Calcareous sand deposits are widely distributed along the shoreline in ropical and subtropical regions. Microbially induced calcite precipitation treatment (MICP) is a relatively new method to improve the stiffness and strength of the soil. Little is known about the small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of MICP-treated calcareous sand, which are two crucial parameters for the prediction of the dynamic behavior of soil. A series of resonant column tests are performed to investigate the dynamic performance of MICP-treated calcareous sand, with special attention paid to the influence of treatment duration and confining stress on the stiffness and damping characteristics. The relationship between the initial dynamic shear modulus and unconfined compressive strength is analyzed. Additionally, the empirical equations of the reference shear strain between treatment duration and confining stress are given. The G/G0 of MICP-cemented calcareous sand presents a higher strain sensitivity than that of untreated sand, and its attenuation pattern can be described by Hardin-Drnevich model. The σc has an apparent effect on the degradation characteristics of the dynamic shear modulus of MICP-treated calcareous sand with a low cementation level, however, its effect decreases with the increasing treatment duration. The relationship between the reference shear strain and the treatment duration and confining stress can be described by a power and a linear formula, respectively.

This article introduces simulations of theoretical material with controlled properties for the evaluation of the effect of key parameters, as volumetric fractions, elastic properties of each phase and transition zone on the effective dynamic elastic modulus (Ed). The accuracy level of classical homogenization models was checked regarding the prediction of Ed. Numerical simulations were performed with finite element method (FEM) for evaluations of the natural frequencies and their correlation with Ed, through frequency equations. An acoustic test validated the numerical results and obtained the elastic modulus of concretes and mortars at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 water-cement ratios (w/c). Hirsch calibrated according to the numerical simulation (x = 0.27) exhibited a realistic behavior for concretes of w/c = 0.3 and 0.5, with 5% error. Nevertheless, for w/c = 0.7, Ed approached Reuss model, similarly to theoretical triphasic materials. Hashin-Shtrikman bounds is not perfectly applied to theoretical biphasic materials under dynamic situations.

Herein, we investigated hydrogels composed of boronic Acid functionalized alginate and blended with polyvinyl alcohol of different molecular weights to control the release of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MTC) as a function of pH and shear stress. The functionalization of alginate introduced dynamic covalent bonding and pH-responsive properties that can modulate network connectivity. The study investigated the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels, their drug release profiles, and their responsiveness to changes in pH and shear forces. The results showed higher PVA molecular weight and alkaline pH conditions increased hydrogel viscosity and stiffness due to a more stable and interconnected network structure than acidic pH. Metoclopramide release revealed that the hydrogels exhibited pH-responsive drug release behavior. The drug was more readily released under acidic conditions due to the instability of sp2-hybridized boronate ester bonds. The influence of shear forces on the release of metoclopramide was also investigated at shear rates of 1, 10, and 100 s-1, revealing their effect on matrix stiffening. The research shows that AlgBA/PVA hydrogels have unique properties, such as dynamic covalent bonding, that make them sensitive to external mechanical forces. This sensitivity makes them ideal for applications where physiological conditions trigger drug release

In order to study the way how to improve the spatial action of precast monolithic composite floor slabs, and would replace the cast-in-place surface layer for reduce the weight of structure, using pseudo-dynamic tests on 1/4 scale models of two-span and three-story frame structure. The lateral load tests compared the stresses and displacements with cast-in-place floor frame-shear wall structure (SJ1) and precast monolithic floor frame-shear wall structure with X horizontal braces at the bottom of the floor (SJ2). The results show the X horizontal braces can improve the spatial action. Structural integrity (SJ2) as well as the effective transmission of the horizontal force can be ensured by additional X bracing at the bottom of the rigidity of the floor without cast-in-place concrete topping. The results show that X horizontal braces more effectively transfer horizontal, which provides a beneficial reference for similar research.

This paper reports on a series of dynamic simple shear tests conducted to investigate the influence of particle shape on the damping ratio of dry sand. The tests were conducted on sand samples subjected to simple cyclic shear tests to evaluate their cyclic behavior. The particle shape was quantified using three shape parameters: roundness, sphericity, and regularity. The sand samples were subjected to twelve different scenarios with varying vertical stresses and cyclic stress ratios (CSR), in both constant and controlled stress states. Each scenario involved five cyclic tests, using the same sand that was reconstructed from its previous cyclic test. After each cyclic test, hysteresis loops were created to determine the damping ratio. The results showed that the shape of the sand particles changed during cyclic loading, becoming more rounded and spherical, which resulted in an increase in damping ratio. Moreover, the paper presents two artificial intelligence models, an artificial neural network (ANN) and a support vector machine (SVM), which were developed to predict the effect of grain shape on the damping ratio. The models were found to be effective in predicting the damping ratio based on the shape of the grain, vertical stress, CSR, and number of loading cycles. Furthermore, a parameter analysis was conducted to identify the most important shape parameter, which was found to be vertical stress and regularity, while parameter CSR was the least important. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between particle shape and damping ratio, which could have practical implications for geotechnical engineering applications.

Lamellar eutectic structure of Al_0.7CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) is emerging as a promising candidate for structural applications because of its high strength-ductility combination. The alloy consists of a fine-scale lamellar fcc+B2 microstructure with high flow stresses >1500 MPa under quasi-static conditions. The response to shear loading was not investigated so far. This is the first report on the shear deformation of an eutectic structured HEA and effect of precipitation on shear deformation. The dynamic shear response (DSR) of the eutectic HEA was examined in two microstructural conditions, with and without the presence of L1₂ precipitates. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used to compress the hat-shaped specimens to study the local DSR of the alloy. The adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in two different microstructural conditions were characterized after deformation at dynamic strain rates. The adiabatic shear localization occurs at low strains for the high strength material, and the eutectic microstructure does not delay cracking. The width of ASBs and the extent of plastic deformation around them has been correlated with the rate of straining. Dynamic recrystallization within ASBs and profuse twinning around it was observed. Local mechanical response of individual lamellae before and after shear deformation was examined using nano-indentation.

Fluid flow in human body is generally known to influence a variety of cellular behaviors. Different nanoparticle properties as well as cell type, interaction with other cells and cellular environments also show significant effect on nanoparticle uptake and drug efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shear stress on cellular behaviors of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles to cancer cells (A549 cell lines) in a biomimetic microfluidic system. We prepared a gelatin-oleic conjugate (GOC) as an amphiphilic biomaterial to prepare self-assembled gelatin-oleic nanoparticles (GON). Coumarin-6 and paclitaxel were used as the fluorescence marker and model drug, respectively, and were loaded into GONs by incubation (C-GONs; PTX-GONs). Additionally, we evaluated the cellular uptake of fluorescence labeled C-GONs and the drug efficacy of PTX-GONs. The cellular uptake of C-GONs by A549 cells in the absence of shear stress revealed that the mean fluorescence intensity was slightly decreased compared to that in the presence of shear stress. The results also indicated that negatively charged PTX-GONs had a lower cancer killing effect under dynamic conditions than that under static conditions. It also suggested that fluidic shear stress did not significantly affect drug uptake and efficiency in case of PTX-GONs. The cellular interactions between nanoparticles and cells in drug delivery should be carefully examined according to the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as the type of materials, size and mainly surface charge in a biomimetic microfluidic condition.

This study presents an exact solution to the free vibration analysis of a uniform Timoshenko beam, with a harmonic vibration being assumed. The Timoshenko beam theory covers cases associated with small deflections based on shear deformation and rotary inertia considerations. In this paper, a moment-shear force-circular frequency-curvature relationship was presented. The complete study was based on this relationship and closed-form expressions of efforts and deformations were derived. The free vibration response of single-span systems and spring-mass systems was analyzed; closed-form formulations of matrices expressing the boundary conditions were presented and the natural frequencies were determined by solving the eigenvalue problem. Systems with intermediate mass, spring, or spring-mass system were also analyzed. Furthermore, first-order dynamic stiffness matrices in local coordinates were derived. Finally, a second-order analysis of beams resting on an elastic Winkler foundation was conducted. The results obtained in this paper were in good agreement with those of other studies.

The increasing variability in power plant load, in response to a wildly uncertain electricity market and the need to to mitigate CO₂ emissions, lead power plant operators to explore advanced options for efficiency optimization. Model-based, system-scale dynamic simulation and optimization are useful tools in this effort, and the subject of the work presented here. In prior work, a dynamic model validated against steady-state data from a 605 MW subcritical power plant was presented. This power plant model is used as a test-bed for dynamic simulations, in which the coal load is regulated to satisfy a varying power demand. Plant-level control regulates plant load to match an anticipated trajectory of the power demand. The efficiency of the power plant operating at varying load is optimized through a supervisory control architecture that performs set point optimization on the regulatory controllers. Dynamic optimization problems are formulated to search for optimal time-varying input trajectories that satisfy operability and safety constraints during the transition between plant states. An improvement in time-averaged efficiency of up to 1.8% points is shown feasible with corresponding savings in coal consumption of 184.8 tons/day and carbon footprint decrease of 0.035 kg/kWh.

In the interaction of the rolling stock and the upper structure of the railway track, intense dynamic loads occur. They have a destructive effect both on the parts of the rolling stock and on the elements of the superstructure of the track. In order to develop a durable, rational and reliably functioning design of cars and locomotives with good dynamic properties and good indicators of the impact of rolling stock on the railway track, along with theoretical computational studies, experimental studies are also required, which are usually the final stage in the design and implementation of rolling stock or modernization of existing ones. Locomotives and wagons in order to improve their strength and dynamic performance. The article presents the results of field tests to determine the dynamic performance of the type CKD6e diesel locomotive. The description of the preparation of the CKD6e shunting locomotive for testing is given. An analysis of the dynamic performance of a diesel locomotive during the passage of turnouts, on a straight section of the track and in a curve with a radius of 400 m, was carried out. The studies performed showed that the minimum value of the stability factor against wheel derailment on a straight section of the track is significantly higher than the standard value. The experimentally obtained ratio of frame forces to the static load from the wheelset on the rails, the coefficients of vertical dynamics of the first and second stages of suspension and the coefficient of stability against derailment of the wheel from the rail, registered on the track section in a curve with a radius of 400 m) meet the current requirements. A calculation scheme and equations of vertical oscillations are proposed, an analysis is carried out according to the graphs of movements of bogies and a locomotive body when moving along irregularities of different lengths at different speeds.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is considered as a challenge in environments with many moving objects. This paper proposes a novel LiDAR Inertial Odometry framework, ID-LIO, for dynamic scenes that builds on LIO-SAM. To detect the pointclouds on the moving objects, a dynamic point detection method is integrated, which is based on pseudo occupancy along the spatial dimension. Then, we present a dynamic points propagation and removal algorithm based on indexed points to remove more dynamic points in the local map along the temporal dimension and update the status of the point features in keyframes. In the LiDAR odometry module, a delay removal strategy is proposed for history keyframes and the sliding window-based optimization includes the LIDAR measurement with dynamic weights to reduce error from dynamic points in keyframes. We perform the experiments both on the public low dynamic and highly dynamic data set. The results show that the proposed method greatly increases the localization accuracy in high dynamic environments. And the ATE(Absolute Trajectory Error) average RMSE((Root Mean Square Error) of our ID-LIO can be improved by 67% and 85% in the UrbanLoco-CAMarketStreet dataset and UrbanNav-HK-Medium-Urban-1 dataset respectively when compared with LIO-SAM.

