 45, were enrolled in the study. The visit measured the subject’s hemodynamic parameters including heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and photoplethysmography (PPG). SBP and DBP were evaluated by an automatic blood pressure monitor. PPG signal were continuously recorded for 12-seconds using a PPG sensor. Spectrum analysis of the PPG signal was performed to evaluate the first five harmonic components (C1 – C5) and harmonic phases (P1 – P5). Result: A comparison between pregnant women and non-pregnant women showed that the non-pregnant women had lower DBP, C3, C5 and P5 (p<0.05). Waist Circumference, Heart rate, C2, C4 and P2 were higher in pregnant women. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between pregnancy and harmonics indices. C2, C4 and P3 were positively and P1 and P4 were negatively associated with pregnancy after controlling age, BMI, waist circumference, heart rate, SBP and DBP. Conclusion: The results of this study provide information on the changes in the harmonic frequency components during various stages of pregnancy. The harmonic components of the PPG signal have independent predictive value for changes in a woman's physiology during pregnancy. Since non-invasive PPG measurements can be performed frequently and easily, in the future, it is possible that the hemodynamic changes from some pregnancy-related disorders could be studied by harmonic analysis.

Highly efficient, broadband and distinctively structured electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials exhibit huge exceptions with multi-functions in both military and civilian fields. Searching the relationship between structural and EMW performance is beneficial to develop outstanding microwave absorption materials, and has become an attractive research topic. In this study, we briefly reviewed the different EMW absorption mechanisms and key influence factors, then, present the latest developments in low-dimensional (LD) EMW absorption materials. We provide a comprehensive discussion of remarkable examples and summarize the main information related to the structure-function relationship of dimensional design and structural engineering in order to facilitate the rapid evolution of this fascinating field.

We introduce two symmetric concepts to physics: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). We claim that physics has chosen the wrong concept of time: It is not aware that the time of a moving object flows in a direction other than my time. We provide 15 proofs for our claim by solving 15 mysteries of physics graphically! For example, we prove that length contraction and time dilation are actually geometrical effects in a 4D manifold that we call “Euclidean spacetime” (ES). We prove that the discrepancy in calculating the Hubble constant stems from a systematic error in the redshift measurement. We prove that what I deem wave, deems itself matter, which solves wave–particle duality. We even untangle quantum entanglement without the issue of non-locality. We finally understand why alternative theories of Euclidean relativity have failed: They are all based on four dimensions of space rather than distance. A huge amount of energy was injected into ES at a point that we take as origin. Ever since has this energy been moving radially away at the speed of light. We live in the 3D hypersurface of an expanding 4D hypersphere. Hyperspherical coordinates have the great advantage that they reduce all that is ever happening to just one formula. So, it is the Theory of Everything in these coordinates: “Energy is covering radial distance which, divided by Euclidean time, is equal to the speed of light.” Acceleration and force like gravitation emerge from a rotation of objects in ES and a subsequent projection to 3D space. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics.

In this study, we present more than 8 years of observations of the quasi-16-day wave (Q16DW) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind at middle latitudes observed by the Mengcheng (33.4°N, 116.5°E) meteor radar. The long-term variation in amplitudes calculated from the data between April 2014 and December 2022 shows enhanced wave activity during winter and early spring (near equinox) and suppressed wave activity during the summer. The Q16DWs are relatively weak in the meridional wind. During the winter months, the Q16DWs in the zonal component exhibit a burst below 85 km, and their amplitudes reach up to 10 m/s. In the early spring, the Q16DWs strengthen above 90 km with amplitudes in excess of 12 m/s. The phase differences between the zonal and meridional components of the Q16DW are, on average, slightly smaller than 90°, suggesting the existence of orthogonal relationships between them. During strong bursts, the periods of the Q16DW in winter range between 15 and 18 d, whereas in winter, the periods tend to be more diffuse. The wintertime Q16DW is amplified, on average, when the zonal wind shear peaks, suggesting that barotropic instability may be one source of Q16DW. Q16DW amplitudes exhibit considerable interannual variability; however, a relationship between the 11-year solar cycle and the Q16DW is not found.

By solving a Marchenko equation, Green's functions at an arbitrary (inner) depth level inside an unknown elastic layered medium can be retrieved from single-sided reflection data, which are to be collected at the top of the medium. So far, an exact solution could only be obtained if the medium obeys stringent monotonicity conditions and if all forward-scattered (non-converted and converted) transmissions between the acquisition level and the inner depth level are known a-priori. We introduce an alternative Marchenko equation by revising the window operators that are applied in its derivation. We also introduce an auxiliary equation for transmission data, which are to be collected at the bottom of the medium, and a coupled equation, which is based on both reflection and transmission data. We show that the joint system of the Marchenko equation, the auxiliary equation and the coupled equation can be succesfully inverted when broadband reflection and transmission data are available. This results in a novel methodology for elastodynamic Green's function retrieval from two-sided data. Apart from these data, our approach requires P- and S-wave transmission times between the inner depth level and the top of the medium, as well as two angle-dependent amplitude scaling factors, which can be estimated from the data by enforcing energy conservation.

Nonionizing millimeter-waves (MMW) are reported to inhibit cell division of lung cancer cells. In this article, we present a mechanism for the effect of inhibited cell division upon 85-105 GHz MMW irradiation. Strains of cell division model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured under physiological conditions were analyzed for the effects of MMW exposure. Irradiated cells showed a reduced growth rate than that of control (sham) cells. DNA damage repair mutant (rad52) strain cells were also subjected to MMW exposure to identify the involvement of genomic alteration(s) in this process. Irradiated wild type and rad52 mutant strains showed similar colony growth profiles indicating MMW treatment does not alter genomic DNA. Further, MMW interaction with cytological water was explored as a possible mechanism of action. Cells absorbed more power as compared to plain water. MMW irradiation highly absorbed by the cytological water content likely affects proteomic changes, accounting for the observed effects of inhibited cell division. Irradiations using a standard horn antenna were compared to that of a compact waveguide for increased power which led to complete termination of cell division. Our results provide indications of the development of non-invasive nonionizing irradiation procedures to treat tumor metastasis and control microbial infections.

We extend our high-resolution MRI-based Finite Element (FE) head model, previously presented and validated in [1–3], by considering the heterogeneities of the white matter structures captured through the use of Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE). This approach imparts more sophistication to our numerical model and yields results that more closely match experimental results. It is found that the peak pressure more closely matches the experiments as compared to the heterogeneous case. Qualitatively, we find differences in stress wave propagation near the corpus callosum and the corona radiata, which are stiffer on average than the global white matter. We are able to study the effects of these stiff structures on transient stress wave propagation within the cerebrum, something that cannot be done with a homogenized material model.

Prediction and early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) remain a permanent challenge in everyday practice. Timely identification of an increased risk for AF episodes (which are frequently asymptomatic) is essential in the primary and secondary prevention of cardioembolic events. One of the noninvasive modalities of AF prediction is represented by the electrocardiographic P-wave analysis. This includes the study and diagnosis of interatrial conduction block (Bachmann`s bundle block). Bayés’ Syndrome (named after its first descriptor) denotes the association between interatrial conduction defect and supraventricular arrhythmias (mainly AF) predisposing to cardioembolic events. Our short review presents an update of the most important data concerning this syndrome: brief history, main ECG features, pathophysiological background and clinical implications.

