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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0349.v1

Alex Schaller

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field, gravitation, electricity, unification, force, theory.

Online: 29 May 2019 (11:14:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0726.v1

Big Bang Process, Magnetic Monopoles and Super Unification Theory of All Forces Using the GEM Wave

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Big bang; Super unification theory; 4-D Euclidean space; CPT symmetric universe; Origins of the energy (mass); charge and time; Magnetic monopoles

Online: 31 August 2020 (16:28:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0392.v1

Origins of the Time, Mass, Energy, Wave Function, Electric Charges, and Magnetic Monopoles

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantized magnetic monopoles; origins of the physical constants; Photon space fluctuations; 3-D quantized space model; 4-D Euclidean space

Online: 17 February 2021 (13:07:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0097.v1

Possible Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Theory Based on the Three-Dimensional Quantized Spaces

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum mechanics; General and special relativity theories; Origins of the energy and mass; Space-time volume and distance; Origin of quantum wave function; Three-dimensional quantized spaces; Quantum entanglement; Space-time curvatures and quantum metrics

Online: 5 September 2018 (12:40:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0391.v2

Origins of Stellar Mass Neutron Black Holes, Supermassive Dark Matter Black Holes and Universe Evolution

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Neutron black holes; dark matter black holes; black hole mass gap; universe evolution

Online: 18 March 2021 (10:52:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v2

Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quark confinement; Asymptotic freedom; Relative force strength; Dark matters; Proton crisis; Deep inelastic scattering; Neutron structure; Two lepton system

Online: 13 October 2021 (10:31:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0431.v1

Dark Energy of the Photon Space, Inflation of the Charged Black Holes and Universe Evolution

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Dark energy; Photon flat space; Charged black holes; Big bang and inflation; Universe evolution; Vacuum energy crisis; Hubble’s constant puzzle; 4-D Euclidean space

Online: 23 November 2021 (15:04:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0340.v2

Spin g Factors and Neutrino Magnetic Moment of Elementary Fermions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Anomalous spin g factor; Lepton charge (LC); Neutrino magnetic moment; Weak force decay; EC and LC partial masses; Three-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM)

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:25:10 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Geometric Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified field theory; electromagnetism; Maxwell’s equations; gravitation; General Relativity; Einstein’s field equation; gravitational radiation; dark matter; dark energy; antigravity

Online: 4 November 2019 (04:04:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0026.v1

Physical Properties of Elementary Particles, Photon Space and Quantum Wave Functions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Tc symmetry; CTP symmetry; Photon space; Elementary particles; Quantum wave functions; Modified Lorenz transformations; Left-handed neutrinos; Right-handed dark matters

Online: 1 March 2022 (15:01:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0047.v3

Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified field theory; electromagnetism; Maxwell’s equations; gravitation; general relativity; general relativity; Einstein’s field equations; gravitational radiation; hidden variable; dark matter; cosmological constant

Online: 10 September 2017 (07:50:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0467.v2

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Elementary particles; Galaxy structures; Charged black hole decay; Big bang and inflation; Super-massive black holes; Coulomb forces; Proton spin crisis; Dark matters; 4-D Euclidean space.

Online: 11 October 2021 (11:46:24 CEST)

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Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0564.v2

Non-Integrable Dynamics and Physics Beyond the Standard Model

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Non-integrability; Poincaré resonances; fractional dynamics; Haag’s theorem; interacting Quantum Field Theory; Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics

Online: 26 February 2021 (12:15:51 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0485.v1

A Status Report on the Phenomenology of Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity: Evaporation, Tunneling to White Holes, Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves

Aurélien Barrau, Killian Martineau, Flora Moulin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: black holes; loop quantum gravity

Online: 29 August 2018 (08:26:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0017.v1

Elastic Wave Motions and an Electromagnetic Field for a Photothermal Theory with Two Temperature under Hydrostatic Initial Stress

Khaled Lotfy, Wafaa Hassan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: photothermal theory; carrier density; magnetic field; the harmonic wave; two temperature

Online: 9 July 2016 (11:00:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0203.v1

Absolute Time, Length Expansion, Particle Mass Origins, Quantum Entanglement, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Higgs Boson on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Absolute time; Length expansion; Absolute time simultaneity; Twin paradox; Quantum entanglement; 4-D Euclidean space; Pauli exclusion principle; Higgs boson; Time clicking; Quantum base

Online: 14 October 2022 (03:52:31 CEST)

