The description of the electron-electron interactions in two-dimensional materials has a dimensional mismatch, where electrons live in (2+1)D while photons propagate in (3+1)D. In order to define an action in (2+1)D, one may perform a dimensional reduction of quantum electrodynamics in (3+1)D (QED4) into Pseudo quantum electrodynamics (PQED). The main difference between this model and QED4 is the presence of a pseudo-differential operator in the Maxwell term. However, besides the Coulomb repulsion, electrons in a material are subjected to several microscopic interactions, which are inherent in a many-body system. These are expected to reduce the range of the Coulomb potential, leading to a short-range interaction. Here, we consider the coupling to a scalar field in PQED for explaining such mechanism, which resembles the spontanoues symmetry breaking (SSB) in Abelian gauge theories. In order to do so, we consider two cases: (i) By coupling the gauge field to a Higgs field in scalar quantum electrodynamics in (3+1)D and, thereafter, performing the dimensional reduction and; (ii) By coupling a Higgs field to the gauge field in PQED and subsequently calculating its effective potential. In case (i), we obtain a model describing electrons interacting through the Yukawa potential and, in case (ii), we show that SSB does not occur at one-loop approximation. The relevance of the model for describing electronic interactions in two-dimensional materials is also adressed.

Recent efforts to conceptually design a technologically meaningful electromagnetic retarded engine indicated that this can only be done using the immense charge and current densities which exist in the atomic scale. However, this scale cannot be described by Newtonian physics, and only a quantum description will suffice to describe the dynamics of an electron on this scale properly. Here we study the retarded field quantum engine and highlight the differences between the quantum and the classical retarded engines.

A challenge in building large-scale superconducting quantum processors is the precise control and manipulation of the qubit state. However, the crosstalk between the microwave control lines impedes the parallel execution of high-fidelity digital and analog quantum operations. Here, we propose and demonstrate a universal compensation protocol for calibrating the microwave signal crosstalk. We also introduce amplified error sequences to optimize the accuracy. Furthermore, we show a definitive improvement in parallel gate operations with crosstalk cancellation, demonstrating the technique's effectiveness. This work paves the way for superconducting hardware that features automated calibration of microwave crosstalk, leading to enhanced fidelities in multiqubit circuits.

Time, traditionally viewed as a linear, non-dynamic parameter, is re-envisioned in this study as a Hyperdimensional concept. This paper conducts a cross-disciplinary examination, critically analysing the conceptualization of time in classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and cosmology to propose a ground breaking reconceptualisation that extends beyond conventional frameworks. In classical mechanics, time is perceived as an absolute, continuously progressing backdrop, largely independent of events. Quantum mechanics treats time as a static parameter that does not influence quantum states but provides a framework for their evolution. In cosmology, time is considered a dimension that emerges from the Big Bang and serves as a measure for the universe's expansion, yet it does not interact with the structural dynamics of the cosmos. Challenging the transformative insights of Einstein’s relativity, which merges time with spatial dimensions under extreme conditions, we advocate for a perspective that views time as a Hyperdimensional and universal constant. This perspective posits that time, despite its unique and intrinsic properties, does not dynamically interact with or alter physical phenomena. Instead, it underpins our understanding of phenomena across different scales—from the minutiae of quantum states to the macroscopic dynamics of cosmology—without direct causation or change. A critical examination of time dilation and relativistic assumptions reveals significant discrepancies in traditional interpretations, particularly in how they are applied across different physical contexts. Our findings challenge the uniform applicability of time dilation, suggesting that observed phenomena often attributed to relativistic effects might better be explained through non-relativistic mechanisms such as phase shifts or changes in wavelength rather than temporal dilation. By synthesizing insights from various scientific domains, we advocate for a unified theory that recognizes time as a fundamental, universal dimension that is conceptual and non-interactive. Our goal is to bridge existing gaps between diverse scientific interpretations and promote a more integrated, profound understanding of time's autonomous and intrinsic nature.

This paper explores the transformative impact of computational pharmaceutics, integrating AI, multi-scale modeling, quantum computing, AI-driven drug discovery, and blockchain frameworks. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into atomic behaviors crucial for drug design. Quantum computing reduces computational costs for simulating protein-drug interactions. AI and Graph Neural Networks accelerate drug discovery and personalized medicine. Blockchain frameworks facilitate secure pharmacogenetic data sharing. These advancements revolutionize drug development, offering unprecedented efficiency, innovation, and personalized treatments.

Following Dirac’s notation in Quantum Mechanics (QM), we propose the Probability Bracket Notation (PBN), by defining a probability-bra (P-bra), P-ket, P-bracket, P-identity, etc…Using the PBN, many formulas, such as normalizations and expectations in systems of one or more random variables, can now be written in abstract basis-independent expressions, easy to expand by inserting a proper P-identity. The time evolution of homogeneous Markov processes can also be formatted in such a way. Our system P-kets are identified with probability vectors and our P-bra system is comparable with Doi’s state function or Peliti’s standard bra. In the Heisenberg picture of the PBN, a random variable becomes a stochastic process, and the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations are obtained by inserting a time-dependent P-identity. Also, some QM expressions in Dirac notation are naturally transformed to probability expressions in PBN by a special Wick rotation. Potential Applications show the usefulness of the PBN beyond the constrained domain and range of Hermitian operators on Hilbert Spaces in QM all the way to IT.

This paper proposes an enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol by incorporating a Three-Dimensional Angular Momentum Representation (3D AMR) to address vulnerabilities inherent in traditional two-dimensional polarization states-based systems. The 3D AMR method expands the state space, potentially increasing security against sophisticated quantum attacks. We present a theoretical and computational framework that transitions from the conventional two-dimensional polarization to a three-dimensional angular momentum space, which inherently increases the complexity and security of the quantum states used in QKD.

We introduce two symmetric concepts to physics: “distance” (space and time in one) and “wavematter” (electromagnetic wave packet and matter in one). We claim that physics has chosen the wrong concept of time: It is not aware that the time of a moving object flows in a direction other than my time. We provide 15 proofs for our claim by solving 15 mysteries of physics graphically! For example, we prove that length contraction and time dilation are actually geometrical effects in a 4D manifold that we call “Euclidean spacetime” (ES). We prove that the discrepancy in calculating the Hubble constant stems from a systematic error in the redshift measurement. We prove that what I deem wave, deems itself matter, which solves wave–particle duality. We even untangle quantum entanglement without the issue of non-locality. We finally understand why alternative theories of Euclidean relativity have failed: They are all based on four dimensions of space rather than distance. A huge amount of energy was injected into ES at a point that we take as origin. Ever since has this energy been moving radially away at the speed of light. We live in the 3D hypersurface of an expanding 4D hypersphere. Hyperspherical coordinates have the great advantage that they reduce all that is ever happening to just one formula. So, it is the Theory of Everything in these coordinates: “Energy is covering radial distance which, divided by Euclidean time, is equal to the speed of light.” Acceleration and force like gravitation emerge from a rotation of objects in ES and a subsequent projection to 3D space. Matching the symmetry simplifies physics.

Human decision-making is increasingly supported by artificial intelligence (AI) systems. From medical imaging analysis to self-driving vehicles, AI systems are becoming organically embedded in a host of different technologies. However, incorporating such advice into decision-making entails a human rationalization of AI outputs for supporting beneficial outcomes. Recent research suggests intermediate judgments in the first stage of a decision process can interfere with decisions in subsequent stages. For this reason, we extend this research to AI-supported decision-making to investigate how intermediate judgments on AI-provided advice may influence subsequent decisions. In an online experiment (N=192), we found a consistent bolstering effect in trust for those who made intermediate judgments and over those who did not. Furthermore, violations of total probability were observed at all timing intervals throughout the study. We further analyzed the results by demonstrating how quantum probability theory can model these types of behaviors in human-AI decision-making and ameliorate the understanding the interaction dynamics at the confluence of human factors and information features.

In this study, carbon-quantum-dot (CQD)-decorated TiO2 was prepared using an ultrasonic doping method and applied in the photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene under sunlight irradiation. The CQDs were synthesized from a typical macroalgae via diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment and hydrothermal synthesis using an optimal design, i.e., 3 wt% and 200 oC, respectively. The CQD/TiO2 composite remarkably enhanced the photocatalytic activity. The degradation of naphthalene under a visible light environment indicated that there is a synergistic mechanism between CQDs and TiO2, in which the generation of reactive oxygen species is significantly triggered; in addition, the N that originated from the macroalgae accelerated the photocatalytic efficiency. Kinetic analysis showed that the photo-catalytic behavior of the CQD/TiO2 composite followed a pseudo-first-order equation. Consequently, our combined experimental approach not only provides a facile pretreatment process for bio-CQDs synthesis, but also delivers a suitable TiO2 photocatalyst for up-conversion, along with critical insights into the development of harmful macroalgae resources.

Quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons rules out coincident detections of the originally entangled, paired photons Correlations between independent states of qubits can easily outperform those calculated with entangled photons. The quantum joint probability for a Bell state can be factorized enabling a local detection of the alleged quantum nonlocality, if it existed.

Scattering of a probe laser pulse by an intense light spring in QED vacuum is considered. This new scattering configuration can be seen as the vacuum equivalent to the process originally associated with scattering of light by a rotating black hole, usually called Penrose superradiance. Here the rotating object is an intense laser beam containing two different components of orbital angular momentum. Due to these two components with slightly different frequencies, the energy profile of the intense laser beam rotates with a frequency that depends on the frequency difference. The nonlinear properties of quantum vacuum are described by first order Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian. It is shown that, in such a configuration, nonlinear photon-photon coupling leads to scattered radiation, with frequency shift and angular dispersion. These two distinct properties, of frequency and propagation direction, could eventually be favourable for possible experimental observations. In principle, this new scattering configuration can also be reproduced in a nonlinear optical medium.

Quantum mechanics, despite its remarkable empirical success, has been subject to longstanding interpretational challenges. This work introduces the Prescribed Observation Problem (POP) framework, which derives the complete formulation of quantum theory from the empirical basis of measurement outcomes, treated as an optimization constraint. Rather than postulating quantum principles axiomatically, the POP framework formulates quantum mechanics as the solution to an entropy maximization problem subject to this constraint, resulting in quantum theory's axioms emerging as theorems – the optimal, least biased probability measure consistent with the given measurement data. Notably, the POP framework is sufficiently powerful to reduce the foundation of quantum mechanics to a single axiom. Conventionally, interpretations of quantum mechanics need only align with the theory's postulated axioms, allowing for a plurality of viable interpretations that cannot definitively rule each other out. In contrast, the POP framework derives the axioms as theorems directly from empirical first principles, grounding them in observational constraints from the outset. This substantially restricts the allowable theoretical landscape, imposing stringent requirements for the viability of interpretations and invalidating all those that contradict this genesis. By engendering quantum theory from a formal empirical footing, the POP framework offers a compelling resolution to the enduring interpretational puzzles that have long plagued the field, effectively eliminating all but one interpretation consistent with both the axioms and their empirical genesis.

