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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0028.v2

Intra-Urban Mobility in the Estimation of Risk Scenarios by BTEX Emissions

Marco Antonio Garcia-Zarate, María Evarista Arellano-García, Mariana Villada Canela, Patricia Aceves-Calderon, Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano, Christine Alysse Von- Glascoe, M. C. Arredondo Garcia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: VOC; technological risk; exposure to risks; DRI; risk mapping; SIG; BTEX

Online: 13 September 2016 (03:42:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0113.v1

Air Pollution Exposure in Relation to the Commute to School: A Bradford UK Case Study

Kim N. Dirks, Judith Y. T. Wang, Amirul Khan, Christopher Rushton

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: pedestrian; traffic; ultrafine particles; school; children; exposure

Online: 26 October 2016 (10:31:30 CEST)

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Walking School Buses (WSBs) provide a safe alternative to being driven to school. Children benefit from the contribution the exercise provides towards their daily exercise target, it gives children practical experience with respect to road safety and helps to relieve traffic congestion around the entrance to their school. Walking routes are designed largely based in road safety considerations, catchment need and the availability of parent support. However, little attention is given to the air pollution exposure experienced by children during their journey to school, despite the commuting microenvironment being an important contributor to a child’s daily air pollution exposure. This study aims to quantify the air pollution exposure experienced by children walking to school and those being driven by car. A school was chosen in Bradford, UK. Three adult participants carried out the journey to and from school each carrying a P-Trak ultrafine particle (UFP) count monitor. One participant travelled the journey to school by car while the other two walked, each on opposite sides of the road for the majority of the journey. Data collection was carried out over a period of two weeks, for a total of five journeys to school in the morning and five on the way home at the end of the school day. Results of the study suggest that car commuters experience lower levels of air pollution dose due to lower exposures and reduced commute times. The largest reductions in exposure for pedestrians can be achieved by avoiding close proximity to traffic queuing up to intersections, and, where possible, walking on the side of the road opposite the traffic, especially during the morning commuting period. Major intersections should also be avoided as they were associated with peak exposures. Steps to ensure that the phasing of lights is optimized to minimize pedestrian waiting time would also help reduce exposures. If possible, busy roads should be avoided altogether. By the careful design of WSB routes, taking into account air pollution, children will be able to experience the benefits that walking to school brings while minimizing their air pollution exposure during their commute to and from school.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0070.v1

Effects of Fetal Exposure to Asian Sand Dust on Fetal Development and Reproductive Function in Male Offspring

Seiichi Yoshida, Takamichi Ichinose, Keiichi Arashidani, Miao He, Hirohisa Takano, Takayuki Shibamoto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: asian sand dust; in utero exposure; secondary sex ratio; male reproduction; daily sperm production

Online: 20 September 2016 (11:39:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0059.v1

Fusing Observational, Satellite Remote Sensing and Air Quality Model Simulated Data to Estimate Spatiotemporal Variations of PM2.5 Exposure in China

Tao Xue, Yixuan Zheng, Guannan Geng, Bo Zheng, Xujia Jiang, Qiang Zhang, Kebin He

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: fine particulate matter (PM2.5); aerosol optical depth; community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model; data fusion; exposure assessment

Online: 16 February 2017 (08:58:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0174.v1

An Agent-Based Modeling Framework for Simulating Human Exposure to Environmental Stresses in Urban Areas

Liang Emlyn Yang, Peter Hoffmann, Jürgen Scheffran, Sven Rühe, Jana Fischereit, Ingenuin Gasser

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: environmental stress; human exposure; agent-based model; air pollution; urban heat wave; exposure modeling; climate change

Online: 27 February 2018 (05:12:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0160.v1

Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: a Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods

Jihyun Bae, Hoonjeong Kwon, Jooyoun Kim

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: absorbent hygiene pad; diaper; feminine pad; risk assessment; safety; hazard; exposure; test method

Online: 8 October 2018 (16:26:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0076.v1

Mercury Levels in Human Hair and Farmed Fish near Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities in the Madre de Dios River Basin, Peru

Aubrey L. Langeland, Rebecca D. Hardin, Richard L. Neitzel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Toxicology Keywords: mercury; exposure assessment; human health; artisanal and small-scale gold mining

Online: 14 March 2017 (08:40:59 CET)

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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has been an important source of income for communities in the Madre de Dios River Basin in Peru for hundreds of years. However, in recent decades, the scale of ASGM activities in the region has increased dramatically, and exposures to a variety of occupational and environmental hazards related to ASGM, including mercury, are becoming more widespread. The aims of our study were to: (1) examine patterns in the total hair mercury level of human participants in several communities in the region and compare these results to the 2.2 µg/g total hair mercury level equivalent to the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA)’s Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI); and (2), to measure the mercury levels of paco (Piaractus brachypomus) fish raised in local aquaculture ponds, in order to compare these levels to the EPA Fish Tissue Residue Criterion of 0.3 µg Hg/g fish (wet weight). We collected hair samples from 80 participants in four communities (one control and three where ASGM activities occurred) in the region, and collected 111 samples from fish raised in 24 local aquaculture farms. We then analyzed the samples for total mercury. Total mercury levels in hair were statistically significantly higher in the mining communities than in the control community, and increased with increasing distance away from the Madre de Dios headwaters (as the crow flies), did not differ by sex, and frequently exceeded the reference level. Regression analyses indicated that higher hair mercury levels were associated with residence in ASGM communities. The analysis of paco fish samples found no samples that exceeded the EPA tissue residue criterion. Collectively, these results align with other recent studies showing that ASGM activities are associated with elevated human mercury exposure. The fish farmed through the relatively new process of aquaculture in ASGM areas appeared to have little potential to contribute to human mercury exposure. More research is needed on human health risks associated with ASGM to discern occupational, residential, and nutritional exposure, especially through tracking temporal changes in mercury levels as fish ponds age, and assessing levels in different farmed fish species. Additionally, research is needed to definitively determine that elevated mercury levels in humans and fish result from the elemental mercury from mining, rather than from a different source, such as the mercury released from soil erosion during deforestation events from mining or other activities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0030.v1

Particulate Matter and Respiratory Symptoms among Adults Living in Windhoek, Namibia; a Cross Sectional Descriptive Study

Ndinomholo Hamatui, Caryl Beynon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: respiratory symptoms; PM exposure; residential location; Namibia; Windhoek

Online: 10 October 2016 (09:59:29 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0109.v1

Incidence of Breast, Prostate, Testicular and Thyroid Cancer in Italian Contaminated Sites with Presence of Substances with Endocrine Disrupting Properties

Marta Benedetti, Amerigo Zona, Eleonora Beccaloni, Mario Carere, Pietro Comba

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: cancer; incidence; endocrine disruptors; environmental exposure

Online: 16 March 2017 (06:42:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0063.v1

Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Combined with HIV Vaccines in the United States

Blythe J.S. Adamson, Josh J. Carlson, James G. Kublin, Louis P. Garrison, Jr.