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The absolute time and relative time are defined in terms of the 4-D Euclidean space. Our universe is the 3-D x₁x₂x₃ quantized photon space which follows the absolute time simultaneity when the universe moves along the absolute time axis of ct. The length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ is derived under the condition of the absolute time (ct) simultaneity. From the similarity between this length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ and the energy increasing of E = gE₀, it is assumed that the energy is proportional to the particle size of Dx. The extension of this assumption to the 4-D Euclidean space gives the new definition that the particle energy (E) is the 4-D volume. Then, the particle mass energy is defined as E= mc² = cDtDV = gE₀. The masses of the elementary particles are originated from the 4-D warped volume of the photon space because the particle is the warped photon space with the velocity of v < c. Therefore, the Higgs boson concept in the standard model (SM) is not needed in the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). The scalar boson with the spin of zero, photon with the spin of 1 and graviton with the spin of 2 are the two-boson states. Therefore, the observed Higgs boson is reinterpreted as the two-boson state of the scalar boson with the spin of zero. The cosmic muon observation and twin paradox are explained by using the absolute time and relative time. The relative time is the observed time in the twin paradox and cosmic muon observation. In the twin paradox, a person who travels the long distance is more aged than a person on the earth in terms of the relative time ages because of the space and time conversion effect (STCE effect) of the moving space distance (x). But twins are in the same ages in terms of the absolute time without STCE effect. The fast-moving cosmic muon has the expanded half-life from the time expansion of the relative time. Also, the quantum entanglement and Pauli exclusion principle are explained. The quantum base of the photon space line connects two entangled particles. Two particles and quantum base system is fluctuated along the absolute time axis by the time clicking when one particle is measured. Another particle is instantly selected by the time clicking. This is called as the quantum entanglement. The photons which are the flat photon space with the constant speed of c along the space axis and absolute time axis have the 4-D photon velocity of c_eff = 2^0.5 c. Total 10-D Euclidean space including three 3-D quantized spaces and one absolute time axis is required for the electric charges (EC), lepton charges (CC) and color charges (CC) of the elementary particles. The 3-D photon space is very stiff along the absolute time (ct) axis and very soft along the space axes. The Coulomb force through the photons (2EM waves) of the space fluctuations is much stronger than the Gravitational force through the gravitons (G waves) of the time fluctuations between two electrons.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0502.v2

Mapping Effective Field Theory to Multifractal Geometry

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: deterministic chaos; multifractals; effective field theory; Lyapunov exponents; Renormalization Group; selfsimilarity

Online: 24 May 2021 (15:16:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0234.v1

Simulation Analysis of Capacitance Method in Two-Phase Flow Concentration Measurement by Coupled Fields

Xiaoxin Wang, Hongli Hu, Lin Li, Bo Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: 3-D fluid-electrostatic coupling field; electrical sensor performance; concentration measurement; gas/solid two-phase flow

Online: 31 August 2016 (09:03:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0450.v1

Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger Equations, Matter and Wave Function Collapses, Photon Momenta and the Gamma Ray Burst based on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: P4 = TcP symmetry; Matter collapse; Wave function collapse; Klein paradox; Continuity equations; Negative energy solutions; Gamma ray burst; Photon momenta

Online: 23 December 2022 (07:57:12 CET)

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The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have been used to define the antiparticle with the positive energy from the Feynman - Stueckelberg interpretation in the standard model based on the 4-D Minkowski space with the relative time. The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are used to define the antiparticles with the negative energy in the present 3-D quantized space model. Note that all the present results are based on the 4-D Euclidean space with the absolute time (t) and relative time (t_l). Then the particle with the positive energy and antiparticle with the negative energy have the 4-D P₄ = TCP = T_cP symmetry. The continuity equations are derived from the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equations. The Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger equations with the potential barriers are solved. The Klein paradox is explained by using the pair production of the electron with the positive energy and positron with the negative energy under the P₄ = _TcP symmetry, The effective velocity ( c_eff=√2 " c " ) and effective energy ("Etl =" √2 E ) along the relative time axis (ctl) give the relative time momentum of "p_tl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. This indicates that the photons with the energy of E have the constant photon velocity of c and the constant photon momentum of "ptl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. For the negative energy particles, the space momentum directions are opposite to the particle velocity directions because the energy is negative. And the matter collapse to the photons at the very high particle velocity is discussed from the length expansion. It is, for the first time, proposed that the gamma ray burst is originated from the matter collapse to the photons near the black hole. Also, the wave function collapse is explained from the length expansion. The wave function collapse takes place when the measurement makes the particle velocity to be zero. It is concluded that the negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations support the existence of the partner antimatter universe with the negative energy and negative time direction. Our matter universe has the positive energy and the positive time direction.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0538.v1

Lepton Pair Production with Only One Charge Available - Neutrino

Ari Lehto

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; period doubling; muon decay; elementary charge; electron mass; Planck units

Online: 26 January 2021 (12:16:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0562.v1

On the Evaluation of Vacuum Energy Density in Quantum Field Theory

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: zero-point energy density; vacuum energy density; Standard Model parameters; mass spectrum; Renormalization Group flow; Higgs mechanism; cosmological constant problem

Online: 27 January 2021 (13:11:39 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.3390/sci1030024

Power Laws and Elementary Particle Decays

Leonardo Chiatti

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elementary particle decays; emergence; power laws

Online: 13 November 2019 (00:00:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0150.v1

Energy, Momentum, Mass and Velocity of a Moving Body

Sergey G. Fedosin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: energy; momentum; theory of relativity; gravitation; field potentials

Online: 24 April 2017 (11:43:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0103.v2

Left-Handed Neutrinos, Charged Dark Matters, Higgs Mechanism, Universe Evolution and Extended Standard Model