This short paper briefly explores the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity, drawing from the principle of gravitational redshift and bringing it into quantum mechanical frameworks. The exploration looks through quantum mechanical relations and equations such as Planck-Einstein relation, De-Broglie’s relation and the relativistic wave equations, and propagators, accounting for the presence of gravitational fields through gravitational redshift of its momentum.

Using assembly theory, we investigate the assembly pathways of binary strings of length N formed by joining bits present in the assembly pool and the strings that entered the pool as a result of previous joining operations. We show that the string assembly index is bounded from below by the shortest addition chain for N, and we conjecture about the form of the upper bound. We define the degree of causation for the minimum assembly index and show that for certain N it features regularities that can be used to determine a shortest addition chain. We show that a string with the smallest assembly index for N can be assembled by a binary program of length equal to this index if the length of this string is expressible as a product of Fibonacci numbers. We conjecture that there is no binary program that has a length shorter than the length of the string having the largest assembly index for N that could assemble this string. The results confirm that four Planck areas provide a minimum information capacity that corresponds to a minimum thermodynamic (Bekenstein-Hawking) entropy. Knowing that the problem of determining the assembly index is at least NP-complete, we conjecture that this problem is NP-complete, while the problem of creating the string so that it would have a predetermined largest assembly index is NP-hard. The proof of this conjecture would imply P ≠ NP, since every computable problem and every computable solution can be encoded as a finite binary string. Once the new information is assembled by a dissipative structure or by a human, it is subject to the 2^nd law of thermodynamics, and nature seeks to optimize its assembly pathway.

Alena Tensor is a recently discovered class of energy-momentum tensors that provides a mathematical framework in which the description of a physical system in curved spacetime and its description in a flat spacetime with fields are equivalent. As demonstrated in previous publications, in curved spacetime this tensor reproduces Einstein Field Equations and in flat Minkowski spacetime, it describes physical system with fields that can be widely configured. Thanks to the obtained compliance with QM and QED, the use of the discussed tensor may significantly simplify Quantum Field Theory equations and a new interpretation of the Schrödinger equation is possible. In the article it has also been shown that the use of Alena Tensor for the electromagnetic field takes into account effects related to the particle's spin, Abraham–Lorentz effect and, in the curvilinear description, this excludes non-physical phenomena such as the black hole singularity. The article contains a method for verifying Alena Tensor within QM, proposing an explanation for the discrepancy between the Dirac and Klein-Gordon solutions. It also discusses prospects for the application of Alena Tensor in unification theories against the background of existing research directions.

This article proposes an interferometer which should in principle split further an initially split beam to yield new sets of beams, effectively multiplying the number of beams that can be subjected to detectable interference. It can be considered a modification to the Michelson interferometer that introduces additional arrays of beam splitters, mirrors and detectors. It is expected of the interferometer to provide us with a set or sets of data holding details of phase changes in multiple interference patterns detectable by multiple detectors, enabling comparative analysis of data for multiple interference patterns recorded from a single measurement or activity. The number of multiplied beams possible is not limited, as it only depends on the specific amount of beam splitters required for certain experiments and practicals. The interference of multiple beams may improve sensitivity and detection for instrumentation purposes. The use of multiplied beam interferometry may also extend to quantum computation, particularly in linear optical quantum computation scheme as it enable production of multiple coherent beams which may exhibit properties of entanglement, making it suitable for developing optical multi-qubit systems.

The Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) image encryption method has garnered significant attention in color image processing and optical encryption, thanks to its parallel encryption of R, G, B. However, DRPE-based color image encryption faces two challenges. Firstly, it disregards the correlation of R, G, and B, compromising the encrypted image's robustness. Secondly, DRPE schemes relying on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform (DFRFT) are vulnerable to linear attacks, such as Known Plaintext Attack (KPA) and Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA). Quantum walk stands out as a remarkable tool for designing modern cryptographic mechanisms, offering resistance to potential attacks from both classical and quantum computers.Therefore, this study presents an optical color image encryption algorithm that combines two-dimensional quantum walk with 24-bit plane permutation, dubbed OCT. This approach employs pseudo-random numbers generated by Two-Dimensional Quantum Walking (TDQW) for phase modulation in DRPE and scrambles the encrypted image's real and imaginary parts using the Generalized Arnold Transform. The 24-bit plane permutation helps reduce correlation of the R, G, B, while the Generalized Arnold Transform bolsters DRPE's resistance to linear attacks. By incorporating TDQW, the key space is significantly expanded. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and security of proposed method.

Quantum correlations, especially time correlations, are crucial in ghost imaging in order to significantly reduce the background noise on the one hand while increasing the imaging resolution. Moreover, the time correlations serve as a critical reference, distinguishing between signal and noise, which in turn enable clear visualization of biological samples. Quantum imaging also addresses the challenge involved in imaging delicate biological structures with minimal photon exposure and sample damage. Here we explore the recent progress in quantum correlation-based imaging, notably its impact on secure imaging and remote sensing protocols as well as on biological imaging. We also exploit the quantum characteristics of heralded single-photon sources (HSPS) combined with decoy-state methods for secure imaging. This method uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) principles to reduce measurement uncertainties and protect data integrity. It is highly effective in low-photon-number regimes for producing high-quality, noise-reduced images. The versatility of decoy-state methods with WCSs (WCS) is also discussed, highlighting their suitability for scenarios requiring higher photon numbers. We emphasize the dual advantages of these techniques: improving image quality through noise reduction and enhancing data security with quantum encryption, suggesting significant potential for quantum imaging in various applications, from delicate biological imaging to secure quantum communication.

Differences between the quantum mechanical and relativistic concepts of time observed in GPS satellites are accounted for by applying the equivalence principle to the transitioning electron of an atomic clock. It allows a differential equation of motion to be derived for the electron in the Minkowski space between electron shells. Using Hamilton’s principle we transform the differential equation relativistically into an integral equation of motion, the time integral of a Lagrangian. This newly derived equation accounts for the abstract mathematics of the more familiar non-relativistic model by means of a physical interpretation. Abstract rotations in Hilbert space are replaced by the rotations of real particle field geometries in Minkowski space. Because the properties of energy are universal the same equations are then used to describe the field geometry of galaxies despite vast differences in lifetime. They reveal a symmetry between the electromagnetic fields of atoms and the gravitational fields of galaxies due to similarities in the exchange of energy by radial and transverse fields. Our analysis reveals that the conjugate variables energy and time permit differences between atomic and galactic structure to be compared in a more intuitive way than by means of the differential equations of motion which use the conjugate variables position and momentum.

In our investigation of the time evolution of energy states Einstein’s interpretation from more than a century ago is found to have greater internal consistency than that of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. We choose to align more closely with his methods by abandoning the non-relativistic Hamiltonian method, which has been the standard for nearly a century, in favor of a relativistically correct Lagrangian method. Integral equations of motion for the absorption and emission of radiation are derived that underlie and anticipate the differentially motivated Schrödinger equation. This new interpretation applies to a large volume of experimental evidence of both classical and quantum mechanical origin. Among the examples discussed in support are Planck’s law describing black body radiation, matrix mechanics, the function of the simplest quantum mechanical system an electron cyclotron, chaos theory, and evolutionary biology.

We show how the Poincar\'e--Riemann--Hilbert boundary-value problem enables us to construct effective estimates of the potential in the Schr\"odinger equation. The apparatus of the three-dimensional inverse problem of quantum scattering theory is developed for this. It is shown that the unitary scattering operator can be studied as a solution of the Poincar\'e--Riemann--Hilbert boundary-value problem. This allows us to go on to study the potential in the Schr\"odinger equation

(i) Investigations of stellar systems known as wide binaries suggest that Newton’s law of gravitation breaks down at low accelerations. This can be explained by proposing a fifth force with $U(1)$ gauge symmetry, whose corresponding gauge boson is the sought for dark matter candidate. (ii) Relativistic causality (i.e. no faster than light signalling) permits nonlocal correlations stronger than those permitted by quantum mechanics. This can be explained if our universe possesses a second 4D spacetime with a signature opposite to ours. (iii) Such a fifth force, and a second spacetime, arise naturally in a recently proposed theory of unification based on an $E_8\times E_8$ symmetry. Our spacetime arises from breaking of an $SU(2)_R\times U(1)_{YDEM}$ symmetry, and the second spacetime arises from broken electroweak symmetry.

The last 50 years witnessed the emergence of various so called “hyperpolarization technologies” that allow generating large magnetizations of spin ensembles. This Editorial Essay provides a brief overview of the use of these technologies in various fields, including medicine, chemistry, and quantum sensing. It is concluded that critical questions still need to be addressed to harness benefits of nuclear hyperpolarization in clinical medical imaging while interdisciplinary innovation can unlock potential of novel (yet unexplored) methods. My hope is that this Editorial Essay provides valuable insights into the current state and future directions of spin technologies.

Here we will electrically-quantum model the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electric generator, for this, we will use the theory of three-phase electric generators and vector or phasor diagrams. We will use this model to hypothesize how the quarks that form neutrons and protons with a combined mass of 10 MeV/c², can generate, through quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions, a mass of 939.56 MeV/c² for the neutron and a mass of 938.27 MeV/c² for the proton. Using quantum mechanics and the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time we will calculate the number of quarks-antiquarks-gluons and gravitons inside a neutron. We will also analyse βˉ decay using vector diagrams, we will calculate the tension of the string T₀ and the length of the string ℓs between quarks-antiquark and finally, we will model a black hole using a neutron equivalent model. In version 2 of this article, we will update the vector diagrams of the βˉ decay and theoretically calculate the energy of the W⁻ boson, the Z⁰ boson, and the Θ angle, Θ = arc cos (W⁻/Z⁰). We will demonstrate, through vector diagrams, that quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions are the cause of the origin of the W⁻ boson and the Z⁰ boson. We will also demonstrate how the fine structure constant α originates. It is important to make clear, in future updates, we will describe the relationship that exists between the theory described in this paper and the Isospin theory, flavour and colour theory

The critical role of global electron density transfer (GEDT) in increasing the reaction rate of polar organic reactions has been studied within the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). To this end, the series of the polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylene derivatives, for which experimental kinetic data are available, have been chosen. A complete linear correlation between the computed activation Gibbs free energies and the GEDT taking place at the polar transition state structures (TSs) is found; the higher the GEDT at the TS, the lower the activation Gibbs free energy. An interacting quantum atoms (IQA) energy partitioning analysis allows establishing a complete linear correlation between the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic ethylene frameworks and the GEDT taking place at the polar TSs. This finding supports Parr’s proposal for the definition of the electrophilicity  index (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 1922). The present MEDT study allows establishing the critical role of the GEDT in the acceleration of polar reactions, since the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic framework with the electron density gain is greater than the destabilization of the nucleophilic one, making a net favorable electronic contribution to the decrease of the activation energy.

This paper is a brief review of our own work on the Planck quantized version of general relativity theory. It demonstrates several other straightforward methods to simply rewrite the same equations that we have already presented.