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: economic evaluation; mathematical modeling; HIV vaccines; pre-exposure prophylaxis; cost-effectiveness

Online: 8 May 2017 (12:13:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0546.v2

Aerosol Particles Laden with Viruses That Cause COVID-19 Travel Over 30m Distance

Boris Gorbunov

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; face masks; aerosol; infection transmission route; weather conditions; viral load; exposure; dose

Online: 21 May 2020 (04:05:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0197.v1

Mat-O-Covid: Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) Using Data from a National Compensation System for Occupational Covid-19

Alexis Descatha, Grace Sembajwe, Fabien Gilbert, Marc Fadel

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: public health; occupational; Covid; SARS-CoV-2; work; job exposure matrix; JEM; compensation; predictivity; validity; accuracy

Online: 16 February 2022 (09:47:18 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1267.v1

Inadvertent Exposure to Pharmacologically Designed Lipid Nanoparticles Via Bodily Fluids: Biologic Plausibility and Potential Consequences

Matthew Halma, Jessica Rose, Peter McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination; mRNA vaccine; lipid nanoparticles; blood transfusion; breastfeeding exposure; pharmacovigilance

Online: 22 February 2024 (04:00:44 CET)

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Exposure to vaccine lipid nanoparticles, mRNA, adenoviral DNA, and or Spike protein from one of the approved Covid-19 vaccines, or through secondary exposure, as through blood transfusion, is a potential source of harm. Blood reactions are an acknowledged side-effect of Covid-19 vaccination, not limited to hemolysis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, chronic cold agglutinin disease, immune thrombocytopenia, haemophagocytosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and many other blood related conditions. The observation of adverse events has motivated investigation into the cardiovascular mechanisms of harm by Covid-19 vaccines, and the biodistribution of vaccine contents. Biodistribution may not be limited to the body of the vaccine recipient, as a growing body of evidence demonstrates the possibility of secondary exposure to vaccine particles. These can be via bodily fluids and include the following routes of exposure: blood transfusion, organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and possibly other means. As covid-19 vaccines are associated with an increased risk of stroke, the persistence of vaccine artifacts in the blood presents a possible threat to a recipient of a blood donation from a vaccinated donor who suffered from vaccine induced thrombosis or thrombocytopenia. (VITT) We assess the feasibility and significance of these risks through an overview of the case report literature of blood disorders in vaccinated individuals, pharmacovigilance reports from the US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and a meta-analysis of the available literature on organ transplants from vaccinated organ donors. Our analysis establishes biological mechanistic plausibility, a coherent safety signal in pharmacovigilance databases for secondary vaccine contents exposure (for the cases of blood transfusion and breastfeeding) and also an elevated level of adverse events in organ transplants from VITT-deceased donors, echoing increases in organ transplantation related complications seen in national statistics for some countries. Secondary exposure to vaccine artifacts is a potential explanation for some of the cases put forth, and requires a deeper investigation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0212.v1

Debunking the Fabricated Myths Around 5G

Muhammad Usman Hadi, Mareya Khurshid Ali

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: 5G; health risks; EMP exposure; health hazards

Online: 8 August 2020 (17:56:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0109.v1

Particle-Size Distribution and Bioaccessibility of Metals-Loaded in Street Dust of Urban Center in Southwest Nigeria

Emmanuel Gbenga Olumayede, Thompson Faraday Ediagbonya, Chuckuembe Ojiodu, Ilemobayo Oguntimehin, Olujinmi Moses Folarin, James Majebi Okuo, Olushola Sunday Ayanda

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: dust; bioavailability; particle sizes; heavy metals; health risk; exposure

Online: 17 October 2017 (03:59:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0348.v1

Vulnerability Assessment to Flood Hazards of Households in Flood-Prone Areas of Kasese District, Western Uganda

Yayiru Tibara, Hannington Wasswa, Henry Musoke Semakula

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: floods; vulnerability; exposure; adaptive capacity; Uganda

Online: 24 October 2022 (05:08:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0087.v1

NoiseModelling: An Open Source GIS Based Tool to Produce Environmental Noise Maps

Erwan Bocher, Gwenaël Guillaume, Judicaël Picaut, Gwendall Petit, Nicolas Fortin

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Noise mapping; END directive; GIS; open source; standards, road traffic; population exposure

Online: 11 February 2019 (09:48:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0248.v1

Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation: Graft-Free Short Tunnel Small Flap versus Scleral Patch Graft After 1 Year Follow-Up: A Randomised Clinical Trial

Mohammad Pakravan, Mohammadmehdi Hatami, Hamed Esfandiari, Shahin Yazdani, Azadeh Doozandeh, Bahareh Kheiri, Ian Conner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: short tunnel small flap; glaucoma drainage device implantation; tube exposure; STSF; Ahmed glaucoma valve; AGV

Online: 15 June 2018 (09:40:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0336.v1

How Loud are Noise Levels of Baseball Stadium? Assessment of Noise Levels and Attitude toward the Stadium Noise in Korea

Donguk Lee, Woojae Han

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Other Keywords: noise of baseball stadium; recreational noise exposure; survey of noise exposure; noise-induced hearing loss

Online: 29 October 2019 (10:52:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0262.v1

A Review of Community Smoke Exposure from Wildfire Compared to Prescribed Fire in the United States

Kathleen M. Navarro, Don Schweizer, John R. Balmes, Ricardo Cisneros

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: wildfire; prescribed fire; smoke; particulate matter; public health; exposure

Online: 30 March 2018 (09:36:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0089.v1

Estimation of PM₁₀ Health Impacts on Human within Urban Areas of Makkah city, KSA

Atef M. F. Mohammed

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Pollution Keywords: PM10; Exposure; Health risk assessment; Makkah

Online: 14 December 2017 (11:06:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0405.v2

Effectiveness of Prevailing Flush Guidelines to Prevent Exposure to Lead in Water

Adrienne Katner, Kelsey Pieper, Komal Brown, Hui-Yi Lin, Jeffrey Parks, Xinnan Wang, Chih-yang Hu, Sheldon Masters, Howard Mielke, Marc Edwards

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: drinking water; lead; Pb; flush; exposure prevention; intervention; lead service line

Online: 29 May 2018 (09:39:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0133.v1

Association of Blood Pressure with Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Korean Adolescents: Analysis of Data from the 2010–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Jaeouk Ahn, Nam-Soo Kim, Byung-Kook Lee, Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: hypertension; lead; cadmium; blood pressure; combined exposure

Online: 16 March 2018 (07:22:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0110.v1

A Novel Strategy for Very-Large-Scale Cash-Crop Mapping in the Context of Weather-Related Risk Assessment, Combining Global Satellite Multispectral Datasets, Environmental Constraints, and in-Situ Acquisition of Geospatial Data

Fabio Dell'Acqua, Gianni Cristian Iannelli, Marco A. Torres, Mario L. V. Martina

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geography Keywords: best practice; crop mapping; crowdsourcing; drought risk assessment; exposure; flood risk assessment; geospatial data; spaceborne remote sensing; unsupervised classification; rule-based classification

Online: 17 December 2017 (08:26:29 CET)

