Dark energy of the photon space, inflation of the charged black holes and universe evolution

Space-time evolution of our universe is explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E = ctV), charges and energy density (|q| =  = ct) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4D Euclidean space. The photon flat space with the constant energy density of  = ctq is proposed as the dark energy (DE). The dark energy is separated into the  DE and photon DE which create the new photon spaces with the constant energy density of  = ctq. The v DE is from the  pair production by the CPT symmetry and the photon DE is from the photon space pair production by the T symmetry. The vacuum energy crisis and Hubble’s constant puzzle are explained by the photon space with the  DE and photon DE. The big bang and inflation of the primary black hole is connected to the accelerated space expansion and big collapse of the photon space through the universe evolution. The big bang from the nothing is the pair production of the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of dark matter -, lepton -, and quark primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes and particles. Key words; Dark energy; Photon flat space; Charged black holes; Big bang and inflation; Universe evolution; Vacuum energy crisis; Hubble’s constant puzzle; 4-D Euclidean space.


Introduction
The standard model (SM) has been successfully applied to the particle physics and astrophysics. But still many unsolved physics problems including the inflation, dark matters and dark energy in Fig. 1 need the extension of the standard model with the revolutionary ideas. For example, the origins of the inflation and big bang have been studied by many people [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] in the SM model. However, what caused the inflation and big bang, and why the inflation stopped without the gravitational effect remain as the important research topics in the SM model. The space expansion is faster than the light during the inflation epoch. The graviton is not faster than the light. Therefore, once the inflation starts, the matters cannot decelerate the inflation because the matters cannot communicate by the gravitational interactions. The inflation cannot be stopped by the gravitation force between the matters. The SM model assumes that the inflation slowed down and stopped. I think that the origins of the big bang and inflation need the extended standard model. And the recent accelerated space expansion has been explained by the dark energy [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. But the existence and origin of the dark energy have not been discovered in terms of the SM model. Therefore, the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM) [34] in Fig. 2 is considered as the potential candidate of the extended standard model. The TQSM model in Figs. 2 -4 makes the possible answers to several problems of Fig. 1 unsolved by the standard model as shown in the next paragraph.
The huge energy of our universe comes from the creation of the CPT symmetric matter and antimatter universes at big bang. The singularity does not exist because of the strong Coulomb force due to the huge charges. The inflation and big bang come from the huge Coulomb repulsive force with the huge charges of the primary black holes. The inflation due to the Coulomb force slowed down and stopped when the Coulomb forces due to charges of the black holes was equal to the gravitation force due to the mass of the black holes. This explains that the inflation slowed down and finally stopped. The radiation (Hra(Fra)) created during the inflation due to the Coulomb force makes the space expansion in the early universe. The space expansion velocity caused from the radiation has been decreased after the inflation stopped. The Hubble's constant (Hi) of the inflation is given as Hi(Fc) in Figs. 2-4 in the present work. After the inflation stopped, the space expansion velocity (v) caused by the radiation has been decreasing from v >> c to v < c because Hi = 0. The gravitation interactions between the matters act when v < c. The space expansion due to the radiation was resisted by the gravitation effects and warped spaces of the matters when v < c. If the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation comes from the early universe with v > c, the gravitational wave effects cannot be observed on the CMB data. But If the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation comes from the early universe with v < c, the gravitational wave effects should be observed on the CMB data. The anti-matters exist within the partner anti-matter universe. The intermediate mass black holes do not exist. The supermassive black holes and galaxies can be formed at the very early time. Our matter universe and partner anti-matter universe move along the positive time axis and along the negative time axis, respectively. The dark matters are proposed as the bastons. The energy, mass and charges are defined as E = ctV, m0 = E0/c 2 , and |q| = ct, respectively in the present work. The quarks, leptons and dark matters are created from the decays of the black holes. The quark confinement is understood as the 3-D color charge state of A(CC=-5)3. The flat space and warped space are the massless photon and massive particle, respectively. The dark energy is the photon flat space energy. H = HDE = Hps(F DE + FpDE) = H  +  Hp in Figs. [2][3][4]. The photon spaces between the secondary and super massive black holes were developed to the voids with the very small density of the matters.