In this paper, a proof similar to the Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) theorem is given to prove that time in quantum theory is not epistemic but has ontological reality. For this, we first discuss how time can be encoded as an intrinsic property of a quantum system. We prepare a quantum state containing time as an intrinsic property and show by a PBR-type proof that time cannot be an epistemic notion. In fact, the PBR theorem implies an ontic notion of time. Indeed, if the quantum state is a physical property, then quantum state reduction is a physical process involving information destruction. In this case, quantum probabilities are intrinsic probabilities without epistemic origin, and they generate a genuinely new sequence of events. This novelty introduced by quantum probabilities can be interpreted as time.

The vast array of interconnected microbes across earth’s ecosystems and within holobionts has been called the “Internet of Microbes.” Research into the fundamental microbial properties has demonstrated that bacteria and archaea are masters of energy and information collection, storage, transformation, and dissemination using both “wired” and wireless (at a distance) capacities. These features suggest that microbes are quantum entangled within and between earth’s holobionts, and that specific tools affecting energy and information functions could provide an effective strategy for managing microbial populations. Microbes use four critically important microbial networking functions (sound, light, electricity, and magnetism). This narrative review focuses on microbial management based on two of the four: sound and light (as well as related vibrations). These are examined as: 1) tools for managing microbial populations, 2) tools to support new technologies, and 3) tools for healing humans and other holobionts. Given microbial sensitivity to sound, light, and vibrations, it is critical that microbial populations and microbe-laden holobionts are protected from potentially damaging exposures. We conclude that sound, light, and vibrations are useful therapeutic tools that can help support useful microbial populations and help to address ongoing challenges of holobiont disease.

Quantum physics is intrinsically probabilistic. The entropy of a quantum state quantifies the amount of randomness (or information loss) of such state. The degrees of freedom of a quantum state are position and spin, and upon their specification Born's rule in phase space defines randomness. We focus on the spin degree of freedom and elucidate the spin entropy. Then, we present some of its properties and show how entanglement increases spin entropy. Some speculative predictions on the decay of the $Z^0,W^{+,-}$ gauge bosons conclude the paper.

Silica on Silicon is a major optical integration platform, while the emergent class of integrated Laser written circuits' platform offers additionally high customizability, and flexibility for rapid prototyping. However, the inherent waveguides' low core/cladding refractive index contrast characteristic compared to other photonic platforms in silicon or silicon nitride, sets serious limitations for on-chip efficient coupling with single photon emitters, like semiconductor nanowires with quantum dots limiting the applications in quantum computing. A new light coupling scheme proposed here overcomes this limitation providing means for light coupling >50%. The scheme is based on the incorporation of an optical microsphere between the nanowire and the waveguide, properly optimized and arranged in terms of: size, refractive index, distance of microsphere between nanowire and waveguide. Upon suitable design of the optical arrangement, the photonic nanojet emitted by the illuminated microsphere excites efficiently the guided eigenmodes of the input channel waveguide, thus launching light with high coupling efficiency. The method is tolerant in displacements, misalignments, and imperfections and is fabricationally feasible by current state of the art techniques. The proposed method enables the on-chip multiple single photon emitters' integration thus allowing the development of highly customizable and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits for quantum computing.

Quantum computing (QC) has opened the door to advancements in machine learning (ML) tasks that are currently implemented in the classical domain. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are classical ML architectures that exploit data locality and possess a simpler structure than fully-connected multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) without compromising the accuracy of classification. However, the concept of preserving data locality is usually overlooked in the existing quantum counterparts of CNNs, particularly for extracting multi-features in multidimensional data. In this paper, we present a multidimensional quantum convolutional classifier (MQCC) that performs multidimensional and multi-feature quantum convolution with average and Euclidean pooling and thus adapting the CNN structure to a variational quantum algorithm (VQA). Average pooling is based on the quantum Haar transform (QHT) and Euclidean pooling is based on partial quantum measurement. The experimental work was conducted using multidimensional data to validate the correctness and demonstrate the scalability of the proposed method utilizing both noisy and noise-free quantum simulations. We evaluated the MQCC model with reference to reported work on state-of-the-art quantum simulators from IBM Quantum and Xanadu using a variety of standard ML datasets. The experimental results showed favorable characteristics of our proposed techniques compared to existing work with respect to a number of quantitative metrics such as the number of training parameters, cross-entropy loss, classification accuracy, circuit depth, and quantum gate count.

In recent years, advancements in brain science and neuroscience have significantly influenced the field of computer science, particularly in the domain of reinforcement learning (RL). Drawing insights from neurobiology and neuropsychology, researchers have leveraged these findings to develop novel mechanisms for understanding intelligent decision-making processes in the brain. Concurrently, the emergence of quantum computing has opened new frontiers in artificial intelligence, leading to the development of quantum machine learning (QML). This study introduces a novel model that integrates Quantum Spiking Neural Networks (QSNN) and Quantum Long Short-Term Memory (QLSTM) architectures, inspired by the complex workings of the human brain. Specifically designed for reinforcement learning tasks in energy-efficient environments, our approach progresses through two distinct stages mirroring sensory and memory systems. In the initial stage, analogous to the brain’s hypothalamus, low-level information is extracted to emulate sensory data processing patterns. Subsequently, resembling the hippocampus, this information is processed at a higher level, capturing and memorizing correlated patterns. We conduct a comparative analysis of our model against existing quantum models such as Quantum Neural Networks and their classical counterparts, elucidating its unique contributions. Through empirical results, we aim to underscore the effectiveness of our approach in optimizing energy consumption in practical scenarios.

The Simulation analogy presented in this work enhances the accessibility of abstract quantum theories, specifically the stochastic hydrodyanimc model (SQHM), by relating them to our daily experiences. The SQHM incorporates the influence of fluctuating gravitational background, resembling dark energy, into quantum equations. This model successfully addresses key aspects of Objective-Collapse Theories, including resolving the 'tails' problem through the definition of quantum potential length in addition to the De Broglie length, beyond which coherent Schrödinger quantum behavior and wavefunction tails cannot be maintained. The SQHM emphasizes that an external environment is unnecessary, asserting that the quantum stochastic behavior leading to wave-function collapse can be an inherent property of a system in a spacetime with fluctuating metrics. Embedded in relativistic quantum mechanics, the theory establishes a coherent link between the uncertainty principle and the constancy of light speed, aligning seamlessly with finite information transmission speed. Within a fluctuating quantum system, the SQHM derives the indeterminacy relation between energy and time, offering insights into measurement processes impossible within a finite time interval in a truly quantum global system. Experimental validation is found in confirming the Lindemann constant for solid lattice melting points and the transition from fluid to superfluid states. The SQHM's self-consistency lies in its ability to describe wavefunction collapse and the measure process. Additionally, the theory resolves the Pre-existing Reality problem by showing that large-scale systems naturally decay into decoherent states stable in time. Continuing, the paper demonstrates that the physical dynamics of SQHM can be analogized to a computer simulation employing optimization procedures for realization. This perspective elucidates the concept of time in contemporary reality and enriches our comprehension of free will. The overall framework introduces an irreversible process impacting the manifestation of macroscopic reality at the present time, asserting that the multiverse exists solely in future states, with the past comprising the formed universe after the current moment. Decoherence at the present time functions as a reduction of the multiverse to a single universe. The macroscopic reality, characterized by fractal consistency where microscopic domains with quantum properties coexist, provides insights into how our consciousness apprehends dynamic reality, the spontaneous emergence of gravity in discrete spacetime evolution, and the attainment of the classical General Relativity limit in Quantum Loop Gravity and Causal Dynamical Triangulation. The Simulation Analogy highlights a strategy focused on minimizing information processing, facilitating the universal simulation in solving its predetermined problem. From within, reality becomes the manifestation of specific physical laws emerging from the inherent structure of the simulation devised to address its particular issue. In this context, the reality simulation appears to employ an entropic optimization strategy, minimizing information loss while efficiently compressing data in line with the simulation's intended purpose.

In this study, we investigate Quantum Entanglement Asymmetry (QEA) as a potential explanation for the matter-antimatter imbalance observed in the universe. By integrating quantum mechanics with cosmological phenomena, the study proposes a model in which quantum entanglement among particle-antiparticle pairs in the early universe leads to an asymmetry favoring matter. Through theoretical development and numerical simulations, we explore how this model predicts unique patterns in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies and the distribution of matter, setting a foundation for empirical verification. The study aims to enhance the understanding of cosmological asymmetries and highlight the significance of quantum entanglement in the universe's evolution.

Time evolution of the quantum correlation of the hybrid qubit-qutrit system in multilocal and global dephasing under the effect of a classical noises environment is presented. We considered the qutrit in z direction and the qubit x direction. In addition, our system presents two configurations: the different and the common environment and our discussion involves three types of noises: A Static Noise (SN), Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) and Ornstein- Uhlenbeck noise (OU). By using the density matrix approach to determine the evolution of the state of the system, the found that the static noise is fatal for the quantum entanglement, the quantum correlation and for RTN and OU noises the quantum entanglement, the quantum correlation decreases monotonically with a sufficiently long time. Therefore, we can say that, entanglement and the quantum correlation are more robust to the noise precisely those Random telegraph noise and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise.

Quantum cryptography revolutionizes secure information transfer, providing defense against both quantum and classical computational attacks. The primary challenge in extending the reach of quantum communication comes from the exponential decay of signals over long distances. Addressing this challenge, we have developed Quantum-protected Control-based Key Distribution (QCKD), overcoming transmission range limitations by monitoring signal leakages and rendering leaked quantum states significantly non-orthogonal. This paper reports on the experiments with the QCKD, conducted over a 1,707 km fiber line. We demonstrate advancements in critical components of the protocol, showing its remarkable scalability and adaptability for extended distances and multi-user configurations.

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spike RBD epitopes in complex with spike (S) -protein D614G mutations now predominate globally and increase infectivity by assembling more functional S proteins into the virion. On average, homeopathic medicine contains less than one molecule per dose on average. Single variable SphericalHarmonicY, LaguerreL, WhittakerM, SphericalBesselJ, LegendreP, LegendreQ, LaguerreL, ChebyshevT, and Hypergeometric1F1 Functions pFqarise in connection with the power series solution of the Schrodinger equation or in the summation of perturbation expansions in quantum mechanics. A quantum interpretation of the homeopathic method is presented here through a novel algebraic topology approach to supersymmetry and symmetry breaking in quantum fields and quantum gravity theory with the aim of developing a wide range of physical-based drug design applications in a Small Molecule Quantized Water Memory Network suggesting that the Hidden Black Hole Paradox of Information Loss might be solved under suitable conditions.