This dataset consists of integral sea state parameters of significant wave height (SWH) and mean wave period (zero-upcrossing mean wave period, MWP) data derived from the advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) onboard the ENVISAT satellite over its full life cycle (2002-2012) covering the global ocean. Both parameters are calibrated and validated against buoy data. A cross-validation between the ASAR SWH and radar altimeter (RA) data is also performed to ensure that the SAR-derived wave height data are of the same quality as the RA data. These data are stored in the standard NetCDF format, which are produced for each ASAR wave mode Level1B data provided by the European Space Agency. This is the first time that a full sea state product in terms of both the SWH and MWP has been derived from spaceborne SAR data over the global ocean for a decadal temporal scale.

The copper deposition on the platinum and palladium nanoelectrode has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. The use of nanoelectrode platinum and palladium are defined in the study of heavy metals. The noble nanoelectrode of metal has a typical silicone processing structure. In comparison to the nanoelectrodes, the geometry of the electrode series is complex and balanced. Nanoelectrodes of platinum are found effective in detecting heavy metal. There was regular analysis of the use of the sensors. The identification constraints down to the ng /L level was accomplished by refined electrode geometry and the stripping procedures. The process was used for the study of water sample determination. Another heavy metal ion attack voltammetric reaction was studied. The SEM picture clearly observed and characterized the nanoparticle electrode by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry.

We apply deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to estimate wave breaking type from close-range monochrome infrared imagery of the surf zone. Image features are extracted using six popular CNN architectures developed for generic image feature extraction. Logistic regression on these features is then used to classify breaker type. The six CNN-based models are compared without and with augmentation, a process that creates larger training datasets using random image transformations. The simplest model performs optimally, achieving average classification accuracies of 89% and 93%, without and with image augmentation respectively. Without augmentation, average classification accuracies vary substantially with CNN model. With augmentation, sensitivity to model choice is minimized. A class activation analysis reveals the relative importance of image features to a given classification. During its passage, the front face and crest of a spilling breaker are more important than the back face. Whereas for a plunging breaker, the crest and back face of the wave are most important. This suggests that CNN-based models utilize the distinctive `streak' temperature patterns observed on the back face of plunging breakers for classification.

This paper presents performed Ansys numerical simulation on WindFloat structures. It contributes to the methodology of calculation based on CFD instruments to study the movements of the waves on semi-submersible stationary structures and highlights the importance of using RAO functions. RAO numerical approach developed can be applied to design semisubmersible WindFloat structures in order to fulfill essential requirements regarding operational safety and design. Numerical methodology was designed in accordance marine loads and the I.T.T.C. recommendations. The numerical RAO results for regular wave movements include many elements for the semi-submergible structure. Close results to open sea operation can be achieved by constant improvement in numerical simulation methodologies. The work opens the way for further hydrodynamic development on irregular waves for realistic hydrodynamic and structural response of the actual semi-submersibles at sea. The results demonstrate the accuracy of RAO function approach for specific WindFloat in Jonswap spectrum.

Breakwaters influence coastal wave climate and circulation by blocking and dissipating wave energy. Accurate representation of these effects is essential to the determination of coastal circulation and wave processes. MIKE21SW and SWAN are two third-generation spectral wave models which are used widely in coastal research and engineering applications. Recent improved versions of the models are able to consider the influence of breakwater structures. In this study, we used available observations to evaluate the accuracy of model simulations of waves in New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, USA, an estuary with three detached breakwaters near the mouth. We then compare the accuracy and computational efficiency of MIKE21SW and SWAN. Both models were executed on the same unstructured triangular grid. The boundary conditions were derived from a bottom mounted ADCP on the offshore side of the breakwaters. Wind forcing was applied using data from the Central Long Island Sound buoy. We find that both models are largely consistent with observations during storms. The MIKE21SW significant wave height and wave direction simulations were slightly superior; however, SWAN is more efficient and faster due to its implementation of a fully implicit technique for time integration.

Dam breaches have catastrophic consequences, causing severe property damage, life loss, and environmental impact. The Kulekhani reservoir rockfill dam break was studied to evaluate the downstream impact. The appropriate breaching parameter of MacDonald and Langridge (1984) regression equations was selected based on the sixteen observed dam failure cases and cross-sectional geometry of the existing dam of Kulekhani. The 2D Diffusion Wave and Full Dynamic Wave Equation were applied for downstream flood assessment, Full Dynamic Wave was able to capture the physical flow phenomena like river bend effects resulting in higher flow velocity at the outer bend, and formation of eddies considering losses. The application of a Full Dynamic Equation was found to be appropriate for rapidly varying unsteady flow considering steep slopes, and sudden changes in channel geometry. Flood mapping of water depth, flow velocity, flood intensity, and arrival time were carried out for flood hazard assessment classified by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Flow depth and extension of the flow area were compared to identify the affected area, higher flow depth and larger extension were observed using a Full Dynamic Wave Equation as a result of less flow velocity considering the losses. Almost 17 minutes of the arrival time of peak difference at the Bagmati River confluence was evaluated between the models which plays an important role in decision-making for selection of the flood model. Flood mitigation with river diversion works through a hydraulic measure of Levee was suggested to protect the highly affected households of Ranche, Nagmar, Khanikhet, and Debaltar towns. Most of the household was found to be safe after the construction of the Levee except for eleven houses that lie along the river below flood elevation of 1269.6 m.a.s.l. This signifies the importance of room for the rivers and the human settlement near the river might be life-threatening.

With the progression of AI, embedding advanced AI technologies into small robotics and mobile devices has become essential, driving research towards lightweighting AI models. Our study enhances the EPINET depth estimation model for light field images, aiming for compactness and faster inference while preserving accuracy. We conducted two-step experiments aimed at enhancing inference efficiency: Initially, by adjusting input streams and convolution layers, we simplified the CNN model, achieving faster inference times at the cost of reduced accuracy. To address this reduction in accuracy, we then applied knowledge distillation, allowing the simplified model to learn from the original model’s more complex patterns. In our quantitative experiments using two error metrics, MSE (Mean Squared Error) and BadPix, we identified optimal knowledge positions and evaluated the required complexity for the student model. As a result, our method improved MSE by 21% and BadPix by 14% compared to training without it. Furthermore, the student model achieved an inference speed 13% faster than the teacher model and surpassed its accuracy by 10% in MSE. Additionally, we demonstrated that repeatedly applying our approach could further enhance both model compactness and accuracy.

In the present work, a methodology for wind field reconstruction based on the Meteo Particle Model (MPM) from Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data is presented. The development of specific wind forecast services is a challenging research topic, in particular for what concerns the availability of accurate local weather forecasts in highly populated areas. Currently, even if NWP Limited Area Models (LAMs) are run at spatial resolution of about 1 km, this level of information is not sufficient for many applications, for example to support drone operation in urban contexts. The coupling of MPM with the NWP Limited Area Model COSMO has been implemented in such a way that the MPM reads the NWP output over a selected area and provides wind values in the generical point considered for the investigation. The numerical results obtained reveal a good behavior of the method in reproducing the general trend of wind speed, as confirmed also by the power spectra analysis. The MPM is able to step over the intrinsic limitations of the NWP model in terms of spatial and temporal resolution even if the MPM inherits the bias that inevitably affects the COSMO output.

