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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.2161.v1

Immunity Induced by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Breadth, Durability, Potency, and Specificity in a Healthcare Worker Cohort

Ying Chen, Caiqin Hu, Zheng Wang, Junwei Su, Shuo Wang, Bin Li, Xiang Liu, Zhenzhen Yuan, Dan Li, Hong Wang, Biao Zhu, Yiming Shao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; antibody response; cellular immunity; healthcare workers

Online: 31 August 2023 (09:42:22 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1332.v1

Mycophenolate Interruption Restores Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunogenicity in Unresponsive Liver Transplant Recipients

Pierluigi Toniutto, Annarosa Cussigh, Sara Cmet, Martina Fabris, Francesco Curcio, Davide Bitetto, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo, Edmondo Falleti

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2 infection; mycophenolate mofetil, liver transplantation, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Online: 18 May 2023 (10:39:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0165.v1

Longitudinal Randomized Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence in the St. Petersburg Population

Viacheslav S. Smirnov, Liudmila V. Lyalina, Andzhelica M. Milichkina, Irina V. Khamitova, Elena V. Zueva, Valery A. Ivanov, Vitaly S. Zaguzov, Areg Artemovich Totolian

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2; seroprevalence; antibodies; nucleocapsid antigen; antigen receptor binding domain; seropositivity; St. Petersburg; volunteers; vaccination

Online: 18 April 2022 (10:42:54 CEST)

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Since the detection of the first COVID-19 patient, 2 years have passed, during which more than 287,862,000 people fell ill globally, of which about 1.9% died. Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 control programs required efforts from almost all countries. An important direction in the fight against COVID-19 was the formation of herd immunity, the main tool for managing the pandemic. Study goal: to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies (Abs) to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) and receptor binding domain (RBD) in the St. Petersburg population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. A longitudinal cohort randomized monitoring study of Ab seroprevalence (SARS-CoV-2 Nc, RBD) was organized and conducted according to a unified methodology developed by Rospotrebnadzor with the participation of the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute. For this purpose, a cohort of 1000 volunteers was formed who participated in all five stages of seromonitoring. The cohort was divided into 7 age groups: 1-17; 18-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70; and older (70+) years. Seropositivity levels (Nc, RBD) were assessed by quantitative and qualitative enzyme immunoassays. During the 2nd year of monitoring, some volunteers were vaccinated with the GamCOVIDVac (84%) or EpiVacCorona (11.6%) vaccines approved in Russia. Statistical processing was carried out using the Excel 2010 software package. Confidence intervals for shares and percentages (95% CI) were calculated using the method of A. Wald and J. Wolfowitz with adjustment (A. Agresti, B.A. Coull). The statistical significance of differences was calculated by z-test, using the appropriate online calculator (p<0.05), unless indicated. Results. There was a trend towards: an increase in Nc seropositivity in stages 1-3 of seromonitoring, with a decrease in stages 4-5 among children and adults. The share of RBD seropositive steadily increased during all 5 stages of seromonitoring. The most frequently found were low anti-RBD Abs levels (22.6-220 BAU/ml). High Ab levels were recorded statistically significantly less frequently. Asymptomatic forms were observed in 84-88% of SARS-CoV-2 seropositive volunteers. By the 5th stage of monitoring, this indicator significantly decreased to 69.8% (95% CI: 66.1-73.4). The monitoring revealed a statistically significant increase in anti-RBD Abs, alongside a statistically significant decrease in the proportion of Nc seropositive. This dynamic was especially characteristic of persons vaccinated with GamCOVIDVac. Conclusion. Prior to the use of specific vaccines, a seroprevalence of anti-Nc Abs was noted. After the introduction of the GamCOVIDVac vaccine in adults, a decrease in the level of anti-Nc Abs was noted due to an increase in the proportion of RBD seropositive persons.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0889.v1

New Conditions in Heart Transplantation in Persistence of SARS-CoV-2

Lubov Mitrofanova, Igor Makarov, Andrey Gorshkov, Olga Vorobeva, Maria Simonenko, Anna Starshinova, Dmitry Kudlay, Tatiana Karonova

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Other Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 infection; immunohistochemical and ultrastructural myocardial studies; heart transplantation; virus transmission

Online: 13 June 2023 (07:53:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0750.v1

Origin, Phylogeny, Variability and Epitope Conservation of SARS-CoV-2 Worldwide

Filipa F Vale, Jorge M.B. Vítor, Andreia T. Marques, José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira, Elsa Anes, João Gonçalves

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 genomics; spike protein; epitope prediction; coronavirus comparative genomics

Online: 31 May 2021 (11:36:29 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0146.v1

Virtual Screening of Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz, Luisa N. Pimentel-Vera, Angela Caro, Angela Mosquera, Camilo Andrés Castellanos Moreno, Juan Pablo Manosalva Rojas, Diana Carolina Díaz-Tribaldos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; main protease; molecular docking-based virtual screening

Online: 9 April 2020 (09:34:45 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0133.v2

The Airborne and Gastrointestinal Coronavirus SARS-COV-2 Pathways

Tomás Santa-Coloma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: ACE2, airborne; coronavirus; COV-2; COVID-19; food chain; intestinal infection; Kepler conjecture; rebound epidemic; packaging; particle size; SARS; surgical masks.