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Cash crops are agricultural crops intended to be sold for profit as opposed to subsistence crops, meant to support the producer, or to support livestock. Since cash crops are intended for future sale, they translate into large financial value when considered on a wide geographical scale, so their production directly involves financial risk. At a national level, extreme weather events including destructive rain or hail, as well as drought, can have a significant impact on the overall economic balance. It is thus important to map such crops in order to set up insurance and mitigation strategies. Using locally generated data -such as municipality-level records of crop seeding- for mapping purposes implies facing a series of issues like data availability, quality, homogeneity etc. We thus opted for a different approach relying on global datasets. Global datasets ensure homogeneity and availability of data, although sometimes at the expense of precision and accuracy. A typical global approach makes use of spaceborne remote sensing, for which different land cover classification strategies are available in literature at different levels of cost and accuracy. We selected the optimal strategy in the perspective of a global processing chain. Thanks to a specifically developed strategy for fusing unsupervised classification results with environmental constraints and other geospatial inputs including ground-based data, we managed to obtain good classification results despite the constraints placed. The overall production process was composed using ``good-enough" algorithms at each step, ensuring that the precision, accuracy, and data-hunger of each algorithm was commensurate to the precision, accuracy, and amount of data available. This paper describes the tailored strategy developed on the occasion as a cooperation among different groups with diverse backgrounds, a strategy which is believed to be profitably reusable in other, similar contexts. The paper presents the problem, the constraints and the adopted solutions; it then summarizes the main findings including that efforts and costs can be saved on the side of Earth Observation data processing when additional ground-based data are available to support the mapping task.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0123.v1

Environmental Lead Exposure and Adult Literacy in Myanmar: An Exploratory Study of Potential Associations at the Township Level

Robert C. MacTavish, Liam W. Remillard, Colleen M. Davison

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: lead exposure; adult literacy; global health; environmental health; Myanmar

Online: 10 April 2018 (09:51:02 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0014.v1

Piloting a Developmental Screening Tool Adapted for East African Children

Mollika A. Sajady, Christopher J. Mehus, Emily C. Moody, Ericka G. Jaramillo, Ezekiel Mupere, Andrew J. Barnes, Sarah E. Cusick

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: development; milestones; screening; poverty; stunting; lead exposure; developmental risk; child health; global health; pediatrics

Online: 1 June 2018 (11:11:19 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Effect of W on the Evolution of Precipitates in Ni-Co-Cr-W-Mo Super-Alloys

Hansheng Bao, Zhihua Gong, Zhengzong Chen, Gang Yang, Zhengdong Liu

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Metals, Alloys And Metallurgy Keywords: nickel-based super-alloys; M6C; u phase; long time exposure; M12C

Online: 16 September 2019 (01:22:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0264.v1

Self-Reported Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Avoidance Compared with Cotinine Confirmed Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women and Their Infants

Adam Gregory Gavarkovs, Patricia Markham Risica, Donna R. Parker, Ernestine Jennings, Jennifer Mello, Maureen Phipps

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: environmental tobacco exposure; pregnancy; infancy; measurement

Online: 30 March 2018 (09:51:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0040.v1

Toxic Effects of Methanol among Illegally Dispatched Workers at Aluminum CNC cutting process in Small-scale 3rd tier Subcontractor Factories of Smartphone Manufacturers in the Republic of Korea

Chung Won Kang, Hyunjoo Kim, Kyoung Seok Shin, Jia Rhu, Kyounghee Jungchoi, Key Hwan Lim, Jin-Ha Kim

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Methanol exposure; toxic effects; subcontractor manufacturing; dispatched workers; visual defect; neurobehavioral function

Online: 3 April 2018 (16:11:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0028.v3

Anti Cutaneous Aging Effect of Red Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) Extract on Gene Expression of Human Dermal Fibroblast

Yung-Hsiang Lin, Yung-Kai Lin, Shu-Ting Chan, Yu-Ming Chun, Yu-Ting Lin, Kai-Wen Kan, Chin-Hsiu Yu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aging Keywords: Chenopodium formosanum; human dermal fibroblast; UV exposure; antioxidant activity; anti-aging; red djulis

Online: 13 November 2019 (11:02:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0114.v1

Urban Chickens as a Pathway for Human Illness? An Examination of Knowledge, Behavior, and Risk

Stella Capoccia, Michael Masters, Scott Risser

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: urban chickens; poultry; disease transmission; food security; risk; exposure; locavore; urban agriculture

Online: 17 February 2018 (13:01:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0355.v1

Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A and Phthalates and Behavioral Problems in Children at Preschool Age: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health

Machiko Minatoya, Sachiko Itoh, Keiko Yamazaki, Atsuko Araki, Chihiro Miyashita, Naomi Tamura, Jun Yamamoto, Yu Onoda, kazuki Ogasawara, Toru Matsumura, Reiko Kishi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SDQ; bisphenol A; phthalates; prenatal exposure; birth cohort; behavioral problems

Online: 27 April 2018 (08:27:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0471.v2

Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective

Pritam Saha, Ebin Johny, Ashish Dangi, Sopan B Shinde, Mathew Eapen, Sukhwinder Sohal, VGM Naidu, Pawan Sharma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: PM, air pollution, maternal exposure, airways disease

Online: 5 September 2018 (10:31:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0641.v1

Aging-induced Changes in Sperm DNA Methylation are Modified by Low Dose of Perinatal Flame retardants

J.Richard Pilsner, Alex Shershebnev, Haotian Wu, Chelsea Marcho, Olga Dribnokhodova, Victoria Shtratnikova, Oleg Sergeyev, Alexander Suvorov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: aging; paternal exposure; sperm; advanced paternal age; epigenetics; DNA methylation; RRBS, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; PBDE; BDE-47; perinatal; environment

Online: 30 October 2020 (13:37:14 CET)

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Advanced paternal age at fertilization has been suggested to be a risk factor for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and other disorders in offspring. One emerging hypothesis suggests that altered offspring phenotype is linked with age-related accumulation of epigenetic changes in the sperm of fathers. Given that paternal age is increasing in the developed world, understanding aging-related epigenetic changes in sperm is needed as well as environmental factors that modify such changes. In this study, we characterize age-dependent changes in sperm DNA methylation profiles between young pubertal (postnatal day (PNDs) 65) and mature (PND120) Wistar rats. We also analyze these changes in rats exposed perinatally to 0.2 mg/kg of ubiquitous environmental xenobiotic 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) libraries were prepared from caudal epididymal sperm DNA and differentially methylated regions (DMRs; ≥ 10x coverage depth, ≥ 3 CpGs per cluster, ≥ 5% methylation change, q < 0.05) were identified via MethPipe package. In control animals, 5,319 age-dependent DMRs were identified, with 99.3% DMRs hypermethylated in mature animals compared to young pubertal rats. These age-related DMRs were enriched for functional categories essential for embryonic development, such as pattern specification, forebrain and sensory organ development, Hippo and Wnt pathways. Age-related changes in sncRNA, reported in different study, target similar list of genes and biological categories.In BDE-47 exposed rats, sperm DNA methylation was higher in young pubertal and lower in mature animals when compared to controls, which resulted in a significant attenuation in the number of age-dependent DMRs (N = 189) identified in the exposed group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the natural aging process has profound effects on sperm methylation levels and this effect may be modified by environmental exposures. Moreover, our results further support the role of epigenetic mechanisms as a likely link betwen paternal age and offspring health and development.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0511.v1

Natural Background and Anthropogenic Arsenic Enrichment in Florida Soils, Surface Water, and Groundwater: A Review with a Discussion on Public Health Risk

Thomas M. Missimer, Christopher M. Teaf, William T. Beeson, Robert G. Maliva, John Woolschlager, Douglas J. Covert

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: arsenic; florida; soils; geologic units; groundwater; exposure; public health risk

Online: 30 August 2018 (05:13:13 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Law and Regulations to Control Pesticide Exposure Among the General Population: Comparing the Australian and the European Union Pesticide Regulatory System

Maisarah Nasution Waras, Kateryna Babina, Ismaniza Ismail, Claire E. Lenehan

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: pesticide regulation; pesticide exposure; pesticide policy; non-occupational pesticide exposure; human health; pesticide pollution