The present work focuses only on the dark energy, inflation and universe evolution. The dark energy is the force to drive the recent accelerated space expansion. The recent accelerated space expansion was discovered and confirmed by the data obtained from the weak gravitational lenzing [35], the Type Ia supernovae [36], the galax clusters [37], the cosmic microwave background [21] and baryonic acoustic oscillations [ 38]. The space inflation (early space expansion) of the universe after big bang is like the recent accelerated space expansion. But it is thought that the origin of the inflation is different from the origin of the recent accelerated space expansion in Figs. 2-4. The inflation was caused by the huge Coulomb repulsive force of the primary and secondary black holes with the huge charges after the big bang in terms of the 3-D quantized space model [34] in Figs. 2 and 3. The recent accelerated space expansion is caused not by the big bang energy of the huge Coulomb force, but by the photon flat space (called as the dark energy) with the neutron dark energy and photon dark energy in the present work in Fig. 4. Also, the dark energy is considered as the cosmological constant () in the general relativity and CDM model based on the Minkowski space-time. In the universe evolution, the densities of the matters, radiation and dark energy related to the Hubble's constant are analyzed. The dark energy density remains constant, but the matter density and radiation density are decreased with increasing of the universe size. The radiation is created as the result of the inflation. The matters are created from the decays of the black holes during the inflation. The space during the decelerated space expansion epoch was affected by the radiation effect (Hra(Fra), the radiation energy) and the resistance effect (Hr) including the gravitation force (Fg) between the matters and the resisting force (FW) of the warped matter space in Figs. 2-4.   In section 2, the dark energy and photon flat space are discussed. In section 3, the space-time geometry in 3-D quantized space model is explained in terms of the TQSM model. And in section 4 the inflation and charged black holes and in section 5 university evolution and big bang are discussed in terms of TQSM.

Dark energy and photon flat space
The 3-D photon flat space with the constant time width of cΔtq is the 3-D Euclidean space in terms of the 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). Our universe is the photon flat space with the matters and particles in Fig. 2  Three quantum space fluctuations are the matter CP pair production, neutrino CPT pair production and photon T pair production in Fig. 4. The new photon spaces are created by the neutrino CPT pair production (H  in Hubble's constant) and photon T pair production (Hp in Hubble's constant) in    x' The space expansion is described as the well-known Hubble's equation of v = Hx since the inflation. The space expansion (H) is influenced by the matters (Hr) (gravitation force (Fg), warpedspace resistance force (FW)), inflation (Hi) (Coulomb force (Fc)), radiation force Hra(Fra) and photon space fluctuations (dark energy) (Hps)( DE(H  ) and photon DE (Hp)) in Figs. 2-4. In other words, H = Hi + Hra -Hr + Hps.       The vacuum energy density has been calculated in quantum field theory in Fig. 9. And the vacuum energy density calculated with the maximum quantum vacuum oscillation energy of the Planck energy (EP = MPC 2 ) is much bigger than the observed vacuum energy density. This indicates that the Planck energy cannot be the part of the vacuum oscillation energy at the present time. The maximum vacuum oscillation energy at the present time can be calculated from the observed vacuum density in Figs. 9 and 10. This vacuum oscillation energy is 3.5 10 -3 eV with which only the neutrino vacuum oscillations are possible. The vacuum state is the photon flat space in the present work. The vacuum state makes the neutrino and photon fluctuations in Fig. 4. Therefore, the observed vacuum energy density supports the neutrino dark energy and photon dark energy as the quantum vacuum fluctuations in Fig. 4.