Online: 13 April 2020 (10:12:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1019.v1

Vitamin D Levels as a Marker of Severe SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Lambros Athanassiou, Ifigenia Kostoglou-Athanassiou, Sofia Nikolakopoulou, Alexandra Konstantinou, Olga Mascha, Evangelos Siarkos, Charilaos Samaras, Panagiotis Athanassiou, Yehuda Shoenfeld

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: vitamin D; SARS-CoV-2; outcome; ferritin; d-dimers; fibrinogen

Online: 15 September 2023 (02:40:24 CEST)

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Severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus is associated with various clinical findings, including hematological manifestations. Thrombotic events or a tendency to develop thrombotic events also characterize severe COVID-19 disease and may lead to death. Vitamin D is known to have immunomodulating properties and to enhance the body defense system against invading pathogens and to have immunostimulatory properties as far as the innate immune response is concerned. The aim was to measure 25(OH)D3 levels in patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 infection, to explore the relationship between 25(OH)D3 and outcome and to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels, CRP, ferritin, d-dimers and fibrinogen levels in this cohort. In a cohort of 88 patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a control group matched for age and sex the levels of 25(OH)D3 were measured. In the same cohort CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen levels were also analyzed. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were 17.36±8.80 ng/ml (mean±SD) as compared with 24.34±10.34 ng/ml, in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and the control group, respectively, p<0.001 (Student’s t test). The levels of 25(OH)D3 were found to be significantly related to outcome, i.e. survival as opposed to non-survival, as more patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency (0-10 ng/ml) and insufficiency (10-20 ng/ml) had a fatal outcome as compared with those with vitamin D sufficiency, p<0.001, chi-square test, p<0.001, Fischer’s exact test. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were inversely related to CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen levels, p<0.001, linear regression analysis, beta coefficient of variation, -0.176, -0,160, -0.178, -0.158, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was related to the disease outcome. Increased ferritin levels, and increased thrombotic markers, namely d-dimer and fibrinogen levels were observed in the patients and their concentration was also inversely related to vitamin D. We showed that vitamin D levels were low in hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and also inversely related to CRP, ferritin, d-dimer and fibrinogen concentration. It is proposed that vitamin D levels may be an index of severity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0099.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Shielding Effect of Chitosan Derivatives: An in-silico Prospective

Poonam Das, Sabuj Sahoo, Sanatan Majhi, George rout Kerry, Atala Bihari Jena

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Chitosan; mHTCC; SARS-CoV-2; S protein; ACE2; Molecular interaction

Online: 7 June 2022 (09:05:16 CEST)

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Working Paper CONCEPT PAPER

Should We Apply Evolutionary Theories to the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2?

Huizhi Feng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; evolution and origin; RNA virus; application; concerns

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:58:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1316.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Co-Infection: Fair Competition or Sinister Combination?

Narasaraju Teluguakula, Vincent TK Chow, Pandareesh MD, Venkatesha Dasegowda, Vidyasagar Kurrapotula, Shivaramu MG, Marko Radic

Subject: Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: influenza; SARS-CoV-2; co-infection; inflammation; lung pathology

Online: 19 April 2024 (08:05:52 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0776.v1

Does SARS-CoV-2 induce IgG4 synthesis to evade the immune system?

Alberto Rubio-Casillas, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Vladimir N. Uversky

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; IgG4; Tregs; long COVID; immune tolerance

Online: 9 August 2023 (11:18:47 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0292.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Challenge with Covid-19

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Bardia Karim, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Omicron; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of concern

Online: 20 October 2022 (02:16:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0249.v1

TMPRSS2 Protease Inhibitors May Prolong But Heparins Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 Clearance

Shu Yuan, Si-Cong Jiang, Zhong-Wei Zhang, Zi-Lin Li, Chang-Quan Wang, Ming Yuan, Yang-Er Chen, Qi Tao, Ting Lan, Xiao-Yan Tang, Guang-Deng Chen, Jian Zeng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; TMPRSS2; antibody epitopes; glycosylation sequons; heparin

Online: 21 June 2020 (10:12:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0326.v1

Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and Their Potential for Therapeutic Passive Immunization

P.J. Klasse, John P. Moore

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; immunotherapy; vaccine

Online: 19 April 2020 (04:52:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0005.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Mohammed Uddin, Farah Mustafa, Tahir A. Rizvi, Tom Loney, Hanan Al Suwaidi, Ahmad Al Marzouqi, Afaf Kamal Eldin, Nabeel Alsabeeha, Thomas E. Adrian, Cesare Stefanini, Norbert Nowotny, Alawi Alsheikh-Ali, Abiola C. Senok

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Pandemic; Viral Genomics

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:22:38 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0091.v1

Predicting the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Utilizing Capability as the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2

Ye Qiu, Yuan-Bo Zhao, Qiong Wang, Jin-Yan Li, Zhi-JIan ZHou, Ce-Heng Liao, Xing-Yi Ge

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); receptor utilization; phylogenetic analysis.

Online: 5 March 2020 (12:12:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0513.v1

Convalescent Adaptive Immunity is Highly Heterogenous after SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Balaji Pathakumari, Paige K. Marty, Maleeha Shah, Virginia P. Van Keulen, Courtney L. Erskine, Matthew S. Block, Pedro Arias-Sanchez, Patricio Escalante, Tobias Peikert

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; convalescent immunity; T cell immunity; Heterogenous Immunity; multiparametric approach

Online: 9 October 2023 (11:33:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1639.v1

Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates SARS-CoV-2–Associated Lung Endothelial Barrier Disruption

Olivier Escaffre, Peter Szaniszlo, Gabor Törő, Caitlyn L. Villas, Brenna J. Servantes, Ernesto Lopez, Terry L. Juelich, Corri B. Levine, Susan L. F. McLellan, Jessica C. Cardenas, Alexander N. Freiberg, Katalin Módis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: endothelial barrier; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; hydrogen sulfide; cytokine; TNF-α

Online: 23 May 2023 (10:31:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0430.v1

Attenuation and Degeneration of SARS-CoV-2 Despite of Adaptive Evolution

Yingguang Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, evolution, immune evasion, codon usage, attenuation, genome degradation, degeneration, COVID-19

Online: 23 November 2022 (03:29:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0516.v1

Burden of Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalizations during the Omicron Wave in Germany

Maren Doenhardt, Christin Gano, Anna-Lisa Sorg, Natalie Diffloth, Tobias Tenenbaum, Rüdiger von Kries, Reinhard Berner, Jakob P. Armann

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Omicron; children; hospitalization

Online: 30 August 2022 (09:00:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0466.v1

The Disruption of SARS-CoV-2 RBD/ACE-2 Complex by Ubrogepant Is Mediated by Interface Hydration

Olaposi Omotuyi, Oyekanmi Nash, Bashiru Ajiboye, Damilohun Metibemu, Babatunji Oyinloye, Ayodeji Ojo, kunle Okaiyeto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 RBD; Ubrogepant; ACE-2; MD simulation

Online: 31 March 2020 (22:50:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1628.v1

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in Germany

Hans H. Diebner

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Other Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Epidemic Spatial Heterogeneity; Diversity; Spatio-Temporal Patterns; Cluster Analysis

Online: 22 June 2023 (12:45:04 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0212.v1

The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Angiopoietin/Tie Axis and Vascular Endothelium

Dolgormaa Janchivlamdan, Maitreyi Shivkumar, Harprit Singh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Endothelial cell; Angiopoietin; Tie1/2; ACE2; inflammatory cytokines

Online: 5 February 2024 (10:53:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0522.v1

A Tiny Viral Protein, SARS-CoV-2-ORF7b: Structural Features.