Online: 4 December 2020 (15:09:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0001.v1

3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

Panagiotis Karayannis, Fotini Petrakli, Anastasia Gkika, Elias Koumoulos

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Polymers And Plastics Keywords: 3D printing; lab-on-a-chip; FFF; Safe-by-Design; exposure assessment

Online: 1 November 2019 (03:40:54 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0081.v1

Prenatal Mercury Exposure and Postnatal Outcome: A Case Series in Bogotá, Colombia

Nelsy Niño-Rodríguez, María Margarita Manrique Andrade, Diana María Perez-Castiblanco, Cesar Alejandro Geney, Diana Patricia Castro Aguilar, Adriana Ruíz, Angélica María Téllez, Luis Jorge Hernández-Florez, Oscar Andrés Bociga, Helena Groot de Restrepo, Diana María Narváez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: mercury; prenatal exposure; postnatal outcome; environmental health; epidemiological monitoring

Online: 7 September 2019 (01:06:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0484.v1

The Relationship between Nature Deprivation and Individual Wellbeing across Urban Gradients under COVID-19

Linda Powers Tomasso, Jie Yin, Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent, Jarvis T. Chen, Paul Catalano, John D. Spengler

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: nature exposure; nature deprivation; health disparities; wellbeing; built environment; urban health interventions

Online: 21 December 2020 (09:00:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0130.v1

Assessment and Calibration on Low-cost PM2.5 Sensor using Machin Learning (Hybrid-LSTM Neural Network): Feasibility Study to Build Air Quality Monitoring System

Donggeun Park, Geon-Woo Yoo, Seong-Ho Park, Jong-Hyeon Lee

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: machine learning; deep learning; calibration; air quality; low-cost sensors; exposure assessment

Online: 7 September 2021 (14:24:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0491.v1

On the nature of evidence and 'proving' causality: smoking and lung cancer vs. sun exposure, vitamin D and multiple sclerosis

Robyn Lucas, Rachael Rodney Harris

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: epidemiology, causality, association, smoking, lung cancer, vitamin D, sun exposure, multiple sclerosis

Online: 29 June 2018 (15:42:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0272.v1

Habitat Climate Change Vulnerability Index Applied to Major Vegetation Types of the Western Interior United States

Patrick J. Comer, Jon C. Hak, Marion S. Reid, Stephanie Auer, Keith Schulz, Healy Hamilton, Regan Smyth, Matthew Kling

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: adaptive capacity; climate change vulnerability; exposure; resilience; sensitivity; vegetation

Online: 22 May 2019 (09:55:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Investigation of the Health Effects of Workers Exposed to Respirable Crystalline Silica during Outdoor and Underground Construction Projects in Greece

Dimitrios Keramydas, Petros Bakakos, Manos Alchanatis, Ioannis Konstantakopoulos, Petros Papalexis, Kyriaki Tavernaraki, Vasileios Dracopoulos, Antonios Papadakis, Eugenia Pantazi, Nektaria Sidiropoulou, Georgios Chelidonis, Elias Chaidoutis, Theodoros C. Constantinidis, Dimosthenis Chochlakis, Nikolaos Kavantzas, Efstratios Patsouris, Andreas Ch. Lazaris

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: ilicosis; silicon powder; crystalline silica (SiO2); construction workers; occupational exposure; occupational exposure limit; occupational hygiene

Online: 8 April 2020 (04:22:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0163.v1

Sublethal Effects of Wild-Type and a vIF-2α-Knockout Frog virus 3 on Post-Metamorphic Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica)

Joe-Felix Bienentreu, Leon Grayfer, Dannah M. Schock, Matthew Guerreiro, Stephanie J. DeWitt-Orr, Jacques Robert, Craig R. Brunetti, David Lesbarreres

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: Ranavirus; FV3; vIF-2α knockout mutant; bath exposure; wood frog; sublethal effects; reservoir host

Online: 15 March 2019 (11:58:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0180.v1

Antagonistic Interactions between Benzo[a]pyrene and C₆₀ in Toxicological Response of Marine Mussels

Audrey Barranger, Laura M. Langan, Vikram Sharma, Graham A. Rance, Yann Aminot, Nicola J. Weston, Farida Akcha, Michael N. Moore, Volker M. Arlt, Andrei N. Khlobystov, James W. Readman, Awadhesh N. Jha

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Trojan Horse effect; B[a]P; nC60; co-exposure; Mussels; DNA damage; proteomics

Online: 15 May 2019 (09:57:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0288.v1

The Influence and Interaction of Tobacco-Related Information Exposure on Youth Smoking Behavior and Smoking Susceptibility: Sex and School Type Difference

Jingfen Zhu, Jiahui Li, Yaping He, Na Li, Gang Xu, Jinming Yu

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: adolescent; current smoking; smoking behavior; tobacco message exposure

Online: 24 May 2019 (08:34:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0128.v2

Conjunctivitis and Exposure to Ambient Ozone

Mieczyslaw Szyszkowicz, Ariela Gordon Shaag, Einat Shneor

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: air pollution; conjunctivitis; exposure; linear; model; case-crossover; poisson

Online: 17 April 2019 (11:58:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0450.v1

Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing

Eleonore Fröhlich

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: 3Rs; replacement of animals; inhalation; in vitro; animal models; species differences; lung morphology; rodents; aerosol exposure

Online: 19 May 2021 (14:30:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0501.v1

Elevated Urinary Arsenic Level among Residents of an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Southern Thailand and its Related Factors: Three Decades after Mitigation Attempts

Udomsak Saengow, Surasak Vijitpongjinda, Supabhorn Yimthiang, Apichai Wattanapisit, Sirilak Thaicharoen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: human arsenic exposure; water source; risk factors; Thailand

Online: 21 September 2020 (11:32:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0168.v2

Awareness of Adverse Health Effects of Silica Dust Exposure Among Stone Quarry Workers in Ghana

Dzifa Francis Ahadzi

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: awareness, adverse health effects, exposure, stone quarry workers, silica dust

Online: 13 May 2021 (11:02:43 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0152.v1

Translating Virtual Reality Cue Exposure Therapy for Binge Eating into a Real-World Setting: A Pilot Study

Katherine Nameth, Theresa Brown, Kim Bullock, Sarah Adler, Giuseppe Riva, Debra Safer, Cristin Runfola

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: eating disorder; binge-eating disorder; bulimia nervosa; binge eating, cue-exposure; therapy; treatment; virtual reality

Online: 4 March 2021 (10:08:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0323.v1

Cross-Reactivity of Zika and Other Flaviviruses in Serological Diagnostics

Kelli L. Barr, Erika R. Schwarz, Dhani Prakoso, Kehkashan Imtiaz, Ruiyu Pu, J. Glenn Morris Jr., Erum Khan, Maureen T. Long

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Tropical Medicine Keywords: Zika virus; flavivirus; cross-reactivity; neutralization; diagnostics; serology; plaque reduction neutralization test; flavivirus exposure

Online: 27 November 2019 (03:45:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0323.v1

Evaluation of Face Shields, Goggles and Safety Glasses as a Virus Transmission Control Measure to Protect the Wearer Against Cough Droplets

Samantha Hall, Paul Johnson, Claire Bailey, Zoe Gould, Robert White, Brian Crook

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: face shield; goggles; safety glasses; cough; droplets; virus transmission; COVID 19; exposure