The dark energy consists of the neutrino and photon dark energies. The Hubble's constant (H) of the photon flat space with the accelerated space expansion is, in general, H = H  + Hp -Hr + Hra. In Fig. 11, the experimental Hubble's constant values [21,36,[39][40][41] are compared. The Hubble's constant data of H(CMB) from the CMB radiation [21] includes all the matters with the neutrinos that came from the neutrino CTP pair production. The neutrinos that came from the neutrino CTP pair production play the role as the neutrino dark energy, too. Therefore, the neutrino dark energy density should be subtracted from the matter density in Fig. 11. This indicates that the Hubble's constant (H  ) due to the neutrino dark energy should be added to the H(CMB). In other word, H(CMB) = Hp -Hr + Hra for the CMB data. And H = H(CMB) + H  = H  + Hp -Hr + Hra for the Hubble's constant data (H) [36,[39][40][41] as explained in Fig. 11. The present neutrino dark energy  The relative time axis is varying following the particle velocity. Therefore, the relative time can be related with the velocity and moving space distance of the particle in the modified Lorentztransformations [42]. The absolute time axis is fixed always as the fourth dimensional axis in the 4-D Euclidean space-time. The photon is the flat space in Fig. 5. The photon moves with the light velocity of c. The whole photon space (or whole 3-D quantized space) in Fig. 5 is moving with the light velocity of c = x4/t along the x4 axis. The internal photons inside the flat space move with the light velocity of c = x/tl within the flat space. In Fig. 5, the rest particle, moving particle and photon are compared. The photon has the zero rest mass which means the flat space. Therefore, even though the internal photon is moving along the x space direction with the constant speed of c, the photon space is not changed. It is expressed as A=B in Fig. 5. In other words, the electromagnetic wave does not change the space. But the moving massive particle changes the space as shown in Fig. 5. It indicates that the electromagnetic wave is the space fluctuations which does not change the photon space itself. Also, the photon moves along the time axis of ct like the rest particle does. Therefore, ct is equal to ctl for the photon in Fig. 5. This means that the photon has both properties of the particle (photon) and wave (electromagnetic wave). This explains the particle-wave duality of the photon.
The present work is entirely based on the 4 dimension Euclidean space but not on the 4 dimension Minkowski space. Fourth dimension axis is the absolute time axis of ct. The ideas proposed by the present model are graphically explained for the readers who want to understand the basic physical concepts. In the present model, the photon is the flat space with the zero rest mass. The particles and matters with non-zero rest masses (m0) including the gravitons are considered as the warped spaces. Here, the graviton has the non-zero rest mass. This tells that all the particles including the gravitons with the non-zero rest masses are the warped spaces which are created from the flat photon space. Only the photon has the zero rest mass which indicates the flat space. The rest mass energy of E = mc 2 is defined as the four-dimension space volume of ctx1x2x3 = ctV. Because the 4-D volume is the only factor to define the different particles, it is reasonable to say that the 4-D volume is the rest mass energy of the corresponding particle. This four-dimension space volume of ctx1x2x3 is connected to the wave function of the quantum mechanics. This could be the origin of the quantum mechanics. The wave function is formed along the absolute time axis of ct but not along the relative time axis of ctl. It will be interesting to research the relation   between the four-dimension space volume of (ct)x1x2x3 and the particle energy in quantum mechanics. The relation between the four-dimension space volume and wave function in the quantum mechanics is discussed in another paper.