Giovanni Colonna

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ORF7b; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 3D-structure; molecular dynamics; dipole vector; Electrostatic properties of alpha-helix.

Online: 18 April 2023 (11:14:01 CEST)

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ORF7b-2 is an accessory protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus of only 43 amino acids. It has been implicated in various functional hypotheses, some of which predict its involvement as a trans-membrane protein. In this study, ORF7b-2 has often been compared to ORF7b-1 of the SARS virus to highlight differences and similarities with a protein that should have a similar biological role. Structural analysis of ORF7b-2 and its electrostatic characteristics show a polypeptide with both ends negatively charged and a diffuse negative charge over the entire structure. Therefore, its behavior in solution is like that of a weak negative polyelectrolyte, more precisely a polyanion with a net charge of – 4 at neutral pH. Its structure was modeled with two different modeling systems, one of which was ab initio. The two best models are similar, as confirmed by the Ramachandran plot, and show a central alpha-helical structure with two disordered and mobile ends. A normal mode analysis characterized the low-frequency dynamic aspects of the protein. The analysis of the structural shows a rigid central segment with mobile and fluctuating extremities, involved in a conformational equilibrium of the helix ↔ coil type. The calculation of the dipole moment shows its vector is not aligned with the main axis of the structure with an outward tilt of 24°. Molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted and the one in water is in good agreement with the previous results. While, the simulation performed by inserting a pre-oriented dimer (OMP) into a solvated lipid showed the low tendency of the protein to solvate in the apolar environment of the membrane. ORF7b-2 also shows a widespread distribution of negative surfaces that dynamically adjust to changes in structural organization. The BioGrid platform's [Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets] through the BioGrid COVID-19 Coronavirus Curation Project shows a very large number of experimentally proven physical interactions unique to ORF7b-2, some of them with cytoplasmic proteins. These features of ORF7b-2, evaluated together, suggest a remarkable propensity of ORF7b-2 to interact with multiple molecular partners on both an electrostatic and hydrophobic basis. All this makes it unreasonable that the only biological function of this protein should be that exerted as an intramembrane protein.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0241.v1

ViralVar: A Web Tool for Multilevel Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes

Arghavan Alisoltani, Lukasz Jaroszewski, Adam Godzik, Arash Iranzadeh, Lacy Marie Simons, Taylor Joseph Dean, Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo, Judd Franklin Hultquist, Egon Anderson Ozer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: evolution; mutation; genomic surveillance; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ViralVar; webtool

Online: 17 October 2022 (12:59:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0010.v1

CoVigator – a Knowledge Base for Navigating SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variants

Thomas Bukur, Pablo Riesgo-Ferreiro, Patrick Sorn, Ranganath Gudimella, Johannes Hausmann, Thomas Rösler, Martin Löwer, Barbara Schrörs, Ugur Sahin

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; dashboard; genomic variants; software; pipeline; virus genome assemblies; knowledge base

Online: 1 June 2023 (03:16:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0518.v1

From Extracellular Vesicles to Global Environment: A Cosmopolite SARS-Cov-2 Virus

Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Raja Dahmane, Tjaša Griessler Bulc, Polonca Trebše, Saba Battelino, Mojca Bavcon Kralj, Metka Benčina, Klemen Bohinc, Darja Božič, Mojca Debeljak, Drago Dolinar, Aleš Iglič, Darja Istenič, Zala Jan, Monika Jenko, Marko Jeran, Gregor Jereb, Mojca Jevšnik, Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič, Tomaž Lampe, Irina Milisav, Andreea Oarga-Mulec, Andrej Ovca, Borut Poljšak, Franja Prosenc, Anna Romolo, Nina Resnik, Robert Sotler, Anja Šoštarič, Vid Šuštar, Urška Šunta, Urška Štibler, Bojana Uršič, Domen Vozel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: virus; extracellular vesicles; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; membrane vesicluation

Online: 31 May 2020 (21:35:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0003.v2

Computational Screening for Potential Drug Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Bruno Andrade, Preetam Ghosh, Debmalya Barh, Sandeep Tiwari, Raner José Santana Silva, Wagner Rodrigues de Assis Soares, Tarcisio Silva Melo, Andria dos Santos Freitas, Patrícia González-Grande, Lucas Sousa Palmeira, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Marta Giovanetti, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; protease; virtual screening; pharmacophore; inhibitors; natural compounds

Online: 17 April 2020 (11:00:55 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Genomic Evidence of a SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Case with E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka, Marília Miranda Franco, Tiago Gräf, Ana Verena Almeida Mendes, Renato Santana de Aguiar, Marta Giovanetti, Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; reinfection; E484K

Online: 27 January 2021 (15:08:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0376.v1

Immunity Escape of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Omicron Leads the Way

Rupali Dhingra, Aarjoo Sharma, Sanjeev Balda, Anshika Billa, Shiv Nandan Sah, Neena Capalash, Prince Sharma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Mutations; Omicron; Delta; Variants of Concern; Variants of Interest; Immunity Escape; Mechanisms

Online: 29 March 2022 (08:44:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0366.v2

Mapping the Non-Structural Transmembrane Proteins of SARS-CoV-2

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; non-structural proteins; nsps; nsp3; nsp4; nsp6; Orf1ab; Orf3a; endoplasmic reticulum; double membrane vesicle