Modern computational biology makes widespread use of mathematical models of biological systems, in particular systems of ordinary differential equations, as well as models of dynamic systems described in other formalisms, such as agent-based models. Parameters are numerical values of quantities reflecting certain properties of a modeled system and affecting model solu-tions. At the same time, depending on parameter values, different dynamic regimes - stationary, oscillatory, established as a result of transient modes of various types - can be implemented in the system. Predicting changes in the solution dynamics type depending on changes of model parameters is an important scientific task. Nevertheless, this problem does not have an analytical solution for all formalisms in a general case. The routinely used method of performing a series of computa-tional experiments, i.e. solving a series of direct problems with various sets of parameters fol-lowed by expert analysis of solution plots is labor-intensive with a large number of parameters and a decreasing step of the parametric grid. In this regard, the development of methods allow-ing to obtain and analyze information on a set of computational experiments in an aggregate form is relevant. This work is devoted to developing a method for visualization and classification of various dy-namic regimes of a model using a composition of the dynamic time warping (DTW-algorithm) and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) methods. This method allows to obtain a qualitative visualisation of the results of the set of solutions of a mathematical model and to carry out the correspondence between the values of the model parameters and the type of dynamic regimes of its solutions. This method has been tested on the Lotka-Volterra model and artificial sets of var-ious dynamics

The colossal depths of the deep neural network sometimes suffer from ineffective backpropagation of the gradients through all its depths. Whereas, The strong performance of shallower multilayer neural structures prove their ability to increase the gradient signals in the early stages of training which easily gets backpropagated for global loss corrections. Shallow neural structures are always a good starting point for encouraging the sturdy feature characteristics of the input. In this research, a shallow, deep neural structure called PrimeNet is proposed. PrimeNet is aimed to dynamically identify and encourage the quality visual indicators from the input to be used by the subsequent deep network layers and increase the gradient signals in the lower stages of the training pipeline. In addition to this, the layerwise training is performed with the help of locally generated errors which means the gradient is not backpropagated to previous layers, and the hidden layer weights are updated during the forward pass, making this structure a backpropagation free variant. PrimeNet has obtained state-of-the-art results on various image datasets, attaining the dual objective of (1) compact dynamic deep neural structure, which (2) eliminates the problem of backwards-locking. The PrimeNet unit is proposed as an alternative to traditional convolution and dense blocks for faster and memory-efficient training, outperforming previously reported results aimed at adaptive methods for parallel and multilayer deep neural systems.

This study presents a dynamic model of a passenger vehicle and analyzes its dynamic characteristics and responses. A dynamic vehicle model with seven degrees of freedom was established to analyze the behavior of a driving vehicle. The vehicle model had three degrees of freedom for the motion of the sprung mass and four degrees of freedom for the unsprung masses. For this model, the equations of motion were derived using Lagrange’s equation. To verify the model, the suspension deformations computed using the model were compared with the deformations measured through three actual vehicle driving tests which are the slalom, double lane change, and step steer tests. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of suspension stiffness, suspension damping, and anti-roll bar torsional stiffness on the dynamic characteristics and responses of the vehicle model. The developed dynamic vehicle model may help vehicle designers predict the dynamic responses of a vehicle through simulation without performing a driving test.

The material undergoes high temperature and high strain rate deformation process during cutting process, may induce the dynamic recrystallization behavior and result the evolution of dynamic mechanical properties of the material to be machined. In this paper, the modified Johnson-Cook(J-C) model for Nickel based powder metallurgy superalloy considering dynamic recrystallization behavior in high strain rate and temperature is proposed. The dynamic mechanical properties of the material under different strain rates and temperature conditions are obtained by quasi-static compression test and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. The coefficients of the modified J-C model are obtained by linear regression method. The modified model is verified by comparison with experimental and model prediction results. The results show that the modified J-C model proposed in this paper can accurately describe the mechanical properties of nickel-based powder metallurgy superalloys at high temperature and high strain rate. Which provides help for studying the cutting mechanism and finite element simulation of nickel-based powder metallurgy superalloy.

Ensuring safe and continuous autonomous navigation in long-term mobile robot applications is still challenging. To ensure a reliable representation of the current environment without the need for periodic re-mapping, updating the map is recommended. However, in case of incorrect estimation of robot pose, updating the map can lead to errors that prevent the robot localisation and jeopardize map accuracy. In this paper, we propose a safe LIDAR-based occupancy grid map updating algorithm for dynamic environments taking into account the uncertainties in the estimation of the robot’s pose. The proposed approach allows robust long-term operations as it can recover the robot’s pose, even when it gets lost, to continue the map update process providing a coherent map. Moreover, the approach is robust also to temporary changes in the map due to the presence of dynamic obstacles such as humans and other robots. Results highlighting map quality, localisation performance, and pose recovery, both in simulation and experiments, are reported.

In this work, we present an analytical model of dynamic power losses for enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor power devices (eGaN HEMTs). To build this new model, the dynamic on-resistance (Rdson) is first accurately extracted by our ex-traction circuit based on a double-diode isolation (DDI) method for a high operating frequency up to 1 MHz and a large drain voltage up to 600 V, thus the unique problem of an increase in the dynamic Rdson is presented. Then the impact of the current operation mode on the on/off transi-tion time is evaluated by a dual-pulse-current-mode test (DPCT) which including a discontinu-ous conduction mode (DCM) and a continuous conduction mode (CCM), thus the transition time is revised for different current mode. Afterward the discrepancy between the drain current and the real channel current is qualitative investigated by an external shunt capacitance (ESC) meth-od, thus the losses due to device parasitic capacitance are also taken into account. After these improvements, the dynamic model will be more compatible for eGaN HEMTs. Finally, the dynamic power losses calculated by this model are verified to be in good agreement with experimental results. Based on this model, we propose a superior solution with qua-si-resonant mode (QRM) to achieve lossless switching and accelerate switching speed.

In this paper, the research progress on dynamic behaviors of RC structural members is reviewed from experimental, theoretical and numerical perspectives. Firstly, the basic overview, measurement methods, main conclusions and current limitations of available dynamic loading tests are presented. Then the theoretical studies on the dynamic constitutive models of RC materials, the dynamic increase factor (DIF) model for concrete and reinforcing steel and the proposed modified models of dynamic behavior parameter at the structural member level are summarized. Finally, the available modelling approach and the method for incorporating the dynamic effect in numerical simulation of RC structures are reviewed. Moreover, a brief introduction is made to the dynamic hysteretic model established on the experimental data, which provides an alternative approach to consider the dynamic effect beside the commonly used DIF method. This paper provides valuable reference for experimental studies and numerical simulations on the dynamic behaviors of RC structures, and also puts forward some issues that need to be solved in the future research works..

Based on functional magnetic resonance imaging and multilayer dynamic network model, the quantified temporal stability of brain network has shown potentials in predicting altered brain functions. The present review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on the commonly-used measures of brain network’s temporal stability and the clinical research progress on them. There are a variety of widely used measures of temporal stability such as the variance/standard deviation of dynamic functional connectivity strengths, the temporal variability, the flexibility (switching rate), and the temporal clustering coefficient, while there is no consensus to date that which measure is the best. The temporal stability of human brain networks may be associated with several factors such as sex, age, cognitive functions, head motion, and data preprocessing/analyzing strategies, which should be considered in the clinical studies. Multiple common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder have been found to be related to altered temporal stability, especially during the resting state; generally, both excessively decreased and increased temporal stabilities were thought to reflect disease-related brain dysfunctions. However, the measures of temporal stability are still far from applications in clinical diagnoses for neuropsychiatric diseases partly because of the divergent results, and further studies are warranted.

First, a brief overview is provided on humanoid robots, and also models for the dynamic behavior are discussed. As base for these models these two methods Denavit-Hartenberg and Newton-Euler are used. Main aim of this work is to investigate the stability of a biped robot developed from IHRT. There is currently the low base of robot - consisting of feet, legs, hips and upper part of robots body. This structure currently has ten degrees of freedom.

Unsupported sleepers or void zones in ballasted tracks are one of the most recent and frequent track failures. The void failures have the property of intensive development that, without timely maintenance measures, can cause the appearance of cost-expensive local instabilities like subgrade damages. The reason of the intensive void development lies in the mechanics of the sleeper and ballast bed interaction. The particularity of the interaction is a dynamic impact that occur due to void closure. Additionally, void zones cause inhomogeneous ballast pressure distribution between the void zone and fully supported neighbour zones. The present paper is devoted studying the mechanism of the sleeper-ballast dynamic impact in the void zone. The results of experimental in-situ measurements of rail deflections showed the significant impact accelerations in the zone even for light-weight slow vehicles. A simple 3-beam numerical model of track and rolling stock interaction has shown the similar to the experimental measurements dynamic interaction. Moreover, the model shows that the sleeper accelerations are more than 3 times higher than the corresponding wheel accelerations and the impact point appear before the wheel enters the impact point. The analysis of ballast loadings shows the specific impact behaviour in combination with the quasistatic part that is different for void and neighbour zones, which are characterised with high ballast pre-stressed conditions. The analysis of void sizes influence demonstrate that the impact loadings, wheel and sleeper maximal accelerations appear at certain void depth after which the values decrease. The ballast quasistatic loading analysis indicates more than twice increase of the ballast loading in neighbour zones for long voids and almost full quasistatic unloading for short length voids. However, the used imitation model cannot explain the nature of the dynamic impact. The mechanism of the void impact is clearly explained by the analytic solution using a simple clamped beam. A simplified analytical expression of the void impact velocity shows that it is linearly related to the wheel speed and loading. The comparison to the numerically simulated impact velocities shows a good agreement and the existence of the void depth with the maximal impact. An estimation of the long-term influences for the cases of normal sleeper loading, high ballast pre-stress and quasistatic loading in the neighbour zones and high impact inside the void are performed.

Assessing the suitability of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to intensive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation remains a long-standing challenge. Geriatric assessment, which evaluates multiple dimensions of health, may influence a patient's ability to tolerate intensive or mild intensity approach, including treatment related mortality. Prospective studies are needed to validate different fitness criteria as well as to compare the effectiveness of geriatric assessment–based fitness against other criteria, in order to identify which aspects of the geriatric assessment are linked to treatment tolerance. Hopefully, validation studies should include different group of patients receiving either intensive or lower-intensity chemotherapy. At a minimum, the geriatric assessment should measure comorbidity burden, cognition, physical function, and emotional health—factors previously associated with mortality in AML. These assessments should be conducted before starting chemotherapy in order to minimize the treatment's impact on the results. While treatment tolerance has traditionally been evaluated through toxicity rates in solid tumor patients, AML treatment often results in high toxicity rates regardless of intensity. Therefore, early mortality should be the primary endpoint for assessing treatment tolerance, given its significant and clear implications. Other important endpoints might include declines in functional status, quality of life, and treatment adjustments or discontinuation due to toxicities. Validating these fitness criteria is essential for guiding treatment choices, improving supportive care, determining trial eligibility, interpreting study outcomes, and informing drug labeling.

In this study, in order to develop the composition ceramics for the application of ultrasonic transducer device for temporomandibular joint disorder pain relief and facial skin massage, Pb0.88(La0.6Sm 0.4)0.08(Mn 1/3 Sb 2/3)0.02 Ti 0.98 O3 ceramics were manufactured using CuO as sintering aids, and their piezoelectric ,and resonant properties were investigated. At the specimen sintered at 1200 [℃], the excellent values of piezoelectric properties appeared, respectively: the dielectric constant (εr) of 202, piezoelectric constant (d33) of 56[pC/N], first and third overtone electromechanical coupling factor kt of 0.548, kt3 of 0.219, and then first and third overtone mechanical quality factor Qmt1 of 345, Qmt3 of 292 were suitable for the device application such as ultrasonic transducer, respectively. When the length of one side was 7.7 mm, first and third overtone electromechanical coupling factor kt1 of 0.555, kt3 of, 0.196, and then first ,third overtone mechanical quality factor Qmt1 of 381, Qmt3 of 393 , and the first dynamic ratio(D.R) and third overtone dynamic ratio(D.R) of 63.7(dB),and 37.7(dB) were suitable for the device application such as ultrasonic transducer ,respectively .

Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) is a non-conventional machining process that, unlike other methods, is deemed superior because of its applicability, versatility, and no heat-affected zones in the target material. The main objective of this paper was to develop a cheap, practical model for a low-pressure water jet cutting machine and provide some empirical test data for cutting delicate materials. Proper design calculations were performed and are included for both the water jet machine and the two-axis numerical control. Finite Element Analysis results validate the structural integrity of beams and columns in AWJM. Computational Fluid Dynamic analysis of the nozzle shows good agreement with the theoretical calculations regarding the pressure and velocity of the water-abrasive mixture exiting the nozzle. Modal analysis in ANSYS was done to mitigate potential failure due to resonance induced by vibrations. Limited testing on various thicknesses of polystyrene foam ranging from 1-5 mm thickness and rubber sheet of 1 mm thickness showed that even low pressure of 25-30 bar was sufficient to produce a kerf without any burr. However, extensive testing to report optimized parameters like nozzle transverse speed, standoff distance, abrasive flow rate, etc for working at low-pressure ranges is still a consideration for future investigation.