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: charged dark matters; left-handed neutrinos; Higgs mechanism, universe evolution; extended standard model

Online: 15 April 2019 (12:53:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0052.v2

A New Unified Electro-Gravity Theory for the Electron

Nirod Das

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Electron, Fine-Structure Constant, Unified Electro-Gravity, Non Linear Free-Space Model, Elementary Particles

Online: 13 August 2019 (09:52:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0326.v2

Demonstration to Unify 4 Interactions in Particle Physics with the Zero‐Point Energy and Quantized Spacetime

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: zero‐point energy; quantized spacetime; static electromagnetic field; gravity field; weak interaction; strong interaction; masses of W and Z; β collapse; quantized Einstein gravity equation

Online: 9 November 2023 (13:40:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0061.v1

Overcoming the Bradyon–Tachyon Barrier

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: particles with arbitrary spin; light barrier; tachyon

Online: 18 October 2016 (06:35:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0607.v2

Gravitational-Magnetic-Electric Interaction in Controlling Relative Permittivity and Permeability

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Gravitational-electric-magnetic interaction; Controlling permittivity and permeability; Superconductivity

Online: 13 September 2021 (12:31:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0150.v1

Emergence of Standard-Model-Like Fields and Particles in Gravitation-Diffusion Vacuum

Vladimir A. Manasson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: particle physics; unification of forces; self-organization; coupling constants; quark flavors; quark mixing amplitudes; quantum statistics; open systems; Feigenbaum universality; synchronization

Online: 8 October 2018 (14:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0257.v1

Magnetic Field of a Linear Quadrupole Using the Magnetic Sensors Inside the Smartphones

Isabel Escobar, Raquel Ramirez-Vazquez, Jesus Gonzalez-Rubio, Augusto Belendez, Enrique Arribas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: smartphone; magnetic sensor, magnetic field; lab physics; quadrupole

Online: 26 January 2018 (16:17:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0015.v1

Electromagnetic Performances Evaluation of an Outer-Rotor Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Electrical-Thermal Two-Way Coupling Method

Zhengming Shu, Xiaoyong Zhu, Li Quan, Yi Du, Chang Liu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electrical-thermal two-way coupling; flux-switching permanent magnet motor; thermal analysis; permanent magnet material characteristics

Online: 4 April 2017 (08:38:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0072.v1

The Dynamics of the Wave Packet in the Majorana Equation

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: wave packet; infinite components wavefunctions; Zitterbewegung

Online: 16 January 2017 (04:03:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0012.v1

On the Role of Self-similarity in the Dynamics of Effective Field Theory

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Self-similarity; fractal geometry; generalized homogeneous functions; general covariance; Self -organized criticality; Lie groups; effective field theory

Online: 1 December 2020 (10:29:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0032.v1

Space-Like Particle Production: an Interpretation Based on the Majorana Equation

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: tachyons, bradyons, infinite components wavefunctions

Online: 4 November 2016 (17:28:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0133.v1

Non-Standard Hierarchies of the Runnings of the Spectral Index in Inflation

Chris Longden

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: early universe cosmology; testing inflation; multi-field inflation

Online: 31 January 2017 (11:05:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0017.v2

On the Fundamental Constants of Nature

David Humpherys

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Planck units; natural units; fundamental constants; physical constants; Planck's constant; gravitational constant; particle mechanics

Online: 14 September 2020 (07:32:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0181.v2

Elliptical Tracks: Evidence for Superluminal Electrons?

Keith Fredericks

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: particle tracks; monopoles; tachyons; superluminal; faster-than-light, elliptical orbits, photographic emulsion; Kepler orbits; LENR; strange radiation

Online: 3 November 2019 (15:18:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0702.v1

Self-Organized Criticality and Standard Model Parameters

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: standard model; fermion mass hierarchy; mixing matrices; nonlinear dynamics and chaos; bifurcations; Feigenbaum’s universality

Online: 27 November 2020 (20:17:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0051.v1

The Particle as a Statistical Ensemble of Events in Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron Electrodynamics ^†

Martin Land

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: classical gauge theory; pair creation/annihilation; temporal paradoxes

Online: 8 March 2017 (09:06:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0462.v1

Unified Field Theory for Electromagnetic and Gravity Fields with the Introduction of Quantized Space–Time and Zero-Point Energy

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified field theory; zero-point energy; quantized space–time; quantized Einstein’s gravity equation; conservation of angular momentum in terms of quantized space–times

Online: 20 July 2020 (08:48:03 CEST)