Aim at a better understanding of the flow field around a fully appended Joubert BB2 submarine model and complementing the experimental investigations of the wake of the hydroplanes and sail, the Large eddy simulation (LES) with the dynamic Smagorinsky model is conducted. Three sets of grids with a maximum grid number of up to 228 million are designed, to perform the LES simulation for the Joubert BB2 at 10° yaw conditions, with a freestream Reynolds (Re) number based on the local freestream velocity and the hull length of ReL=2.2×107. And comparison of the wake of the cruciform appendage is made with experiments, to verify the computational accuracy and examine the influence of the spatial resolution. A satisfactory result shows more favorable agreement with experimental measurements as the improvement of spatial resolution, with the relative error of the vortice centers well within 7.2% in the most refined grid arrangement. And under this grid arrangement, the evolution characteristics of three co-rotating vortices originating from the cruciform appendage are further described in detail at straight ahead and 10° yaw conditions.

We discuss the issues with tentative generalisations of the process matrix formalism from finite-dimensional mechanical systems all the way to quantum field theory. We present a detailed overview of possible open problems that arise when one attempts to move from particle ontology into the realm of field ontology, i.e., when one transitions from mechanics to field theory framework. These issues need to be addressed, and problems solved, if one aims to expand the scope of applicability of the process matrix formalism, and therefore its usefulness. This is far from a trivial and straightforward endeavour, but rather a task for a whole future research programme.

Directional solidification experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of micro-alloying element Sn and magnetic field on the solidification of Al-Bi immiscible alloys. Experimental results show that the size distribution of the dispersed particles in the low-speed solidified Al-3.4wt%Bi alloy presents two peaks, while it only shows one peak when solidified at a relatively high speed. The addition of Sn not only can enhance the nucleation rate and the number density of the Bi-rich droplets in the sample, but also decrease the Marangoni migration velocity and the axial resultant velocity of minority phase droplets in front of the solidification interface. Thereby it promotes the formation of Al-Bi alloys with a well-dispersed microstructure. A static magnetic with the strength of 0.2T increase the number density of the dispersed particles and decrease the average size and the size distribution width of the dispersed particles. Under the effect of Sn addition and static magnetic field, the average radius of the dispersed particles <R> and the solidification velocity V_0 satisfy <R>∝〖V_0〗^(-1/3) when the alloy was solidified at a relatively low velocity, <R> and V_0 satisfy <R>∝〖V_0〗^(-1/2) when the alloy is solidified at a high velocity.

We investigate the production of an isolated attosecond pulse (IAP) via the phase-matching gating of high-harmonic generation by intense laser pulses. Our study is based on the integration of the propagation equation for the fundamental and generated fields with nonlinear polarisation found via the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. We study the XUV energy as a function of the propagation distance (or the medium density) and find that the onset of the IAP production corresponds to the change from linear to quadratic dependence of this energy on the propagation distance (or density). Finally, we show that the upper limit of the fundamental pulse duration for which the IAP generation is feasible is defined by the temporal spreading of the fundamental pulse during the propagation. This nonlinear spreading is defined by the difference of the group velocities for the neutral and photoionised medium.

Galaxies are rather big physical systems having a typical size of tens of kilo parsecs. Thus any change at the center of the galaxy will affect the outskirts only tens of thousand of years afterwards. Retardation seems to be neglected in current calculations of rotational velocities in the far edges of the galaxy and its surrounding gas. The differences between the velocities predicted by Newtonian theory and observational derivations are accommodated by either assuming "dark matter" or by introducing modifications to the laws of gravity in which MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is one of the typical examples, celebrating now forty years since its inception. We show that there are overlapping conditions for retardation corrections in the weak approximation to general relativity and the low acceleration conditions for MOND corrections. We will also show that MOND interpolation formula is useful for calculating retardation effects provided an appropriate interpolation function is chosen.

The calculation and visualization of the dose field in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities is one of the important functions of the decommissioning virtual simulation system, which can provide accurate and intuitive radiation field distribution and play an important role in determining the demolition plan and protecting personnel during the engineering implementation process. This article investigates the development of dose field calculation and visualization in the reactor decommissioning virtual simulation systems, and preliminarily proposes a technical plan suitable for the development of the decommissioning dose field calculation and visualization display programs for the first Heavy Water Research Reactor (HWRR) in China. Besides, the applicability of the selected scheme is analyzed, the functional requirement and development direction of the HWRR reactor decommissioning dose field calculation and visual display module are preliminarily determined. Furthermore, the reactor vessel of HWRR reactor is modeled and the dose field distribution was calculated and visualized. This research can provide technical support for the development of the decommissioning simulation system for the first HWRR reactor in China.

With the development of industrialization, traditional manufacturing technologies are no longer able to meet the production needs of modern society. Additive manufacturing has successfully solved the problems existing in traditional manufacturing technology. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed melting technology that produces metal parts by selectively melting metal powders on a platform using a laser beam. It is widely used in additive manufacturing. This article introduces the characteristics and current development status of SLM technology, summarizes the main application fields and common defects of SLM, and finally explores and prospects the future development trend of SLM.

Rapid solidification during metal additive manufacturing (AM) leads to non-equilibrium microsegregation, which can result in the formation of detrimental phases and cracking. Most of the microsegregation models, assume a Scheil-type solidification, where the solidification interface is planar and there exists local equilibrium at the interface along with either zero or infinite solute diffusion in the respective participating phases - solid and liquid. This assumption leads to errors in prediction. One has to account for finite solute diffusion and the curvature at the dendritic tip for more accurate predictions. In this work, we compare different microsegregation models that do and do not consider finite diffusion and dendrite tip kinetics against the experiments. We also propose a method to couple dendrite tip kinetics with the diffusion module (DICTRA®) implemented in Thermo-Calc®. The models which accounted for both finite diffusion and dendrite tip kinetics matched well with the experimental data.

The initial dilution generated by the final disposal of untreated wastewater through a submarine outfall in Santa Marta was examined with a near-field dilution model. Northward and eastward seawater velocity, salinity, and temperature profiles from a 3D hydrodynamic model were used to provide the oceanic conditions to calculate the dilution. At the wastewater discharge site, the upwelling phenomenon occurs two times a year, the major from December to March and the minor in July, eliminating the stratification condition of seawater. The results of the dilution model showed that in these periods the plume reaches the water surface achieving dilutions greater than 100. In addition, the external wave effect on the initial dilution of submarine outfall discharge in Santa Marta was determined. Surface waves increase dilution during the dry period of the year when trade winds increase the surge and start the upwelling phenomenon. The Dilution with/without waves factor is up to 1.90 for the center of the plume on the water column.