Online: 11 October 2022 (16:19:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0162.v1

Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Carboxylated Graphene/SPCE for Igg-SARS-Cov-2 Nucleocapsid Determination

Walter Brito, Luciana Freire, Camila Ruzo, Bárbara Salgado, Ariamna María Dip Gandarilla, Yonny Romaguera-Barcelay, Ana Tavares, Maria Goreti Ferreira Sales, Isabelle Cordeiro, Jaila Lalwani, Robert S. Matos, Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho, Spartaco Astolfi-Filho, Pritesh Lalwani, Ştefan Ţălu

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Electrochemistry Keywords: Immunosensor; SARS-CoV-2; N-protein

Online: 12 October 2022 (03:28:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0897.v1

SARS-CoV-2: An Update on the Biological Interplay with the Human Host

Giuseppe Lippi, Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, Camilla Mattiuzzi, Brandon M. Henry

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus; Biology; Genetics

Online: 14 September 2023 (03:41:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0085.v1

Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following the SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Jackson Liang, Mohammad Amin Habib, Mohamad Ali Taghizadeh Moghadam, Arefeh Babazadeh, Elham Ramzani, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Erfan Hashemi, Terence T. Sio, Amirreza Allahgholipour, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccines; Myocarditis; Pericarditis

Online: 6 February 2023 (07:51:04 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0353.v1

Rethinking Aptamers as Nanotheranostic Tools for SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 Infection

christian Dzuvor

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: aptamers; theranostics; SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; bioaffinity

Online: 17 August 2020 (08:01:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0126.v1

Endogenous piRNAs Can Interact with Omicron Variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome

Aizhan Rakhmetullina, Aigul Akimniyazova, Togzhan Niyazova, Anna Pyrkova, Saltanat Kamenova, Aida Kondybayeva, Alma-Gul Ryskulova, Anatoliy Ivashchenko, Piotr Zielenkiewicz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Omicron; SARS-CoV-2; piRNAs; coronavirus genome; translation; replication

Online: 7 February 2023 (08:54:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0349.v1

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-Cov-2 from Cloth Masks

Maria Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia, Anne Aline Pereira Paiva, Vinicius Motta Mello, Cristiane M. Eller, Andreza Lemos Salvio, Felipe F. Nascimento, Emanuelle S. R. F. Silva, Vinicius Tadeu Martins Guerra Campos, Ygara da Silva Mendes, Elba Regina Sampaio Lemos, Ivanildo P. Sousa Jr., Marco Aurélio Pereira Horta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; reuse fabric masks; disinfection

Online: 25 July 2022 (05:26:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0604.v1

Preparing for the Storm: Mitigating the Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Hypercytokinemia

Adekunle Rowaiye, Okiemute Okpalefe, Olukemi Onuh, Joyce Ogidigo, Oluwakemi Oladipo, Amoge Ogu, Angus Oli, Samson Olofinase, Onyekachi Onyekwere

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Cytokine Storm; Hyperinflammation; hypercytokinemia

Online: 24 November 2020 (09:12:42 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0041.v1

The Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Luigi Santacroce, Ioannis A. Charitos, Domenico M. Carretta, Emanuele De Nitto, Roberto Lovero

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Pandemics, Molecular biology, Immunity, Pathology

Online: 2 October 2020 (13:24:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0347.v1

Potential Chimeric Peptides to Block the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD

Debmalya Barh, Sandeep Tiwari, Bruno Silva Andrade, Marta Giovanetti, Ranjith Kumavath, Preetam Ghosh, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Vasco Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: antiviral peptides; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; nCoV-19; peptide design; ACE2; Spike protein

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:21:44 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Metabolic Profiling from an Asymptomatic Ferret Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

David J. Beale, Rohan Shah, Avinash V. Karpe, Katie E. Hillyer, Alexander J. McAuley, Gough G. Au, Glenn A. Marsh, Seshadri S. Vasan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Animal model; COVID-19; ferret; lipidomics; metabolomics; SARS-CoV-2; systems biology

Online: 11 May 2021 (10:20:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2

George Tetz, Victor Tetz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2 Prion-like domain

Online: 29 March 2020 (06:16:20 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: ‘Warp Speed’ Needs Mind Melds not Warped Minds

John P. Moore, P. J. Klasse

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; vaccines; animal models; Warp Speed

Online: 21 June 2020 (15:44:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1139.v1

Differential Ability of S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Downregulate ACE2

Yosuke Maeda, Mako Toyoda, Takeo Kuwata, Hiromi Terasawa, Umiru Tokugawa, Kazuaki Monde, Tomohiro Sawa, Takamasa Ueno, Shuzo Matsushita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ACE2; downregulation; S protein; VOCs

Online: 15 December 2023 (08:27:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0131.v1

Dominance of Three Sublineages of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Mexico

Blanca Taboada, Selene Zárate, José Esteban Muñoz-Medina, Alejandro Sanchez-Flores, Rodrigo García-López, Alfredo Herrera-Estrella, Celia Boukadida, Bruno Gómez-Gil, Nelly Selem Mojica, Mauricio Rosales-Rivera, Angel Gustavo Salas-Lais, Rosa María Gutiérrez-Ríos, Antonio Loza, Xaira Rivera-Gutierrez, Joel Armando Vazquez-Perez, Margarita Matías-Florentino, Marissa Pérez-García, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, Juan Manuel Hurtado, Carla Herrera-Nájera, José Núñez-Contreras, Brenda Sarquiz-Martínez, Víctor García-Arias, María Santiago-Mauricio, Bernardo Martínez-Miguel, Julissa Enciso-Ibarra, Cristóbal Cháidez-Quiróz, Pavel Isa, Rosa María Wong-Chew, María-Eugenia Jiménez-Corona, Susana López, Carlos F. Arias

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Variants of Concern; Delta Variant; genomic surveillance.