By this contribution we would like to briefly highlight the problems in conceiving the “Hydrogen Bond” (HB) as a real short-range, directional, electrostatic, attractive interaction and to reframe its nature through the non-approximated view of condensed matter offered by a Quantum Electro-Dynamic (QED) perspective. We focus our attention on water, as the paramount case to show the effectiveness of this 40-years’ old theoretical background, which depicts water as a two-fluid system (where one of the two phases is coherent). The HB emerge to be the result of the electromagnetic field gradient in the coherent phase of water, whose vacuum level is lower than the non-coherent (gas-like) fraction. Thus, the HB can be properly looked at, i.e. no more as a “dipolar force” among molecules, but as the phenomenological effect of their collective thermodynamic tendency to occupy a lower ground-state, compatibly with temperature and pressure. This perspective allows to account for many “anomalous” behaviours of water and to understand why the calculated energy associated to HB should change when considering two molecules (water-dimer), or the liquid state, or the several kinds of ice. The emergence of a condensed, liquid, phase at room temperature is indeed the consequence of the boson condensation as described in the framework of spontaneous symmetry breakings (SSB). The switch from a still semi-classical Quantum Mechanical (QM) in the 1st quantization to a Quantum Field Theory (QFT) view embedded in the 2nd quantization is advocated for a more realistic and authentic description of water, condensed matter and living systems.

This review study, delves into the groundbreaking potential of quantum dots in revolutionizing the field of stem cell tracking for regenerative medicine. Beginning with an introduction that underscores the pivotal role of stem cell tracking in regenerative medicine, this review introduces quantum dots as promising tools for this purpose. It proceeds to explore the fundamental properties of quantum dots, including the quantum confinement effect, size-dependent emission, and exceptional brightness, which render them ideal candidates for stem cell tracking. The historical evolution and recent advancements of quantum dot technology in biomedicine are discussed, emphasizing their growing importance in terms of biocompatibility and safety. Furthermore, various labeling strategies for stem cells using quantum dots are detailed, encompassing surface modification and internalization techniques, with a comparison of their respective advantages and drawbacks. A comprehensive exploration of the wide range of imaging modalities that synergize with quantum dots for stem cell tracking is presented, accompanied by an evaluation of their strengths and limitations. Real-world applications of quantum dot-based stem cell tracking in regenerative medicine, spanning tissue regeneration to disease modeling, are showcased, with illuminating case studies. Current challenges and limitations in quantum dot-based stem cell tracking, including long-term stability and regulatory considerations, are addressed, and innovative directions and emerging trends in quantum dot technology are proposed. Safety considerations and strategies to enhance quantum dot biocompatibility within biological systems are discussed, while ethical and regulatory implications related to their use in stem cell tracking are explored, promoting responsible research and development practices. Finally, the review concludes by summarizing key insights and takeaways, reaffirming the transformative potential of quantum dots in advancing stem cell tracking and the field of regenerative medicine.

If "quantization is an art" then it can be greatly rened by adopting cyclic time formalism. In past papers we have proven the effectiveness of a formulation of physics based on cyclic relativistic time. Now we can demonstrate in a general way, by using theorems of Geometric Quantization, that the Poisson brackets of intrinsically cyclic time dynamics directly imply the ordinary canonical commutation relations and the other Dirac's rules of canonical Quantum Mechanics. In other words, according to our result, canonical quantization is an implicit way of imposing intrinsically cyclic time dynamics without explicitly saying that time is a cyclic dimension.

We delve into nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics within a background magnetic field, ensuring gauge invariance via a vector potential. Our exploration extends to the Lagrangian, which incorporates electron self-interactions and electromagnetic field interactions. Through the path integral formalism, we elucidate the effective action, with a specific focus on the photon propagator and screening effects. Examining density and current components reveals Laurent expansions in the hydrodynamic limit. The equations of motion in real space are derived, leading to discussions on phenomena such as Poiseuille-like flow and the Navier-Stokes equation. To ground our theoretical framework at practical contexts, we consider applications such as the fluid dynamics at binary star systems. Depending on the velocity of the expelled fluid, our analysis allows for both nonrelativistic and relativistic treatments, providing a versatile tool for understanding the intricacies of fluid behavior at astrophysical scenarios. Additionally, we recognize that at the presence of a magnetic field, magnetohydrodynamics becomes crucial. While our current focus is at nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, the insights gained here contribute to a broader understanding, offering a comprehensive foundation for quantum electrodynamics analysis at diverse physical systems.

Long-range interactions are relevant for a large variety of quantum systems in quantum optics and condensed matter physics. In particular, the control of quantum-optical platforms promises to gain deep insights in quantum-critical properties induced by the long-range nature of interactions. From a theoretical perspective, long-range interactions are notoriously complicated to treat. Here, we give an overview of recent advancements to investigate quantum magnets with long-range interactions focusing on two techniques based on Monte Carlo integration. First, the method of perturbative continuous unitary transformations where classical Monte Carlo integration is applied within the embedding scheme of white graphs. This linked-cluster expansion allows to extract high-order series expansions of energies and observables in the thermodynamic limit. Second, stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo which enables calculations on large finite systems. Finite-size scaling can then be used to determine physical properties of the infinite system. In recent years, both techniques have been applied successfully to one- and two-dimensional quantum magnets involving long-range Ising, XY, and Heisenberg interactions on various bipartite and non-bipartite lattices. Here, we summarise the obtained quantum-critical properties including critical exponents for all these systems in a coherent way. Further, we review how long-range interactions are used to study quantum phase transitions above the upper critical dimension and the scaling techniques to extract these quantum critical properties from the numerical calculations.

We changed the symmetry of the Weak Force from SU(2) to the quaternion group $Q_8$, and found that spin spacetime separates into two complementary spaces: a spin polarization spacetime of even parity states, and a spin coherence space, in the $S^3$ hypersphere, of odd parity coherent states. Under the quaternion group, spin is a boson of spin 1 in free flight and a fermion of spin $\frac{1}{2}$ when measured. It immediately follows that neutrinos are not needed to balance spin and conserve energy in beta decay. Additionally, we find the boson electrons emitted in beta decay are odd to parity, leading to parity conservation even though the observed beta distribution is asymmetrical.

This paper draws upon the theory of turbulence in physics to explore the similarities and differences between volatility in financial markets and turbulent phenomena at a statistical physics level. By analogizing the dynamics of financial markets with fluid turbulence, we have developed an innovative analytical framework aimed at deepening the understanding of the complexity inherent in financial markets. Our research methodology includes a comparative analysis of simulated time series data for the Standard & Poor's 500 Index and fully developed turbulent velocity time series. We focus on the similarities in key statistical physical properties, including probability distributions, correlation structures, and power spectral densities. Furthermore, we have established a model of capital flow in financial markets and proposed corresponding solutions. Through computational simulations and data analysis, we find that while financial market volatility shares some statistical characteristics with turbulent phenomena, significant differences exist in the shapes of probability distributions and the temporal scales of correlations. This suggests that although financial markets exhibit patterns akin to turbulence, the behavior of this complex, multi-variable driven system does not completely correspond to natural turbulence, highlighting the limitations of directly applying turbulence theory to financial market analysis. Our study offers a new perspective for the theories of financial markets and the field of econophysics, providing fresh insights into the complexity of financial markets and contributing to the prevention and management of financial risk.

This paper presents a quantum formulation for classical abstract dynamical systems (ADS), defined by coupled sets of first order differential equations. They are referred as “abstract” because their dynamical variables can be of different interrelated nature, not necessarily corresponding to physics, such as populations, socioeconomic variables, behavioural variables, etc. A first order classical Hamiltonian in canonical moments can be derived for ADS by using Dirac’s dynamics for singular Hamiltonian systems. And also a corresponding first order Schrödinger equation (which involves the existence of a system Planck constant particular of each system) can be derived from this Hamiltonian. However, Bohm and Hiley’s reinterpretation of quantum mechanics produces no further information about the mathematical formulation of ADS. However, a second order classical Hamiltonian in canonical moments can be also derived for ADS, as well as a corresponding second order Schrödinger equation. In this case, Bohm and Hiley’s reinterpretation of quantum mechanics provides a quantum Hamiltonian that does provide the quantum formulation for ADS, which provides new quantum variables interrelated dynamically with the classical variables. An application case is presented: the one-dimensional autonomous system given by the logistic dynamics, where the differences between the classical and the quantum trajectories are highlighted.

The aim of the present work is to explore a different non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime which differs from the usual approaches such as large extra space dimensions, warped extra space dimensions and multiple extra time dimensions. This approach will be referred to as "Dynamic" higher dimensional spacetime. By this term will be introduced a new kind of higher dimensional spacetime (more than the usual 3+1 dimensions), which behaves dynamically in the sense that time is not a fixed dimension but is the extra plus one dimension to the spatial dimensions of the phenomenon we are studying. For a higher dimensional phenomenon, the lower dimensional time will behave as space and the new time will be a plus one dimension, meaning if we study a 3-dimensional phenomenon then time is the usual 4th dimension but if we are studying a 4-dimensional phenomenon then its time will be an extra 5th dimension and for this phenomenon the 4th dimension will behave as space. All spatial dimensions are indistinguishable from each other and behave in the exact same way, which means that the important parameter is not the dimension we are studying (for example the 4th or the 5th) but the number of dimensions in which a phenomenon can interact and how higher dimensional phenomena interact with lower ones. This non-traditional approach to higher dimensional spacetime may appear confusing at first but will become clearer in the rest of the paper. For this reason, we will first associate the time dimension with propagation relative to space dimensions and change orthogonal to them in order to give the reader a better intuition. Following that, we will describe how higher - dimensional phenomena would appear to us, the 3 - dimensional observer and try to set some guidelines on how we should mathematically model higher - dimensional phenomena in order for us to make accurate predictions of their behaviour. Then we will express the general framework of a "Dynamic" higher - dimensional spacetime and turn our gaze to 4+1 – dimensional phenomena. We will explore how a mass term arises for 4 – dimensional waves by generalizing the frequency – speed – wavelength relation of 3D waves and give a basic description on a possible way to describe a 4+1 – dimensional disturbance in a scalar Energy Field in order to make accurate predictions on our 3+1 dimensional plane. In this framework we will derive the Klein – Gordon equation by generalizing the wave equation and ignoring all lower than 4+1 - dimensional disturbances and compere our mass term findings with the Klein – Gordon equation mass term and with results from gravity – induced quantum interference experiments. Lastly, we will describe how a "Dynamic" 5 - dimensional spacetime would appear in a 3D observer and examine whether our findings are compatible with quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity.

In this article, we investigate both the Schrödinger and continuity equations in the presence of nonlocal potential that arising from electron-electron interaction and local one in the context of minimal uncertainty in momentum within commutative and noncommutative frameworks. Furthermore, the Frahn–Lemmer potential type is used. Interestingly, the combined effects of both the phase-space noncommutativity and nonlocality on the current density while considering a minimal uncertainty in momentum are examined. We find that the current density, as conventionally defined, does not fulfil the condition of current conservation, thus, a new definition of the current density that encompasses the aforementioned contributions is given. Thereafter, it is shown that the computed current using the new definition of the current density satisfies the current conservation. Noting that using both the $★$product and linear Bopp-Shift, the noncommutativity is inserted.