We investigate some of the fundamental features of the interaction of mixed kaleidoscope states, namely, particular statistical mixtures of coherent states, with two-level atoms in the Jaynes-Cummings model framework. We begin our analysis by calculating the von Neumann entropy of the field which is determined with help of the virtual atom method. Oscillations appear in this entropy that indicate a state of purity greater than the initial state, {it i.e.}, a purification of the initial state is achieved. In this oscillatory region, we obtain the field Wigner function that resembles Schrodinger's cats.

This short reading is an extraction from our previous work (Nyambuya 2020), the purpose of which is to make clear that it is very much possible to use Weyl (1918)'s idea of a conformal metric to achieve tensorial affinities. We are of the strong view that this is very important as it is predominantly assumed that this not possible. We want to dispel this myth once and for al-time.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and resultant cancellation of geoscience fieldwork, as well as outstanding accessibility issues inherent in conducting fieldwork, we developed a virtual geological fieldtrip (VFT) to the Huronian age deposits in the Whitefish Falls area, Ontario, Canada. This region is a geologically significant site in which many Ontario universities conduct undergraduate teaching due to the high-quality exposures. In this contribution we describe and comment on the development of this openly available resource, the motivations in doing so, the challenges faced, its pedagogical impact and relevance, as well as provide suggestions to others in the development of such resources. Our multimedia VFT combines 360° imagery, georeferenced data on integrated maps, and multi-scale imagery (aerial/drone, outcrop, and thin section images). The VFT was built using the Esri Storymaps platform, and thus offers us the opportunity to review the effectiveness of building such resources using this medium, as well as our approach to doing so. We conclude that the Esri Storymaps platform provides a sound medium for the dissemination of multimedia VFTs, but that some aspects of in-person fieldwork remain hard to replicate. Most notably, ‘hands on experience’ and specific activities such as geological mapping. In addition, while VFTs alleviate some accessibility barriers to geoscience fieldwork, substantial barriers remain that should remain the focus of both pedagogical and geoscience work.

Major progress in the field of regenerative medicine are expected from the design of artificial scaffolds that mimic both the structural and functional properties of the ECM. The bionanocomposites approach is particularly well fitted to meet this challenge as it can combine ECM-based matrices and colloidal carriers of biological cues that regulate cell behavior. Here we have prepared bionanocomposites under high magnetic field from Tilapia fish scale collagen and multifunctional silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). We show that scaffolding cues (collagen), multiple display of signaling peptides (SiNPs) and control over the global structuration (magnetic field) can be combined into a unique bionanocomposite for the engineering of biomaterials with improved cell performances.

In this work, we discuss a newly proposed scalar-tensor theory in Minkowski spacetime. The basic frame in Minkowski spacetime is obtained. Consider a charged particle in the electromagnetic field, we make an attempt to connect this theory with conventional quantum theory. Two specific models are chosen to calculate values of the time delay.

We investigate a possible reduction mechanism from (bosonic) Quantum Field Theory (QFT) to Quantum Mechanics (QM), in a way that could explain the apparent loss of degrees of freedom of the original theory in terms of quantum information in the reduced one. This reduction mechanism consists mainly in performing an ansatz on the boson field operator, which takes into account quantum foam and non-commutative geometry. Through the reduction mechanism, QFT reveals its hidden internal structure, which is a quantum network of maximally entangled multipartite states. In the end, a new approach to the quantum simulation of QFT is proposed through the use of QFT's internal quantum network

Recent advances in the theory of quantum gravity show that the Ricci flow serves as the time evolution operator for the vacuum energy density and that in the presence of baryonic matter, the Ricci flow is analogous to the heat equation in the presence of a heat sink. Here we show using the equations of quantum gravity, that quantum information can be modelled as a thermal fluid consisting of a superposition of weakly excited eigenstates of a quantum field and that each eigenstate vector has an associated eigenstate potential well. The depth of the potential well depends on the amplitude of the eigenstate vector. Measurement is then considered as a selection by tuning process which only allows an eigenstate resonating with the detector to be detected. During the detection process, the resonating eigenstate vector increases in amplitude, deepening its potential well such that the other weakly excited states rapidly drain their small excitation energies into it via the principle of minimum action. This draining process is the act of collapsing the wave function to a specific state. Also, the presence of the eigenstate potential wells is what cancels out the infinities from high energy interactions.

This research work investigates the possibility of shielding gravity. The ultimate purpose of this work is to understand the reality behind the concept of Gravitational Shielding (GS) and time dilation. Since the 19th century, scientists have tried to arrive at an understanding of GS via the use of various experiments. Unfortunately, some experiments failed to prove the existence of gravitational shielding, whereas some results proclaimed the possibility of attaining GS. The original phenomenon exhibited by nature cannot easily be understood, but some experiments have demonstrated that the answer may lie behind the mysterious GS. If GS is proved, then in the future, it would be possible to travel across black holes by defying gravity or through any bigger mass having high gravitational field. To unravel the mystery of GS, this work investigates the history of GS and considers the future vision of technologically advanced spacecraft or other warp drive mechanisms with appropriate gravitational shielding. Though the problem is very complex, this research work tries to come to a deeper understanding and explanation of the complexity involved in achieving gravitational shielding.

The Landauer principle supplies the estimation of the minimal mass of a particle which is capable to record/erase information within a thermal bath at the temperature of T. Particles lighter than ${\tilde{m}}_0=\frac{k_{B}Tln2}{c^2}$will not transform the information to the surrounding bodies and are well expected to be undetectable. The relation of the Landauer principle to the problem of “dark matter” is discussed. The maximal informational content of a particle at rest, estimated as $I_{max}=\frac{m_0{c}^2}{k_{B}Tkn2}$ is introduced. The Landauer principle also allows the estimation of minimal energy of the field which is capable to record/erase 1 bit of information in the surrounding at the temperature of T. The relativistic aspects of the Landauer principle and its relation to the relativistic transformation of temperature are addressed.

This paper is given to the investigation of warm inflation using Modified Chaplygin gas in the background of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi Identity type I. We find out the field equations and perturbations parameters such as; scalar power spectrum, scalar spectral index, scalar potential and tensor to scalar ratio under slow roll approximation. We find out these parameters in directional of Hubble parameter during the Logamediate inflationary regime in weak and strong case. These comological parameters shows that the anisotropic model is also compatible WMAP$7$ with recent observational data Planck $2018$.

Using four field equations, a recently proposed theory that covers the phenomenology of classical physics at the level of the Maxwell and Einstein Field Equations (M&EFEs) but then goes further by unifying electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. Predictions of the field equations are shown to be consistent with those of the M&EFEs through specific solutions; a particle-like solution representing a point charge, and two radiative solutions representing electromagnetic and gravitational waves. A unique feature of the full set of field equations is that charge and mass are treated as dynamic fields instead of being introduced as external parameters as is done with the classical M&EFEs, a feature that enables a procedure for quantizing the mass, charge and angular momentum of particle-like solutions. Finally, antimatter is naturally accommodated by the theory and definite predictions regarding the interactions of matter and antimatter with gravitational fields are made.