The definition of E = ctx1x2x3 = ctV is very important in the physical point of view. The particle is the warped space, and the particle energy is the warped space volume on the 4-D Euclidean space. The time momentum is pt = mc = E/c = tx1x2x3 = ctV. From the definition of the energy, we just can observe the space volume because we live on the 3-D space. The energy and mass cannot be directly observed because it is the 4-D Euclidean space volume. We observe the energy and mass as the effect projected on the 3-D space when the particle is moving. The inertia mass of m = F/a is one example. The black holes have the huge energy (or mass) and very small space volume in Figs. 10, and 12 -14. This indicates that the ct is huge for the black holes. The singularity is expected for the black holes because of the huge gravitational force in terms of the general relativity. Therefore, the black holes are very stable and could be evaporated through the Hawking radiation from the quantum vacuum fluctuations [43 -49].   F c >> q 1 < q 2 < q 3 q 1 < q 2 < q 3 n(udd) = n(0,0)A(CC=-5) 3 Stellar  The charge (q) and space volume (V) are not conserved for the black holes. In the present work, F c > from the large EC charge (large ct) and small space volume is always assumed for the EC charged lepton and quark black holes, which decay to the quarks ( or baryons and mesons) and leptons. dimensional space-time volume of E= ctV is defined as the energy of the black hole and particle. From this definition, the inflation means the huge space expansion (inflation) and huge time contraction from the energy conservation equation of E = ctV.
The black hole is the particle with the very small space volume and very large mass. The typical definition of this black hole leads to the very large time of ct because of the very large energy (E) and very small space volume (V) in the equation of E = ctV. In the general relativity, it is thought that the black hole does not experience the surface fluctuations and is very stable attracting everything including the photons. Eventually, the black hole leads to the singularity at its center. The black hole does not decay and emits only Hawking radiation from the quantum vacuum fluctuation. Therefore, we need the very radical and new physical concept in order to explain the inflation of the primary black hole after the big bang. The answer to this question can come out from the possibility that the black hole can be hugely charged as proposed in the present 3dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) as shown in Figs. 12 -14. The present TQSM model is the extended standard model. If the black hole has the huge charge that can give the huge repulsive Coulomb force large enough to overcome the attractive gravitational force and boson force, the inflation of the primary black hole created at the big bang can be explained. Now the charge is defined as |q| = ct. This charge definition is used for the black hole evolution including the inflation in the present work. The inflation and decay of the primary black hole continue until the Coulomb force is similar to the sum of the gravitational force and bosons force for the black hole as shown in Figs. 12 -14. The Coulomb forces for the leptons and quarks are much stronger than the gravitational forces. This means that the lepton black holes and quark black holes can be destroyed because of the strong Coulomb forces greater than the sum of the long-range gravitational force and short-range boson force. In the inflation process of the primary black hole, after the moment at which the space sizes of the secondary black holes become bigger than the boson force range of about < 10 -18 m, the black holes are rapidly destroyed before the crossing point of Fc ≈ Fg+FB, because the Coulomb forces are much stronger than the gravitational forces for the leptons and quarks and the Coulomb forces are still much stronger than the gravitational forces for the charged black holes. Therefore, the charged particles like electrons and protons are emitted as the aftermath of the inflation of the lepton black holes and quark black holes in Fig. 14.
These electrons and protons are distributed as the normal matters in the galaxies. These normal matters are locally distributed by the gravitational force between the normal matters and dark matters (including the dark matter black holes). Now dark matter primary black hole experiences the inflation after the big bang like the lepton primary black hole and quark primary black hole. The Coulomb force between the dark matters is very weak to be neglected in the most cases. But the very weak Coulomb force of the charged dark matters play the major role for the inflation of the dark matter primary black hole and secondary black holes with the huge EC charges. The Coulomb force of the dark matter black holes with the huge EC charges is bigger than the sum of the gravitational force and short-range boson force of the dark matter black holes. In other words, Fc > Fg + FB. In the inflation process, after the moment at which the space sizes of the secondary black holes become bigger than the boson force range of about < 10 -18 m, the black holes are slowly destroyed because the Coulomb forces are much weaker than the gravitational forces for the charged elementary dark matters and the Coulomb forces are still stronger than the gravitational forces for the charged black holes. The dark matters are emitted from the host black holes. The emitted dark matters are locally distributed around the left-over dark matter black holes. At the crossing point of Fc ≈ Fg+FB, the dark matter black hole stops to decay. The dark matter black hole with the large EC charge enough to meet the condition of Fc ≈ Fg+FB remains as the super-massive black holes at the center of the galaxies in Fig. 13. Therefore, the emitted normal matters, emitted dark matters and left-over dark matter black hole form the galaxies.