We develop a renormalizable model of Quantum General Relativity (QGR). We do this by building on earlier work with quantum electrodynamics (QED). Working with the Feynman path integral (FPI) approach to QED, we generalize the paths from varying in space to varying in space and time. This gives the standard results plus dispersion in time of order attoseconds or left. Over longer times, the dispersion in time averages out, but at attosecond times it should be detectable with current technology. As an unexpected but welcome side-effect, the approach caused the usual loop integrals to be finite. Since the usual UV divergences are significantly harder to renormalize in QGR than in QED, and since using paths in time plus space is definitely more in keeping with the general spirit of GR, we here apply the same approach to QGR. We show that with an appropriate choice of gauge (trace-reversed de Donder gauge) we can extend the earlier results to include QGR. Sub-attosecond measurements of individual gravitons are not within our reach, but at least the ultraviolet divergences in QGR are contained in the same way. We have therefore a renormalizable model of QGR

A model of space-time is presented, whose origin is set before the appearance of any universe. It uses concepts of previous work, a central one being that the information about the laws of nature is stored locally everywhere in space such that all physical processes obey them. Since information storage is bound to matter or energy, space is assumed to consist of dark energy (DE), which thus assumes an importance far beyond its function as a stopgap for an energy deficit in our universe (U). The primordial state (PS) is a timeless and relatively large space of 3 dimensions described by a Wheeler DeWitt (WDW) equation, whose solution is interpreted as an arrangement of very many space quanta and possesses all the characteristics of the time-honored concept of the unmoved mover. The comparison of WDW solutions belonging to different mass densities of the DE favors one in which the space quanta are mini black holes, and allows the space quanta to be imagined as mass points that are kept at a distance compatible with the quantum volume by the Pauli principle or something equivalent. Triggered by an increase in probability, the PS is followed by a time-dependent state of space expansion (ES). The concomitant emergence of time occurs in a lightning huge crash, consuming almost all DE of the PS. The subsequent expansion proceeds in quantum leaps, whose huge size emerges from a WDW equation novelly derived from the time-dependent classical expansion solution, and is also used as size of the PS. Information is assumed to be geometrically stored in arrangements of space quanta similar to how genetic information is stored in DNA molecules. During space expansion information must be transferred from already existing "information quanta" to new ones. This requires time, slows down the expansion and is taken into account by a friction term in the cosmological momentum equation. Sinc e the Friedmann-Lemaître (FL) equation remains fully valid, the model can exclusively be based on recognized equations, so that the assumptions used to build it can be understood as interpretations.

The question of what generates conscious experience has mesmerized thinkers since the dawn of humanity, yet its origins remain a mystery. The topic of consciousness has gained traction in recent years, thanks to the development of large language models that now arguably pass the Turing test, an operational test for intelligence. However, intelligence and consciousness are not related in obvious ways, as anyone who suffers from a bad toothache can attest - pain generates intense feelings and absorbs all our conscious awareness yet nothing particularly intelligent is going on. Still, in the hard sciences, this topic is frequently met with skepticism because to date no protocol to measure the content or intensity of conscious experiences in an observer-independent manner has been agreed upon. Here we present a novel proposal: Conscious experience arises whenever a quantum mechanical superposition forms. Our proposal has several implications: First, it suggests that the structure of the superposition determines the qualia of the experience. Second, quantum entanglement naturally solves the binding problem, ensuring the unity of phenomenal experience. Finally, a moment of agency may coincide with the formation of a superposition state. We outline a research program to experimentally test our conjecture via a sequence of quantum biology experiments. Applying these ideas opens up the possibility of expanding human experience through brain-quantum computer interfaces.

Currently, there is no widely accepted consensus regarding a consistent thermodynamic framework within the special relativity paradigm. However, by postulating that the inverse temperature 4-vector, denoted as β, is future-directed and timelike, intriguing insights emerge. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the q-dependent Tsallis distribution can be conceptualized as a de-Sitterian deformation of the relativistic Maxwell-Jüttner distribution. In this context, the curvature of the de Sitter space-time is characterized by Λ/3, where Λ represents the cosmological constant within the ΛCDM standard model for Cosmology. For a simple gas composed of particles with proper mass m, and within the framework of quantum statistical de Sitterian considerations, the Tsallis parameter q exhibits a dependence on the cosmological constant given by q=1+ℓcΛ/n where ℓc=ℏ/mc is the Compton length of the particle and n is a positive numerical factor. This formulation establishes a novel connection between the Tsallis distribution, quantum statistics, and the cosmological constant, shedding light on the intricate interplay between relativistic thermodynamics and fundamental cosmological parameters.

In this study, we address the formidable challenge of solving large-scale Max-Cut problems (MCP). We introduce a rapid computational procedure utilizing a hybrid 1-flip/r-flip local search heuristic. This innovative strategy significantly reduces the computational time required for MCP problems while consistently generating solutions of exceptional quality. The paper presents substantial computational insights, showcasing the effectiveness of our approach on very-large-scale Max-Cut instances with varying densities. Our proposed heuristic is rigorously evaluated by comparing its performance against a quantum annealing solver, leveraging a multi-start Tabu Search framework. The results underscore the potency of this unique combination as an efficient and effective solution for large-scale QUBO problems. Notably, our hybrid heuristic consistently delivers high-quality solutions within the stringent CPU time limits of 600 seconds, demonstrating its efficacy across Max-Cut instances ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 variables. This research contributes to advancing the state-of-the-art in large-scale QUBO problem-solving, offering a powerful and time-efficient approach with broad applicability.

We review time expansion wave theory and refine our model showing it to accurately match observed cosmological luminosity data. The theory augments general relativity to create a container within which quantum effects can be explained by treating time as an artefact of a fourth spatial dimension that we observe as the expansion of the universe. This leads us to explain mass creation, the speed of light limit, gravity, black holes without singularities and other macroscopic effects. Our model leads to an expansion velocity of 6.87 0.36 × 106 ms-1, which results in a Hubble expansion rate constant of 71.3 3.7 km/s/Mpc. Because of the finite window of time in which we exist, an extra a degree of freedom is available leading to interesting interpretations at the subatomic level. At this size range, then a spin is allowed within the time dimension explaining why wave particle duality occurs and explains the electromagnetic force and other quantum mechanical properties. It provides a solution to the double slit conundrum and can explain how quantum entangled partners can behave in a quantum way and pass seemingly time-defying information. The potential quantitative origin of the fine structure constant which governs the size of the electromagnetic force is also strongly indicated by this theory.

The design and operation of quantum networks are both decisive in the current push towards a global quantum internet. Although space-enabled quantum connectivity has already been identified as a beneficial candidate for long-range quantum channels for over two decades, the architecture of a hybrid space-ground network is still a work in progress. Here, we propose an analysis of such a network based on a best-path approach, where either fiber- or satellite-based elementary links can be concatenated to form a repeater chain. The network consisting of quantum information processing nodes, equipped with both ground and space connections, is mapped into a graph structure, where edge weights represent the achievable secret key rates, chosen as the figure of merit for the network analysis. A weight minimization algorithm allows identifying the best path dynamically, i.e., as the weather conditions, stray light radiance, and satellite orbital position changes. From the results we conclude that satellite links will play a significant role on the future large-scale quantum internet, and both a constellation of satellites and significant advances in filtering technology are required to fulfill continuous coverage.

The concept of {\it quantum ratio} emerged in the recent efforts to understand how Newton's equations appear for the center of mass (CM) of an isolated macroscopic body at finite body-temperatures, as the first approximation to quantum-mechanical equations. It is defined as $Q\equiv R_q/L_0$, where the quantum fluctuation range $R_q$ is the spatial extension of the pure-state CM wave function, whereas $L_0$ stands for the body's linear size (the space support of the internal, bound-state wave function). The two cases $R_q /L_0 \lesssim 1$ or $R_q/ L_0 \gg 1$, roughly correspond to the body's CM behaving classically or quantum mechanically, respectively. In the present note we elaborate more on this concept, illustrating it in several examples. An important notion following from introduction of the quantum ratio is that the elementary particles (thus the electron and the photon) are quantum mechanical, even when the environment-induced decoherence turns them into a mixed state. Decoherence and classical state should not be identified. This simple observation, further illustrationed by the consideration of a few atomic or molecular processes, may have significant implications on the way quantum mechanics works in biological systems.

Abstract Using the Pauli algebra version of the Dirac equation six symmetric but non-equivalent copies of the QED Lagrangian are constructed. The group of symmetries is the group of outer automorphisms of the finite quaternion group, isomorphic to the group of permutations on three letters. Solutions to corresponding Dirac equations form six sectors of fermion fields. The intersections between different sectors can only contain massless fields, implying that the sectors are distinct. If the symmetry could be extended to the full Standard Model Lagrangian it would predict the ratio of dark matter to ordinary matter of 5 : 1 which is close to the ratio of 5.2 : 1 according to current observations.

A Teoria das diferenças entre elementos explica as razões das diferenças nos conceitos físicos entre diferentes elementos, como a Física Quântica e a Teoria da Relatividade Geral, sendo explicada através de observações. Assim, é possível concluir a partir das observações que as diferenças são motivadas pelas reações entre os elementos, pela composição dos elementos, e pela influência dos espaços que promovem perdas e ganhos de características; portanto, não há semelhança geral entre a física quântica e a teoria geral da relatividade. O estudo tem como objetivo compreender os elementos e seus conceitos físicos que compõem o Universo.

The rapid advancements and the merging of hybrid quantum-classical computing, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) pose a potentially unseen and significant threat to encryption that may impact Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) transition timelines. There is a direct hybrid quantum-classical computing threat on cryptography, and there is also a direct threat AI/ML on cryptography. However, the synergistic combination of these technologies presents known and unknown threats that need attention, focus action, and research. This paper reviews Grover's Adaptive Search (GAS), which combines Grover's Algorithm with adaptive techniques to optimize search further, potentially making it even more efficient for attacking encryption. This work also examines the quantum-accelerated Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) Algorithm, designed to solve systems of linear equations exponentially faster than classical algorithms in certain conditions. The HHL algorithm can solve some lattice-based problems, which have implications for lattice-based encryption. This technological confluence and its potential impact on cryptography and encryption necessitate a proactive and coordinated approach to developing and implementing quantum-resistant AI/ML cryptographic solutions. This paper reviews the technological confluence and its potential implications for classical cryptography and PQC transition timelines and calls for further research.

The electron of spin −1/2 is a Dirac fermion of a complex four-component spinor field. Though it is effectively addressed by relativistic quantum field theory, an intuitive form of the fermion still remains lacking and it is often described by the so-called Dirac belt trick. In this novel undertaking, the electron is examined within the boundary posed by a recently proposed MP model of a hydrogen atom into 4D space-time. Its transformation to Dirac fermion is consistent with Dirac belt trick, quantum mechanics and Lie group with gravity considered to be a classical force. These outcomes are compatible with Dirac field theory and its associated features like wave function collapse, quantized Hamiltonian, non-relativistic wave function, Lorentz transformation and Feynman diagrams. The model though speculative, it could become important towards defining the fundamental state of matter subject to further investigations.

We explore the relationship between the exact renormalization group (RG) equation and quantum mechanics. The central idea is to rewrite the exact Wilsonian RG equation as a Schrödinger-type equation, opening avenues for analysis. By introducing a functional transformation, the RG equation takes on a form analogous to a quantum mechanical Schrödinger equation. The study investigates solutions to this equation and draws parallels with quantum mechanics, paving the way for understanding the infrared behavior of quantum field theories. Furthermore, we extends its insights to a one-dimensional toy model, providing illustrative examples. The discussion encompasses the implications of these findings in multiple dimensions and quantum field theory, with a brief exploration of their relevance in the context of inflationary cosmology.