Steel construction is used more often these days as an alternative to the R.C.C. when light weight, high strength, large-span structures with a faster erection are required. Extensive studies have been done by researchers to study the seismic performance of reinforced concrete and steel structures, both in terms of elastic and inelastic behavior. Composite construction is also a recent advancement in the building industry with similar advantages. However, no emphasis has been given to the comparison between the inelastic behavior of steel and composite structures when subjected to lateral loads. This study compares the inelastic behavior of steel and a composite frame designed to have the same plastic moment capacity for structural members. The responses, such as the formation of hinges, story drifts, story displacements, lateral stiffness, ductility, maximum strength, energy dissipated, joint accelerations, and performance points, are compared with the aid of the building analysis and design software ETABS-18. For this, response spectrum analysis, pushover analysis and nonlinear direct integration time history analysis have been performed on both frames. For design and analysis, international codes such as IS 800-2007, IS 875 (Part I, II, IV), IS 1893-2002, AISC 360 (16 &amp; 10) and FEMA 440 have been used. Part of this study also aims at comparing the response of these frames when subjected to near field and far field earthquakes. It can be concluded from the results that the post yield performance of the composite frame is superior to that of the steel frame when seismically excited.

Atomic state preparation can benefit from a compact and uniform magnetic field source. Simulations and experimental measurements have been used to design, build, and test such a source as shown by optical pumping of atomic Helium. This source is a 9.5 mm (3/8") OD x 6.7 mm (1/4") ID x 9.5 mm (3/8") long, NdFeB-N42 assembly of 1.6 mm (1/16") thick customized annular magnets. It has octopole decay with a residual dipole far field from imperfect dipole cancelations. It has greater than 50% clear aperture with uniform and collimated magnetic field consistent with the prediction of several models. Octopole roll-off localizes the field minimizing the need for shielding in applications. The device is applied to a high precision 3,4He laser spectroscopy experiment using σ+ or σ- optical pumping currently resulting in a measured 99.3% preparation efficiency and in accordance with a rate-equation model.

To harness light-matter interaction at nano-/micro-scale better control tools have to be developed. Here, it is shown that by applying external electric and/or magnetic field, ablation of Si and glass under ultra-short (sub-1~ps) laser pulse irradiation can be controlled via the Lorentz force $\mathbf{F} = e\mathbf{E} + e[\mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{B}]$, where $\mathbf{v}$ is velocity of charge $e$, $\mathbf{E}$ is the applied electrical bias and $\mathbf{B}$ is the magnetic flux density. The external electric E-field was applied during laser ablation using suspended micro-electrodes above glass substrate with an air gap for the incident laser beam. The counter-facing Al-electrodes on Si surface were used to study debris formation patterns on Si. Debris was deposited preferentially towards the negative electrode in the case of glass and Si ablation. Also, an external magnetic field was applied during laser ablation of Si in different geometries and is shown to affect ripple formation. The vectorial nature of the Lorentz force widens application potential of surface modifications and debris formation in external E-/B-fields with potential applications in mass and charge spectroscopes.

Recently L-shaped tunneling field-effect-transistor (LTFET) has been introduced to overcome the thermal subthreshold limit of conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFET). In this work, shortcoming of LTFET was investigated. It was found that corner effect present in LTFET effectively degrades its subthreshold slope. To get rid of corner effect a new type of device with dual material gates is presented. The new device termed as DG-LTFET gets rid of the corner effect and results in a significantly improved subthreshold slope of less than 10 mV/dec, and an improved ON/OFF current ratio over LTFET. In this work DG-LTFET was evaluated for different device parameters, and bench-marked against LTFET. This work presents an optimum configuration of DG-LTFET in terms of device dimensions and doping levels, to get the best subthreshold, ON current and ambipolar performance from the DG-LTFET.

Wind energy is a kind of renewable energy with great potential for development. This study mainly investigated the application of shock waves generated by high-pressure gases (wind energy) for generating energy. In this study, we designed a new supersonic shock wave generator that can be reused without disassembling and assembling bolts and developed a supersonic shock wave monitoring system. This system monitored the velocity of the generated shock waves, which was Mach 3-5, and the output pressure was more than 100 times higher than the input pressure of the shock wave generator tank.Then, we developed a power generation system driven by supersonic shock waves based on the characteristics of the new shock wave generator, which can generate high-pressure and high-speed blast waves and can be reused. The shock wave generator can repeatedly generate high-pressure waves to drive the Tesla turbine and then the magnetic energy generator for power generation. We established a complete control process for power generation driven by shock waves by controlling the valve stem. The system can detect the tank pressure, output pressure, gas flow, rotation speed, voltage, and current during the control process for the performance analysis of power generation.

Magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) is a promising imaging modality for detecting magnetic nanoparticles. In MMUS, an external oscillating magnetic field induces motion of the injected magnetic nanoparticles within tissue, and phase-based tracking algorithms are used to detect the motion. However, the subwavelength scale of theses displacements (often a few micrometers) makes direct visualization on conventional ultrasound B-mode images impossible. In this work, we adapt the Eulerian motion magnification technique to create a novel ultrasound display mode for identifying the nanoparticle locations, eliminating the need for displacement tracking algorithms. Phantom and in-vivo experiments demonstrate that our technique successfully magnifies magnetomotion and the associated shear wave propagation in ultrasound B-mode imaging and pinpoints the nanoparticle vibration source, even in low-concentration scenarios. Additionally, motion magnification magnified the displacement of nanoparticles, having the potential to improve the localization accuracy of displacement tracking algorithms in MMUS.

This work is an addition to the previously developed two-dimensional model of the shock-plasma interaction extending it into the third dimension. The model allows tracing the evolution of the state of the hypersonic flow and the shock front refracted at a thermal discontinuity. The advantages of using the spherical coordinate system for this type of the problems include more transparency in interpreting the solution and a shortened calculation procedure, because all the changes to the front become reduced to one distortion component only. Although the vorticity generation triggered at the interface is the consequence of the refraction and tied to the steep changes of the front, it is shown here that it is not because of an instant parameter jump at the interface due to refraction itself.

The solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation for a pseudoharmonic potential and Kratzer potentials has been studied separately in the past. The Kratzer potential despite different reports, the basic theoretic quantity such as Fisher information has not been reported. In this study, the solution of the radial Schrödinger equation for the combination of the pseudoharmonic and Kratzer potentials in the presence of a constant-dependent potential is obtained using the concepts and formalism of the supersymmetric and shape invariance approach. The position expectation value and momentum expectation value are calculated employing the Hellmann-Feynman Theory. The expectation values are used to calculate the Fisher information for both the position and momentum spaces in both the absence and presence of the constant-dependent potential. The obtained results revealed that the presence of the constant-dependent potential leads to an increase in the energy eigenvalue, as well as in the position and momentum expectation values. The presence of the constant-dependent potential also increases the Fisher information for both position and momentum spaces. Furthermore, the product of the position expectation value and the momentum expectation value along with the product of the Fisher information, satisfies both the Fisher’s inequality and the Cramer-Rao’s inequality.