In the inflation process, the black hole is decayed to the smaller black holes. These small black holes decay to the galaxy black holes (galaxy particles) which are the seed black holes of the galaxies. In order for the black hole to decay, the Coulomb force (Fc) should be larger than the sum of the gravitational force (Fg) and the short-range boson force (FB). The first black hole followed by the big bang should be electrically charged with the huge charges of EC, LC and CC which have the very small space volume (V) and very big absolute time (ct) (huge charges). In order for the big bang and inflation to take place, the first condition is that the Coulomb force, Fc is much bigger than the sum (FA) of the gravitational force (Fg) and bosons force (FB). Because Fc>>FA, the big bang and inflation mean the sudden increasing of the space volume and the sudden decreasing of the absolute time (ct) (charges). After these processes, a lot of smaller supermassive black holes are created. These super-massive black holes decays slowly to form the galaxy clusters and each galaxy. The black holes are not the singularities because of the huge repulsive Coulomb forces due to the huge charges of the black holes in Figs. 12 -14.
The big bang process is the sudden space-time creation from the nothing in the standard model as shown in Figs. 2, 6 and 15. There have been many efforts to explain this sudden 4-D space-time creation. The sudden 4-D space and time creation does not look like the natural process in terms of the CPT symmetry. It is because the partner universe is not proposed in the well-known big bang theory. In other words, the TCP symmetry is broken in the well-known bag bang standard model. The corresponding space-time is based on the 4-D Minkowski space where the observed time of tl is changing with changing of the particle velocity. In this well-known big bang theory, Here, the big bang is explained as the universe pair production (see Fig. 6). The x1x2x3 space coordinates can be always replaced with the x0y0z0 space coordinates if needed.  The 3-dimensional quantized flat space is the photon space. The particle is the warped space with the velocity (v) slower than the photon velocity of c. Under this definition of the particle mass, it is proposed that the electric charge is positive for the positive warped space and negative charge for the negative warped space in the x1x2x3 space. Based on these concepts, the 3-dimensional quantized space model is developed for the elementary fermions and bosons [34]. It is surprising that several new particles including three fermionic dark matters exist in terms of the 3dimensional quantized space model [34].

University evolution and big bang in terms of TQSM
The big bang theory has been developed to show the beginning moment of our matter universe. The 4-D space and time were created at one moment (big bang) in the past as shown in Figs. 2, 6 and 15 -20. This space and time creation in the standard model means there was nothing before the big bang in Fig. 6. Even the time did not exist before the big bang moment in terms of the standard model. It seems to me that the god created everything of the space and time at the big bang moment. The CPT symmetry does not exist because there is nothing before the big bang. Because our universe is the matter dominated universe, the CP symmetry problem is unsolved in SM. Also, the time (T) symmetry before and after the big bang cannot be applied to our universe. I think that these CP and T symmetry problems are the serious problems. For the explanation of the geometrical structure of our universe, the 4-D Minkowski space was introduced in the special and general relative theories. Then the introduced time should be varied depending on the relative velocity of two space-time frames. This is called as the relative time of t which corresponds to the relative time of tl in the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). We know in the real life that the massive particles and matters are made of the 3-D space volume at the instant time of t. It means that the instant time of t has the very small-time gap of ctq when we observe the 3-D space volume at the time of t. This is the 3-D quantized x1x2x3 space in Fig. 6. The well-known big bang theory assumes that this 3-D quantized space is flowing along the relative time axis of ctl. In this case the time and space are warped together. There is nothing else except our universe of 3-D quantized space. The well-known big bang theory, special and general relativity theories and standard model are developed based on this single 3-D quantized space on the 4-D Minkowski space.