We propose a theoretical method for the deterministic shaping of quantum light via photon number state selective interactions. Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for high precision optical techniques that rely on photon correlations and noise reshaping. Notable techniques include quantum enhanced interferometry, ghost imaging, and generating fault tolerant codes for continuous variable optical quantum computing. We show that a class of nonlinear-optical resonators can transform many-photon wavefunctions to produce structured states of light with nonclassical noise statistics. The devices, based on parametric down conversion, utilize the Kerr effect to tune photon number dependent frequency matching, inducing photon number selective interactions. With a high amplitude coherent pump, the number selective interaction shapes the noise of a two-mode squeezed cavity state with minimal dephasing, illustrated with simulations. We specify the requisite material properties to build the device and highlight the remaining material degrees of freedom which offer flexible material design.

Time and space are fundamental concepts for characterizing and understanding our world. Despite of continuous curiosity and extensive studies, the nature of time and space remains elusive, and the underlying quantum structure is unclear. Here we propose a molecular model based on energy space decomposition to incorporate time and space synthetically in a unified framework. In the proposed model, the multipole expansion of action mapped to energy modules in scalar, vector, and matrix forms, results in the generators of time, space, and a material framework, cloud. And the invariance of time, space and cloud transformation corresponds to the conservation of energy, momentum, and mass, respectively. The classification of energy modules reveals a periodicity of energy elements, which constructs a hierarchical world in a molecular framework with dynamics represented by energy transformations. Here the role of time and space could switch from each other, and motion is attributed to the coupling of particle with intermediate bosons, corresponding to energy transformations among different energy modules. The application on Bohr model demonstrates that this picture provides a consistent classical interpretation to the foundation of quantum mechanics, and suggests an atomic model for gravitation.

Quantum logic is a well-structured theory, which has recently received some attention because of its fundamental relation to quantum computing. However, the complex foundation of quantum logic borrowing concepts from different branches of mathematics as well as its peculiar settings have made it a non-trivial task to device suitable applications. This article aims to propose for the first time an approach to use quantum logic in image processing at hand of a process for shape classification. We show how to make use of the principal component analysis to realize quantum logical propositions. In this way we are able to assign a concrete meaning to the rather abstract quantum logical concepts, and we are able to compute a probability measure from the principal components. For shape classification we consider encrypting given point clouds of different objects by making use of specific distance histograms. This enables to initiate the principal component analysis. At hand of experiments, we explore the possibility to distinguish between different geometrical objects and discuss the results in terms of quantum logical interpretation.

Models of quantum measurements are presented, including observers subject to the laws of quantum mechanics. Observers perform multiple measurements in an attempt to disprove the collapse hypothesis. It is shown that under reasonable assumptions the effort cannot succeed. Under a unitary evolution the end state is a correlation between the result of the first measurement and the result(s) of the others, consistent with the observer's collapse hypothesis. The observer may conclude that the laws of nature include a non-unitary collapse mechanism, even if one does not actually exist. Discard of information is the crucial factor which distinguishes entanglement from measurement.

We present detailed models at the hydrodynamics and decoherence phenomena observed in ideal quantum gases. The model is expressed in terms of a quantum field theory, where the action involves both hydrodynamic and decoherence terms. The density-current relation is derived, and the current Green function is introduced. The effective action for two fields is presented, and the physical field is defined in terms of the bare action. Identities such as CTP symmetry, transposition, and the Ward identity are discussed. The Green function and its inverse for different components are also explored. These notes provide a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical framework for studying the hydrodynamics and decoherence of ideal quantum gases.

Oscillons, fundamental to various physical domains, are examined in-depth in this paper. From Josephson junctions in superconducting circuits to classical and quantum field theories, oscillators reveal profound insights into diverse phenomena. The study primarily focuses on oscillons, distinctive field configurations with enduring localization, establishing intriguing connections with well-known models like the Sine-Gordon breather. Surprising parallels in the weak coupling limit illuminate the rich dynamics of oscillators. A semi-classical quantization method, discretizing the field into spatially homogeneous regions, exposes stability angles, providing insights into the quantum nature of oscillons. The application of this quantization framework to specific cases, including the Sine-Gordon breather, showcases its versatility. The results offer a comprehensive perspective on the quantization of oscillons, unraveling the intricate interplay between classical and quantum dynamics. In conclusion, this paper provides a profound exploration of quantum oscillators, unveiling novel connections and presenting a rigorous quantization framework. The gained insights contribute significantly to the broader understanding of oscillatory systems and their pivotal role in diverse physical phenomena.

The locality condition of probabilities underpinning the derivation of Bell inequalities can be violated classically. The wave function collapse results in the factorization of quantum probabilities. It is possible to differentiate, locally, between ensemble probabilities of single detections with and without wave function collapse for the alleged quantum nonlocality. The theoretical concept of photonic quantum nonlocality cannot be implemented physically because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. A distinction needs to be made between the correlation of individual, single measurements of pure states and the correlation of the ensemble states of the mixed states. The correlation operator of Pauli vector operators delivers the same probabilities of correlated detections of photons for both independent and multi-photon states as for ‘entangled’ states of photons. As single-photon sources are not needed, the design and implementation of quantum computing operations and other devices will be significantly streamlined.

I demonstrate that Bell's theorem is based on circular reasoning and thus a fundamentally flawed argument. It unjustifiably assumes the additivity of expectation values for dispersion-free states of contextual hidden variable theories for non-commuting observables involved in Bell-test experiments, which is tautologous to assuming the bounds of ±2 on the Bell-CHSH sum of expectation values. Its premises thus assume in a different guise the bounds of ±2 it sets out to prove. Once this oversight is ameliorated from Bell's argument, the bounds on the Bell-CHSH sum of expectation values work out to be ±2√2 instead of ±2, thereby mitigating the conclusion of Bell's theorem. Consequently, what is ruled out by the Bell-test experiments is not local realism but the additivity of expectation values, which does not hold for non-commuting observables in any hidden variable theories to begin with.

Variability is the predisposition of phenomena to assume different values over time. Variability is higher when the differences of cases from each other are larger or diverge from a specific value, such as arithmetic mean. This study focuses on the variability of research topics within and between research fields to explain, whenever possible, how the variability shapes the structure and dynamics of technological trajectories. Analysis of variability here applies the entropy and variance decomposition on main research fields in quantum technologies. Empirical evidence shows that variability in research topics is inversely proportional to the age of research fields. Inductive implications are that higher variability in research topics of recent scientific fields is due to uncertain dynamics that generates a heterogeneity of different technological trajectories some of them can growth and develop towards fruitful directions others can be dismissed. Hence the variability seems to be one of the drivers that shapes technological evolution and can provide policy and managerial implications to improve the scientific and technological forecasting that may support appropriate decisions of R&D investments towards promising research fields and technologies.

This work is devoted to consideration and analysis of the application of molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) methods to the study of nanosized polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thin ferroelectric films (two-dimensional ferroelectrics) and their composites with graphene layers: 1) to study and calculations of the polarization switching time depending on the electric field and PVDF film thickness; 2) to study and calculations of the polarization switching time depending changes of the PVDF on PVDF-TrFE film; 3) to study the polarization switching time in PVDF under influence of graphene layers. All calculations at each MDS step were carried out using quantum semi-empirical methods PM3. A comparison and analysis of the results of these calculations and the kinetics of polarization switching within the framework of the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory for homogeneous switching in ferroelectric polymer films is carried out. The study of the composite heterostructures of the “graphene-PVDF” type and calculations of their polarization switching times were presented too. It is shown that replacing PVDF with PVDF-TrFE significantly changes the polarization switching times in these thin polymer films, and that introducing various graphene layers into the PVDF layered structure leads to both an increase and a decrease in the polarization switching time. Here everything also depends on the position and displacement of the ferroelectric coercive field depending on the system damping parameters.

A substantial spike in the need for quality healthcare has resulted from people being more cognizant of health issues. With blockchain, healthcare providers may safely share patient information electronically, which is especially important given the sensitive nature of the data contained inside them. However, flaws in the current blockchain design have surfaced since the dawn of quantum computing systems. The study proposes a novel quantum inspired blockchain system (Qchain) and constructs a unique entangled quantum medical record (EQMR)system with an emphasis on privacy and security. This Qchain relies on entangled states to connect its blocks. Automated production of the chronology indicator reduces storage capacity requirements by connecting entangled BloQ (blocks with quantum properties) with controlled activities. One qubit is used to store the hash value of each block. A lot of information regarding quantum internet is included in the protocol for the entangled quantum medical record (EQMR). EQMR can be accessed in Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) systems may be kept private and secure, and their where-abouts can be monitored in the event of an emergency. The protocol also uses quantum authentication in place of more conventional methods like encryption and digital signatures. Mathematical research shows that the quantum converged blockchain (QCB) is highly safe against attacks such as the External attack, Intercept-Measure-Repeat attack, and Entanglement-Measure attack. The reliability and auditability evaluations of the entangled BloQ, as well as the quantum circuit design for computing the hash value, are presented. There's also a comparison between the suggested approach and several other quantum blockchain designs.

The next-generation "Industrial Internet of Things" (IIoT) will support "Machine-to-Machine" (M2M) communications for smart Cyber-Physical-Systems and Industry 4.0, and require guaranteed cyber-security. This paper explores hardware-enforced cyber-security for critical infrastructures. It examines a Quantum-Safe "Software-Defined Deterministic IIoT" (SDD-IIoT), with a new forwarding-plane (sub-layer-3a) for deterministic M2M traffic flows. A "Software-Defined-Networking" (SDN) control-plane controls many "SDD Wide Area Networks" (SDD-WANs), realized with FPGAs. The SDN control-plane provides an "Admission-Control/Access-Control" system for network-bandwidth, using collaborating Artificial Intelligence (AI) rule-based "Zero Trust Architectures" (ZTAs). Hardware-enforced access-control eliminates all congestion, BufferBloat, and DoS/DDoS attacks in the forwarding-plane, reduces buffer-sizes by 100,000+ times, and supports ultra-reliable and uItra-low-latency communications in the SDD-WANs. The SDD-WANs can: (i) Encrypt/Authenticate M2M flows using Quantum-Safe ciphers, to withstand attacks by Quantum Computers; (ii) Implement "Guaranteed Intrusion Detection Systems" in FPGAs, to detect cyber-attacks embedded within billions of IIoT packets/second; (iii) Provide guaranteed immunity to external cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure, and exceptionally-strong immunity to internal cyber-attacks; (iv) Save $US100s of billions annually by exploiting FPGAs; and (v) Enable "Quantum Key Distribution" (QKD) Networks by providing a programmable forwarding-plane with "authenticated classical channels" and full-immunity to DoS/DDoS attacks. Extensive experimental results for an SDD-WAN over the European Union are reported.