Walking of humanoid robots is dependent on precise tracking of the center of gravity and foot trajectories. Trajectory tracking is achieved by mobilizing the robot joints to produce the correct trajectory. Errors are being occurred because of assumptions on tracking the center of gravity and the foot trajectories. In this study, a numerical algorithm has been developed that produces an exact and single kinematic solution in which the center of gravity and foot trajectories can be tracked with the desired precision. The effectiveness of the algorithm was examined with a dynamic simulation and compared with the method given in the literature The main highlight of this study, using the presented algorithm, the robot can walk even if the position of its center of gravity is lower than its hips, resulting tracking error was smaller than reported in the literature.

The BH 25 railway bridge, located in Indonesia, consists of three spans: 9.5 m (span-1 girder type), 21.9 m (span-2 truss type), and 9.6 m (span-3 girder type). Despite the initial plan for camber, it was not achieved, leading to the installation of temporary support on span-2. To assess the level of damage and determine the necessary steps, static and dynamic tests were conducted using a CC206 locomotive. The maximum deflection was recorded at -4.60 mm for span-1, -11.30 mm for span-2, and -3.42 mm for span-3. The dominant frequency in the vertical direction of span-2 was found to be 14.65 Hz. Due to the inability to achieve the planned camber and the subsequent removal of temporary support, external prestressing will be implemented, resulting in a camber of 11.82 mm. This change in prestressing also affects the dominant frequency of span-2, which becomes 17.07 Hz.

The article presents the method of identification of dynamic models for different flight states of a rotary-wing UAV. Experimental flights were conducted to obtain data necessary for the identification process. Such models can later be implemented in simulations to represent the behavior of real-life objects. Simulation of UAV swarms is the first stage of developing a swarm system, where prototyping with physical models is problematic. Therefore, obtaining accurate models is crucial for the simulation process to be reliable. Also, verification of obtained models was performed to make sure that they were identified correctly. In particular, the presented method was proven effective and successfully used in some applications.

This report discusses the application of approximate dynamic programming (ADP) and Krylov subspace methods in solving sequential decision-making problems in machine learning. ADP is used when dealing with large state spaces or when the exact dynamics are unknown. The paper explores various ADP methods such as temporal difference learning and least-squares policy evaluation. The authors also focus on the use of Krylov subspace methods for solving the Bellman equation in ADP. The report provides insights into linear approximation, stochastic algorithms, and the Arnoldi algorithm for orthonormal basis. Overall, the paper highlights the theoretical foundation provided by ADP and its connection with Krylov subspace methods, shedding light on their application in computer science.

We have developed a self-consistent model for predicting velocity of 1/2[111] screw dislocation in binary iron--carbon alloys gliding by a high-temperature Peierls mechanism. The methodology of modelling includes: (i) Kinetic Monte-Carlo (kMC) simulation of carbon segregation in dislocation core and determination the total carbon occupancy of the core binding sites; (ii) Determination of kink-pair formation enthalpy of a screw dislocation in iron---carbon alloy; (iii) KMC simulation of carbon drag and determination of maximal dislocation velocity at which the atmosphere of carbon atoms can follow a moving screw dislocation; (iv) Self consistent calculation of average velocity of screw dislocation in binary iron--carbon alloys gliding by a high-temperature kink-pair mechanism under constant strain rate. We conduct a quantitative analysis of the conditions of stress and temperature at which screw dislocation glide in iron--carbon alloy is accomplished by a high-temperature kink-pair mechanism. We estimate the dislocation's velocity at which screw dislocation brakes away from the carbon cloud and thermally-activated smooth dislocation propagation is interrupted by sporadic bursts controlled by athermal dislocation activity.

Rainfall runoff modeling has been a subject of interest for decades due to a need to understand a catchment system for management, for example regarding extreme event occurrences such as flooding. Tropical catchments are particularly prone to the hazards of extreme precipitation and the internal drivers of change in the system, such as deforestation and land use change. A model framework of dynamic TOPMODEL, DECIPHeR v1 - considering the flexibility, modularity and portability - and Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method are both used in this study. They reveal model performance for the streamflow simulation in a tropical catchment, i.e. the Kelantan River in Malaysia, that is prone to flooding and experiences high rates of land use change. 32 years' continuous simulation at a daily time scale simulation along with uncertainty analysis resulted in a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) score of 0.42 from the highest ranked parameter set, while 25.35% of the measurement falls within the uncertainty boundary based on a behavioral threshold NSE 0.3. The performance and behavior of the model in the continuous simulation suggests a limited ability of the model to represent the system, particularly along the low flow regime. In contrast, the simulation of eight peak flow events achieves moderate to good fit, with the four peak flow events simulation returning an NSE > 0.5. Nonetheless, the parameter scatterplot from both the continuous simulation and analyses of peak flow events indicate unidentifiability of all model parameters. This may be attributable to the catchment modelling scale. The results demand further investigation regarding the heterogeneity of parameters and calibration at multiple scales.

Since the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) at the hardest-hit city of Wuhan, the fast-moving spread has killed over three hundred people and infected more than ten thousands in China¹. There are more than one hundred cases outside of China, affecting a dozen of countries globally². The genome sequence of 2019-nCoV has been reported and fast diagnostic kits, effective treatment as well as preventive vaccines are rapidly being developed³. Initial fast-growing confirmed cases triggered lock-down of Wuhan as well as nearby cities in Hubei Province. Mathematical models have been proposed by scientists around the world to project the numbers of infected cases in the coming days ^4,5. However, major factors such as transportation and cultural customs have not been weighed enough. Our model is not set out for precise prediction of the number of infected cases, rather, it is meant for a glance of the dynamics under a public epidemic emergency situation and of different contributing factors. We hope that our model and simulation would provide more insights and perspective information to public health authorities around the globe for better informed prevention and containment solution.

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the atomic structure of a model Cu64Zr36 bulk metallic glass (BMG). It is found that the amount of icosahedral content of the system is significantly increased in a well relaxed structure. While we considered four connection types of vertex-, edge-, face-, and volume-sharing, the huge cluster in the relaxed samples mainly involve volume-type connection and exhibits a remarkable athermal plasticity that great stiffness and great yield strength compared to the as-quenched samples. In addition, the bond-angle distribution of annealed sample shows sharp peaks at specific bond angles which is an evidence of crystallized Laves-phase formed by icosahedral atoms, however the peaks are to be broaden after loading, which indicates decreasing amount of icosahedral content and their shape distortion. These results suggest that icosahedral content in a bulk metallic glasses plays a key role to determine the mechanical properties such as rigidity and maximum stress carrying capacity.

The study of values at European and global level has gained momentum along with the theory of values launched by Schwartz. Values are dormant, hidden, unobservable and impossible to measure directly. They exist somewhere within the human being, manifested by different attitudes, depending on their degree of generality. The paradigm of basic human values implies shared universal values that are encountered in cultures all over the world. The theory of values designed by Schwartz has refined the pool of 19 basic individual values representing principles in individuals and group, further describing the dynamic relationships among them. This study presents practical evidence of the dynamics between individual values, the dynamics theorized by Schwartz in 2012. Following the development of an online questionnaire made up of 46 items with online responses options on a Lickert scale from 1 to 6, where 1 represents less important and 6 represent very important, 220 young people from Western Romania voluntarily responded. By testing the hypothesis assuming the dynamic relationship between the two values through multiple regression analysis, the results demonstrate that in Model 1, which involves a linear relationship, health explains 42% of the variance in security with a F =161,215 significant at p <.01. In Model 2, which involves a curvilinear relationship, health explains 50% of the variance in security version with a F = 35,336 significant at p <.01. The incremental prediction optimization of 8% added by including the squared security accounts for the curve in the regression line, indicating the existence of a curvilinear relationship between security and health. The dynamic relationship demonstrates that upper limit and lower limit aspects of security, significantly influence the health value in a negative way. Normal levels of security trigger a high level of prioritization of health value. The implications of this type of relationship are discussed in explaining the value phenomenon at individual level. The study shows limits due to the selected sample, focusing exclusively on young people with higher education from the Western region of Romania. This sample was the target group of "The National Identity of Romanian Youth" project which designed this research.

A Smart Home is characterized by the presence of a huge number of small, low power devices, along with more classical devices. According to the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, all of them are expected to be always connected to the Internet in order to provide enhanced services. In this scenario, an attacker can undermine both the network security and the user’s security/privacy. Traditional security measures are not sufficient, because they are too difficult to setup and are either too weak to effectively protect the user or too limiting for the new services effectiveness. The paper suggests to dynamically adapt the security level of the smart home network according to the user perceived risk level what we have called network sentiment analysis. The security level is not fixed, established by a central system (usually by the Internet Service Provider) but can be changed with the users cooperation. The security of the smart home network is improved by a distributed firewalling and Intrusion Detection Systems both to the smart home side as to the Internet Service Provider side. These two parts must cooperate and integrate their actions for reacting dynamically to new and ongoing threats. Moreover, the level of network sentiment detected can be propagate to nearby home networks (e.g. the smart home networks of the apartments inside a building) to increase/decrease their level of security, thus creating a true in-line Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). The paper also presents a test bed for Smart Home to detect and counteract to different attacks against the IoT devices,,Wi-Fi and Ethernet connections .

This paper studies a model of dynamic compensation and capital structure with managerial traits. We show that Optimistic manager perceives equity as more undervalued than debt, while, confident manager perceives debt as more undervalued than equity. Managerial risk aversion mitigates manager’s bias. The risk aversion of the optimistic manager has a convex effect on the optimal coupon. There exists the level of risk aversion eliminating the bias on the leverage. The managerial optimist has an ambiguous effect on the owner’s bankruptcy level. The risk aversion has a convex effect on the owner’s bankruptcy level. The optimistic/confident manager underestimates the credit spread. The risk aversion has convex effect on the credit spread. In contrast to rational manager, the optimistic/confident manger has higher level of effort. The risk aversion has a negative effect on the effort.

Piezoelectric cantilever harvesters have a large power output at their natural frequency, but in some applications the frequency of ambient vibrations is different from the harvester’s frequency and/or ambient vibrations are periodic with some harmonic components. To cope with these operating conditions harvesters with integrated trimming devices (ITDs) are proposed. Some prototypes are developed with the aid of an analytical model and tested with an impulsive method. Results show that a small trimming device can lower the main resonance frequency of a piezoelectric harvester of the same extent as a larger tip mass and moreover generates at high frequency a second resonance peak. A multi-physics numerical FE model is developed for predicting the generated power and for performing stress-strain analysis of harvesters with ITDs. The numerical model is validated on the basis of experimental results. Several configurations of ITDs are conceived and studied. Numerical results show that harvesters with ITDs are able to generate relevant power at two frequencies owing to the particular shape of the modes of vibration. The stress in the harvesters with ITDs is smaller than the stress in the harvester with a tip mass trimmed to the same frequency.

For better export marketing strategies (EMS), companies mobilize their internal resources, which are managerial commitment, firm experience, and product uniqueness. However, Small businesses with constrained resources cannot be well explained with this view. So, more research on how small business come up with EMS have been called for. To explain how resource-restricted firms which rely heavely on entrepreneur, this study adopted the concept of dynamic managerial capabilities (DMCs) and resource versatility to better explain small business exports. We analyzed small businesses in Mongolia with qualitative research methods, including interviews with entrepreneurs and support organizations, site visits, and group discussions. We suggest international dynamic marketing capabilities (IDMCs), which are entrepreneurial orientation, networking capability, and versatile dynamic capability for small business. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

The impacts of inflation on international finance are generally reflected in the decline of buying power, risks of investment and deposit loss from currency devaluation. For the purpose of optimized allocation and management of asset values, i.e., annual income or research grants, a framework of a three-level model for static financial management is presented to maximize banking interests, bonuses, and the remaining balance after spending necessary expenditures. Meanwhile, in retrospect to higher-level financial inflation, strategies of dynamic investment, i.e., posing regular tests of flipping coins, exploiting variations of the currency exchange rate, as well as applying the theory of broad money, are presented to increase the appreciation rate of net assets in and post the era of COVID-19. Quantitative evaluations in case studies verify the feasibility of improving the financial situation, indicating broader applications for budgeting and investing when US inflation rate is below 3.0%. Besides, combining approaches of static and dynamic strategies, the expected annual growth rate of individual zero-risk asset investment is predicted as within the range of 8.30~9.62% according to budgeted appreciation on net assets in 12 months, which is capable of overcoming negative impacts from higher level annual inflation, i.e., those as highest as 8.01% in the Year 2022.