Through long-term Rayleigh lidar observations during 2010-2022, atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) activities in the middle atmosphere (30–65 km) are statistically investigated at Haikou (110.3°E, 19.9°N) in China. In total, 827 quasi-monochromatic AGW events are identified from the lidar dataset, and the vertical wavelength, observed wave period, and vertical propagation direction of dominant waves are extracted for each AGW event by analyzing the power spectra of wave-induced temperature perturbations. It is revealed that 81.7% of all AGW events were associated with upward-propagating waves, and the proportion of upward-propagating AGWs reached a maximum in autumn and a minimum in winter. The most common vertical wavelengths and wave periods were 6–11 km and 4–10 hours, respectively. In particular, 68 AGW events associated with simultaneous upward and downward propagating waves were observed by lidar, corresponding to 8.2% of the events. The occurrence of such special AGW phenomena is qualitatively discussed, and multiple formation mechanisms may exist. Comparisons are made with previously reported lidar observation results, and the statistical features of AGW activity in the low-latitude middle atmosphere may vary over a relatively wide range depending on the location and altitude. However, a majority of AGWs propagate upward in the middle atmosphere.

This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of litter at 7 beach sectors in Cadiz Bay, Southwest Spain. Two ten-day surveys carried out in autumn 2022 and spring 2023 revealed a total of 4,199 and 4,634 items, respectively, with plastic being the predominant material (71.13% in autumn, 88.39% in spring). Litter quantities varied significantly among beaches, La Puntilla showing the highest abundance with 0.48 ± 0.25 items m-1 in autumn and 1.34 ± 0.61 items m-1 in spring. The lowest abundance was recorded at sector 1 of Valdelagrana beach (0.08 ± 0.06 items m-1) during autumn and at El Castillito beach (0.08 ± 0.04 items m-1) during spring. Statistical analyses did not reveal significant differences in litter quantities between autumn and spring, however high significant interaction was shown considering both season and beach lo-cation. Seasonal differences were also observed in litter composition. Litter categories increased from 90 in autumn to 107 in spring. The top 10 litter categories varied between seasons and included cigarette butts, plastic fragments and plastic packaging. Cigarette butts were principally abundant in autumn because re-lated to summer beach users and wet wipes were particularly observed in spring because linked to wastewaters and river discharges especially relevant in winter months. Hydrodynamic and wind conditions were analyzed, revealing complex relationships with litter abundance.

This research, which focuses on wave energy generating technology, suggests a brand-new oscillating float-type wave energy conversion system that is appropriate for the offshore wave environment. To accurately model the device, a three-dimensional viscous numerical pool is created based on STAR-CCM+. The array-type power generation device is numerically simulated using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and the wave energy power generation device is arranged as double floats in the front and rear rows, representing triangular array type and rectangular array type, respectively. The triangular array type is a superior layout and can make greater use of marine resources, according to this paper's analysis of the hydrodynamic and power generation impacts of the three array types. The findings are meant to serve as a guide for engineering practice.

Thin-film lithium niobate has gained significant attention in photonics due to its broad optical transparency, high refractive index, nonlinear coefficient, and substantial electro-optic coefficient. It holds great promise for developing electro-optic modulators with low loss, a compact size, and wide bandwidth. This study focuses on a meticulous investigation utilizing microwave photonics to establish a high-performance electro-optic modulator. Specifically, we analyze the optical mode field distribution and traveling wave electrode structure of lithium niobate thin-film materials. The proposed modulator achieves an impressive half-wave voltage-length product of 1.69 V·cm, a negligible metal loss of 0.01 dB/cm, and a substantial 3dB electro-optic bandwidth of 50 GHz. This research successfully realizes low-loss, high-efficiency LNOI electro-optical modulators, providing a strong foundation for large-scale integrated optoelectronic systems.

This paper investigates the ion-acoustic wave structures in fluid ions for the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Peregrine-Burgers (BBMPB) equation. The various types of wave structures, are extracted including the three-wave hypothesis, breather wave, lump periodic, mixed-type wave, periodic cross-kink, cross-kink rational wave, M-shaped rational wave, M-shaped rational wave solution with one kink wave and M-shaped rational wave with two kink wave solutions. The Hirota bilinear transformation is a powerful tool that allows us to accurately solutions and predict the behavior of these wave structures. Through our analysis, we gain a better understanding of the complex dynamics of ion-acoustic waves and their potential applications in various fields. Moreover, our findings contribute to the ongoing research in plasma physics that utilize ion-acoustic wave phenomena. To show the physical behavior of the solutions, some 3D plots have been performed and their respective contour level, choosing different values of the parameters.

As the human-body controls depend on the brain neuro current, here assay is related to thinking nerve detection. For this purpose, the brain current was analyzed by electrochemical three-electrode systems using 0.1-mm micro wire in vivo probe, which probe was made by using carbon nanotube paste coated needle type. Here working electrode was inserted in the rat brain’s muscle core with a 0.3-mm-diameter needle type Ag/AgCl Cl-coated Ag wire reference, and counter electrode of 0.1-mm-diameter Pt micro needle was inserted 5 mm deep into the in vivo muscle skin, under anesthesia with 2.0 ~ -2.0 V potential windows, 50 mv/s cyclic scan and 1.0x10-5A chrono amperometric sensitivity on the body systems. Under the optimum conditions, diagnostic application was performed to such as smell signal, muscular strength, five sense assay and thinking neuro current.

High-precision inertial sensors or accelerometers can provide us references of free-falling motions in gravitational field in space, and serve as the key payloads for gravity recovery missions. In this work, a systematic method of electrostatic inertial sensor calibrations for gravity recovery satellites is introduced, which is applied to and verified with the Taiji-1 mission. Taiji-1 is the first technology demonstration satellite of the ``Taiji Program in Space'', which, in its final extended phase in 2022, could be viewed as a gravity recovery satellite operating in the high-low satellite-to-satellite tracking mode. Based on the calibration principles, swing maneuvers with time span about 200 s and rolling maneuvers for 19 days were conducted by Taiji-1 in 2022. The inertial sensor's operating parameters including the scale factors, the center of mass offset vector and the intrinsic biased acceleration are precisely re-calibrated and are updated to the Taiji-1 science team. Data from one of the sensitive axis is re-processed with the updated operating parameters, and the performance is found to be slightly improved compared with former results. This approach could be of high reference value for the accelerometer or inertial sensor calibrations of the GFO, the Chinese GRACE-type mission, and the planned Next Generation Gravity Missions. This could also shed some light on the in-orbit calibrations of the ultra-precision inertial sensors for future GW space antennas because of the technological inheritance between these two generations of inertial sensors.

Ocean wave energy is a significantly well-liked renewable energy source. The Internet of Things (IoT) offers a great opportunity for development of the ocean wave energy research. The IoT technology significantly enhanced the performance of the ocean wave energy converter (WEC). The data obtained from IoT devices reduce the risk of using WEC. However, Integrating IoT devices with the WEC is a daunting task because controlling the WEC needs real-time data. This paper investigated the performance of WEC and estimate the lifetime of the modules. IoT devices integrated with various sensors determine different parameters and conditions of the ocean. The IoT platform is used for wireless voltmeters, wireless AC current meters, wireless voltage detection, wireless resistance sensors, wireless temperature sensor, wireless accelerometer, wireless pressure meters, and wireless water level sensors to determine the real-time condition of the ocean wave. These devices are also proven to be reliable and accurate.