This study delves into the intricate interplay between cosmology and gravity in dilaton-based models, enhancing our understanding. Exploring boundary theories coupled to gravity, we derive a four-dimensional effective theory from the cosmological constant. Dilaton gravity is then scrutinized, revealing elegant solutions and insights into brane embedding. The analysis extends to probe scalar fields, employing the WKB approximation in both conformal and non-conformal cases. In summary, this work contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between cosmology and gravity in dilaton-based frameworks.

Artificial intelligence and Quantum science supports path-breaking technologies for main technological change. The investigation goal of this study is to examine their scientific and technological development to explain drivers of these disruptive technologies. Analyses of data, based on publications and patents in quantum science and artificial intelligence, with a technometric model show that that quantum science and technology has a growth rate of 1.07, artificial Intelligence ha a rate of growth of 1.37, whereas the interaction of quantum science and artificial intelligence generates a convergent technological trajectory that has an accelerated rate of growth of 1.58, higher than trends of these technologies taken individually. These findings here clarify one of the fundamental determinants of the evolution of path-breaking technologies that can support decision making of policymakers, technology analysts and R&D managers to direct R&D investments towards fruitful inter-relationships between radical technologies that foster scientific and technological change in knowledge economies.

The Casimir effect can either work over very short distances or at very low temperatures. At the cosmic scale, we naturally deal with long distances, but at the same time, we encounter extraordinarily low temperatures, namely the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) tem- perature. Recently, there has been increased interest in the Casimir effect and its implications in cosmology. Here, we briefly demonstrate that the luminosity and radiation pressure of the CMB is mathematical identical to a theoretical Casimir effect within the Hubble sphere, or actually our solution seems to be valid for any Schwarzschild black hole. The Casimir effect forevery Schwarzschild black hole is identical. This also include the Hubble sphere if we treat it as a Schwarzschild black hole that is related to increased interest in black hole cosmology.

We present an analysis of the Dirac equation when the spin symmetry is changed from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$, afforded by multiplying one of the $\gamma$-matrices by the imaginary number. The reason for doing this is to introduce a bivector into the spin algebra. This modifies the Dirac equation equation which separates into two distinct and complementary spaces: one describing polarization and the other coherence. The former describes a 2D structured spin and the latter its helicity, generated by a unit quaternion.

A statistical simulation is presented which reproduces the correlation obtained from EPR coincidence experiments without non-local connectivity. In addition to the spin polarization, we identify spin coherence as an attribute, and complementary to polarization, which is anti-symmetric and generates the helicity. This changes the point particle spin to a structured one with two orthogonal magnetic moments of spin $\frac{1}{2}$ each. They couple in free flight to form a spin 1, a boson. Upon encountering a filter, the boson decouples into its two independent spins axes of $\frac{1}{2}$, with one aligning with the filter and the other randomizing. The process of decoupling from a free-flight boson to a measured fermion is responsible for the quantum correlation which results in the observed violation of Bell's Inequalities. The only variable in this work is the angle that orients a spin on the Bloch sphere, first identified in the 1920's. The new features introduced here result from changing the spin symmetry from SU(2) to the quaternion group, $Q_8$.

This is the second in a series of two articles introducing the Gravitas computational general relativity framework, in which we now focus upon the design and capabilities of Gravitas's numerical subsystem, including its ability to perform general 3+1 decompositions of spacetime via the ADM formalism, its support for the definition and construction of arbitrary Cauchy surfaces as initial data, its support for the definition and enforcement of arbitrary gauge and coordinate conditions, its various algorithms for ensuring the satisfaction of the ADM Hamiltonian and momentum constraints, and its unique (totally-unstructured) adaptive refinement algorithms based on hypergraph rewriting via Wolfram model evolution. Particular attention will be paid to the seamless integration between Gravitas's symbolic and numerical subsystems, its ability to configure, run, analyze and visualize complex numerical relativity simulations and their outputs within a single notebook environment, and its capabilities for handling generic curvilinear coordinate systems and spacetimes with general (and often highly non-trivial) topologies using its specialized and highly efficient hypergraph-based numerical algorithms. We also provide illustrations of Gravitas's functionality for the visualization of hypergraph geometries and spacetime embedding diagrams in two and three dimensions, the ability for Gravitas's symbolic and numerical subsystems to be used in concert for the extraction of gravitational wave signals and other crucial simulation data, and Gravitas's in-built library of standard initial data, matter distributions and gauge conditions. We conclude by demonstrating how the numerical subsystem can be used to set up, run, visualize and analyze a standard yet nevertheless reasonably challenging numerical relativity test case: a binary black hole collision and merger within a vacuum spacetime (including the extraction of its outgoing gravitational wave profile).

With continued scaling of semiconductor devices , the value of predictive analysis through 1 accurate quantum transport modeling is exponentially increasing. Quantum transmitting Boundary 2 method (QTBM) has been a well-known method of choice to model quantum transport in simple 1-D 3 devices. Here, we present an extension of the QTBM to the 2-D domain and apply it for more realistic 4 devices for accurate performance analysis.

The paper discusses the design and modeling of a simple and illustrative hardware kit for teaching the basics of quantum cryptography to engineering students. The novel solution differs from those already on the market in that it is focused on familiarising trainees with the physical principles of quantum key distribution, as well as with the basics of mathematical formalism in quantum mechanics. This is achieved by using a minimally sufficient set of optical elements with a simple mathematical description in the Jones formalism. This composition of the kit is targeted mostly at engineering students and does not require advanced training in physics as a prerequisite. The configurable architecture of the hardware educational kit contributes to the deeper involvement of students. By independently changing the modular configuration of the system, students can conduct experiments that were not directly provided by the developers. For instance, students can assess the impact of choosing the basic settings of phase retarders on the course of a man-in-the-middle attack. The proposed amount of mathematical and informational support, as well as ready-made formal models, is sufficient to reasonably put forward hypotheses for experimental verification and interpret the obtained empirical data. At this moment, the hardware kit is being replicated, distributed and successfully applied at universities and companies in the communications industry. The accumulated experience of educational use testifies to the high efficiency of the kit as a tool for basic QKD training for people without prior knowledge of quantum mechanics. A discrete event model simulating the operation of the hardware kit is implemented in the non-commercial modeling software CPN Tools and is openly distributed.

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics successfully describes electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces but omits gravity. We introduce the Kinematrix Field Theory (KFT), integrating gravity into this fundamental force framework through a novel particle, the kinematon. This gauge boson, existing in both massless and massive forms, advances the SM's scope to address enigmas like dark matter and neutrino masses. We detail the mathematical structure of the KFT and establish Feynman rules for kinematon interactions with fermions and gauge bosons. The KFT, synergizing with the Higgs mechanism and general relativity, aspires to a unified quantum theory of gravity. We explore the kinematon's phenomenological implications and potential experimental signatures, forecasting significant advancements in fundamental physics and setting a course for future explorations in the SM.

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that has visible and invisible wavelength spectrum. The visible light can only be detected by the eyes through the optic pathways. With the presence of scalp, cranium and meninges, the brain is seen as being protected from direct exposure to light. For that reason, the brain can be viewed as a black body lying inside a black box. In physics, a black body tends to be in thermal equilibrium with its environment and can tightly regulate its temperature via thermodynamics principles. Therefore, a healthy brain inside a black box should not get exposed to light. On the contrary, photobiomodulation, a form of light therapy to the brain has been shown to have beneficial effects for some neurological conditions. The proposed underlying mechanisms are multiple. Herein we present our intraoperative findings of rapid electrocorticographic brainwave changes when the brain was shone directly with different wavelengths of light during awake brain surgery. Our findings provide literature proof on light’s ability to influence human brain energy and function. Our proposed mechanism for these rapid changes is the presence of plasma-like energy inside the brain which causes fast brain activities that are akin to lightning strikes.

Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskites, which have excellent photoelectric conversion properties and are non-toxic and lead-free, have recently attracted much attention. In particular, double perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are considered to be a promising material for optoelectronic device applications. Ligands such as oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) are essential for the synthesis of perovskite QDs, but their roles on double perovskite QDs are not yet clear. In this study, we have investigated the binding of OA and OAm to Cs2NaInCl6 QDs through FTIR and NMR and their effects on the surface defect reduction and stability improvement for Cs2NaInCl6 QDs. We found that only OAm was bound to the QD surfaces while OA was not. The OAm has a great effect on photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) improvement by passivate the QD surface defects. The stability of the QDs was also investigated, and it was shown that OA played a significant role in the stability of the QDs. Our findings provide critical insights into the roles of the ligands for photophysical properties and stability of lead-free double perovskite QDs.

The Yang-Mills conjecture addresses the fundamental nature of the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces in nature, responsible for binding quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. It was proposed in the early 1950s, the Yang-Mills suggests a mathematical framework for describing the behaviours of gauge fields, which are the carriers of fundamental forces. In particular, it focuses on non-abelian gauge theories, where the gauge fields themselves interact with each other. The non-abelian aspect refers to the fact that the order of operations matters when combining these gauge transformations, leading to a more intricate structure compared to abelian theories. This conjecture posits the existence and significance of certain mathematical structures, known as Yang-Mills fields, which play a crucial role in the formulation of the Standard Model of particle physics. The Standard Model describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear forces, as well as the elementary particles that constitute matter. Despite its foundational importance, proving the Yang-Mills conjecture has proven to be a formidable challenge. The conjecture is intimately connected to the concept of mass gap, which refers to the idea that the particles involved in the strong force interactions exhibit mass, in contrast to the photon in electromagnetism, which is massless. The successful resolution of the Yang-Mills conjecture is expected to deepen our understanding of the nature of particle physics and may provide insights into the unification of fundamental forces. In this regard we hereby provide solutions to solve Yang-Mills conjecture using the method of Self Information Entanglement and Quantum Information Transport Equations to elucidate the origin of Universe from Unperceivable Information called “Avyaktham” through the emergence of perceivable information “Vyaktham”. For the first time in the world we provided an empirically verifiable solution to the origin of emergence and existence of Universe based on the methods to predict the emergence using working model of clinical Ayurveda. It is computed that the value of mass gap mentioned in Yang-Mills conjecture is around mYM = mbit ≈ 1.06×10⁻⁴¹kg.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) possess the photosensitive absorption for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution owing to special band structures. Whereas they usually confront with photo-corrosion or undesired charge recombination during photoelectrochemical reactions. Hence, we establish the heterojunction between GQDs and MoSe2 sheets via hydrothermal process for improved stability and performance. Photoanodic water splitting with hydrogen evolution boosted by heteroatom doped N,S-GQDs/MoSe2 heterojunction has been attained due to the abundant active sites, promoted charge separation and transfer kinetics with reduced energy barriers. Diphasic 1T and 2H MoSe2 sheets hybridized quantum dots contribute to the Schottky heterojunction, which can play a key role in expedited carrier transport to inhibit accumulative photo-corrosion and increase photocurrent. Heteroatom dopants lead to favored energy band matching, bandgap narrowing, stronger light absorption and high photocurrent density. The external quantum efficiency of doped heterojunction has been elevated twofold over that of the non-doped pristine heterojunction. Modification of graphene quantum dots and MoSe2 heterojunction demonstrate a viable and adaptable platform toward photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution processes.