Digital twins are the foundation of autonomous off-road vehicles. Dynamic reduction methods are one of several ways to develop digital twins for off-road vehicles. The article commences with a comprehensive overview of the most widely used dynamic reduction methods and then introduces performance metrics for assessing their efficacies in the context of digital twins. The paper additionally includes a detailed mathematical derivation of the state-space representation for reduced-order finite element models. The state-space representation of the reduced finite element models facilitates their export to problem-solving environments for dynamic analysis. The state-space models are eventually solved utilizing the built-in libraries of numerical solvers in textual and graphical programming platforms. In addition, the article identifies the set of solvers that best suit the simulation of virtual models for off-road vehicles. This article also includes an evaluation of the simulation results of digital models with modes ranging from 0 to 30 Hz. In addition, the article demonstrates the lower bound of the frequency range necessary and sufficient to be retained in off-road vehicle virtual models. Finally, the paper presents the simulation outcomes for digital models of commercial off-road vehicles with custom-built control, electrical, and control systems.

5G heterogeneous network overlaid by millimeter-wave (mmWave) access employs mmWave meshed backhauling as a promising cost-efficient backhaul architecture. Due to the nature of mobile traffic distribution in practice which is both time-variant and spatially non-uniform, dynamic construction of mmWave meshed backhaul is prerequisite to support the varying traffic distribution. Focusing on such scenario of outdoor dynamic crowd (ODC), this paper proposes a novel method to control mmWave meshed backhaul for efficient operation of mmWave overlay 5G HetNet through Software-Defined Network (SDN) technology. Our algorithm is featured by two functionalities, i.e., backhauling route multiplexing for overloaded mmWave small cell base stations (SC-BSs) and mmWave SC-BSs’ ON/OFF status switching for underloaded spot. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed meshed network is confirmed by both numerical analyses and experimental results. Simulations are conducted over a practical user distribution modeled from measured data in realistic environments. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can cope with the locally intensive traffic and reduce energy consumption. Furthermore, a WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance certified) device based testbed is developed for Proof-of-Concept (PoC) and preliminary measurement results confirm the proposed dynamic formation of the meshed network’s efficiency.

In this study, we investigate different control scenarios through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. To account for two important types of control for an early ascending stage of an outbreak, social distancing and treatment with antiviral medications, a compartmental model is considered with one control, $u_1(t)$, aimed to lower the disease transmission rate and the other control, $u_2(t)$, aimed to lower the period of infectiousness. In all experiments, the implementation of control strategies reduces the daily cumulative number of cases and successfully "flattens the curve". The reduction in the cumulative cases is achieved by eliminating or delaying new cases. This delay is incredibly valuable as it provides public health organizations with more time to advance antiviral treatments and devise alternative preventive measures. The main theoretical result of the paper, Theorem 3.1, concludes that the optimal control functions, $u_i(t)$, $i=1,2,$ may be increasing until some moment $\tau \in [0, T)$. However, for all $t \in [\tau, T]$, both controls, $u_i(t)$, decline as $t$ approaches $T$ (possibly causing the number of newly infected people to grow). Numerical simulations presented in Section 4 confirm theoretical findings, which indicates that, ideally, around the time $t=\tau$, the control strategy has to be upgraded and a vaccination campaign needs to start to ensure the epidemic wave does not rebound.

The study involves the creation of a solar-powered car that can travel up to 70 km with a maximum speed of 35.7 km/h, the vehicle mass is 300 kg. It stores some energy, which is then converted into electric energy that can be consumed by other electrical appliances, making it an electrical energy generator. The two back wheels are equipped with 3,000 W electric motors to enable movement. When the vehicle moves, power dissipates due to resistances that must be overcome to move it. Auxiliary components and the battery powering the system also require energy, resulting in not all power being transmitted to the electric vehicle's wheels. This article aims to create a prototype of the electric vehicle model. A model of the photovoltaic system, considering the geographic coordinates and solar parameters of the location, as well as the BLDC motor and vehicle dynamics, is required to examine the component behavior based on the observable parameters. These pa-rameters consist of the resistive torque, angular speed, and resistance values that need to be overcome to evaluate the electric vehicle's performance. Once the lost power has been determined, the remaining power will be allocated to power other electrical devices. The variations in the parameters considered are crucial for the performance of an electric vehicle equipped with a photovoltaic and mechanical power supply system, as one of the sources of our prototype is mechanical and provides 400 W of power.

The de-oxygenation process in water used in well injection operations is an important matter to eliminate corrosion in petroleum industry. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to understand the behavior of siloxane surface through studding the surface properties with two functional groups attached to the end of siloxane and their effect on de-oxygenation process. The simulations were performed using LAMMPS to characterize of surface properties. Jmol software was used to generate siloxane chains with (8, 20, and 35) repeat units. Firstly, we evaluated properties such as total energy, surface tension and viscosity. Then, we used siloxane as a membrane to compare the efficiency of de-oxygenation for the both types of functional groups. The results indicated that longer chains length increased total energy, viscosity while decreased surface tension. Replacing methyl groups with trifluoromethyl (CF3) groups increased all the above mentioned properties in varying proportions. Trifluoromethyl (CF3) groups showed better removal efficiency than methyl (CH3) groups but allowed more water to pass. Furthermore, the simulations were run using the class II potential developed by Sun, Rigby, and others within an explicit-atom (EA) model.

Balance is important in lifesaving competitions. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic balance and physical function in elite lifesavers by measuring the foot muscle cross-sectional area, ankle joint muscle strength, toe grasp strength, plantar superficial sensation, and dynamic balance. In this observational study, we measured the foot muscle cross-sectional area, ankle dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, external flexion, isometric muscle strength, toe grasp strength, and superficial foot sensation of 15 adult lifesavers (12 males). The results showed that toe grasp strength and ankle plantar flexion isometric muscle strength are particularly important for the dynamic balance function of elite lifesavers working on sandy surfaces. Sand training improves intrinsic muscle training and dynamic balance function. However, high training intensity may cause a decrease in plantar surface sensation, which needs to be verified with sand training interventions in the future.

Computational animation of spatiotemporal models for 3-D shape and motion is considered as core of dynamic real-time vision. This is based on sets of features evaluated from multi-focal image streams. Subjects are defined as special objects capable of sensing environmental parameters and of initiating own actions in combination with stored knowledge. Object/subject recognition and scene understanding are achieved on different levels. Multiple objects are tracked individually for perceiving their actual state (‘here and now’). Fast saccadic jumps in gaze direction allow flexible concentration on objects or parts of actual interest. By analyzing motion of relevant objects/subjects over a larger time scale on the level of state variables and documenting them in the ‘scene tree representation’ (computer graphics), the situation with respect to decision making is assessed. Various behavioral capabilities of subjects are represented on an abstract level for characterizing their potential behaviors. These are generated by stereotypical feed-forward and feedback control applications on a separate level close to the actuator hardware with corresponding methods. This dual representation on one level for decision making and one on the implementation level allows for flexibility and easy adaptation or extension. Results are shown for road vehicle guidance based on three cameras on a gaze-controlled platform.

Despite the recognized influence of maximum or acceleration strength on combat techniques and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, the relationship between body segment weights and combat techniques remains unexplored. This study aimed to examine the impact of body segment weights, including striking arm weight (SAW), kicking leg weight (KLW), and trunk weight (TW), on the dynamics of direct punches (DP), palm strikes (PS), elbow strikes (ES), front kicks (FK), and CMJ performance. Sixteen male military cadets (22.3±1.8 years, 181.4±7.0 cm, 83.0±8.1 kg) performed combat techniques, with performance measured by using a force plate and body segment weights assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Spearman's correlation analysis was applied. Results indicated a strong correlation between KLW and FK impulse (r = 0.64, p ≤ 0.01) and CMJ impact force (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.01). SAW showed moderate correlations with DP impulse (r = 0.53, p ≤ 0.05) and ES impulse (r = 0.54, p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, FK peak and impact forces were strongly correlated with CMJ jump height (r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.01; r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.01), and FK peak force moderately correlated with CMJ peak velocity (r = 0.63, p ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest targeted arm strength training could enhance striking abilities, while improvements in leg acceleration strength may directly boost kicking performance and vertical jump capabilities, which are crucial in combat scenarios.

Contactless charging is evolving fast in many domains and applications such as the electrical vehicles (EV). The principle consists of transferring energy between two systems without having any electrical connection between them. This power transfer can be realized by emitting a magnetic field for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT). In the automotive domain, the application of contactless charging to supply power to the vehicle while driving is one of the solutions envisaged to solve the limited autonomy range of EV and reduced its cost but the system must comply with existing standards (e.g., allocated frequency range and radiated electromagnetic emissions), as summarized in this paper.

This experimental research presents an easier model for fitting experimental results that can be simulate the dynamical behaviour of a single degree freedom system, SDFS, subjected in a forced vibration in a shaking table. The fractional damping using a Kelvin-Voigt fractional derivative rheological model, KVFRdm, to represent a fractional oscillator and compare with the experimental model.

In this paper the possibility of harvesting energy from the vibrations of a plate is analyzed. The harvester takes the form of a cantilever dynamic vibration absorber equipped with a piezoelectric layer and tuned by means of a tip mass to the first mode of vibration of the plate. A mathematical model of the coupled system composed of the plate and the harvester is presented. The validity of the proposed harvester is proved by means of simulations carried out with the modal expansions approach. Simulation results highlighting the effect of harvester tuning and location are presented as well. Then the validity of the harvester is confirmed by experimental tests carried out both with a concentrated impulsive load and with a distributed pressure load. Simulations and experimental tests show that the cantilever piezoelectric dynamic vibration absorber generates open circuit voltage an order of magnitude larger than the one generated by the same piezoelectric layer when directly bonded to the plate surface.

Liquid and gas are distinct in their extent of dynamic atomic correlations; in gas atoms are almost uncorrelated whereas they are strongly correlated in liquid. This distinction applies also to electronic systems. Fermi liquids are actually gas-like, whereas strongly correlated electrons are liquid-like. Doped Mott insulators share characteristics with supercooled liquids. Such distinctions have important implications on superconductivity. We discuss the evolution of dynamic atomic correlations in liquid with temperature, and a possible effect of dynamic correlations on the high-temperature superconductivity in the cuprates.

Addressing sustainable mobility in urban areas has become a priority in today’s society, given the growing population and increasing vehicular flow in these areas. Intelligent Transportation Systems have emerged as innovative and effective technological solutions to address these challenges. Research in this area has become crucial, as it contributes not only to improve mobility in urban areas, but also to positively impact the quality of life of its inhabitants. To address this, a dynamic clustering methodology for vehicular trajectory data is proposed which can provide an accurate representation of the traffic state. Data was collected for the city of San Francisco, a dynamic clustering algorithm was applied and then an indicator was applied to identify areas with traffic congestion. Several experiments were also conducted with different parameterizations of the forgetting factor of the clustering algorithm. The results showed in terms of precision that the dynamic clustering methodology achieved high match rates compared to the congestion indicator applied to static cells.