Therefore, I have thought of the origin of the big bang based on the 4-D Euclidean space rather than the 4-D Minkowski space. Let us think of the 3-D Euclidean quantized space which is overlapped on the 4-D Euclidean quantized space in Fig. 6. Then the 3-D quantized x1x2x3 space is moving along the 4 th dimension axis in the 4-D Euclidean space. The 4 th dimension axis is the absolute time axis of ct. This 3-D quantized space is assigned as the x1x2x3 space and the 4-D Euclidean space is assigned as the x0y0z0ct space and time. It is assumed that the 3-D quantized x1x2x3 space is moving along the x4 axis with the constant speed of c because the 3-D quantized x1x2x3 space is the photon space. Then, from c = x4/t, x4 = ct, the x4 axis is the absolute time axis of ct. Under this assumption, the mathematical 4-D Euclidean space is evolved to the physical 3-D quantized space based on the 4-D Euclidean space as shown in Fig. 6. From this physical concept, the 4-D momenta in Fig. 6 is defined for the x1x2x3 space. Then, note that, in Fig. 15, . The 4 th dimension axis is the absolute time axis of ct. Note that the negative time, negative mass (energy) and negative momenta are possible. E0 < 0 and m0 < 0 for pt < 0 in Fig. 15. And the C, P and T symmetry are defined for our universe based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The T symmetry is defined from the absolute time axis of ct not from the relative time of ctl. The negative time momentum means negative mass and negative energy. Our matter universe with the positive time momentum and anti-matter partner universe with the negative time momentum should be created following the CPT symmetry as shown in Figs. 6 and 15. Therefore, there is only the 4-D Euclidean space before the big bang and there is the 3-D quantized space based on the 4-D Euclidean space after the big bang. Because our universe has the positive time momentum and positive energy (mass) and the partner universe has the negative time momentum and negative energy (mass), these two universes are created from the nothing with the zero time momentum and zero energy (mass). Therefore, in Figs. 6 and 15, the CPT symmetry explains why our universe is the matter universe and where the energy of our universe comes from. Now we have the complete birth history of our universe in terms of the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM).
Note that the time, t in the Lorentz transformations corresponds to tl in the present work. In other words, the time axis of ct in the present work is the fourth dimension axis in the 4-dimensional Euclidean space in Figs. 6, 15 and 16. And the time axis of ct in the Lorentz transformations of the Minkowski space is the distance axis of ctl in the present 4-dimensional Euclidean space. Therefore, the direction of the ctl time axis depends on the corresponding particle velocity of v = x/tl. This means that the observed time of tl depends on the corresponding velocity of v as shown in the Lorentz transformations of the special relativity. Therefore, the time of tl is called as the relative time in the present work. The relation between the relative time of tl and the observed space distance of x is described as a function of v in the Lorentz transformations of the special relativity.
But the time axis direction of ct does not depend on the particle velocity. It is just the fourth dimension axis in the 4-dimensional Euclidean space. Therefore, the time of t is called as the absolute time in the present work. It is clear from the definition of the time momentum (pt = E0/c = m0c). Then from c = x4/t, x4 = ct, the x4 axis is the absolute time axis of ct. The photon with the constant speed (c) is the flat space with the zero charge. It is defined that our x1x2x3 universe is the photon space which moves along the positive x4 axis with the constant speed of c in the 4dimensional Euclidean space of x0y0z0x4. In this definition, the x4 axis becomes the absolute time axis of ct in the 4-dimensional Euclidean space of x0y0z0x4 in Figs. 6, 15 and 16. Then, this photon space has the microscopic time width of ctq which could be the Planck length size. But the time width of the local photon space can be changed depending on the photon energy. This photon space is called as the x1x2x3 space in Figs. 6, 15 and 16.