Online: 25 February 2022 (06:52:12 CET)

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Face shields (also referred to as visors), goggles and safety glasses have been worn during the COVID-19 pandemic as one measure to control transmission of the virus. However, their effectiveness in controlling facial exposure to cough droplets is not well established and standard tests for evaluating eye protection for this application are limited. A method was developed to evaluate face shields, goggles and safety glasses as a control measure to protect the wearer against cough droplets. The method uses a semi-quantitative assessment of facial droplet deposition. A cough simulator was developed to generate droplets comparable to those from a human cough. The droplets consisted of a UV fluorescent marker (fluorescein) in water. Fourteen face shields, four pairs of goggles and one pair of safety glasses were evaluated by mounting them on two different sizes of breathing manikin head and challenging them with the simulated cough. The manikin head was positioned in seven orientations relative to the cough simulator to represent various potential occupational exposure scenarios, for example, a nurse standing over a patient. Droplet deposition in the eyes, nose and mouth regions were visualised following three ‘coughs’. Face shields, goggles and safety glasses reduced, but did not eliminate exposure to the wearer from droplets such as those produced by a human cough. The level of protection differed based on the design of the personal protective equipment and the relative orientation of the wearer to the cough. For example, face shields and goggles offered the greatest protection when a cough challenge was face on or from above and the least protection when a cough challenge was from below. Face shields were also evaluated as source control to protect others from the wearer. Results suggested that if a coughing person wears a face shield, it can provide some protection from cough droplets to those standing directly in front of the wearer.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0088.v1

The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound and Artificial Light Exposure on Microbiomes: Ecological and Public Health Implications

Jake M Robinson, Ross Cameron, Brenda Parker

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Microbiome; sound exposure; noise pollution; microalgae; artificial light; bioacoustics; ecosystem health; light pollution; photo-sonic restoration hypothesis

Online: 2 February 2021 (13:12:10 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1160.v1

Drinking Water Systems as a Cocktail of Emerging Organic Contaminants: Occurrence, Public Health Risks, and Research Needs

Jerikias Marumure, Tinoziva T Simbanegavi, Zakio Makuvara, Rangarirayi Karidzagundi, Richwell Alufasi, Marvelous Goredema, Claudious Gufe, Nhamo Chaukura, Willis Gwenzi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: Human exposure; high-risk environments; human health hazards; personal care products; pharmaceuticals; per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; risk factors

Online: 16 June 2023 (03:16:14 CEST)

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) of anthropogenic origins are ubiquitous in environmental compartments, including aquatic systems. Thus, EOCs have attracted considerable research and public attention due to their potential human and ecological health risks. However, compared to other aquatic environments such as wastewater systems, comprehensive reviews focussing on the occurrence and human health risks of EOCs in drinking water systems are still lacking. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, the current review posits that drinking water systems harbour a cocktail of toxic EOCs, which pose public health risks via multiple exposure routes. In the present review, global evidence is examined to track EOCs along the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) continuum. Evidence shows that, various groups of EOCs, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, solvents, plasticizers, endocrine disrupting compounds, gasoline additives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), food colourants, artificial sweeteners, and musks and fragrances, have been detected in drinking water systems. The anthropogenic sources of EOCs detected in drinking water systems, including wastewater systems and industrial emissions, are summarized. Further, the behaviour and fate of EOCs in the drinking water systems, including removal processes are discussed. Once in drinking water systems, human exposure to EOCs may occur via ingestion of contaminated drinking water and cooked foods, and possibly dermal contact and inhalation. The high-risk environments, and risk factors and behaviours predisposing humans to EOC exposure are discussed. Evidence on the human health risks of the various EOCs and a critique of the data are presented. Notably, besides inferential data, quantitative epidemiological evidence directly relating the occurrence of EOCs in drinking water systems to specific adverse human health outcomes is still scarce. Lastly, future research directions, including the need for quantitative public health risk assessment, and the application of emerging detection tools are discussed.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0169.v1

Improved Multifactor Portfolio Optimization Method through Empirical Research in South Korea

DongJun Lee

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: asset allocation; risk factor; risk exposure; macro-factor

Online: 12 May 2022 (10:44:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0258.v1

Children's Health in the Digital Age

Birgitta Dresp-Langley

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: digital environments; over exposure; children; vitamin D; melatonin; myopia; sleep loss; depression; obesity internet addiction; serotonin; dopamine; oxidative stress

Online: 16 March 2020 (04:22:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0199.v1

Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade

Montse Marquès, Jose L Domingo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Hematology Keywords: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs); polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDFs); human exposure; blood samples; dietary intake; risks

Online: 20 August 2019 (04:20:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0105.v1

Combining Three Cohorts of WTC Rescue/Recovery Workers for Assessing Cancer Incidence and Mortality

Robert Brackbill, Amy Kahn, Jiehui LI, Rachel Zeig-Owens, David Goldfarb, Molly Skerker, Mark Farfel, James Cone, Janette Yung, Deborah Walker, Adrienne Solomon, Baozhen Qiao, Maria Schymura, Christopher Dasaro, Dana Kristjansson, Mayris Webber, Roberto Lucchini, Andrew Todd, David Prezant, Paolo Boffetta, Charles Hall

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: World Trade Center; Exposure; Cancer; Rescue and recovery workers; Pooling cohorts

Online: 6 January 2021 (10:30:43 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1092.v1

Assessing Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Food System and Human Health

Mahmudul Hasan Mithun, Auditi kar, Atiqur Rahman Sunny, Masum Billah, Sharif Ahmed Sazzad, Sadeques Salehin, Al Maksud Foysal, Nusrat Jahan, Koushikur Rahman, Abdulla Al Shiam, Redoyan Chowdhury, Jubayer Arafat, Abdul Baten

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aquatic Science Keywords: Micro-plastics; routes of MPs; eco-toxicology; aquatic organisms; human exposure

Online: 17 November 2023 (02:27:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0349.v1

Effect of Prenatal Ketamine Exposure: A Focused Literature Review

Alexa Simonetti, Alicia Trimble, Hattie Shrock, Revathi Gudi, Varsha Murthy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors; prenatal exposure; neurotoxic

Online: 14 April 2023 (04:29:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0042.v1

Feasibility Evaluation of CFD Approach for Inhalation Exposure Assessment: Case Study for Biocide Spray

Donggeun Park, Jong-Hyeon Lee

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: inhalation exposure assessment; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); biocides; spray model; unsteady RANS

Online: 4 January 2021 (13:17:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0518.v1

Data Fusion and Visualization of a Multi-Sensor Personal Exposure Campaign

Rok Novak, Ioannis Petridis, David Kocman, Johanna Amalia Robinson, Tjaša Kanduč, Dimitris Chapizanis, Spyros Karakitsios, Benjamin Flückiger, Danielle Vienneau, Ondřej Mikeš, Celine Degrendele, Ondřej Sáňka, Saul García Dos Santos-Alves, Thomas Maggos, Dementra Pardali, Asimina Stamatelopoulou, Dikaia Saraga, Marco Giovanni Persico, Jaideep Visave, Alberto Gotti, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: data fusion; multi-sensor; data visualization; data treatment; participant reports; air quality; exposure assessment

Online: 30 September 2021 (14:13:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0339.v1

Aging Induces Profound Changes in sncRNA in Rat Sperm and these Changes are Modified by Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Flame Retardant

Alexander Suvorov, Vladimir Naumov, Victoria Shtratnikova, J.Richard Pilsner, Anna Zheludkevich, Evgeny Gerasimov, Maria Logacheva, Oleg Sergeyev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: aging; paternal exposure; sperm; semen; epigenetics; sncRNA; piRNA; miRNA; 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; PBDE; BDE-47; perinatal; environment.