Semantic segmentation of remote sensing urban scene imagery is a pixel-wise prediction, which is applied to identify the land-cover or land-use category. However, semantic segmentation demands huge computation cost. In order to reduce the huge computation cost, a common method is to introduce transformer and CNN hybrid method to have a good trade-off between accuracy and computation cost. However, recent CNN-transformer hybrid methods often capture local-global context and cross-window interaction information simultaneously. Then they introduce the local-global context to fuse the local feature, which repeat fuse the local and global feature and result in the additional computation cost. And previous methods often ignore to filter the local and global feature. To fix the problem, we design a lightweight decoder-EDDformer, which is Efficient Global Value Transformer with Dynamic Gatefusion module. Efficient global value transformer only response for extracting global feature. Dynamic Gatefusion module filter the local and global semantic feature and fuse them to capture the local-global context in one time. Extensive experiments reveal that our method not only runs faster but also achieves higher accuracy compared with other state-of-the-art lightweight models.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. JEV emerged during the 1870s in Japan and since that time, JEV has been transmitted exclusively throughout Asia, according to known reporting and sequencing records. A recent JEV outbreak occurred in Australia which affected commercial piggeries across different temperate southern Australian states and caused confirmed infections in humans. A total of 47 human cases and seven deaths were reported. The recent evolving situation of JEV needs to be reported due to its continuous circulation in endemic regions and spread to non-endemics areas. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny and population dynamics of JEV using recent JEV isolates for the future perception of disease spread. Phylogenetic analysis shows the most recent common ancestor occurred about 3120 years ago (YA) (95% Highest posterior density [HPD], 2680 to 3715). Our results of the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) demonstrates that JEV demography lacks fluctuations for the last two decades, but it shows that JEV genetic diversity has increased during the last ten years. This indicates the potential JEV replication in the reservoir host, which is helping it to maintain its genetic diversity, and to continue its dispersal into non-endemic areas. The continuous spread in Asia and recent detection from Australia further support these findings. Therefore, an enhanced surveillance system is needed along with precautionary measures such as regular vaccination and mosquito control to avoid future JEV outbreaks.

Cable-Driven Parallel Robots (CDPRs) are a special kind of parallel manipulator which use cables to control the position and orientation of the mobile platform or end-effector. The usage of cables instead of rigid links offer some advantages over their conventional rigid counterparts. As cables can only pull, but not push, the number of cables (n) required to command the end-effector is always n+1. This configuration is known as fully-constrained and it is the most extended configuration for CDPRs. Although CDPRs have many advantages, such as their ability to cover large working areas, one of their main problems is that their working area (workspace) is limited in comparison to its frame area (planar case), or frame volume (spatial case), due to the minimum and maximum allowed tensions. Depending of these tensions values the workspace can be notoriously decreased. In order to tackle this problem, lots of works focus on solving kinematics or dynamics problems for cable sagging, i.e., they take into account sagging when modelling the robot kinematic and include these poses inside the usable robot workspace. Taking into account phenomenons like this increases the mathematical complexity of the problem, and much more complex techniques are required. On the other hand, the lack of workspace problem can be tackled by adding active or passive elements to the robot design. In this sense, this paper proposes two mechanical modifications: to add passive carriages to the robot frame and to use a single cable loop to command the end-effector position and orientation. This work presents the kinematic, static and dynamic models of the novel design and shows the gain of workspace for a planar case while taking into account different parameters of the robot.

Decision making is a complex process involving various parts of the brain which are active during different times. It is challenging to measure externally the exact instance when any given region becomes active during the decision-making process. Here we try to extract and visualize the dynamic functional brain activation information from the observed fMRI data. We propose the use of a regularized deconvolution model to simultaneously map various activation regions within the brain and track how different activation regions changes with time. Thus, providing both spatial and temporal brain activation information. The activation information can then be further analyzed as per need and requirements. The proposed technique was validated using simulated data and then applied to a simple decision-making task for identification of various brain regions involved in different stages of decision making. The visualization aspect of the algorithm allows us to actually see the flow of activation (and deactivation) in form of a motion picture. The dynamic estimate may aid in understanding the causality of activation between various brain regions in a better way.

Large water bodies such as the Laurentian Great Lakes have significant influences on local and regional climate through their unique physical features. Due to the coarse spatial resolution of general circulation models (GCMs), the Great Lakes are geometrically ignored in most GCMs. Thus, the dynamical downscaling technique serves as a necessary and feasible solution to bridge the gap. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) with an updated lake scheme is employed to downscale from a GCM, GFDL-CM3. The WRF-Lake’s performance is evaluated against observations, the GCM, as well as 23 other GCMs. Results show that the coupled air-lake model, with a fine spatial resolution and realistic lake bathymetries, reproduced a more reasonable spatiotemporal climatology than GCMs, as well as the lake-induced characteristics that were missed in GCMs. With lakes present, the seasonal variability of air temperature was reduced in WRF-Lake relative to GFDL-CM3, especially in summer. A reduced air temperature trend, about 4.5 °C/100 year in the 21st century, was projected in WRF-Lake. The seasonal evolutions of lake surface temperature and lake ice coverage were well captured by the lake model. The lake surface temperature was projected to be warming by 3.5-4 °C and the lake ice diminishing by 58.9% - 86%. Those results brought by the WRF-Lake model suggest that a fine resolution of the topography and the incorporation of the lake-atmosphere interactions are crucial to improve the understanding of the climate and climate change in the Great Lakes region.

The sustainability of ecotourism is the backbone of tourism development of a country. Ecotourism can contribute to both conservation and development in which involves dynamic relationship between tourism, biodiversity and communities, facilitate by great management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dimensions of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of ecotourism in communities surrounding the Tasik Kenyir in Terengganu, Malaysia. This study provides a framework for the development and evaluation of ecotourism. The framework will determine if the relationships between indicators are positively correlated which will result in positive contribution to the other by using System Dynamic. Socio-cultural and economic data will be collected through interviews and group discussions in selected communities in Tasik Kenyir. Data on wildlife will be extracted from secondary data from Kenyir Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The data analysis will explore the socio-cultural and economic differences between and within different communities due to ecotourism development, the contribution of ecotourism to conservation activities, local support for conservation and ecotourism as well as the influence of tourist activities on the distribution of wildlife species in Tasik Kenyir. This study aims to contribute toward understanding the natural resource community-ecotourism inter-relationship and help to bridge the knowledge gap that hinders biodiversity conservation initiatives. The findings will be used as a base for further development of ecotourism and will recommend alternative management options where necessary for the study area.

Background/Objectives: Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) possess the remarkable ability to dif-ferentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. Understanding the molecular mecha-nisms governing MSC osteogenic differentiation is crucial for advancing clinical applications and our comprehension of complex disease processes. However, the key biological molecules regu-lating this process remain incompletely understood, necessitating further investigation. Methods: In this study, we employed high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing to identify and validate key biological molecules that dynamically regulate MSC osteogenic differentiation. Our approach involved comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns across human tissues, followed by rigorous experimental validation of identified candidates. Results: Through our integrated analytical and experimental approach, we pinpointed four critical regulators of MSC osteogenic differentiation: PTBP1, H2AFZ, BCL6, and TTPAL (C20ORF121). Notably, this study represents the first instance of utilizing high-throughput transcriptomics to uncover regulatory factors involved in MSC osteogenesis, marking a significant advancement in the field. Conclusions: Our findings substantially enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining MSC differentiation fate. This research holds significant implications for clinical ap-plications involving MSCs and provides valuable insights into complex disease processes. The identification of these key regulators opens new avenues for targeted interventions and therapies in bone-related disorders and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, this study establishes a robust framework for future investigations in stem cell biology, potentially leading to innovative ap-proaches in regenerative medicine.

The inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase II (KATII) is a target for treating several diseases with an excess of kynurenic acid (KYNA). KATII inhibitors exist, but they have adverse side effects, given their irreversible inhibition mechanism. This study aimed to discover potent and safe inhibitors of KATII by using computational and in vitro methods. We identified herbacetin and (-)-Epicatechin as reversible KATII inhibitors from a small library of natural compounds, whose Glide docking scores (-8.66 kcal mol-1 and-8.16 kcal mol-1, respectively) and MM/GBSA binding energies (-50.30 kcal mol-1 and -51.35 kcal mol-1, respectively), which are higher scores than the standard inhibitor, PF-04859989 (-7.12 kcal mol-1 and -38.41 kcal mol-1, respectively). The ADMET analysis showed that herbacetin and (-)-Epicatechin have suitable pharmacokinetic parameters, are moderately bioavailable, and have a safe toxicity profile. Their KATII inhibitory activity is in the range of IC50 values of 5.98± 0.18 µM and 8.76 ± 0.76 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the MTT assay for cell toxicity showed that the two compounds do not alter HepG2 cell viability at their required concentration for KATII inhibition. These results show that herbacetin and(-)-Epicatechin are suitable for KATII inhibition and appropriate candidates for further development of KATII inhibitors.

In this paper we introduce the Adomian decomposition method for a class of first order fuzzy dynamic equations on arbitrary time scales for existence of solutions. The results are provided with suitable numerical examples.

One of the primary causes of the mechanical seal failure is rotor vibration. Traditional dynamic seal models often would not be able to fully explaining the failure mechanisms. The seal dynamic models proposed in this paper, including those developed by the authors, prove valuable in predicting seal dynamics during operation in specific turbomachinery and in explaining the causes of seal failure. The single-mass dynamic model is suitable for analyzing contact mechanical seal and simple design dry gas seals dynamics. The two-mass dynamic model is used for investigating operational dynamics processes in classical dry gas seals under complex loading conditions. The three-mass dynamic model is used to study various complex mechanical seal types. This model is able to determine the normal operating condition range and to explain leakage mechanisms in the presence of excessive rotor vibrations.

Rapid urbanization has profoundly impacted regional ecosystem services. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the spatiotemporal relationship between multi-dimensional urbanization processes and ecosystem services. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization and ecosystem services value (ESV) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China, from 2010 to 2020. We measured urbanization levels from two dimensions: Urbanization I (demographic, economic, and land urbanization) and Urbanization II (social and cultural urbanization). The ESV was quantified using the equivalent factor method. The results showed that: (1) The level of Urbanization I increased steadily, while Urbanization II, despite a lower level, exhibited a faster growth rate, especially after 2017; (2) The total ESV declined, with regulating services decreasing the most. The spatial distribution of ESV showed significant heterogeneity; (3) Urbanization had a significant negative correlation with ESV, with Urbanization I exerting a greater negative impact than Urbanization II; (4) The eastern region was dominated by high urbanization-low ESV clusters, while the western region was characterized by low urbanization-high ESV clusters. The findings provide important implications for regional sustainable development and can serve as a reference for related studies in other rapidly urbanizing areas around the world.

Dynamic sparse training is an effective strategy to alleviate the training and inference demands of artificial neural networks. However, current sparse training methods face a challenge in achieving high levels of sparsity while maintaining performance comparable to that of their fully connected counterparts. The Cannistraci-Hebb training (CHT) method produces an ultra-sparse advantage compared to fully connected training in various tasks by using a gradient-free link regrowth method, which relies solely on the network topology. However, its rigid selection based on link prediction scores may lead to epitopological local minima, especially at the beginning of the training process when the network topology might be noisy and unreliable. In this article, we introduce the Cannistraci-Hebb training soft rule (CHTs), which applies a flexible approach to both the removal and regrowth of links during training, fostering a balance between exploring and exploiting network topology. Additionally, we investigate the network topology initialization using several approaches, including the bipartite scale-free and bipartite small-world network models. Empirical results show that CHTs can surpass the performance of fully connected networks with MLP architecture by using only 1% of the connections (99% sparsity) on the MNIST, EMNIST, and Fashion MNIST datasets and can provide remarkable results with only 0.1% of the links (99.9% sparsity). In some MLPs for image classification tasks, CHTs can reduce the active neuron network size to 20% of the original nodes (neurons), demonstrating a remarkable ability to generalize better than fully connected architectures, reducing the entire model size. This represents a relevant result for dynamic sparse training. Finally, we present evidence from larger network models such as Transformers, with 10% of the connections (90% sparsity), where CHTs outperform other prevalent dynamic sparse training methods in machine translation tasks.

Feature selection is predominantly used in machine learning tasks, such as classification and regression. It selects a subset of features (relevant attributes of data points) from a larger set that contributes as optimally as possible to the informativeness of the model. There are exponentially many subsets of a given set, and thus, the exhaustive search is only practical for problems with at most a few dozen features. In the past, there have been attempts to reduce the search space using dynamic programming. However, models that consider similarity in pairs of features besides the quality of individual features do not provide the required optimal substructure. As a result, algorithms, which we will call suboptimal dynamic programming algorithms, find a solution that may deviate significantly from the optimal one. In this paper, we propose a dynamic programming algorithm with an iterative upgrade where the order of feature processing is inverted in each iteration. Such an alternating approach allows for improving the optimization function by using the score from the previous iteration to estimate the contribution of unprocessed features. The iterative process is proven to converge and terminate when the solution does not change in three successive iterations or when the number of iterations reaches the threshold. Results in more than 90 % of tests align with those of the exhaustive search, being competitive and often superior to the reference greedy approach. The validation was done by comparing the scores of output feature subsets and examining the accuracy of different classifiers learned on these features. In the context of feature selection, the proposed algorithm can be characterized as a filter method. However, we expect that the idea of alternating suboptimal optimization will soon be generalized to tasks beyond feature selection.