Online: 10 May 2022 (09:44:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0648.v1

Insights into the SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 Mechanism of Action

Elena Krachmarova, Peicho Petkov, Elena Lilkova, Nevena Ilieva, Miroslav Rangelov, Nadezhda Todorova, Kristina Malinova, Rossitsa Hristova, Genoveva Nacheva, Anastas Gospodinov, Leandar Litov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 – RAE1 binding; 3D molecular structure modelling; molecular dynamics simulations; cell cycle, cyclin E; R-loops; DNA replication stress

Online: 8 June 2023 (13:52:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1414.v1

Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

A Riccomi, CM Trombetta, Maria Dorrucci, Daniela Di Placido, Nunzia Sanarico, Francesca Farchi, Roberto Giuseppetti, Umbertina Villano, C Marcantonio, Serena Marchi, Antonio Ciaramella, P Pezzotti, E Montomoli, C Valdarchi, AR Ciccaglione, S. Vendetti

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Other Keywords: Influenza vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immune response to vaccination

Online: 25 March 2024 (08:03:56 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0253.v1

Prediction and Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-Targeting microRNA in Human Lung Epithelium

Jonathan Tak-Sum Chow, Leonardo Salmena

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: microRNA; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; lung epithelia; cellular antiviral defence

Online: 11 August 2020 (06:05:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0372.v1

A Review of Evidence: Using Respirators to prevent Sars-Cov-2 Transmission

Adam Nulty

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: sars-cov-2, covid, covid-19, masks, dentistry, respirator, n99, n95, ffp2, ffp3,

Online: 18 August 2020 (04:30:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0429.v1

SARS-CoV-2 - The Role of Natural Immunity: A Narrative Review

Sara Diani, Erika Leonardi, Attilio Cavezzi, Simona Ferrari, Oriana Iacono, Alice Limoli, Zoe Bouslenko, Daniele Natalini, Stefania Conti, Silvano Tramonte, Alberto Donzelli, Eugenio Serravalle

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Sars-CoV-2; Natural immunity; Cellular immunity; Vaccine-induced immunity; Hybrid immunity; Cross-reactivity; Omicron

Online: 28 September 2022 (03:38:36 CEST)

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Background: Both natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 may be useful to reduce the mortality/morbidity of this disease, but still a lot of controversy exists. Aims: This narrative review analyzes the literature about: a) the duration of natural immunity; b) cellular immunity; c) cross-reactivity; d) the duration of post-vaccination immune protection; e) the probability of reinfection and its clinical manifestations in the recovered patients; f) comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the possible reinfections; g) the role of hybrid immunity; h) the effectiveness of natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Omicron variant; i) comparative incidence of adverse effects after vaccination in recovered individuals vs. COVID-19-naïve subjects. Material and Methods: through multiple search engines we investigated COVID-19 literature related to the aims of the review, published since April 2020 through July 2022, including also the previous articles pertinent to the investigated topics. Results: nearly 900 studies were collected and 238 pertinent articles were included. It was highlighted that the vast majority of individuals after COVID-19 develop a natural immunity both of cell-mediated and humoral type, which is effective over time and provides protection against both reinfection and serious illness. Vaccine-induced immunity was shown to decay faster than natural immunity. In general, the severity of the symptoms of reinfection is significantly lower than in the primary infection, with a lower degree of hospitalizations (0.06%) and an extremely low mortality. Conclusions: this narrative review regarding a vast number of articles highlighted the valuable protection induced by the natural immunity after COVID-19, which seems comparable or superior to the one induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Vaccination of the unvaccinated COVID-19-recovered subjects may not be indicated. Further research is needed in order to: a) measure the durability of immunity over time; b) evaluate both the impacts of Omicron-5 on vaccinated and healed subjects and of hybrid immunity.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0272.v1

Anosmia and Ageusia as Initial or Unique Symptoms after SARS-COV-2 Virus Infection

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; smell; anosmia; taste; ageusia

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:42:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0568.v1

Financial Burden of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pregnancy in a Tertiary Exclusive COVID-19 Maternity

Tina-Ioana Bobei, Romina Marina Sima, Gabriel-Petre Gorecki, Anca Bobircă, Mihai Popescu, Bashar Haj Hamoud, Liana Ples

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-COV-2; pregnancy

Online: 9 May 2023 (04:51:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0585.v1

The Contribution of Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Injury Subsequent to SARS-Cov-2 Infection

Jessica Maiuolo, Rocco Mollace, Micaela Gliozzi, Vincenzo Musolino, Cristina Carresi, Sara Paone, Miriam Scicchitano, Roberta Macrì, Saverio Nucera, Francesca Bosco, Federica Scarano, Maria Caterina Zito, Stefano Ruga, Annamaria Tavernese, Vincenzo Mollace

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Endothelium dysfunction; Thrombosis; Vasculitis.

Online: 28 October 2020 (11:21:55 CET)

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Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection is associated, alongside with lung infection and respiratory disease, to cardiovascular dysfunction that occurs at any stage of the disease. This includes ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathies. The common pathophysiological link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cardiovascular events is represented by coagulation abnormalities and disruption of factors released by endothelial cells which contribute in maintaining the blood vessels into an anti-thrombotic state. Thus, early alteration of the functionality of endothelial cells, which may be found soon after SARS-CoV-2 infection, seems to represent the major target of SARS CoV-2 disease state and accounts for the systemic vascular dysfunction that leads to detrimental effect in terms of hospitalization and death accompanying the disease. In particular, the molecular interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 receptor located in endothelial cell surface, either at the pulmonary and systemic level, leads to early impairment of endothelial function which, in turn, is followed by vascular inflammation and thrombosis of peripheral blood vessels. This highlights systemic hypoxia and further aggravates the vicious circle that compromises the development of the disease leading to irreversible tissue damage and death of patients with SARS CoV-2 infection. The review aims to assess some recent advances to define the crucial role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of vascular complications accompanying SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, the molecular mechanisms associated to the interaction of SARS CoV-2 with ACE2 receptor located on the endothelial cells are highlighted to support its role in compromising endothelial cell functionality. Finally, the consequences of endothelial dysfunction in enhancing pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are assessed in order to identify early therapeutic interventions able to reduce the impact of the disease in high-risk patients.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0059.v1

Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-Cov-2 in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa

Yacouba Sawadogo, Lokman Galal, Essia Belarbi, Arsène Zongo, Grit Schubert, Fabian Leendertz, Abdoulie Kanteh, Abdul Karim Sesay, Annette Erhart, Anne-Laure Bañuls, Zekiba Tarnagda, Sylvain Godreuil, Halidou Tinto, Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Whole Genome Sequencing; Genomic epidemiology; West Africa, Burkina Faso

Online: 2 November 2022 (11:14:27 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0333.v2

2-Deoxy-d-glucose Inhibits Replication of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with Adverse Effects on Host Cell Metabolism

Vikas Malgotra, Varun Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 2-Deoxyglucose; Adverse effects; COVID-19; Glutamine; PI3K/Akt

Online: 1 July 2021 (13:04:43 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0035.v1

Biocompatible Films of Calcium Alginate Inactivate Enveloped Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

Alba Cano-Vicent, Rina Hashimoto, Kazuo Takayama, Ángel Serrano-Aroca

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: calcium alginate; SARS-CoV-2; bacteriophage; phi 6; biomaterials; films; hydrogels

Online: 2 March 2022 (07:17:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0102.v1

A Linear SARS-CoV-2 DNA Vaccine Candidate Reduces Virus Shedding in Ferrets

Mathias Martins, Gabriela M. Do Nascimento, Antonella Conforti, Jessica C.G. Noll, Joseph A. Impellizeri, Elisa Sanchez, Bettina Wagner, Lucia Lione, Erika Salvatori, Eleonora Pinto, Mirco Compagnone, Brian Viscount, James Hayward, Clay Shorrock, Luigi Aurisicchio, Diego G. Diel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pandemic; DNA vaccine; immunity; protection

Online: 8 October 2022 (03:02:18 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Evidence That Quinine Exhibits Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro

Maximilian Große, Natalia Ruetalo, Ramona Businger, Sascha Rheber, Christian Setz, Pia Rauch, Janina Auth, Ekkehard Brysch, Michael Schindler, Ulrich Schubert

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Quinine; Hydroxy-Chloroquine; Chloroquine; COVID-19; antiviral

Online: 6 July 2020 (09:19:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0082.v1

Update on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Global Pandemic Challenge

Abhishek Kumar Soni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; global pandemic; global health emergency; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (10:08:47 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0193.v2

SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed Against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

Ralf Duerr, Keaton M. Crosse, Ana Mayela Valero Jimenez, Meike Dittmann

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; HIV; zoonotic viruses; COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics; viral entry

Online: 8 April 2021 (10:51:11 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0469.v1

Vaccination and Younger Age Are Associated with Recurrent Laboratory-Confirmed Symptomatic SARS-Cov-2 Infections

Mónica Ríos-Silva, Xóchitl Trujillo, Miguel Huerta, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Verónica Benites-Godínez, Agustín Lugo-Radillo, Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, Eder Fernando Ríos-Bracamontes, Vannya Marisol Ortega-Macías, Valeria Ruiz-Montes de Oca, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Efrén Murillo-Zamora

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Reinfection

Online: 26 December 2022 (03:53:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0362.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines-Related Endocrine Disorders: An Updated Narrative Review

Avraham Ishay, Kira Oleinikov, Elena Chertok Shacham

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; endocrine adverse events; thyroid; pituitary; adrenal; diabetes; gonads

Online: 6 March 2024 (12:19:04 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0526.v1

Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Italy, October 2020-March 2021

Alessia Lai, Annalisa Bergna, Stefano Menzo, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Sara Caucci, Valeria Ghisetti, Francesca Rizzo, Fabrizio Maggi, Francesco Cerutti, Giorgio Giurato, Alessandro Weisz, Chiara Turchi, Bianca Bruzzone, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Nicola Clementi, Annapaola Callegaro, Fabio Sagradi, Daniela Francisci, Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo, Ilaria Vicenti, Massimo Clementi, Massimo Galli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 virus; complete genome sequencing; COVID-19 RT-PCR testing; Spike protein; vi-ral variants

Online: 21 May 2021 (15:12:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1133.v1

Development of Aptamer-Based Gold Nanoparticle Lateral Flow Test Strips for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 S Protein on the Surface of Cold Chain Food Packaging

Xiaotong Li, Jiachen Wang, Xiaona Fang, Lianhui Zhao, Zhaofeng Luo, Yiyang Dong

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S protein; COVID-19; lateral flow test strips; AuNPs; aptamer

Online: 20 February 2024 (11:55:53 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0481.v1

Minimizing Errors in RT-PCR Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for Wastewater Surveillance

Warish Ahmed, Stuart Simpson, Paul Bertsch, Kyle Bibby, Aaron Bivins, Linda Blackall, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Albert Bosch, Joao Brandao, Phil Choi, Mark Ciesielski, Erica Donner, Nishita D'Souza, Andreas Farnleitner, Daniel Gerrity, Raul Gonzalez, John Griffith, Pradip Gyawali, Charles Haas, Kerry Hamilton, Chanditha Hapuarachchi, Valerie Harwood, Rehnuma Haque, Greg Jackson, Stuart Khan, Wesaal Khan, Masaaki Kitajima, Asja Korajkic, Giuseppina La Rosa, Blythe Layton, Erin Lipp, Sandra McLellan, Brian McMinn, Gertjan Medema, Suzanne Metcalfe, Wim Meijer, Jochen Mueller, Heather Murphy, Colleen Naughton, Rachel Noble, Sudhi Payyappat, Susan Petterson, Tarja Pitkanen, Veronica Rajal, Brandon Reyneke, Fernando Roman, Joan Rose, Marta Rusinol, Michael Sadowsky, Laura Sala-Comorera, Yin Xiang Setoh, Samendra Sherchan, Kwanrawee Sirikanchana, Wendy Smith, Joshua Steele, Rosalie Sabburg, Erin Symonds, Phong Thai, Kevin Thomas, Josh Tynan, Simon Toze, Janelle Thompson, Andy Whiteley, Judith Wong, Daisuke Sano, Stefan Wuertz, Irene Xagoraraki, Qian Zhang, Amity Zimmer-Faust, Orin Shanks