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In our previous papers [1,3], using only the concepts of the zero-point energy and quantized space–times, all the fields including gravity were explained. However, the previous papers had the following limitations: First, the concept of the quantized space-time must be experimentally confirmed. Second, we should clarify the meaning of the quantized Einstein’s gravity equation, which is derived in [1]. Moreover, in another paper [2], we succeeded in describing the neutrinos’ self-energy and their oscillations. However, this paper assumes the rest energy of 3-leptons in advance, which is why we needed to uncover the reason why leptons have 3-generations. As mentioned, using the concepts of the zero-point energy and quantized space–times, we derived the quantized Einstein’s gravity equation in our previous paper [1]. The paper provides an analytical solution of this equalized Einstein’s equation, which implies the conservation of angular momentum in terms of quantized space–times. Employing this solution and without the standard big bang model, a unique form of acceleration equation for the acceleration-expansion universe is derived. Moreover, the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) emission is also obtained. Further, this solution results in an analytical (not numerical) derivation of the gravity wave. Moreover, based on the configuration of quantized space–times in terms of both electric and magnetic fields, we analytically attempted to calculate every equation in terms of electromagnetic and gravity fields, using the solution of the quantized Einstein’s gravity equation. As a result of this theory, first the calculated acceleration and temperature of CMB emission agree with the measurements. Furthermore, the analytical solution of the quantized Einstein’s gravity equation resulted in all the laws of electromagnetic and gravity fields in addition to the analytically derived gravity wave, which agrees well with the recent measurements. Moreover, the calculations of the energies in the basic configuration of the quantized space–times resulted in all 3-leptons’ rest energies. Considering this basic configuration is uniformly distributed everywhere in the universe, we can conclude that τ-particles or static magnetic field energy derived from the basic configuration of the quantized space–times is the identity of dark energy, which also distributes uniformly in the universe.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0705.v1

Generalization of the Standard Model. Theory of Everything (T.O.E.)

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalves de Souza, Harshit Jain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; astronomy; astrophysics; background radiation; Hubble’ s law; Boltzmann´; s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang; cosmic inflation; early universe; quantum gravity; CERN; LHC; Fermilab; general relativity; particle physics; condensed matter physics; M theory; super string theory; extra dimensions.

Online: 9 January 2024 (10:21:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0080.v1

Foliation-Based Approach to Quantum Gravity and Applications to Astrophysics

Inyong Park

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum gravity; renormalization; ADM formalism; foliation; dimensional reduction

Online: 8 February 2019 (09:32:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0083.v1

Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

Christopher Pilot

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Winterberg Model; Quantum Vacuum; Higgs Condensate/Composite Model; Two-Component Superfluid/Supersolid Model for the Vacuum; Positive/Negative Planckion Mass, Q-Theory; Non- Linear Heisenberg Spinor Theory; LHC Energies, Dark Energy; Lattice Substructure for Space

Online: 6 September 2021 (10:38:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0033.v1

Misconceptions about Calorimetry

Michele Livan, Richard Wigmans

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: particle physics; partiicle detectors; calorimeter; energy measurement

Online: 6 April 2017 (03:08:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0518.v1

Emergence of Lagrangian Field Theory from Self-Organized Criticality

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Self-organized criticality, multifractals, Lagrangian field theory, non-equilibrium dynamics, complexity theory.

Online: 19 November 2020 (16:18:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0350.v1

Mass Generation and Non-Euclidean Metric from Fractional Dynamics

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Fractional dynamics, fractional time Schrödinger equation, fractional field theory, minimal fractal manifold, mass generation, curvilinear coordinates, General Relativity.

Online: 12 November 2020 (14:22:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0350.v3

Derivation of generalized Einstein's equations of gravitation based on a mechanical model of vacuum and a sink flow model of particles

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Einstein's equation; gravitation; general relativity; sink; gravitational aether

Online: 24 January 2019 (09:05:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0376.v1

Three Generations and Fermion Chirality from Universal Bifurcations

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Standard Model, fermion generations, chiral symmetry breaking, Feigenbaum route to chaos, dissipative maps, period-doubling bifurcations.

Online: 13 November 2020 (12:39:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2109.v1

Universe Mass Ratio Golden Rule of Dark Energy, Dark Matters, Leptons, Quarks, Neutrinos and Ordinary Matters

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Universe mass ratio golden rule; dark energy; dark matters; Planck mission; WMAP missions; Black holes; Cosmic background neutrinos; Universe evolution; Flat photon space

Online: 30 May 2023 (10:19:25 CEST)