Due to the continued deepening of today’s mining projects, there is a need to develop new or improved rockbolts that are strong and yielding and have high energy absorption when exposed to dynamic loading. Impact tests can provide useful information about the dynamic response of rockbolts but most laboratory tests involve high costs in preparation and result validation. Numerical modeling is an alternative that, in addition to complementing laboratory results, can be used to represent the process of deformation and energy absorption of support elements. In this paper the implementation and results obtained from a finite difference (FDM) numerical model are presented. The model functions as a simulation tool to illuminate all the elements that conform the large-scale (1:1) impact test and their behavior and influence on the dynamic response of a threadbar bolt (22 mm nominal diameter). The model was calibrated using published results and based on these results as well as parametric analysis, the response of each component (steel tube, grout, and bolt) could be identified and its behavior in terms of absorbed energy and displacement could be observed. Results show the model can provide important preliminary information to make design decisions about support elements design.

Livestock farming plays a crucial role in agriculture and is important in meeting people's needs for a better life in the new era. However, due to China's "double carbon" target, the development of animal husbandry has been affected by the level of carbon emissions. To study the spatial dis-tribution and dynamic evolution of livestock carbon emissions in Shandong Province, we used panel data from 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province from 2001 to 2022 to determine the spatial differentiation of livestock carbon emissions in Shandong Province and their dynamic evolution by combining spatial and non-parametric estimation methods based on livestock carbon emissions and livestock emission intensity measured by city. The results of the study show that the distribution of carbon emissions from animal husbandry in Shandong Province is in a "dis-persed-aggregated" pattern, and the intensity of carbon emissions shows a gradual downward trend, with a ladder-like distribution characterized by high in the west and low in the east. Through the analysis of the dynamic evolution of nuclear density, we observe that the regional differences of animal husbandry carbon emissions in Shandong Province are expanding, showing the characteristics of polarization. The difference of carbon emissions in the peninsula is gradually narrowing, and the phenomenon of polarization is weakening. The carbon emissions of animal husbandry in the central and western regions of Shandong are polarized.

To assure the opacity, an optimal problem is to retain the occurring events sequences as many as possible. Contrary to such problem, the other optimal problem is to preserve the minimal occurring events sequences. In the paper, based on the choosing cost, an optimal opacity-enforcing model is presented to minimize the sum of discount choosing cost, which is not only to preserve the opacity, but also to retain the secret to the maximum. To solve the model, two scenarios on opacity are considered. For the two scenarios, some algorithms are presented to achieve the optimal solution for the model by using the method of dynamic programming. And then, the solutions produced by the algorithms are proved correctly by theoretical proof. Finally, some illustrations for the algorithms are given.

This paper studied the dynamic characteristics of the deployment process of the replaceable interface mast and the vibration generated at the end of the mast. The interface is discretized by the absolute nodal coordinate thin shell element with gradient reduction, and the three-dimensional motion of the reconfigurable rigid body module is described by the natural coordinate method. The dynamic equations of the interface and the reconfigurable module without external constraints are established by the principle of virtual work. Finally, the dynamic models of each part are assembled into the dynamic model of the mast system deployment process through the system constraint equation. According to the established dynamic model of the mast system deployment process, the dynamic behavior changes of the replaceable interface mast are analyzed. At the same time, the differences in the deployment behavior of the replaceable interface mast under different system configuration schemes, flexible interface geometric parameters, and different driving laws are studied and compared. It provides guidance for the scheme configuration of the mast system, the structural design of the interface, and the deployment motion planning of the mast. According to the physical prototype and the assembly of the mast system model, the deployment process of the replaceable interface mast is experimentally analyzed. It shows that the established dynamic model of the mast system can correctly analyze the dynamic characteristics of the deployment behavior of the replaceable interface mast, which provides a reference for the design and behavior analysis of the mast system.

Vehicular traffic in urban areas continues to be a constant challenge today, due to the continuous population growth and the increase of vehicles in circulation. Vehicular congestion, as a recurrent problem, generates a negative impact on urban mobility and citizens’ quality of life. It is hypothesized that a dynamic clustering method of vehicle trajectory data can provide an accurate and up-to-date representation of real-time traffic behavior. To evaluate this hypothesis, data were collected from three different cities: San Francisco, Rome and Guayaquil. A dynamic clustering algorithm was applied to identify traffic congestion patterns and an indicator was applied to identify and evaluate the congestion conditions of the areas. The results show a high precision and recall in congestion classification compared to a method based on static cells.

Resource pricing in cloud computing has become one of the main challenges for cloud providers. The challenge is determining a fair and appropriate price to satisfy users and resource providers. To determine a fair price, it is necessary to consider the conditions and needs of both parties: provider and user. This research tries to provide a pricing mechanism for cloud computing based on game theory. The proposed mechanism takes into account three factors including fault possibility, interaction between virtual machines, and energy consumption to reach a fair price. In the proposed game, the provider decides on the price of the virtual machine which can be offered to the user on each physical machine and the user decides between the virtual machines offered to run its application. The whole game is implemented as a function of the resource broker component. The proposed mechanism is simulated and evaluated using the CloudSim simulator. Its performance is compared with several previous recent mechanisms. According to the results, the proposed mechanism has been able to determine a more reasonable price for the user and the provider which increases the overall profitability of the cloud system.

Ransomware constitutes a distinctive category of pernicious software that sequesters a user's digital assets by encryption, holding them hostage until a sum is extorted from the victim. These incursions have escalated to become among the most prevalent and significant threats confronting both individuals and corporate entities. In combatting this virulent program, dynamic analysis has been established as the favored detection modality. Such analyses typically hinge on Windows API calls, the conduits through which programs requisition services from the operating system. Yet, the superfluous and unrelated Windows API calls interjected by adversaries into the execution stream of suspect binaries precipitate an excessively noisy behavioral sequence, which impairs the performance of counter-ransomware mechanisms. The research outlined herein introduces a novel non-signature-based detection paradigm that harnesses efficacious Windows API call sequences through supervised machine learning strategies. An innovative Enhanced Min Max (EmRmR) filter technique is proposed, aiming to purge noisy features and isolate the most indicative feature subset that encapsulates the ransomware's true behavior. The EmRmR method, diverging from the traditional Min Max approach, circumvents the superfluous calculations that are a hallmark of the conventional algorithms, thereby necessitating a reduced number of evaluations. Additionally, a refinement procedure has been integrated to contract the program's call trace volume by discarding those Windows API calls lacking a robust correlation with ransomware's pivotal behavior. Subsequent to rigorous experimental analyses and juxtaposition with extant behavior-based detection methodologies, the proposed strategy has demonstrated its efficacy in differentiating ransomware behavior, delivering high detection precision alongside a diminution in false-positive occurrences.

Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected infectious, non-contagious diseases caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus which affects millions of people worldwide. The drugs available for its treatment, especially in cases of visceral leishmaniasis, are old, outdated, have serious side effects and in many cases are ineffective due to the emergence of resistant strains. In this context, the search for new candidates for more effective and safer drugs which can become new therapeutic alternatives is a constant need. In this work, 10 new chalcones were synthesized in high yields through Claisen-Schmidt condensation and were evaluated in vitro against Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes. CP04 and CP06 compounds were the most promising, respectively showing IC50 values = 13.64 ± 0.25 and 11.19 ± 0.22 against promastigotes, and IC50 = 18.92 ± 0.05 and 22.42 ± 0.05 against amastigotes. The compounds did not show cytotoxicity in erythrocytes, showing selectivity indexes greater than 74 and 90. Molecular docking studies carried out under the sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP-51) (PDB: 3L4D) and trypanothione reductase (PDB: 5EBK) enzymes from L. infantum evidenced the great affinity of the CP04 molecule for these targets, showing Moldock score values of -94.0758 and -50.5692 KJ/mol-1, with these values being much lower than the co-crystallized ligand energies. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated great stability of CP04 in its targets, thus indicating a real interaction possibility. Our findings confirm the potential that chalcones have as candidates for anti-leishmania drugs, and suggest that the CP04 compound may become a promising drug candidate to design and develop novel chalcone-based analogs for leishmaniosis therapy.

The first appearance of viruses can date back to the late last century. As an effective form of malware, viruses reside in the permanent storage of target hosts. Before a virus can execute, that must load into memory from the persistent storage included in the associated file. Due to the reliable destructive power of viruses, many mechanisms have been developed to defend computer systems against these hazardous threats. Antivirus software is one of the most famous and popular among these mechanisms. Most antivirus software uses static analysis (signature-based) technology on files stored in permanent storage, such as hard disks or USB flashes, to detect viruses hidden in files. Fileless malware was developed to enhance the survivability of malware by circumventing detection. Fileless malware only exists in the target hosts’ memory, not files. Antivirus software cannot even access the fileless malware code, much less analyze it, since it may be performed in memory directly without needing to load it from a disk. As a result, it is difficult for an antivirus engine to defend a system against fileless malware attacks. This paper proposes a kernel-based solution called Check-on-Execution (CoE) to detect fileless malware on a Linux system. When a program is going to execute a piece of code in a writable and executable memory area of a process, CoE suspends the code execution first. Coe retrieves the code from memory, packs the code with an ELF header to create an ELF file, and uses VirusTotal to check the file to prevent a Linux system from executing fileless malware. Experimental results show that CoE noticeably enhances the ability of a Linux system to defend itself again fileless malware. CoE is also suitable for protecting a system from shell code injection attacks, such as buffer and heap overflow attacks. It is capable of handling even packed malware. But in this paper, we only focus on fileless malware.

Oleanolic acid (OA) being the ubiquitous compound in the plant kingdom is studied for both the neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties. The mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of OA is investigated using the molecular dynamic simulations (MD) and docking as well as membrane-like and in vitro tests. There are also applied SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells as well as in vivo on the zebrafish tests. The inhibitory potential towards the AChE enzyme is examined using the TLC-bioautography assay (the IC50 value is 9.22 μM). The CH- interactions between the central fragment of the ligand molecule and the aromatic cluster created by the His440, Phe288, Phe290, Phe330, Phe331, Tyr121, Tyr334, Trp84 and Trp279 side chains are observed. The in vitro tests carried out on the SH-SY5Y cells indicates that the viability rate is reduced to 71.5%, 61%, and 43% at the concentrations of 100 µg/mL, 300 µg/mL, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively after 48 hours of incubation whereas cytotoxicity against the tested cell line with the IC50 value is 714.32 ± 32.40 µg/mL. The in vivo tests on the zebrafish prove that there is no difference between the control and experimental groups as regards the mortality rate and morphology (P>0.05).