Online: 16 October 2020 (08:10:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1205.v1

Microplastics, Additives, and Plasticizers in Freshwater Bivalves: Preliminary Research of Biomonitoring

Giulia Cesarini, Fabiana Corami, Beatrice Rosso, Massimiliano Scalici

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aquatic Science Keywords: freshwaters; environmental exposure; gills; gastrointestinal tracts; biological uptake; nylon; rayon

Online: 19 June 2023 (09:47:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0234.v1

Physical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Routes: from Primary Production and Emissions to Exposures and COVID-19 Infection

Gjalt Huppes, Ruben Huele

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; virions mass balance; spatial modelling of toxics concentrations; human exposure to airborne substances; Substance Flow Analysis (SFA); environmental routes of toxic viruses; primary production of SARS-2 virions

Online: 17 May 2022 (14:19:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0107.v1

On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology

Francesca Costabile, Stefano Decesari, Roberta Vecchi, Franco Lucarelli, Gabriele Curci, Dario Massabò, Matteo Rinaldi, Maurizio Gualtieri, Emanuela Corsini, Elena Menegola, Silvia Canepari, Lorenzo Massimi, Stefania Argentini, Maurizio Busetto, Gianluca Di Iulio, Luca Di Liberto, Marco Paglione, Igor Petenko, Mara Russo, Angela Marinoni, Gianpietro Casasanta, Sara Valentini, Vera Bernardoni, Federica Crova, Gianluigi Valli, Alice Corina Forello, Fabio Giardi, Silvia Nava, Giulia Pazzi, Paolo Prati, Virginia Vernocchi, Teresa La Torretta, Ettore Petralia, Milena Stracquadanio, Gabriele Zanini, Gloria Melzi, Emma Nozza, Martina Iulini, Donatella Caruso, Lucia Cioffi, Gabriele Imperato, Flavio Giavarini, Maria Battistoni, Francesca Di Renzo, Maria Agostina Frezzini, Cinzia Perrino, Maria Cristina Facchini

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: atmospheric aerosol; chemical composition; secondary aerosol; source apportionment; ultrafine particles; oxidative potential; exposure; toxicology; forecasting; micrometeorology

Online: 12 April 2022 (09:54:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0038.v1

Progeria and Aging - Omics Based Comparative Analysis

Aylin Caliskan, Samantha Agnetz Wilhelmine Crouch, Sara Giddins, Thomas Dandekar, Seema Dangwal

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: progeria; aging; omics; RNA Sequencing; bioinformatics; sun exposure; HGPS; IGFBP2; ACKR4; WNT

Online: 4 July 2022 (08:10:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0535.v1

Explosives Use in Decommissioning – Guide for Assessment of Risk (EDGAR): II Determination of Sound Exposure Levels for Open Water Blasts and Severance of Conductors and Piles from Below the Seabed

Alison Brand

Subject: Physical Sciences, Acoustics Keywords: Underwater noise modelling; decommissioning; explosives; sound exposure level; marine mammals; fish

Online: 23 July 2021 (10:41:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0550.v1

Assessing Completeness of OpenStreetMap Building Footprints Using a Gamification Approach in MapSwipe

Tahira Ullah, Sven Lautenbach, Benjamin Herfort, Danijel Schorlemmer

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: OpenStreetMap; MapSwipe; data completeness; disaster management; exposure, Volunteered Geographic Information; data quality

Online: 30 January 2023 (09:29:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0005.v1

Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health: Potential for Therapeutic Avenues

Rajan Singh, Albert Barrios, Golnaz Dirakvand, Shehla Pervin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: Brown adipose tissue; beige adipose tissue; obesity; cold exposure; uncoupling protein-1, beta-adrenergic receptor; energy expenditure; adipose browning; micro-RNA

Online: 1 October 2021 (11:30:39 CEST)

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Obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities comprise of a cluster of conditions including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases that has affected more than 650 million people all over the globe. Obesity results from accumulation of white adipose tissues mainly due to the chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. Variety of approaches to treat or prevent obesity, including lifestyle interventions, surgical weight loss procedures and pharmacological approaches to reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure have failed to substantially decrease the prevalence of obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary source of thermogenesis in infants and small mammals may represent a promising therapeutic target to treat obesity by promoting energy expenditure through non-shivering thermogenesis mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Since the confirmation of functional BAT in adult humans by several groups, approximately a decade ago and its association with a favorable metabolic phenotype, intense interest on the significance of BAT in adult human physiology and metabolic health has emerged within the scientific community to explore its therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Substantially decreased BAT activity in individuals with obesity indicates a role for BAT in setting of human obesity. On the other hand, BAT mass and its prevalence has been reported to correlate with lower body mass index (BMI), decreased age and glucose levels, leading to lower incidence of cardio metabolic diseases. Increased cold exposure in adult humans with undetectable BAT was associated with decreased body fat mass and increased insulin sensitivity. Deeper understanding of the role of BAT in human metabolic health and its inter-relationship with body fat distribution and deciphering proper strategies to increase energy expenditure by either increasing functional BAT mass, or inducing white adipose browning holds the promise for possible therapeutic avenues for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0552.v1

In Vitro Impact Preliminary Assessment of Airborne Particulate From Metalworking and Woodworking Industries

Ilona Pavlovska, Anna Ramata-Stunda, Žanna Martinsone, Martins Boroduskis, Liene Patetko, Inese Martinsone, Anita Seile, Ivars Vanadziņš

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Nanoparticles; metallic compounds; airborne particulate; occupational environment; in vitro exposure; alternative testing strategies; EpiAirway™; 3D tissue models; respiratory epithelial tissues

Online: 22 December 2020 (10:40:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0086.v1

A Comprehensive Approach for Floodplain Mapping Through Identification of Hazard Using Publicly Available Data Sets Over Canada

Mohit Prakash Prakash Mohanty, Slobodan P. Simonovic

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Flood hazard; CaMa-Flood; Flood Map Viewer; Floodplain mapping; Flood risk; North American Regional Reanalysis; Property exposure

Online: 11 April 2022 (03:35:28 CEST)