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Waste Management And Disposal Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Wastewater; Surveillance; False-positive; False-negative; RT-PCR

Online: 19 April 2021 (13:08:13 CEST)

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Wastewater surveillance for pathogens using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an effective, resource-efficient tool for gathering additional community-level public health information, including the incidence and/or prevalence and trends of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater may provide an early-warning signal of COVID-19 infections in a community. The capacity of the world’s environmental microbiology and virology laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 RNA characterization in wastewater is rapidly increasing. However, there are no standardized protocols nor harmonized quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. This paper is a technical review of factors that can lead to false-positive and -negative errors in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, culminating in recommendations and strategies that can be implemented to identify and mitigate these errors. Recommendations include, stringent QA/QC measures, representative sampling approaches, effective virus concentration and efficient RNA extraction, amplification inhibition assessment, inclusion of sample processing controls, and considerations for RT-PCR assay selection and data interpretation. Clear data interpretation guidelines (e.g., determination of positive and negative samples) are critical, particularly during a low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Corrective and confirmatory actions must be in place for inconclusive and/or potentially significant results (e.g., initial onset or reemergence of COVID-19 in a community). It will also be prudent to perform inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure results are reliable and interpretable for ongoing and retrospective analyses. The strategies that are recommended in this review aim to improve SARS-CoV-2 characterization for wastewater surveillance applications. A silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic is that the efficacy of wastewater surveillance was demonstrated during this global crisis. In the future, wastewater will play an important role in the surveillance of a range of other communicable diseases.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0316.v1

Temporal Trend of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant and Res-Piratory Syncytial Virus in the Nasal Cavity and Accuracy of the Newly Developed Antigen-Detecting Rapid Diagnostic Test

Daisuke Tamura, Yuji Morisawa, Takashi Mato, Shin Nunomiya, Masaki Yoshihiro, Yuta Maehara, Shizuka Ito, Yasushi Ochiai, Hirokazu Yamagishi, Toshihiro Tajima, Takanori Yamagata, Hitoshi Osaka

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: Omicron; rapid diagnostic test; RT-PCR; RSV; SARS-CoV-2; viral antigens

Online: 6 December 2023 (07:38:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0040.v2

Expression Pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Respiratory Tract

Yichuan Liu, Hui-Qi Qu, Jingchun Qu, Lifeng Tian, Hakon Hakonarson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; TMPRSS2

Online: 28 September 2020 (03:19:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0284.v1

Factors Affecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic, including Zoonotic, Human Transmission and Chain of Infection. Reducing Public Health Risk by Serum Antibody Testing, Avoiding Screening in Unhygienic Places and False PCR Reporting. A Scientific Review

Kamran Mahmood Ahmed Aziz, Abdullah Othman, Waleed Alqahtani, Sumaiya Azhar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; RT-PCR; antibody; zoonotic; animal transmission; genomics; asymptomatic fraction; herd immunity

Online: 23 June 2020 (13:30:11 CEST)

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Since December 2019, a rapid increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases was reported worldwide, despite strict infection control and lock down measures. Current paper investigated the actual facts behind this rapid increase in the number of cases. Study of genomic sequence reveals that domestic and wild animals were likely ancestors and zoonotic source for SARS-CoVs, MERS-CoVs, and SARS-CoV-2. Strong evidence suggest that these viruses already existed and replicated in animals and humans during past several decades, exhibiting diverse mutations, evolutions and self-limiting diseases, except during outbreaks. Serious zoonotic reservoir investigations are required to investigate animal transmission of SARS-CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 to limit current pandemic. This might be the reason of increasing number of cases via animals. SARS-CoV-2 has been retrospectively isolated in different studies in August 2019, several months before Wuhan announced. Hence, there is a possibility that viruses existed, went undetected, infecting subclinically, in past several years, and SARS-CoV-2 antigens and neutralizing antibodies may have been present in humans since long time. This might be another reason of increasing number of cases by screening as mass screening and antigen or antibody testing was not carried out in the past years. Randomized controlled trials are required to investigate human to human transmission by touch, as the current evidence is limited with conflicting results. As all SARS-CoVs are basically respiratory viruses, droplet precautions and infection control measures are essential, especially for hospital staff. Increased number of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic, or subclinical cases are detected worldwide. This silent phase of transmission can be beneficial for humans. Lack of symptoms eventually lessen virus transmission and reduce the pathogen's long-term survival and provide humoral herd immunity up to several years. Hence, seropositivity with diverse antibodies develops against mutating SARS-CoVs which will confer strong immunity during epidemics. Strategies such as identification, contact tracing and quarantine are costly and practically difficult. Hence, asymptomatic persons can continue their work with droplet precautions and standard infection control procedures, while symptomatic or sick persons can isolate themselves in their homes without the need for strict quarantine until clinical recovery, with reduced hospital visits and minimizing chances of hospital acquired infections. RT-PCR has low sensitivity and specificity, carries a high risk of handling live virus antigens, and requires difficult protocols. As viral load also sharply declines after few days of onset of infection, this technique might overlook infection. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection may be present in blood when oropharyngeal swabs are negative by RT-PCR. Additionally, RT-PCR usually gives false negative and false positive results and must be interpreted cautiously. This might be again a reason of increasing number of cases by false positive RT-PCR reporting. Moreover, antibodies against SARS-CoVs develop robustly in serum even by reduced amount of antigens. In contrast to RT-PCR, ELISA for diagnosing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity, even in clinically asymptomatic individuals. These antibodies can be used for serologic surveys, monitoring and screening. However, screening tests for SARS-COV-2 should be avoided in unhygienic public places by nasopharyngeal swabs, which carry a high risk of further transmission, co-infection or superinfection. Such highly infectious virus must be isolated and tested in highly sterilized laboratory. Further strict international laws and policies are required to stop the possible spread of experimental viruses, biological warfare and bioterrorism.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0613.v1

Discriminative Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Based on Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Liron Feldberg, Anat Zvi, Yfat Yahalom Ronen, Ofir Schuster

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of Concern; Diagnosis; LC-MS/MS; Mass-Spectrometry; Spike; Nucleocapsid

Online: 11 July 2023 (03:01:19 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

The Alterations of Cellular Signaling Pathways in the Host Cell upon the High Pathogenic Coronaviruses Infection, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. What Could Be Expected from the SARS-CoV-2?