The shortwave infrared Ge-Si photodetector will become the core device of the LiDAR optical receiver. In order to meet the urgent demand for photodetectors in the LiDAR field, we have designed and produced a 32×32 pixel Ge-Si photodetector array proposed and developed to meet the performance requirements of the detector array. A dark current detection system for fast scanning and detecting large-scale Ge-Si detector arrays is proposed and developed to achieve rapid detection of dark current in each pixel of the detector. The system was used to validate the main performance indicators of the detector array we designed, achieving rapid discrimination of array performance and rapid localization of damaged pixels. The scanning test results show that the average dark current of the detector array chip we designed is at the nano ampere level, and the proportion of bad points is less than 1%. The consistency of the array chip is high, which can meet the requirements of light detection at the receiving end of the LiDAR. This work laid the foundation for our subsequent development of a LiDAR prototype system.

Projected future sea level rise and marine storminess is a serious threat for beaches as they induce beach flooding and erosion. Among other factors, wave runup play an important role in beach evolution and must be robustly assessed. However, little attention has been paid to the uncertainties associated to its characterization and how do they compare to other sources of uncertainty. As a first step towards this goal, we have quantified the impact of several sources of error in the estimation of wave runup on sandy beaches. Understanding what factors are more influential in the quality of the results will help to determine the main sources of uncertainty in beach flooding projections. To reach that goal, a calibrated state-of-the-art numerical modelling system has been setup for two beaches in the Mallorca islands (NW Mediterranean). The system has been forced with the best available information of nearshore incoming waves and has been validated against observations to define the benchmark quality. To determine the key factors affecting the quality of the system’s results, different systems configurations have been tested with different degrees of complexity.Our results show that using the most sophisticated modelling system with the best information on boundary conditions, bottom bathymetry, and submerged vegetation leads to a swash RMSE comparable to the standard deviation of the observed swash. We have also found that the choice of lateral boundary conditions (i.e., source of information for the incoming waves) can double the RMSE and induce large biases. Our results also show that using a simple empirical approach usually underestimates the wave runup. However, in locations with vegetated seabed there is a compensation error, and the empirical approach can lead to acceptable results if forced by nearshore waves. In addition, we have compared the error estimates obtained with uncertainties associated to projected sea level rise. Our findings suggest that the uncertainty associated with wave runup modelling should be considered in the assessment of the total uncertainty of future beach flooding, since the analysis performed indicates that this uncertainty can account for between 16% to 60% of the uncertainties linked to mean sea level projections.

A modern definition of “deep sleep” is elusive despite being ubiquitously appreciated as an important physiological state supporting health and homeostasis. In modern times, human deep sleep is identified by specific bioelectric signatures in the electroencephalogram (EEG) emerging somewhere between periods of wakefulness. However, deep sleep has been used to describe states of quiescence well before the first electrical brain recordings in the late 1800s, highlighting its own evolution in both lay and medical literature. Furthermore, EEG states are not only ill-defined in most mammals outside of humans and laboratory rodents, but non-existent in some invertebrates. Given that all organisms rest and do so with seemingly well-defined utility, it remains a challenge linguistically, scientifically, and comparatively define what “deep sleep” means—or what it should—in a research context. Here, I explore standard definitions of deep sleep from a modern, comparative perspective, and discuss potential problems of using a strict and narrow definition of such a fleeting concept that has historically undergone significant updates. Finally, I suggest a path towards resolving inconsistencies around the meaning of “deep sleep” and consider whether it is truly reflected by any one measure.

The double nature, wave and corpuscular, of the material particles is usually considered incomprehensible as it cannot be represented visually. It is proposed to the student, in the introductory courses, as a fact justified by quantum interference experiments of which, however, no further analysis is possible. In this note we propose a description of the wave function in terms of a simple electrical analogy, which reproduces at least some of its essential properties. The aim we propose is to provide a cognitive representation of an analogical type: starting from a classical context (electrical circuits) and introducing in an appropriate way the notions of "wave" and "particle", we show how typically quantum properties such as delocalization and entanglement emerge in a natural, understandable and intuitive way.

This article discusses the potential advantages of a data processing technique for continuous gravitational wave signals searches in the data measured by ground-based gravitational wave interferometers. Its main advantage over other techniques is that it does not need to search over the signal’s direction of propagation. Although it is a “ coherent method” (i.e. it coherently processes year-long data), it is applied to a data set obtained by multiplying the original time-series with a (half-year) time-shifted copy of it. As a result, the phase modulation due to the interferometer motion around the Sun is automatically canceled in the signal of the synthesized time-series. Although the resulting signal-to-noise ratio is not as high as that of a coherent search, it equals that of current hierarchical methods. In addition, since the signal search is performed over a parameters space of smaller dimensionality, the associated false-alarm probability should be smaller than those characterizing hierarchical methods and result in an improved likelihood of detection.

Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a celebrated paradigm from the 90’s for understanding dynamical systems naturally driven to its critical point, where the power-law dynamics taking place make predictions practically impossible, such as in stock prices, earthquakes, pandemics and many other problems in science related to phase transitions. Shortly thereafter, it was realized that traffic flow might be in the SOC category, implying that conventional traffic management strategies seeking to maximize the local flows can become detrimental. This paper shows that the Kinematic Wave model with triangular fundamental diagram, and many other related traffic models, indeed exhibit SOC, thanks in part to the fractal nature of traffic exposed here on the one hand, and our need to get to our destinations as soon as possible, on the other hand. Important implications for congestion management of traffic near the critical region are discussed, such as: (i) Jam sizes obey a power-law distribution with exponent 1/2, implying that both its mean and variance become ill-defined and therefore impossible to estimate. (ii) Traffic in the critical region is chaotic in the sense that predictions becomes extremely sensitive to initial conditions. (iii) However, aggregate measures of performance such as delays and average speeds are not heavy tailed, and can be characterized exactly by different scalings of the Airy distribution, (iv) Traffic state time-space “heat maps” are self-affine fractals where the basic unit is a triangle, in the shape of the fundamental diagram, containing 3 traffic states: voids, capacity and jams. This fractal nature of traffic flow calls for analysis methods currently not used in our field.

We theoretically investigate and optimize the performance of four-wave mixing (FWM) in microring resonators (MRRs) integrated with two-dimensional (2D) layered graphene oxide (GO) films. Owing to the interaction between the MRRs and the highly nonlinear GO films as well as to the resonant enhancement effect, the FWM efficiency in GO-coated MRRs can be significantly improved. Based on previous experiments, we perform detailed analysis for the influence of the GO film parameters and MRR coupling strength on the FWM conversion efficiency (CE) of the hybrid MRRs. By optimizing the device parameters to balance the trade-off between the Kerr nonlinearity and loss, we achieve a high CE enhancement of ~18.6 dB relative to the uncoated MRR, which is ~8.3 dB higher than previous experimental results. The influence of photo-thermal changes in the GO films as well as variations in the MRR parameters such as the ring radius and waveguide dispersion on the FWM performance is also discussed. These results highlight the significantly improved FWM performance that can be achieved in MRRs incorporating GO films

In this paper, we solve KG-oscillator in the five-dimensional cosmic string space-time background with a uniform magnetic field and quantum flux subject to a scalar potential of Cornell-type using KaluzaKlein theory, and observe the gravitational analogue of the AharonovBohm effect. We show that the energy eigenvalue and eigenfunction depends on the global parameters of the space-time, and also a quantum effect is seen due to the dependence of magnetic field on the quantum numbers of the system

The non-symmetrical collapse of an empty cylindrical cavity is modelled using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The presence of a nearby surface produces an anisotropic pressure field generating a high velocity jet that hits the surface. The collapse follows a different dynamic based to the initial distance between the centre of the cavity and the surface. When the distance is greater than the cavity radius (detached cavity) the surface is hit by travelling shock waves. When the distance is less than the cavity radius (attached cavity) the surface is directly hit by the jet and later by other shock waves generated in the last stages of the of the collapse. The results show that the surface is hit by a stronger shock when distance between the centre of the cavity and the surface is zero while showing more complex double peaks behaviour for other distances.