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Our matter universe is made up of four components of dark energy (DE), dark matters (DMs), leptons and quarks which are created from the decay of the primary black hole through the inflation after big bang. In the three-dimensional quantized space model, the sum (DER) of the dark energy (DE) and radiations (R) is the flat photon space and there are 39 particles of 3 dark matters, 9 leptons and 27 quarks. Generally speaking, the mass ratio of the quarks with the 27 particles is smallest and the mass ratio of the DER photon space with the 1 massless photon is largest. Therefore, the mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are inversely proportional to the particle numbers of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks as the first assumption. This simple rule is called as the universe mass ratio golden rule in Fig. 12. This simple rule is successfully applied to the observed mass ratios of the Planck and WMAP missions. The best particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the four components (DER, DMs, Leptons, Quarks) to explain the Planck 2018 and WMAP results is the same as the particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the 3-dimensional quantized space model. The calculated mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 67.5 %, 22.5 %, 7.5 % and 2.5 %, respectively. And the calculated mass ratios of neutrinos and ordinary matters are 5.0 % and 5.0 %, respectively. The mass ratios of the dark energy (68.47(23) %) and matters (31.53(23) %) obtained from the Planck 2018 results are consistent with the calculated mass ratios of the DER (67.5 %) and matters (32.5 %). The mass ratio of the dark energy (72.1(15) %) obtained from the WMAP 9 year results is explained as the summed mass ratio (72.5 %) of DER (67.5 %) and neutrinos (5.0 %). The universe evolution including the super-massive black holes (SMBHs) is shown in Fig. 4. The accelerated space expansion of our universe requires the addition of the new dark energy. If this new dark energy is added, the mass ratio of the dark energy is a little bit increased. The difference (0.97 %) between the observed value (68.47(23) %) and calculated value (67.5 %) is explained by adding the new dark energy in Figs. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. The corrected mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 68.47 %, 21.8286 %, 7.2762 % and 2.4254 %, respectively. The corrected mass ratios of the neutrinos (called as cosmic background neutrinos) and ordinary matters (OMs) are 4.8508 % and 4.8508 %, respectively. These corrected mass ratios can explain the mass ratios obtained from the WMAP and Planck missions. In other words, the mass ratios calculated from the best particle number combination support the elementary particles, dark matters and dark energy (photon space) proposed by the three-dimensional quantized space model based on the 10-D Euclidean space.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0145.v3

Light Dispersion in Gravitational Field

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dispersion of light; gravitational field; fundamental physics constant; vacuum; speed of light; spectroscopic binary system; double gravitational lens

Online: 2 August 2023 (02:29:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0525.v3

Nonlinear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum mechanics; foundations of quantum mechanics; nonlinear equation; nonlinear quantum mechanics; nonlinear schrödinger equation

Online: 1 July 2022 (10:49:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0093.v2

Probing Quantum Gravity through Strong Gravitational Lensing

Stuart Marongwe

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Gravitational Lensing; Dark Matter; Quantum Vacuum; Graviton

Online: 14 February 2018 (11:57:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0359.v2

On the Emergence of Spacetime and Matter from Model Sets

Marcelo Amaral, Fang Fang, Raymond Aschheim, Klee Irwin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Problem of Time; Particle Physics; Emergence; Holographic Principle; Model Sets

Online: 23 March 2022 (09:26:42 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0137.v1

Vacuum Effective Actions and Mass-Dependent Renormalization in Curved Space

Omar Zanusso, Sebastián A. Franchino-Viñas, Tibério de Paula Netto

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Effective actions, Renormalization Group, Semiclassical contributions

Online: 14 February 2019 (12:24:26 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0316.v1

Quantum Cosmology in the Light of Quantum Mechanics

Salvador Robles-Perez

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum cosmology; semiclassical description; multiverse; minisuperspace; canonical quantisation of spacetime coordinates

Online: 30 January 2019 (13:08:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0292.v1

Time Energy Uncertainty Principle and Vacuum Fluctuations

Mirza Wasif BAig

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: time energy uncertainty principle, vacuum fluctuations, wave function, non commutator

Online: 29 January 2019 (09:42:33 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Complex Dynamics and Foundational Physics

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Complex Dynamics; Ginzburg-Landau (GL) equation; Chaos and Bifurcations; Multifractals; Self-organized Criticality (SOC); Minimal Fractal Manifold; Fractional Field Theory

Online: 9 November 2020 (08:38:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0469.v1

Cabibbo Angle from the Nonlinear Dynamics of Quark Currents

Ervin Goldfain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Cabibbo angle; fermion mixing; charged current interactions; nonlinear dynamics and chaos; complex dynamics; Feigenbaum’s constant

Online: 18 November 2020 (11:05:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0166.v1

Laws of Gravity and Electrostatics Reduce Elementary Particles to Only Two: Positron and Negatron

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Electron; electrostatics; elementary particles; fields; gravity; unification

Online: 5 February 2021 (14:10:06 CET)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0028.v2

Dark Energy and Inflation from Gravitational Waves

Leonid Marochnik

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravitational waves; cosmology; dark energy; inflation

Online: 16 August 2017 (18:46:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0203.v1

Feasibility Study of a New Cherenkov Detector for Improving Volcano Muography

Domenico Lo Presti, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo L. Bonanno, Daniele G. Bongiovanni, Fabio Longhitano, Santo Reito

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: muography; cherenkov radiation; monte carlo; Geant4; MATLAB; particle detectors

Online: 21 January 2019 (09:50:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0012.v1

Dialectic of Homochirality

Alexander Kholmanskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: homochirality; dialectics; energoform; chiral factor; neutrino; biophysics

Online: 3 June 2019 (09:50:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0256.v1

Unified Theory of Gravity, Electromagnetic Force, Strong and Weak Forces and Their Applications

Sheng Qin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified theory of force; Gravitation; Electromagnetic force; Weak force; Strong force; Inverse square law; Galaxy rotation curve; The origin of magnetic field; Charged particle radiation; Maxwell displacement current; Black hole structure; Radiation effect of moving magnet