The traditional Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems are based on the 1 strong static assumption, and their performance will degrade significantly due to the presence of 2 dynamic objects located in dynamic environments. To decrease the effects brought by the dynamic 3 objects, based on ORB-SLAM2 system framework, a novel dynamic semantic SLAM system called 4 MOR-SLAM is presented using mask repair method, which can accurately detect dynamic objects 5 and realize high-precision positioning and tracking of the system in dynamic indoor environments. 6 First, an instance segmentation module is added to the front end of ORB-SLAM2 to distinguish 7 dynamic and static objects in the environment and obtains a preliminary mask. Next, to overcome the 8 under-segmentation problem in instance segmentation, a new mask inpainting model is proposed to 9 ensure that the integrity of object masks, which repairs large objects and small objects in the image 10 with depth value fusion method and morphological method respectively. Then, a reliable basic matrix 11 can be obtained based on the above repaired mask. Finally, the potential dynamic feature points 12 in the environment are detected and removed through the reliable basic matrix, and the remaining 13 static feature points are input into the tracking module of the system to realize the high-precision 14 positioning and tracking in dynamic environments. The experiments on the public TUM dataset 15 show that, compared with ORB-SLAM2, the MOR-SLAM improves the absolute trajectory accuracy 16 by 95.55%. In addition, compared with DynaSLAM and DS-SLAM on the high-dynamic sequences 17 (fr3/w/rpy and fr3/w/static), the MOR-SLAM improves the absolute trajectory accuracy by 15.20% 18 and 59.71%, respectively

The purpose of this study was to compare Electromyographic (EMG) with Mechanomyo- 1 graphic (MMG) recordings during isometric conditions, and during a simulated load-lifting task. 2 Twenty-two males (age: 25.5 ± 5.3 years) first performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and 3 submaximal isometric contractions of upper limb muscles at 25%, 50% and 75% MVC. Participants 4 then executed repetitions of a functional activity simulating a load-lifting task above shoulder level, 5 at 25%, 50% and 75% of their maximum activity (based on MVC). The low frequency part of the 6 accelerometer signal (< 5 Hz) was used to segment the 6 phases of the motion. EMG and MMG were 7 both recorded during the entire experimental procedure. Root mean square (RMS) and mean power 8 frequency (MPF) were selected as signal extraction features. During isometric contractions, EMG 9 and MMG exhibited similar repeatability scores. They also shared similar RMS vs force relationship, 10 with RMS increasing to 75% MVC and plateaued to 100%. MPF decreased with increasing force to 11 75% MVC. In dynamic condition, RMSMMG exhibited higher sensitivity to changes in load than 12 RMSEMG. These results confirm the feasibility of MMG measurements to be used during functional 13 activities outside the laboratory. It opens new perspectives for future applications in sports science, 14 ergonomics and human-machine interfaces conception.

The process of identifying and approving a new drug is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. One of the biggest issues to overcome is the risk of hepatotoxicity, which is one of the main reasons for drug withdrawal from the market. While animal models are the gold standard in preclinical drug testing, the translation of results into therapeutic intervention is often ambiguous due to interspecies differences in hepatic metabolism. The discovery of human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) and their derivatives has opened new possibilities for drug testing. We used mesenchymal stem cells and hepatocytes both derived from hiPSC, together with endothelial cells, to miniaturize the process of generating hepatic organoids. These organoids were then cultivated in vitro using both static and dynamic cultures. Additionally, we tested spheroids composed solely by induced hepatocytes. By miniaturizing the system, we demonstrated the possibility of maintaining the organoids, but not the spheroids, in culture for up to 15 days. This timeframe may be sufficient to carry out a hypothetical pharmacological test or screening. In conclusion, we propose that the hiPSC-derived liver organoids model could complement or, in the near future, replace the pharmacological and toxicological tests conducted on animals.

This paper has designed a four-channel wide dynamic microwave rectifier circuit for the shortcomings of uneven output voltage of each branch of the multi-channel rectification technology. A voltage-doubling rectifier circuit with identical structure was used in each branch. The four rectifier branches shared the same load at the output terminal, allowing the rectifier circuit to have an RF-DC conversion efficiency greater than 50% over the input power range from 12mW to 274mW, widened by 274% compared to a single channel. Not only the advantages of multi-channel technology with wide dynamics were retained, but also the output voltage was highly consistent and could be directly output in parallel without complex power electronics conversion.

In this paper is shown the dynamic modeling and design of a passivity based controller for the RV-3SB robot. Firstly, the dynamic modeling of the of the Mitsubishi Rv-3SB robot is done by the Euler-Lagrange formulation in order to obtain a decoupled dynamic model considering the actuators orientation besides the position of this analyzed robot. It is important to remark that the dynamic model of the RV-3SB robot is done based in the kinematic model obtention in which is developed by the implementation of screw theory. Then the passivity based controller is obtained by separating the end effector variables and the actuator variables by making an appropriate coordinate transformation. The passivity based controller is obtained by selecting an appropriate storage function and by the Lyapunov theory the passivity based control law is obtained in order to drive the error variaable, which is the difference between the measured end effector position variable and the end effector desired position variable. The passivity based controller makes that the error variable reach the origin in finite time taking into consideration the dissipation properties of the proposed controller in order to stabilizes the desired end effector position. A numerical simulation experiement is performed in order to validate the theoretical results obtained in this research study. It is verified by numerical experimentation that the proposed control strategy is efficient and effective in order to drive the error variable to the origin in comparison with other modified techniques found in the literature. Finally, the appropriate discussion and conclusion of this research study are provided.

The study considers building a dynamic model of profit maximization for the car-sharing system and its verification on the example of implementing such a system in Astana (Republic of Kazakhstan). The region, bounded by the administrative boundaries of Astana, was divided into subregions by covering the region with regular hexagons placed side by side. A dataset was built with information on 1168 trips to Astana from January to March 2023. The Kepler visualization service constructed maps of the beginning and end of trips in the region and a map of trips binding to the hexagonal grid cells. Each cell of the grid corresponds to a specific sub-region, for which the quantitative parameters necessary for solving the profit maximization problem in the car-sharing system are calculated. Stations with cars will be placed in the cells of the grid, which will be available to car-sharing service customers. Based on the collected data, a dynamic (four periods per day) and static profit maximization model in the car-sharing system was built. Modeling was carried out based on the built models in the example of Astana. It was established that using a dynamic model of profit maximization in the car-sharing system increases the profit by 3.7%.

The heterogeneous structure implies that a few nodes may be crucial in maintaining network structural and functional properties. Identifying these crucial nodes correctly and quickly is a primary issue as contemporarily may face the mushrooming of large-scale datasets. Besides, the ‘weight issue’ is always ignored in this field which edge weight may play a positive/negative role in contributing to the node importance in different weighted networks. This paper provides a novel algorithm, Weighted Expectation Algorithm (WEA), which aims to ensure accuracy and speed of computation by taking advantage of dynamic programming to better handle the task of large-scale networks. Additionally, the weight issue that edge weights may contribute differently is addressed by a simply quantitative definition. Two standard experiments show WEA can maintain the network structure in connectivity well (by the lowest average robustness 0.192) and identify the node importance better in the spreading function test of spreading dynamics (by the highest average Kendall’s tau-b 0.678). In addition, the time complexities of different algo-rithms are evaluated, and their time-consuming are tested, proving that WEA consumes a rela-tively short time.

A proxy war, between a coalition of countries, BLUE and a country, RED, is considered. RED wants to increase the size of the RED territory. BLUE wants to involve more regions in trade and other types of cooperation. GREEN is a small and independent nation that wants to become a member of BLUE. RED attacks GREEN and tries to invade. BLUE decides to give optimal arms support to GREEN. This support can help GREEN in the war against RED and simultaneously reduce the military power of RED, which is valuable to BLUE, also outside this proxy war, since RED may confront BLUE also in other regions. The optimal control problem of dynamic arms support, from the BLUE perspective, is defined in general form. The objective function is a weighted sum of the present value of the free GREEN territory and the present value to BLUE of the net loss of military resources in the RED army. The net loss of RED at a particular point in time is a function of the location of the front line and the size of the mobile GREEN forces behind the RED line. First, it is assumed that the expected net loss is proportional to the force ratio behind the red front line. It is proved that the net loss function is a strictly concave quadratic function of x, the location of the front line. It is also proved that the unique maximum of the net loss function occurs at the same front location, also if the net loss function is proportional to the strength ratio behind the RED lines, raised to any strictly positive exponent. From the BLUE perspective, there is an optimal position of the front. This position is a function of the weights in the objective function and all other parameters. Optimal control theory is used to determine the optimal dynamic BLUE strategy, conditional on a RED strategy, which is observed by BLUE military intelligence. The optimal arms support strategy for BLUE is to initially send a large volume of arms support to GREEN, to rapidly move the front to the optimal position. Then, the support should be almost constant during most of the war, keeping the war front location stationary. In the final part of the conflict, when RED will have almost no military resources left and tries to retire from the GREEN territory, BLUE should strongly increase the arms support and make sure that GREEN rapidly can regain the complete territory and end the war

Fuel consumption, subsequent emissions and safe operation of class 8 vehicles are of prime importance in recent days. It is imperative that the vehicle operates in its true optimal operating region given a variety of constraints such as road grade, load, gear shifts, Battery State of charge (for hybrid vehicles), etc. In this paper a research study is conducted to evaluate the fuel economy and subsequent emission benefits when applying predictive control to a mild hybrid line haul truck. The problem is solved using a combination of dynamic programming with back tracking and model predictive control. The specific fuel saving features that are studied in this work are dynamic cruise control, gear shifts, vehicle coasting and torque management. These features are evaluated predictively as compared to a reactive behavior. The predictive behavior of these features are a function of road grade. The result and analysis shows significant improvement in fuel savings along with NOx benefits. Out of the control features dynamic cruise (predictive) control and dynamic coasting showed the most benefits while predictive gear shifts and torque management (by power splitting between battery and engine) for this architecture did not show fuel benefits but provided other benefits in terms of powertrain efficiency.

This article is a theoretical contribution to mental model research, which currently has different threads. Whereas some researchers focus on the perceived causal structure, others also include decision policies and decisions. We focus on the link between recognized causal structure (“mental models of dynamic systems”) and policies, proposing Johnson-Laird’s theory of mental models as the link. The resulting framework hypothesizes two types of systematic mental model errors: (1) misrepresentation of the system’s structure and (2) failure to deploy relevant mental models of possibilities. Examination of three experiments through this lens reveals errors of both types. Therefore, we propose that the cognitive theory of mental models opens a path to better understand how people construct their decision policies and develop interventions to reduce such mental model errors. The article closes by raising several questions for empirical studies of the reasoning process leading from mental models of dynamic systems to decision policies.

Oncogenic protein E6 from Human Papilloma Virus 16 (HPV-16) mediates the degradation of Membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted domain structure-1 (MAGI-1), throughout the interaction of its protein binding motif (PBM) with the Discs-large homologous regions 1 (PDZ1) domain of MAG1-1. Generic variation in the E6 gene that translates to changes in the protein’s amino acidic sequence modifies the interaction of E6 with the cellular protein MAGI-1. MAGI-1 is a scaffolding protein found at tight junctions of epithelial cells, where it interacts with a variety of proteins regulating signaling pathways. MAGI-1 is a multidomain protein containing two WW (rsp-domain-9), one guanylate kinase-like, and six PDZ domains. PDZ domains played an important role in the function of MAGI-1 and served as targets for several viral proteins including the HPV-16 E6. The aim of this work was to evaluate, with an in silico approach, employing molecular dynamics simulation and protein-protein docking, the interaction of the intragenic variants E-G350 (L83V), E-C188/G350 (E29Q/L83V), E-A176/G350 (D25N/L83V), E6-AAa (Q14H/H78Y/83V) y E6-AAc (Q14H/I27RH78Y/L83V) and E6-reference of HPV-16 with MAGI-1. We found that variants E-G350, E-C188/G350, E-A176/G350, AAa and AAc increase their affinity to our two models of MAGI-1 compared to E6-reference.

Objectives: To investigate the value of early lactate dynamic monitoring index in predicting prognosis of patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: We performed our test on 50 patients. Out of 50 patients, 28 are male, and 22 are female. Prospectively studied pediatric patients with septic shock were performed. Vital signs, Lactate clearance, were obtained at presentation 6 h, 12 h, 24 h over the first 48 h of hospitalization. The therapy received, outcome parameters of mortality and duration of hospitalization were recorded. Results: The statistical data and comparative analysis showed that an average of 16.88 days after admission, 5 patients have died, 17 patients are poorly prognosis leaves the hospital, and the remaining 28 are recovered and discharged. The primary outcome variable of mean 16 days hospitalization mortality rate was 10%. Poor prognosis 34% and fully recovery 56 % were observed. In this retrospective cohort study, a lactate level of more than 2.5mmol/L was the best threshold to predict 28-day mortality among severe sepsis and septic shock patients. In our research, we found mean LC 6 h 3.08mmol/L, and after 48 h mean it is 1.79mmol/L. Significant LC 6 h found, which is 8.08mmol/L in the death group patient where 48 h mmol/L shows significant high. Poor prognosis also presents a clinical increase of lactate level high in the LC 6 h analysis, which is 3.32mmol/L. Recovered patients showed a significant improvement after administering treatment depending on the patient organ involvement and good decrease of lactate reports achieved, which is 1.20mmol/L, where admission reports show it was 1.91mmol/L in LC 6 h. Mean Heart rate 94/51mmhg, pulse 119, temperature 39℃, respiratory rate 32.26, and urine output 456 ml recorded during our study. Death patient shows a remarkable detonation of those reports but has a significant clinical report with the recovered patients. Conclusion: The early lactate dynamic monitoring index has a high value in predicting sepsis and septic shock patients' prognosis, thus worth popularizing.