The effects of the surface waves generated by the wind have a significant effect on the currents. A wave current coupled model plays an important role in the design of offshore structures. The interaction between fluids such as incompressible ocean waves and current and offshore structures is significant with many real-time applications in offshore engineering. These coupled models can be applied to Offshore Floating Production Operating and offloading (FPSO), Wind or current turbines and offshore pipelines. The complex issues related to the design are analyzed by using Computational Fluid Dynamics, which requires an investigation of the multiphase flow between wave and current and the structure which is considered restrictive due to the computational cost. If viscous effects are neglected then the single-phase flow models have been recommended, where wave-current interaction have been modelled successfully. Models have been developed where velocities and pressure are computed and the results can be verified with the experimental results available in the literature. In this study the existing numerical methods, mesh types are discussed along with their coupling methods. Here single-phase and multiphase models with small and medium movement are reviewed and their applications are highlighted.

Greenwater (splashing of water on the deck) loading is a classical problem faced by the designer of ship-shaped vessels, which becomes even worst when the vessel operates at harsh weather conditions for an extended period. Installation of breakwaters on the deck can play a crucial role in minimizing this impact. However, research on the design and optimization of the breakwater is still at its infancy, and this study aims at shedding further light on this area by proposing and analyzing the effectiveness of three breakwater designs on a fixed box-shaped vessel. Commercial CFD software is used for this investigation. However, the design model (without breakwater) was validated at first against experimental results of green water splashing, before performing the actual simulations with proposed breakwater design. A vertical plate is used as the deck structure, and greenwater pressure at several locations on that plate is measured to compare the effectiveness of various breakwater designs. Overall, breakwaters with openings (perforations, grillages etc.) found to be more effective in minimizing the pressure generated by the greenwater. Nevertheless, there are significant rooms for improvement on breakwater designs, and some topics for further research are also suggested in this regard.

Tissues of the brain, especially white matter, are extremely heterogeneous - with constitutive response varying spatially. In this paper, we implement a high-resolution Finite Element (FE) head model where heterogeneities of white matter structures are introduced through Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) experiments. Displacement of white matter under shear wave excitation is captured and the material properties determined though an inversion algorithm are directly used in the FE model. This approach is found to improve model predictions when compared to experimental results. In the first place, responses in the cerebrum near stiff structures such as the corpus callosum and corona radiata are markedly different compared with a homogenized material model. Additionally, the heterogeneities introduce additional attenuation of the shear wave due to wave scattering within the cerebrum.

This paper presents several novel designs of underwater portable radio antennas operating in the 2 MHz, 50 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands and efficient for launching surface electromagnetic waves at the seawater/air interface. The antenna operation is enabled by an impedance matching antenna enclosure, which is filled with de-ionized water. Enhanced coupling to surface electromagnetic waves is based on the field enhancement at the antenna tip. These design features allow us to reduce antenna dimensions and improve the coupling of electromagnetic energy to the surrounding saltwater medium. Since surface wave propagation length far exceeds the skin depth of conventional radio waves at the same frequency, this technique is useful for broadband underwater wireless communication over distances, which far exceed the skin depth in seawater. We conclude that the developed broadband underwater radio communication technique will be useful in networking of unmanned underwater vehicles.

In this manuscript we report new effects of resonance detuning on various dynamical parameters of a generic 3-wave system. Namely, for suitably chosen values of detuning the variation range of amplitudes can be significantly wider than for exact resonance. Moreover, the range of energy variation is not symmetric with respect to the sign of the detuning. Finally, the period of the energy oscillation exhibits non-monotonic dependency on the magnitude of detuning. These results have important theoretical implications where nonlinear resonance analysis is involved, such as geophysics, plasma physics, fluid dynamics. Numerous practical applications are envisageable e.g. in energy harvesting systems.

Classical mechanics describes the laws of motion in the macroscopic material world, while quantum mechanics describes the laws of motion in the microscopic material world that classical mechanics cannot explain, and achieves a highly accurate mathematical representation of the laws of microscopic physical motion. But even with such a successful theory, there is confusion about the probability wave. Therefore, this paper attempts to improve the physical definition of the conceptual basis of quantum mechanics, thus solving the confusion of quantum mechanical probability waves, and finally surprisingly discovered another feasible interpretation of the principle of cosmic redshift and the invariance of the speed of light.

In the past 100 years, quantum theory has achieved remarkable achievements and formed a relatively mature system, but at the same time there are still some incomplete places. For example: What is the origin of quantum? What is the origin of quantum entanglement? What is the origin of quantum mechanical wave-particle duality? This is still a problem that the existing quantum theory has not solved. Therefore, this paper attempts to seek a classic interpretation of quantum mechanics to make up for the shortcomings of existing quantum theory. In the latest research, this paper finds a classic interpretation of blackbody radiation, which can explain the discontinuity of light energy from the perspective of classical mechanics. Based on this discovery, this paper successfully explains the origin of quantum, quantum entanglement and wave-particle duality, and eliminates the confusion of quantum mechanical probability waves.

Wave overtopping, i.e., excess of water over the crest of a coastal protection infrastructure due to wave run-up, of a smooth slope can be reduced by introducing slope roughness. A stepped revetment ideally constitutes a slope with uniform roughness. Apart from reducing overtopping, a stepped revetment provides safer access to a beach compared to conventional rubble. In recent years, research studies on stepped revetments have provided valuable findings regarding the performance and design optimization of stepped revetments as a typical mean of coastal protection. A stepped revetment can reduce overtopping volumes of breaking waves up to compared to a smooth slope. The effectiveness of the overtopping reduction decreases with increasing Iribarren number. However, up to date a unique approach applicable for a wide range of boundary conditions is still missing. The present paper critically reviews previous findings, gathers and analyzes data from previous studies and proposes a new formula for robust prediction of overtopping of stepped revetments. By means of this approach a critical assessment based on beforehand disclosed parameter ranges between a smooth slope on the one hand and a plain vertical wall on the other are contrasted. By analysis of a new data set compounded from different original studies a novel empirical formulation is derived to predict the roughness reduction coefficient of a stepped revetment for breaking and non-breaking waves. This coefficient is developed and adjusted for a direct incorporation into the present design guidelines. Underlying uncertainties are clearly addressed and quantified. Scale effects are highlighted.