Online: 20 June 2022 (03:03:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0302.v2

Gravitational Field and Mass

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Super strong gravitational field; Mass-Gravitational field conversion; Graviton-photon conversion; Graviton-photon to electron-proton conversion; Vacuum fluctuation; Vacuum polarization

Online: 1 December 2021 (12:49:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0457.v3

The Mass-gap in Quantum Chromodynamics and a Restriction on Gluon Masses

S. A. Larin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Chromodynamics; gluon masses; renormalizability

Online: 27 April 2021 (12:37:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0114.v1

Quantum Non-Locality and the CMB: what Experiments say

Maurizio Consoli, Alessandro Pluchino, Paola Zizzi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Non-Locality; Cosmic Microwave Background; Ether Drift Experiments

Online: 7 July 2022 (07:44:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0478.v1

Phenomenological Theory of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment

Sergey Rashkovskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Stern-Gerlach experiment; phenomenological theory of spin behavior in a magnetic field; classical field theory; self-consistent Maxwell-Pauli theory

Online: 31 October 2022 (10:02:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0248.v1

Sensing Magnetic Fields With Magnetosensitive Ion Channels

Igor Goychuk

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles; ion channels; viscoelastic effects and anomalous diffusion; non-exponential statistics; influence of weak magnetic fields on living systems

Online: 26 January 2018 (05:11:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0413.v1

"Gravitationally Lensed Gravitation" (GLG)

Andreas Boenke

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravity; general relativity; gravitational lensing; Birkhoff theorem; gravitational lens gedankenexperiment; light gravity analogy; rotation curve; cosmic expansion; redshift; gravitationally lensed gravitation; GLG

Online: 18 February 2021 (11:18:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0084.v1

Determining a Quantum Theory of the Infinite-Component Majorana Field

Luca Nanni

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: infinite-component spinor; superluminal Lorentz transformations; Dirac field; tachyon field

Online: 14 November 2017 (05:07:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0102.v1

Special Relativity Leads to a Trans-Planckian Crisis that Is Solved by Haug's Maximum Velocity for Matter

Espen Haug

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Special relativity theory, length contraction, Planck length, Planck time, trans-Planck

Online: 10 December 2018 (13:43:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0543.v1

Connection Between Maxwell's Equations and the Dirac Equation

Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Dirac equation; Maxwell's equation; Proca theory

Online: 30 August 2021 (12:17:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0080.v1

Theory on Neutrino Self-Energy and Neutrino Oscillation with Consideration of Superconducting Energy Gap and Fermi’s Golden Rule

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; neutrino’s flavor; neutrino oscillation; many-body interactions; superconducting energy gap; a quantized space-time; zero-point energy; lepton; Fermi’s golden rule; mass gap

Online: 8 October 2019 (08:47:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v3

The Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of the Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 25 January 2023 (11:44:00 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Generation of Particles by Quantum Loops

Hans Diel

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: spacetime models; causal models; nonlinear dynamics; relativity theory; quantum field theory; quantum loops

Online: 21 May 2019 (11:24:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0016.v1

A Mechanism for Propulsion without The Reactive Ejection of Matter or Energy

Remi Cornwall

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Propulsion , Reactive Ejection, Energy, Matter

Online: 3 January 2019 (12:21:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0320.v6

Extended Field Equations for Conformally Curved Spacetime

Mohammed B. Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Conformal Einstein Field Equations; Boundary Terms; Brane-World.

Online: 18 November 2021 (13:17:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0272.v2

Circular Array of Magnetic Sensors for Current Measurement: Analysis for Error Caused by Position of Conductor

Hao Yu, Qian Zheng, Huayi Liu, Jiaqi Qu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: circular array; current measurement; un-center; un-perpendicular; Tunnel Magnetoresistance sensors

Online: 15 February 2018 (16:32:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0175.v2

Neutrino Star Cosmology

Tom Neiser

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology; big bang; dark energy; neutrinos; gravitation

Online: 28 October 2019 (06:52:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0674.v2

Maximum Velocity for Matter in Relation to the Schwarzschild Radius Predicts Zero Time Dilation for Quasars

Espen Gaarder Haug

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Schwarzschild radius; maximum velocity of matter; probabilistic Schwarzschild radius; quasars; time dilation

Online: 2 November 2018 (11:11:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0280.v2

The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model

Alexander Levichev, Andrey Palyanov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Standard and Multi-Level Models; Wigner-Segal method; quark matter; generations of quarks and leptons; chronometric proton’s wave function; proton shape

Online: 20 April 2022 (09:10:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0251.v1

Charged Dark Matters, Missing Neutrinos, Cosmic Rays and Extended Standard Model

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: charged dark matters, missing neutrinos, cosmic rays, gravitation constant, Coulomb’s constant, extended standard model, anti-Helium cosmic ray

Online: 20 December 2018 (12:54:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0716.v2

Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Charge; electricity; electron; electrodynamics; electrostatics; elementary charge

Online: 3 March 2023 (14:01:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0252.v1