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Flood events and their associated damages have escalated significantly in the last few decades. To add to the gruesome situation, many reports and studies warn that flood risk would aggravate significantly in future periods due to significant alterations in the climate patterns and socio-economic dynamics. Floodplain mapping is looked upon as a viable option to tackle this global issue as it provides both quantitative and qualitative information on flood dynamics. Moreover, with the increasing availability of global data and enhancement in computational simulations, it has become easier to simlate flooding patterns at large scales. This study deter-mines the usability of publicly available datasets in capturing flood hazards over Canada. Run-off data set from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), along with a few other rele-vant inputs are fed to CaMa-Flood, a robust global hydrodynamic model to generate flooding patterns for 1 in 100 and 1 in 200-yr return period events over Canada . The simulated maps are compared and validated with the existing maps of a few flood-prone regions in Canada, thereby establishing their performance over both regional and country-scale. Later, the simulated flood-plain maps are used in conjunction with property related information at 34 cities (within the top 100 populous cities in Canada) to determine the degree of exposure due to flooding in 1991, 2001, and 2011. The results indicate that around 80 percent of inundated spots belong to high and very-high hazard classes in a 200-yr event, which is roughly 4 percent more than simulated for 100-yr event. NARR derived floodplain maps perform very well while compared over the six flood-prone regions. While analyzing the exposure of properties to flooding, we notice an in-crease in the number during the last three decades, with the maximum rise observed in Toronto, followed by Montreal, and Edmonton. To disseminate the extensive flood-related information, a web-based public tool, Flood Map Viewer (http://www.floodmapviewer.com/) is developed. The development of the tool was motivated by the commitment of the Canadian government to provide $63 M over the next three years for the completion of flood maps for higher-risk areas. The study reaches out to demonstrate how publicly available datasets can be utilized with a lesser degree of uncertainty in representing flooding patterns over large regions. The flood re-lated information derived from the study can be used along with vulnerability for quantifying flood risk, which will help in developing appropriate pathways for resilience building for long-term sustainable benefits.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0140.v1

In-utero Ramadan Exposure and Child Nutrition

Hoi Chu, Srinivas Goli, Anu Rammohan

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: Child nutrition; Religion; Ramadan fasting; In-utero exposure

Online: 9 February 2022 (16:00:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0136.v1

Multimarker Approach to Evaluate the Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields at 27 GHz (5g) On Danio rerio larvae

Roberta Pecoraro, Santi Concetto Pavone, Elena Maria Scalisi, Sara Ignoto, Carmen Sica, Fabiano Capparucci, Carmelo Iaria, Antonio Salvaggio, Gino Sorbello, Loreto Di Donato, Maria Violetta Brundo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: millimeter waves; zebrafish; DanioScope; biomarkers of exposure; SAR.

Online: 11 January 2022 (12:22:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0744.v1

Methodology for Addressing Infectious Aerosol Persistence in Real-Time Using Sensor Network

Sepehr Makhsous, Joelle M. Segovia, Jiayang He, Daniel Chan, Larry Lee, Igor V Novosselov, Alexander V Mamishev

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Aerosols; dental clinics; infection control; high-volume evacuation; extra-oral suction device; particle concentration; sensor network; dispersion modeling; exposure assessment; air quality

Online: 28 April 2021 (10:32:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0153.v1

Study on the Compressive Behaviour of Sustainable Cement-Based Composites Under 1-Hour Direct Flame Exposure

Ajitanshu Vedrtnam, Chiara Bedon, Gonzalo Barluenga

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Concrete; Cement-Based Composites (CBCs); compressive strength; fire exposure; thermal boundaries; Finite Element (FE) numerical modelling; empirical formulations.

Online: 7 October 2020 (09:27:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0334.v1

Environmental Exposures and Phenotype of Non-smoking COPD

Sameer Arbat, Ashok Arbat, Bharat Agrawal, Parimal Deshpande, Irfan Rahman, Swapnil Bakamwar, Prajakta Borkar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: non-smoking COPD; phenotypes; air pollution; biomass; occupational exposure

Online: 24 June 2022 (08:18:34 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0043.v1

Maternal Fasting or Fluid Abstention Does Not Significantly Affect the Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk: Clinical and Clinical Research Relevance

Karel Allegaert, anne smits

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: lactation; physiology-based lactation models; drug exposure prediction; fasting; drug safety; newborn; infant; human milk

Online: 6 April 2020 (09:11:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0306.v1

What to Do When Accumulated Exposure Affects Health but Only Its Duration Was Measured? A Case of Linear Regression

Igor Burstyn, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Frank de Vocht, Paul Gustafson

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: measurement error; dose-metric; bayes; cumulative exposure

Online: 28 April 2019 (09:47:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0051.v1

A Reality We Have to Face in the Era of Tenofovir-Derived Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Antiretroviral Therapy: A Paradigm Shift From the Reduction of HIV Risk to the Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?

Jason Lew, Ilias Yee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Tenofovir; Pre-exposure prophylaxis; anti-retroviral therapy; cardiovascular disease; LGBT

Online: 5 May 2022 (16:11:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0184.v1

Provider-Patient Interactions as Predictors of Lifestyle Behaviors Related to the Prevention and Management of Diabetes

Brenda Robles, Tony Kuo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: type 2 diabetes; lifestyle behaviors; healthcare provider advice; provider-patient interactions; health care setting; brief lifestyle intervention exposure; diabetes prevention; diabetes management

Online: 15 February 2022 (09:20:36 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Occupational Groups from Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia

Claudia C. Colmenares-Mejía, Norma Serrano-Díaz, Doris C. Quintero-Lesmes, Ligia Meneses, Isail Salazar Acosta, Álvaro J. Idrovo, Duván Y. Sanabria-Echeverry, Helmer Cordero-Rebolledo, Víctor Castillo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Seroepidemiologic Studies; Prevalence; Coronavirus Infections; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health

Online: 25 March 2021 (15:11:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0288.v1

Effect of Fire Temperature and Exposure Time on High-strength Steel Bolts Microstructure and Residual Mechanical Properties

Paweł Artur Król, Marcin Wachowski

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: effect of temperature; exposure time; steel microstructure; residual mechanical properties; high-strength steel bolts; heat treatment of steel; phase transformation; fire; cooling method

Online: 13 May 2021 (12:53:32 CEST)

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The article presents results of research consisting in an attempt to assess the influence of temperature, heating time and cooling method on microstructure and residual strength properties of steel previously tempered during the production process. Simulated environmental conditions to which high-strength bolts, commonly used in steel construction, were subjected, were intended to reflect conditions of a natural fire that may occur in public facilities where the obligation to ensure safety of users and rescue teams is of key importance, also required by law. Furthermore, the tests carried out also comprised a simulated effect of a rescue and firefighting operation using shock, rapid cooling of some of the heated bolts. Samples cut out from the tested bolts, after they were properly prepared, were subjected to microstructural tests using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), phase analysis with the use of an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and quantitative analysis of the microstructure involving, inter alia, measuring the surface area of grains, their equivalent diameter and mean diameter. As a result of the tests, considerable microstructure changes were identified occurring in the bolt material as a result of exposing it to fire conditions, leading to a change in key, from the point of view of structural safety, mechanical properties. The results of the microstructure tests were compared with the results of previous strength tests, including hardness of the material after the heat treatment and the residual tensile strength of the material Rm. A conducted comparative analysis showed a significant effect of all such factors as the temperature level of the simulated fire, its duration and the fire-fighting method on the mechanical properties of bolts. Results obtained were provided with required comments and the concept of using the microstructure for the post-fire assessment of steel structures was referred to.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0425.v1

Remote Sensing Based Methodology for the Quick Update of Population Exposed to Natural Hazards

Giorgio Boni, Silvia De Angeli, Angela Celeste Taramasso, Giorgio Roth

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: exposure; urban development; nightlights intensity; population distribution; natural hazards; remote sensing

Online: 21 October 2020 (09:35:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0119.v1

Follow-up of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Sources in a Cohort of Children in Benin

Shukrullah Ahmadi, Barbara Le Bot, Roméo Zoumenou, Séverine Durand, Nadine Fiévet, Pierre Ayotte, Achille Massougbodji, Jules Alao, Michel Cot, Philippe Glorennec, Florence Bodeau-livinec

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Lead poisoning; environmental health; toxic metals; sub-Saharan Africa; environmental exposure