The photon consists of many internal photons. These internal photons form the photon wave of the electromagnetic wave by the interferences. And the x4 axis is the ct time axis. The photon has the constant velocity of c= x4/t along the x4 axis. And the internal photons have the constant velocity of c= x/tl along the x axis on the x1x2x3 space. So, the moving distance (x = ctl) of the internal photon on the x1x2x3 space is the same to the moving distance (x4 = ct) of the whole photon space along the ct axis. This means that the whole photon space can be treated as the rest particle with the velocity of c along the ct axis. This axis is the absolute time axis. Also, each internal photon can be considered as the moving particle on the x1x2x3 space with the velocity of c. This internal photon is the electromagnetic wave which is closely related to the electric and magnetic fields. It is thought that each photon and electromagnetic wave can consist of several internal photons with the less energies. Therefore, the x1x2x3 space corresponding to each photon can be always defined based on the 4-dimensional Euclidean space as shown for our universe. Here our universe is the warped space of the x1x2x3 photon (flat) space. Therefore, our universe is the x1x2x3 photon space positioned on the mother x0y0z0x4 space. This is the 3-dimensional quantized x1x2x3 space. Everything in the present work is based on the 4-dimension Euclidean space. Then, our universe is moving with the photon velocity of c along the x4 axis which is called as the time axis of ct. Please note that the absolute time lapse is defined as the t = x4/c. This is the absolute time which is not dependent on the particle velocity. The relative time of tl is dependent on the particle velocity as shown in the special relativity theory. The big bang is the pair creation of the CPT symmetric matter and antimatter universes from nothing. The photon spaces between the secondary and super massive black holes were developed to the voids with the very small density of the matters. The singularity does not exist. (Galaxies)

CPT symmetry
The time of t in the special relativity theory corresponds to the relative time of tl in the present work. The relative time of tl is defined as tl = l/c = x/v. Our universe can be locally warped to create the particles in Fig. 16. Then the rest mass energy and electric charge (EC) are introduced as the warped space of our x1x2x3 universe. The 3-dimensional quantized space is the photon space. The particle is the warped space with the velocity (v) slower than the photon velocity of c. Then the rest mass of the particle is defined as the 4-dimensional volume of the warped space.
Under this definition of the particle mass, it is proposed that the electric charge is positive for the positively warped space and negative for the negatively warped space in the x1x2x3 space. Because other lepton charges (LC) and color charges (CC) exist in the real world, we need two more 3-D quantized spaces of the x4x5x6 and x7x8x9 spaces [34]. The x4x5x6 and x7x8x9 spaces are for the LC and CC charges, respectively. The present work including only the EC x1x2x3 space for simplicity can be easily extended to the research including all three spaces of the x1x2x3 space,  LC x4x5x6 space and CC x7x8x9 space. In the extended case, the charge (q) of (EC) can be, easily, replaced with the charges (q) of (EC,LC) and (EC, LC, CC).
In Fig. 17-20, the universe evolution is shown in terms of the TQSM model. The big bang is the pair creation of the CPT symmetric matter and antimatter universes from nothing. The photon spaces between the secondary and super massive black holes were developed to the voids with the very small density of the matters. It is concluded that the singularity does not exist. The inflation epoch, decelerated period and accelerated space expansion period are described. The dark energy is the photon space. And our universe was created from the nothing and will be annihilated to the nothing as shown in Fig. 2. It is indicated that the universe was decelerated by the boson force and gravitation force and has been accelerated by the dark energy in Fig. 20. The more detail can be seen in Ref.