Weak and Strong Warm Logamediate Anisotropic Inflationary Universe Model

Wajiha Javed, Iqra Nawazish, Mohsin Raza Khan, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: warm inflation; slow roll approximation; scalar field

Online: 25 June 2019 (12:56:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0474.v3

The Characteristic Equation of the Exceptional Jordan Algebra: Its Eigenvalues, and Their Possible Connection with the Mass Ratios of Quarks and Leptons

Tejinder Pal Singh

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Trace dynamics; Exceptional Jordan algebra; Octonions; Fine structure constant; Standard model; Mass ratios

Online: 17 June 2021 (09:33:35 CEST)

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We have recently proposed a pre-quantum, pre-space-time theory as a matrix-valued Lagrangian dynamics on an octonionic space-time. This pre-theory offers the prospect of unifying the internal symmetries of the standard model with gravity. It can also predict the values of free parameters of the standard model, because these parameters arising in the Lagrangian are related to the algebra of the octonions which define the underlying non-commutative space-time on which the dynamical degrees of freedom evolve. These free parameters are related to the algebra $J_3(\mathbb O)$ [exceptional Jordan algebra] which in turn is related to the three fermion generations. The exceptional Jordan algebra [also known as the Albert algebra] is the finite dimensional algebra of 3x3 Hermitean matrices with octonionic entries. Its automorphism group is the exceptional Lie group $F_4$. These matrices admit a cubic characteristic equation whose eigenvalues are real and depend on the invariant trace, determinant, and an inner product made from the Jordan matrix. Also, there is some evidence in the literature that the group $F_4$ could play a role in the unification of the standard model symmetries, including the Lorentz symmetry. The octonion algebra is known to correctly yield the electric charge values (0, 1/3, 2/3, 1) for standard model fermions, via the eigenvalues of a $U(1)$ number operator, identified with $U(1)_{em}$. In the present article, we use the same octonionic representation of the fermions to compute the eigenvalues of the characteristic equation of the Albert algebra, and compare the resulting eigenvalues with the known mass ratios for quarks and leptons. We find that the ratios of the eigenvalues correctly reproduce the [square root of the] known mass ratios for up, charm and top quark. We also propose a diagrammatic representation of the standard model bosons, Higgs and three fermion generations, in terms of the octonions, exhibiting an $F_4$ symmetry. We motivate from our Lagrangian as to why the eigenvalues computed in this work could bear a relation with mass ratios of quarks and leptons. In conjunction with the trace dynamics Lagrangian, the Jordan eigenvalues also provide a first principles theoretical derivation of the low energy value of the fine structure constant, yielding the value $1/137.04006$. The Karolyhazy correction to this value gives an exact match with the measured value of the constant, after assuming a specific value for the electro-weak symmetry breaking energy scale.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0245.v1

Convergence in Quantum Field Theory without Use of Renormalization

Biswaranjan Dikshit

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Renormalization, Quantum Field Theory, Electron self energy, Vacuum polarization

Online: 26 March 2019 (14:07:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0218.v1

Supersymmetric Mirror Models and Dimensional Evolution of Spacetime

Wanpeng Tan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: mirror matter theory; supersymmetry; big bang; unification theory; spacetime

Online: 10 September 2020 (04:40:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0250.v1

Horizon Radius of Spacetime Curvature

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology; horizon; antimatter; accelerated expansion; time-reversal

Online: 15 May 2020 (09:49:54 CEST)

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The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the potential cosmic topology and the horizon radius of spacetime curvature utilising a new construal of the geometry of space inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). I utilise the Big Bounce theory to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density, and to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe such as visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data. Using this model, we found a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0076.v3

Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

Ian Clague

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Unification; Composite Photon; Negative Mass; Antimatter; Grand Unification Theory, Dark Energy, Dark Matter

Online: 11 January 2021 (12:40:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0259.v1

The Family Formula for Leptons and Quarks

Nikola Perkovic

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Higgs mechanism; Yukawa coupling; fine structure constant; leptons; quarks

Online: 25 August 2019 (17:06:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0082.v1

(Non-)Thermal Production of WIMPs during Kination

Luca Visinelli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology; dark Matter; early universe

Online: 11 February 2018 (07:11:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0203.v2

Dark Matters, Gravational Force, Neutron Life-Time Anomaly and Hadronization

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: fermionic dark matters; neutron life-time anomaly; massive graviton; hadronization; dark energy; galaxy structure; three-dimensional quantized space model

Online: 25 June 2018 (09:14:16 CEST)