Online: 6 October 2020 (10:55:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0288.v1

Bridging the Gaps between Microplastics and Human Health

Stephanie Damaj, Farah Trad, Dennis Goevert, Jeff Wilkesman

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Polymers And Plastics Keywords: Exposure routes; Human breast milk; Human placenta; Microplastics; Nanoplastics

Online: 6 September 2023 (03:19:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0361.v2

Brief Exposure to Infants Activates Social and Intergroup Vigilance

Bobby Cheon, Gianluca Esposito

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: parental care system; intergroup bias; infant exposure; social vigilance

Online: 27 March 2020 (03:51:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0040.v1

Towards Outdoor Electromagnetic Field Exposure Mapping Generation Using Conditional GANs

Mohammed Mallik, Angesom Ataklity Tesfay, Benjamin Allaert, Esteban Egea Lopez, Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia Pardo, Redha Kassi, Joe Wiart, Davy P. Gaillot, Laurent Clavier

Subject: Engineering, Telecommunications Keywords: EMF exposure; conditional generative adversarial network; optimization

Online: 2 November 2022 (03:43:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0153.v1

Is There a Need for Alcohol Policy to Mitigate Metal Contamination in Unrecorded Fruit Spirits?

Dirk W. Lachenmeier

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: unrecorded alcohol; home-produced fruit spirits; metals; lead; cadmium; ethanol; health risk; risk assessment; margin of exposure

Online: 10 March 2020 (02:44:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0031.v2

User-Centred Design of a Final Results Report for Participants in Multi-Sensor Personal Air Pollution Exposure Monitoring Campaigns

Johanna Amalia Robinson, Rok Novak, Tjaša Kanduč, Thomas Maggos, Demetra Pardali, Asimina Stamatelopoulou, Dikaia Saraga, Danielle Vienneau, Benjamin Flückiger, Ondřej Mikeš, Céline Degrendele, Ondřej Sáňka, Saul García Dos Santos-Alves, Jaideep Visave, Alberto Gotti, Marco Giovanni Persico, Dimitris Chapizanis, Ioannis Petridis, Spyros Karakitsios, Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, David Kocman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: user centred design; air pollution exposure campaign; report to participants; communication; focus group; design thinking

Online: 4 November 2021 (15:18:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0269.v1

Lead Solubility in the Kırklareli Stream, Turkey

Sultan Kıymaz, Hacer Gülocak, William F. Bleam

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: groundwater chemistry; surface water chemistry; lead toxicity; lead exposure; solubility diagrams; solubility modeling

Online: 15 November 2021 (15:00:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0256.v1

Lead Exposure in Infancy and Subsequent Childhood Growth

Shukrullah Ahmadi, Jérémie Botton, Roméo Zoumenou, Pierre Ayotte, Nadine Fievet, Achille Massougbodji, Maroufou Jules Alao, Michel Cot, Philippe Glorennec, Florence Bodeau-Livinec

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Toxicology Keywords: Heavy metals; lead exposure; growth outcomes; cohort study

Online: 15 August 2022 (11:22:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0680.v1

Effects of Air Pollution on the Risk of Low Birth Weight in a Cold Climate

Hamudat Balogun, Aino Rantala, Harri Antikainen, Nazeeba Siddika, A.Kofi Amegah, Niilo Ryti, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Maritta S. Jaakkola, Jouni Jaakkola

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: Air pollution; low birth weight; prenatal exposure; joint effects; cold climate

Online: 28 July 2020 (10:43:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.2231.v1

Attention Deficit-Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD): From Abnormal Behavior to Impairment in Synaptic Plasticity

Gonzalo Ugarte, Ricardo Piña, Darwin Contreras, Felipe Godoy, David Rubio, Carlos Rozas, Marc Zeise, Bernardo Morales

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: neurodevelopmental disorders; hippocampus; long-term potentiation; dendritic spines; prenatal nicotine exposure model

Online: 30 June 2023 (12:16:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1960.v1

Assessment of Cementitious Composites for High Temperature Geothermal Wells

Tatiana Pyatina, Toshifumi Sugama, Al Moghadam, Marcel Naumann, Ragnhild Scorpa, Blandine Feneuil, Vincent Saustelle, Rune Godøy

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Ceramics And Composites Keywords: high temperature cementitious materials, cement well exposure tests, calcium-aluminate well cement, function cement tests, well cement CO2 resistance, finite element modeling of well cement, calcium-free well cement.

Online: 29 January 2024 (09:49:47 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0553.v2

The A(H5N1) Avian Influenza Virus at the Domestic Animal-Wildlife-Human Interface: Issues of Concern

Giovanni Di Guardo

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: A(H5N1) avian influenza virus; Influenza viruses; Virus host range; Zoonotic risk, Human exposure risk; Viral infection; Epidemiology

Online: 4 April 2023 (14:22:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0378.v1

Variation of Deoxynivalenol levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan and Estimation of Risk Assessment

Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Sunusi Usman, Nada Basheir Ali, Muhammad Rafique Asi

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: DON; corn; corn products; exposure; risk assessment

Online: 15 March 2021 (12:04:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0359.v1

Characterization of Potential Threats from Cyanobacterial Toxins in Lake Victoria Embayments and During Water Treatment

Mark Olokotum, Jean-François Humbert, Catherine Quiblier, William Okello, Ronald Semyalo, Marc Troussellier, Benjamin Marie, Kathrin Baumann, Rainer Kurmayer, Cécile Bernard

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Drinking water; rapid sand filtration; Recreational areas; Exposure; Microcystis and Dolichospermum; Microcystins

Online: 25 July 2022 (08:16:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0164.v2

A High Resolution Spatiotemporal Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Assessment Model for the Contiguous United States

Cole Brokamp

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: fine particulate matter; exposure assessment; machine learning; spatiotemporal; high resolution

Online: 17 December 2021 (14:46:46 CET)

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Currently available nationwide prediction models for fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) lack prediction confidence intervals and usually do not describe cross validated model performance at different spatiotemporal resolutions and extents. We used 41 different spatiotemporal predictors, including data on land use, meteorology, aerosol optical density, emissions, wildfires, population, traffic, and spatiotemporal indicators to train a machine learning model to predict daily averages of PM_2.5 concentrations at 0.75 sq km resolution across the contiguous United States from 2000 through 2020. We utilized a generalized random forest model that allowed us to generate asymptotically-valid prediction confidence intervals and took advantage of its usefulness as an ensemble learner to quickly and cheaply characterize leave-one-location-out CV model performance for different temporal resolutions and geographic regions. Using a variable importance metric, we selected 8 predictors that were able to accurately predict daily PM_2.5, with an overall leave-one-location-out cross validated median absolute error of 1.20 ug/m³, an R² of 0.84, and confidence interval coverage fraction of 95%. When considering aggregated temporal windows, the model achieved leave-one-location-out cross validated median absolute errors of 0.99, 0.76, 0.63, and 0.60 ug/m³ for weekly, monthly, annual, and all-time exposure assessments, respectively. We further describe the model’s cross validated performance at different geographic regions in the United States, finding that it performs worse in the Western half of the country where there are less monitors. The code and data used to create this model are publicly available and we have developed software packages to be used for exposure assessment. This accurate exposure assessment model will be useful for epidemiologists seeking to study the health effects of PM across the continental United States, while possibly considering exposure estimation accuracy and uncertainty specific to the the spatiotemporal resolution and extent of their study design and population.

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