Summary and conclusions
In the present paper, the universe evolution is discussed by the decay of the charged black holes. The charged black holes are treated like the elementary fermions. The first matter universe created at the big bang is made of the negatively charged black holes with the huge energy (mass) and very small space volume (maybe smaller than the Planck scale). The origins of the inflation and big bang for our matter universe has not been discovered. In the present work, the origins of the big bang and inflation are briefly explained by using the evolution of the charged black holes in terms of the 3-dimensional quantized space x: average distance between the particles (matters) The G wave boson forces and matters make the resistance force (F r ) against the accelerated photon space expansion (F ps ) during the inflation.  The dark energy has been proposed to explain the accelerated space expansion. However, the problem of what the dark energy is should be solved. The dark energy is the fundamental property of the space-time because the dark energy density remains constant through the universe evolution. This indicates that the new space needs to be created by the dark energy. In the present TQMS model, the photon flat space is the background space-time. This photon space has the constant density which means that the constant time width (ctq = constant).to give the density definition of  = ctq. This is consistent with the expected properties of the dark energy. And the quantum fluctuations of the photon space include the neutrino pair production by the CPT symmetry and photon pair production by the T symmetry. Because of the T symmetry which creates the new space on our matter universe, these two quantum fluctuations create the new spaces without changing the energy density. These new spaces drive the accelerated space expansion. This is what the dark energy means. In the present work, it is concluded that the dark energy is the photon space. Another problem is the vacuum density crisis. Quantum field theory gives the huge vacuum density of (QFT) = 10 123 exp. In the present work, the vacuum state is the photon space. In other words, the vacuum energy density is the energy density of the photon space. The experimental vacuum energy density of exp means the energy density of the photon space. The experimental vacuum energy density of exp allows only the neutrino oscillations. This gives the answer to the big difference between two values of (QFT) and exp. The QFT calculation use the Planck energy as the maximum vacuum oscillation. But the experimental values give only the neutrino vacuum oscillation. The vacuum constant crisis is solved when the photon space is taken as the vacuum state. Therefore, in general, the vacuum state has only the neutrino pair productions by the CPT symmetry. In the localized photon space with the higher energy density of the radiation, the more massive particle pair productions by the CP symmetry like the pair production of the electron and positron can be allowed.
The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner antimatter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark -primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes.
We do not observe the rest mass of the photon. We observe the massive particles with the 3-D volumes. The massive particles and massless photons occupy the 3-D volume on the 3-D Euclidean space. Then, what is the difference between the massless photon and massive particles? The answer to this question comes from the 4-D Euclidean space. It is thought that the massive particles take the 4-D warped space that is the warped version of the flat photon space along the time axis of ct. The 4-D volume of the 4-D warped space is the rest mass energy of the massive particle. Under this new idea, the flat photon space has the zero-rest mass energy. The flat photon space has the 3-D quantized space of the physical x1x2x3 space with the very small-time width of ctq. Therefore, the mathematical 4-D Euclidean space is the unquantized space without the photons (space fluctuations). And the physical 4-D Euclidean space is the 4-D quantized space-time that is the 3-D quantized space of the physical x1x2x3 space with the very small-time width of ctq. This is called as the space-time evolution in the present work from the mathematical space to the physical space.
In the 4-D Euclidean space, all axes have the positive and negative directions. However, the space momenta along the 3-D space axes have been studied in the physical world. For the time axis, only the positive axis in the 4-D Minkowski space has been taken into consideration because we observe only the positive time direction. From the viewpoint of the 4-D momenta on the 4-D Euclidean space, the time axis should have the positive and negative time directions. If the negative time direction is allowed in the physical point of view, the well-known big bang theory should be changed to include the negative time direction. In this case, the partner universe with the negative time momentum is allowed. Note that the negative energy and negative mass are allowed from the negative time momentum. This means that the big bang is the pair creation of our matter universe and partner anti-matter universe which are the 3-D quantized spaces. This new interpretation completes the big bang theory in terms of the conserved CPT symmetry. It explains why our universe is the matter universe. It is concluded that three unsolved questions of dark energy, big bang, inflation, charged black hole decay, vacuum density crisis and Hubble's constant puzzle are solved by using the photon space and the charged black hole in terms of the 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). I wish the present results can inspire people to study on the present topics with their own new ideas. The more details can be seen in Ref.