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The properties of the dark matter, dark energy, graviton and photon are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Three new particles (bastons) with the electric charges (EC) are proposed as the dark matters. It is proposed that the EC, LC and CC charges are aligned along the time axes but not along the space axes. The photon is confined on its corresponding three-dimensional quantized space. However, the graviton can be evaporated into other three-dimensional quantized spaces. The rest mass of the electron neutrino (n_e) of 3.494·10⁻³ eV/c² is obtained from the experimental vacuum energy density in terms of quantum field theory (QFT). The rest mass and force range of the massive g(0,0,0) graviton with the Planck size are m_g = 3.1872·10⁻³¹ eV/c² and x_r = 3.0955·10²³ m = 10.0 Mpc, respectively, based on the experimental rest mass and rms charge radius of the proton. The possible diameter (10 Mpc) of the largest galaxy cluster is remarkably consistent with the gravitational force range (10 Mpc). Then, the diameter of the largest dark matter distribution related to the largest galaxy cluster is 9.2865·10²³ m = 30 Mpc equal to the force range of the massive g(0) graviton with the rest mass of 1.0624·10⁻³¹ eV/c². Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons, the very small Coulomb’s constant of about 10⁻⁴⁸k and large gravitation constant of 10⁶G_N are expected for the charged dark matters. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) > F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = 0 for the proton-like particle. The proposed weak gravitational force between the dark matters and normal matters explains the observed dark matter distributions of the bullet cluster, Abell 1689 cluster and Abell 520 cluster. The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters are explained. Also, the accelerated space expansion is caused by the new space quanta created by the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space and repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters corresponding to the dark energy. The decreasing coupling constant of the strong force, neutron lifetime anomaly and the pressure distribution inside the proton are explained by the unobservable proton and hadronization. And the rest mass of 1.4 TeV/c² is assigned to the Le particle with the EC charge of −2e. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c²) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. Also, the gravitation constant has been changing with the time because of the graviton evaporation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0306.v1

Resonance Dipole-Dipole Interaction Between Two Accelerated Atoms in the Presence of a Reflecting Plane Boundary

Wenting Zhou, Roberto Passante, Lucia Rizzuto

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dipole-dipole interaction; unruh effect; quantum field theory in curved space

Online: 24 April 2018 (05:43:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0225.v3

Charged Dark Matters and Extended Standard Model

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: charged dark matters; gravitation constant; Coulomb’s constant; dark energy density; universe evolution; extended standard model

Online: 20 July 2018 (05:31:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0332.v2

On the Field Strength of Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Mass

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field strength of vacuum energy; Newtonian gravitational parameter

Online: 8 March 2023 (02:14:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0100.v1

Emerging Quantum Fields Embedded in the Emergence of Spacetime

Hans Diel

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; local causal models; general relativity theory; spacetime models; discrete spacetime; computer simulations

Online: 7 May 2018 (05:45:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0452.v1

Solar Neutrinos Spectroscopy with Borexino Phase-II

Lino Miramonti, M. Agostini, K. Altenmueller, S. Appel, V. Atroshchenko, Z. Bagdasarian, D. Basilico, G. Bellini, J. Benziger, D. Bick, I. Bolognino, G. Bonfini, D. Bravo, B. Caccianiga, F. Calaprice, A. Caminata, S. Caprioli, M. Carlini, P. Cavalcante, F. Cavanna, A. Chepurnov, K. Choi, L. Collica, S. Davini, A. Derbin, X.F. Ding, A. Di Ludovico, L. Di Noto, I. Drachnev, K. Fomenko, A. Formozov, D. Franco, F. Gabriele, C. Galbiati, M. Gschwender, C. Ghiano, M. Giammarchi, A. Goretti, M. Gromov, D. Guffanti, C. Hagner, T. Houdy, E. Hungerford, Aldo Ianni, Andrea Ianni, A. Jany, D. Jeschke, V. Kobychev, D. Korablev, G. Korga, T. Lachenmaier, M. Laubenstein, E. Litvinovich, F. Lombardi, P. Lombardi, L. Ludhova, G. Lukyanchenko, L. Lukyanchenko, I. Machulin, G. Manuzio, S. Marcocci, J. Maricic, J. Martyn, E. Meroni, M. Meyer, M. Misiaszek, L. Papp, O. Penek, L. Pietrofaccia, N. Pilipenko, A. Pocar, A. Porcelli, G. Raikov, G. Ranucci, A. Razeto, A. Re, M. Redchuk, A. Romani, N. Rossi, S. Rottenanger, S. Schönert, D. Semenov, M. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, A. Sotnikov, L.F.F. Stokes, Y. Suvorov, R. Tartaglia, G. Testera, J. Thurn, M. Toropova, E. Unzhakov, A. Vishneva, R.B. Vogelaar, F. von Feilitzsch, S. Weinz, M. Wojcik, M. Wurm, Z. Yokley, O. Zaimidoroga, S. Zavatarelli, K. Zuber, G. Zuzel

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: solar neutrinos; neutrino oscillation; Borexino

Online: 19 October 2018 (11:49:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0132.v1

Quantum-Gravitational Trans-Planckian Energy of a Time-Dependent Black Hole

A. J. Nurmagambetov, I. Y. Park

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum gravity; loop effects; Firewall; trans-Planckian energy

Online: 12 September 2019 (15:45:29 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0533.v1

A Standard Model Neutrino Oscillation

Robert B. Hayes

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; standard model; entanglement; flavor conservation

Online: 26 January 2021 (11:25:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0676.v1

Unified Charge Vectors (UCV) Theory

Noam Why

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: grand antifiction

Online: 27 May 2021 (14:03:54 CEST)

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