In this paper, we consider particles together with the surrounding space as an indivisible system, and then investigate the maximum symmetry of the system at the quantum level. We introduce a new quantity to describe the evolution of this system before and after measurement. The effective mass of gravity is estimated. We also show that a free quantum particle as the source of energy and momentum do not produce gravity.

Sequential properties can violate Bell-type inequalities without direct influence on each other, but only if detected in pairs. This is demonstrated below with theoretical arguments, and with a straightforward toy model. Rotating arrows can have transient qualities that produce maximal Bell violations with predetermined values. Any non-signaling phenomenon (classical, or non-classical) can also be interpreted as local.

The Ising model, a cornerstone in the understanding of critical points, phase transitions, and magnetic systems, has been pivotal in advancing our knowledge of statistical physics. Although analytical solutions exist for the 1D and 2D Ising models, complexities rise significantly with the inclusion of external magnetic fields and in higher dimensions. Here, we demonstrate a novel quantum computational approach to simulate the 1D Ising model with basic quantum gates in the QISKIT(Python) that is both accessible to beginners and executable on personal computers, bypassing the need for advanced computational infrastructure. By initializing the system in a comprehensive superposition state, we effectively utilize quantum gates to replicate the intricate interactions between spins and external fields. This method offers a more intuitive and direct observational means of the system's evolution, distinguishing it from previous methodologies. Our results not only repeat all the physics behavior in the 1D Ising model but also showcase the expanding capabilities of quantum computing to tackle complex physical systems, promising advancements in both theoretical and applied physics.

For the first time in the world, we provided a phenomenologically verifiable proof for the validation of origin of universe and perceivable reality from the unperceivable information based on Ayurveda. We also provided the axiomatic definitions for the terminologies used to deliver the theoretical framework for the same based on Bharatheeya Knowledge Systems. The presented manuscript provides a corelation between quantum information transport and emergence of gunam “Laghu” and gunam “Guru”. We identified that this point of emergence can be considered as the origin point in the continuous process of generation of Perceivable Reality “Vyaktham” from Unperceivable Information “Avyaktham”. In this context we can consider the unperceivable information in “Avyaktham” as dark matter. So, we must develop methods like gunascopy or informationscopy to understand the types of information imbibed in the quantum matter of a dravyam to understand its original physico-chemical-biological and information state of the constituent matter. This is possible through the assessment of Dravya Guna aspects and panchabhootha tatwas of the dravyas. For the first time in the world, we have developed the method to derive all the gunas from “guru” and “Laghu” and calculated the mass of the finitie components of Nava Dravyas including Mann, Aatma, Kaal, Disha, Aakash, Vaayu, Agni, Jal and Prithvi from the quantum information emergence equation. We strongly believe that this work will open up new avenues to explore the frontiers of reality and universe through natural cognition. The solutions to the Yang-Mill conjecture is achieved by our team using the Quantum Information Emergence and Transport Equations. We proved that the information bounded in the quantum states of the constituent quantum matter of quantum particles will provide them positive masses, even though they travel at the speed of light. Based on the phenomenologically verifiable axioms proposed in this work, we proved that the space on the topologically invarient 2D Poincare Sphere which is equivalent to a 2D space without boundaries can facilitate the never-ending loop of continuous quantum information transport between “Avyaktham” and “Vyaktham”. So the information availabe in the constituent quantum states of “Avyaktham” is equal to the postiive mass of quantum systems travelling at the speed of light. In such condition all the mass of the quantum particles will be converted in to information bounded in the corresponding quantum states of the quantum matter. This complete conversion of mass of the quantumparticles into information will happen only at maximum entropy. Thus at maximum entropy the information which is self information entangled with its own quantum states in “Avyaktham” will have a positive mass equal to the mass gap proposed in the Yang-Mill conjecture.

Maximal quantum correlations of unity do not violate the CSHS-Bell inequalities because the remaining two correlations vanish. The probability of coincident detections should not be confused with the correlation of mixed states. The theoretical requirements for implementing the quantum nonlocality theory are not present in the experimental configurations purporting to prove Bohr’s or Bell’s nonlocality because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. By means of a normalization factor corresponding to the total number of initiated events, the detection probabilities obtained experimentally are too small to enable any violation of a Bell inequality. Correlations between independent states of qubits can easily outperform those calculated with entangled photons. Additionally, the quantum joint probability for a Bell state can be factorized enabling a local detection of the alleged quantum nonlocality, if it existed. © The Author 2023

Here, applying the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time, we will model the mechanism by which elementary particles are formed. We will determine the relationship between gravity and each of the elementary particles that form the standard model following analogies to that of stellar bodies. In order to achieve our goal, we will propose new models for photons, quarks and gluons; with this, we will demonstrate why there are stable and unstable elementary particles; why the first family of elementary particles forms hadrons and why the second and third families cannot form hadrons; why the fermions comply with the Pauli exclusion principle and why the bosons do not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle, etc. Finally, we will analyse the generalization of the ADS/CFT correspondence and propose a theory of everything (T.O.E.).

Ontological premises have profound theoretical implications. This analysis posits a single, universal structure composed of two ontic entities: discrete, quantized units of space ("Planck Spheres") and a State of Absolute Nothingness (the "SOAN"). Planck Spheres and the SOAN form a physical, ultra-high (3 x N) dimensional space ("Planck Space") and a discrete 3D space (or "4D spacetime"). Together, Planck Space and 4D spacetime form a tightly integrated ((3 x N) + 3) hyperspace (the "Dual Ontology"). Critically, a one-to-one mapping and identity exists between the Planck Spheres comprising 4D spacetime and Planck Space. The Dual Ontology conjecture supports radically simplified physical explanations for three distinct areas of theoretical physics: First, the conjecture reconciles fundamental issues in Special Relativity and quantum mechanics by explaining why single and N-body quantum states (a) dynamically evolve in 4D spacetime subject to the speed of light and (b) instantaneously collapse in a physical Planck Space that is not subject to Special Relativity. Second, the temporal and physical asymmetry between the dynamic evolution of quantum states in 4D spacetime subject to Special Relativity and the instantaneous collapse of quantum states in a Planck Space where Special Relativity is inapplicable explains quantum path irreversibility and the arrow of time. Third, at or near the heat death of 4D spacetime, the instantaneous collapse of the energy content of Planck Space and the simultaneous transition of 4D spacetime's extremely widely dispersed energy content to a non-singular, generally localized volume at t = 0 explains 4D spacetime's isotropy, homogeneity, extremely high energy, pressure, and temperature, flatness, and low gravitational entropy. It also explains the horizon and fine-tuning problems.

This article presents a concise survey of basic discrete and semi-discrete nonlinear models which produce two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons, and a summary of main theoretical and experimental results obtained for such solitons. The models are based on the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equations and their generalizations, such as a system of discrete Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations with the Lee-Huang-Yang corrections, the 2D Salerno model (SM), DNLS equations with long-range dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole interactions, a system of coupled discrete equations for the second-harmonic generation with the quadratic (χ⁽²⁾) nonlinearity, a 2D DNLS equation with a superlattice modulation opening mini-gaps, a discretized NLS equation with rotation, a DNLS coupler and its PT-symmetric version, a system of DNLS equations for the spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) binary Bose-Einstein condensate, and others. The article presents a review of basic species of multidimensional discrete modes, including fundamental and vortex solitons, their bound states, gap solitons populating mini-gaps, symmetric and asymmetric solitons in the conservative and PT-symmetric couplers, cuspons in the 2D SM, discrete SOC solitons of the semi-vortex and mixed-mode types, 3D discrete skyrmions, and some others.

A novel metal-doped carbon quantum dot, zinc-chlorine co-doped carbon quantum dots (Zn/Cl-CQDs), has been developed for the fluorescent probe detection of vitamin B2 and the analysis of the correlation properties of this carbon quantum dot and vitamin B2. Stability experiments demonstrate that Zn/Cl-CQDs possess good fluorescence properties under alkaline conditions. However, when vitamin B2 is added into Zn/Cl-CQDs, the fluorescence intensity decreases sharply, indicating that a fluorescence quenching phenomenon occurs between vitamin B2 and Zn/Cl-CQDs. Lastly, the use of Zn/Cl-CQDs in the detection of vitamin B2 tablets and vitamin B2-rich fruits resulted in recovery rates of 98.2% and 100.6%, respectively. Therefore, this method can be well applied to the detection and analysis of vitamin B2, and has great development prospects in the pharmaceutical industry and food monitoring fields.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven to be a very efficient class of machine learning (ML) architectures for handling multidimensional data by maintaining data locality, especially in the field of computer vision. Data pooling, a major component of CNNs, plays a crucial role for extracting important features of the input data and downsampling its dimensionality. Multidimensional pooling, however, is not efficiently implemented in existing ML algorithms. In particular, quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms have a tendency to ignore data locality for higher dimensions by representing/flattening multidimensional data as simple one-dimensional data. In this work, we propose using the quantum Haar transform (QHT) and quantum partial measurement for performing generalized pooling operations on multidimensional data. We present the corresponding decoherence-optimized quantum circuits for the proposed techniques along with their theoretical circuit depth analysis. Our experimental work was conducted using multidimensional data, ranging from 1-D audio data, to 2-D image data, to 3-D hyperspectral data, to demonstrate the scalability of the proposed methods. In our experiments, we utilized both noisy and noise-free quantum simulations on a state-of-the-art quantum simulator from IBM Quantum. We also show the efficiency of our proposed techniques for multidimensional data by reporting the fidelity of results.

The relativistic Doppler effect comes from the fact that observers in different inertial reference frames experience space and time differently, while the speed of light remains always the same. Consequently, a wave packet of light exhibits different frequencies, wavelengths, and amplitudes. In this paper, we present a local approach to the relativistic Doppler effect based on relativity, spatial and time translational symmetries, and energy conservation. Afterward, we investigate the implications of the relativistic Doppler effect for the quantum state transformations of wave packets of light and show that a local photon is a local photon at the same point in the spacetime diagram in all inertial frames.

Femtoscopy is a unique tool to investigate the space-time geometry of the matter created in ultra-relativistic collisions. If the probability density distribution of hadron emission is parametrized, then the dependence of its parameters on particle momentum, collision energy, and collision geometry can be given. In recent years, several measurements came to light that indicated the adequacy of assuming a Lévy-stable shape for the mentioned distribution. In parallel, several new phenomenological developments appeared, aiding the interpretation of the experimental results, or providing tools for the measurements. In this paper we review and discuss some of these advances, phenomenological and experimental.

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing for electricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-1, so one obtains an energy value accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. By investigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-type transformation: a multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planck constant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goes unnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like a particle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc2 gives a mass of 4.134883524·10-15 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction of Planck's relation calls quantum physics into question.

In this paper, we consider the formation of quantum black holes (QBHs) through a genuine quantum process. We treat particles at the Planck energy as QBHs. The Hawking temperature and entropy of QBHs are estimated. We also show that a QBH has a discrete energy spectrum. By analogy with supersymmetric theory, the mass of the superpartner of a QBH is estimated.