It is challenging to apply heat flow through a thermal bridge, which requires the analysis of 2D or 3D heat transfer to building energy simulation(BES). Research on the dynamic analysis of thermal bridges has been underway for many years, but their utilization remains low in BESs. This paper proposes a thermal bridge modeling and a dynamic analysis method that can be easily applied to BESs. The main idea begins with an analogy of the steady-state analysis of thermal bridges. As with steady-state analysis, the proposed method first divides the thermal bridge into a clear wall, where the heat flow is uniform, and the sections that are not the clear wall (the thermal bridge part). For the clear wall part, the method used in existing BESs is applied and analyzed. The thermal bridge part (TB part) is modeled with the linear time-invariant system (LTI system) and the system identification process is performed to find the transfer function. Then, the heat flow is obtained via a linear combination of the two parts. This method is validated by comparing the step, sinusoidal and annual outdoor temperature response of the finite differential method(FDM) simulation. When the thermal bridge was modeled as a third-order model, the root mean square error(RMSE) of annual heat flow with the FDM solution of heat flow through the entire wall was about 0.1W.

In this paper, drug treatment and vaccination are compared healthy and economically. In this comparison, in addition to comparing economic costs, it has paid attention to patients' recovery. To reach the goal, the prevalence of Covid-19 virus in New York is modeled by using the SEIR dynamic model. The SEIR dynamic model is used to model the period of epidemic diseases. Then, three disease control scenarios are evaluated economically. Treatment and vaccination are two important issues in controlling epidemic diseases. To control the disease, each of these two methods has economic costs and benefits. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the two methods of vaccination and treatment economically. Although the results of the study show that vaccination can be effective in preventing the epidemic of the disease than treatment, but due to the high cost and genetic mutation of the virus, vaccination is not the optimal method for both health and the economy in the long term.

China is not only short of fresh water resources per capita, but also faces a serious problem of water pollution in recent years, with 190 million people suffering from excessive levels of harmful substances in their drinking water. Such as arsenic poisoning and fluorosis and other endemic water diseases high incidence. As a series of water pollution prevention plan of action by the Chinese government announced that, this paper uses the modified Undesirable Dynamic Network model empirical analysis of China's 31 provincial administrative region economic growth, wastewater treatment, and water disease control efficiency between 2013 and 2017. The results show that the efficiency of water pollution disease in all four regions of China and the total efficiency in the three regions of east, west and central China all show a decreasing trend, and the efficiency scores and rankings of all provinces and cities within the region fluctuate greatly. The eastern region with the most developed economy has the best overall performance, with higher efficiency in Water consumption and Water disease control. However, the efficiency of wastewater treatment in northeast China is stable and better. Given the high level of economic development in China and the results of the above mentioned efficiency in water pollution and water diseases, improving the efficiency and quality of wastewater treatment in China is regarded as an important factor in achieving the strategic goal of green growth.

This paper puts forward an alteration for Tensor Calculus utliized in a coordinate system which is under a dynamic distortion drawing inspiration from similar fields such as the Calculus of Moving Surfaces (CMS). The paper establishes transformation laws for Tensors within these regions and establishes Operators such as the Tensorial Field Derivative which enforce a Tensorial Transformation on Tensors defined within a Dynamically Moving coordinate system. This variation of Tensor Calculus can be utilized to observe how disciplines such as QFT and Continuum Mechanics would change to accomodate for a distorting coordinate system and can be utliized to develop new theoretical models which account for this temporal distortion particularly within Biological Settings.

This paper presents performed Ansys numerical simulation on WindFloat structures. It contributes to the methodology of calculation based on CFD instruments to study the movements of the waves on semi-submersible stationary structures and highlights the importance of using RAO functions. RAO numerical approach developed can be applied to design semisubmersible WindFloat structures in order to fulfill essential requirements regarding operational safety and design. Numerical methodology was designed in accordance marine loads and the I.T.T.C. recommendations. The numerical RAO results for regular wave movements include many elements for the semi-submergible structure. Close results to open sea operation can be achieved by constant improvement in numerical simulation methodologies. The work opens the way for further hydrodynamic development on irregular waves for realistic hydrodynamic and structural response of the actual semi-submersibles at sea. The results demonstrate the accuracy of RAO function approach for specific WindFloat in Jonswap spectrum.

Here, we present a series of novel block copolymers (BCP) from bio-derived monomers, poly(lactic acid)-block-poly(2,5-furandimethylene succinate) (PLA-b-PFS), in which the furan groups from PFS block can be crosslinked with bis(maleimido) triethylene glycol (M2) through a Diels-Alder reaction. This dynamic crosslinking reaction leads to a network structure for enhancing the mechanical properties compared to their linear BCP analogous. Decreasing the crosslinking density leads to a decrease of glass transition temperature of BCPs and a transition from glassy to rubbery-like behavior at room temperature. This allows a wide tunablity of both elastic moduli and yields of the materials. For the lowest crosslinking density. the material exhibits an over 50% self-healing efficiency at room temperature after five days, attributed to the low Tg (15.2 C) from the introduction of PFS block, allowing sufficient chain mobility for structure re-organization. Moreover, with the appropriate selection of crosslinking density (PLA-b-PFS/M2 (6/1)), it also shows an excellent shape memory property with a high recovery rate of 96.3% and a fixity rate of 97.3%. The permanent shape can be rewriteable due to the reversibility of Diels-Alder reaction. With these advanced functionalities and ease in large-scale fabrication, the PLA-b-PFS/M2 shows great promises for self-healing coatings or films with shape memory properties in a wide variety of applications such as packaging materials

The excessive vibration caused by crowds walking across footbridges has attracted great public concerns in the past few decades. This paper presents, from considering the dynamic characteristics of the bipedal crowd model, a new stability limit criterion based on the bipedal excitation model. The stability limit can be used to estimate the upper boundary of crowd size. In addition, the dynamic stable performances of a structure, under a certain walking crowd size, can be predicted by the stability criterion. This proposed mechanism provides an alternative comprehension how crowd excite the excessive sway motion with a large-span structure.

Websites and applications use personalisation services to profile their users, collect their patterns and activities and eventually use this data to provide tailored suggestions. User preferences and social interactions are therefore aggregated and analysed. Every time a user publishes a new post or creates a link with another entity, either another user, or some on-line resource, new information is added to the user profile. Exposing private data does not only reveal information about single users' preferences, increasing their privacy risk, but can expose more about their network that single actors intended. This mechanism is self-evident on \emph{social networks} where users receive suggestions based on their friends' activity. We propose an information theoretic approach to measure the differential update of the anonymity risk for time-varying user profiles. This expresses how privacy is affected when new content is posted and how much third party services get to know about the users when a new activity is shared. We use real Facebook data to show how our model can be applied on a real world scenario.

Aiming at effectively generating safe and reliable motion paths for quadruped robots, a hierar-chical path planning approach driven by dynamic 3D point cloud is proposed in this article. The developed path planning model is essentially constituted of two layers: global path planning layer and local path planning layer. At the global path planning layer, a new method is proposed for calculating terrain potential field based on point cloud height segmentation. Variable step size is employed to improve the path smoothness. At the local path planning layer, a real-time prediction method for potential collision area and a strategy for temporary target point selection is developed. Quadruped robot experiments were carried out in an outdoor complex environment. The experi-mental results verified that, for global path planning, the smoothness of the path is improved and the complexity of the passing ground is reduced. The effective step size is increased by a maxi-mum of 13.4 times, and the number of iterations is decreased by up to 1/6, compared with the traditional fixed step size planning algorithm. For local path planning, the path length is short-ened by 20%, more efficient dynamic obstacle avoidance and more stable velocity planning are achieved by using the improved dynamic window approach (DWA).

This paper presents a limited scope dynamic probabilistic risk assessment (D-PRA) on the survivability of commercial of the shelf (COTS) drones tasked with surveilling areas with varying radiation levels after a nuclear accident. The D-PRA is based on a discrete-dynamic event tree (D-DET) approach, which couples with the OpenEPL error propagation framework to model sequences leading to Loss of Mission (LOM) scenarios due to component failures in the drone’s navigation system. Radiation effects are simulated by calculating the total ionizing dose (TID) against the permissible limit per component, and errors are propagated within the electronic hardware and software blocks to quantify navigation system availability per radiation zone. The proposed methods are integrated into the traditional event tree/fault tree approach and the most vulnerable components are radiation-hardened (RAD-HARD) to the extent specified by a predefined mission success criterion. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach in performing trade studies for incorporating COTS components into RAD-HARD drone designs.

The present studies are specifically aimed at investigating the sensitivity of different dynamic stall models when exposed to various excitation frequencies targeted at the blade edgewise vibrations. The work is done on a modified version of the IEA 15 MW reference wind turbine employing a wind turbine design tool Bladed. The state-of-the-art dynamic stall models for wind turbine applications such as the ye model, Beddoes-Leishman (BL) model and the newly developed IAG model are evaluated. The beginning of the research work starts by evaluating different dynamic stall model effects on rigid blade section forces against known airfoil datasets. Then, the blade flexibility is considered to enable systematic evaluations of the blade flexibility influences in comparison to the rigid blade cases. It is observed that the range of the angle of attack grows depending on the excitation frequency and the adopted dynamic stall model. The critical excitation frequency range and the effects of twist distribution are then identified from the studies, which can be useful as a rough guidance when designing wind turbine blades.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be functionalized with antibodies to give them an affinity for a biomarker of interest. Functionalized MNPs (fMNPs) cluster in the presence of a multivalent target, causing a change in their magnetization. Target concentration can be proportional to the third harmonic phase of the fMNP magnetization signal. fMNP clustering can also be induced with salt. Generally, salt can alter the stability of charge stabilized fMNPs causing a change in magnetization that is not proportional to the target concentration. We have developed a model system consisting of biotinylated MNPs (biotin-MNPs) that target streptavidin to study the effects of salt concentration on fMNP-based biosensing in simulated in vivo conditions. We have found that biotin-MNP streptavidin targeting was independent of salt concentration for 0.005x to 1.00x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions. Additionally, we show that our biosensor’s measurable concentration range (dynamic range) can be tuned with biotin density. Our results can be leveraged to design an in vivo nanoparticle (NP)-based biosensor with enhanced efficacy in the event of varying salt concentrations.

In order to solve the problem of structure damage location and degree identification, the weighted mean of vectors algorithm (INFO), a high-performance optimization one, was first introduced to identify structure damage. The genetic algorithm (GA) are improved to obtain a refined genetic algorithm (RGA). An objective function is constructed by combining the dynamic response transfer-ratio without modal analysis. INFO and RGA algorithms are used to optimize the objective function for damage identification. Though simulations, the INFO, RGA, GA algorithms were used to identify the damage on a simply supported beam and cantilevered plate with different levels of noise and different frequency spacing of pickup points. The simulations verify the effectiveness of the three damage identification methods, and the INFO algorithm has the highest damage identification accuracy, the RGA is second and the GA is the worst.

The severe climate changes due to global warming pushed the world to strive to reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to minimize the carbon emissions for a proposed smart energy hub. This paper prioritizes the minimization of carbon emissions, taking into consideration the minimization of operation running costs, and the maximization of profit. In this paper two optimization scenarios were studied, to compare the results. In the first scenario, the minimization of carbon emissions was achieved, in the second scenario, the minimization of running costs and maximization of profit from the hub assets were studied. The proposed model was designed in MATLAB. Then the results were verified by CPLEX and validated by RTDS. The multi-objective model was presented to obtain the optimal operation. The mitigation of data uncertainty was achieved by applying the Kalman filter. In this work, a novel method was proposed for the estimation of the quarter-hour resolution data from the hourly one via the Kalman filter rather than applying the classic polynomial interpolation methods.