Nima Hemmat, Zahra Asadzadeh, Noora Karim-ahangar, Hajar Alemohammad, Basira Najafzadeh, Afshin Derakhshani, Amir Baghbanzadeh, Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi, Darya Javadrashid, Souzan Najafi, Meriadeg Ar Gouilh, Behzad Baradaran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; signaling pathway; molecular alteration

Online: 21 September 2020 (04:17:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0409.v1

Clinical Features of Hospitalized Stroke Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant

Hiroshi Kanno, Kazuki Miyazaki, Sachiko Yamada, Shutaro Matsumoto, Yuki Sagehashi, Satoru Takahashi, Yongson Kim, Keiko Namiki, Satoshi Fujii

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: Stroke; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant; modified Ranking scale; coagulopathy

Online: 9 October 2023 (09:30:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0024.v1

Potential Inhibitors Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity (NSP12) of SARS-CoV-2

Zijing Ruan, Chao Liu, Yuting Guo, Zhenqing He, Xinhe Huang, Xu Jia, Tai Yang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nonstructural proteins (NSP); NSP12; NSP7; NSP8; virtual screening; inhibitor

Online: 2 March 2020 (03:11:33 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0185.v1

Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War Against COVID-19?

Elrashdy M. Redwan, Fatma Elrashdy, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz, Debmalya Barh, Adam M. Brufsky, Sk. Sarif Hassan, Kenneth Lundstrom, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Kazuo Takayama, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Bruce D. Uhal, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variant; sublineage; transmission; immunity; infection; vaccination; non-pharmaceutical interventions

Online: 14 March 2022 (11:19:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1035.v1

Measuring Variant-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Profiles after Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations by a Multivariant Surrogate Virus Neutralization Microarray

David Niklas Springer, Eva Höltl, Katja Prüger, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl, Judith Helene Aberle, Karin Stiasny, Lukas Weseslindtner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron; bivalent vaccination; neutralization; ; assay; surrogate

Online: 15 November 2023 (17:01:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0534.v1

AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Explicit IgG Antibody Revelation

Bijon Kumar Sil, Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin, Md. Ahsanul Haq, Mohib Ullah Khondoker, Nowshin Jahan, Shahad Saif Khandker, Tamanna Ali, Mumtarin Jannat Oishee, Taku Kaitsuka, Masayasu Mie, Kazuhito Tomizawa, Eiry Kobatake, Mainul Haque, Nihad Adnan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Serological test, Sensitivity, Specificity, Serosurveillance.

Online: 20 April 2021 (11:36:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0174.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Intra-host Evolution Is Not Favoured by Immune System Deficiencies

Laura Manuto, Martina Bado, Marco Cola, Elena Vanzo, Maria Antonello, Giorgia Mazzotti, Monia Pacenti, Giampaolo Cordioli, Lolita Sasset, Anna Maria Cattelan, Stefano Toppo, Enrico Lavezzo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 genomic variability; viral quasispecies; immunocompromised subjects; intra-host

Online: 4 December 2023 (10:04:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0145.v1

Lessons for SARS-CoV-2 Study (COVID-19 Disease) From Its Exosome Relatives

Pierre Arsene

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Exosome; Extracellular Vesicle; Diagnostics; Vaccine; Treatment

Online: 12 June 2020 (09:01:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0196.v1

SARS-CoV-2 PCR Persistence and Duration of COVID-19 Symptoms in Health Professionals

Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini, Ludmila Fiorenzano Baethgen, Richard Steiner Salvato, Ivone Andreatta Menegolla, CEVS COVID-19 Team, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; PCR persistent positive; respiratory infection; COVID-19

Online: 12 December 2022 (09:04:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0214.v1

Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to Halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Muthi' Ikawati, Edy Meiyanto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-Cov-2; Citrus sp.; Galangal; Curcuma sp.; Sappan wood

Online: 12 March 2020 (13:59:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0242.v1

Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Efficacy through the Application of TMSB10 UTR for Superior Antigen Presentation and Immune Activation

Xiaoyan Ding, Yuxin Zhou, Jiuxiang He, Jing Zhao, Jintao Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: UTR; SARS-CoV-2; mRNA vaccine; Antigen-presenting cells

Online: 5 March 2024 (10:58:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0204.v1

A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Virology, Pathophysiology, Animal Models and Anti-Viral Interventions

Sabarinath Neerukonda, Upendra Katneni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; animal models; anti-virals

Online: 12 May 2020 (05:45:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0065.v1

SARS-CoV-2 A Relation with Other Acute Respiratory Tract Infectious (ARTI) Diseases: A Short Communication

HAKANI SYMPLI

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; influenza; pneumonia; respiratory tract infectious diseases

Online: 3 August 2020 (08:44:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0418.v2

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brent Brown, Vanshika Ojha, Ingo Fricke, Michael Green, Chinua Imarogbe, Suhaila A. Al-Sheboul, Tanya Gravier, Lori Peterson, Ivoyl Koutsaroff

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; B Cells; Neutrophils; T Cells; NK Cells; Innate; Adaptive; Cytokines; Chemokines; Adhesion Molecules; Antibody; Cluster of Differentiation; Receptors; Proteins; SARS-CoV-2; Serology

Online: 27 December 2022 (03:19:48 CET)

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0317.v2

Minimum Size of Respiratory Droplets Containing SARS-CoV-2 and Aerosol Transmission Possibility

Byung Uk Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); COVID19; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; bioaerosol; aerosol

Online: 30 April 2020 (05:30:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0403.v1

SARS-CoV-2 in the Middle Ear. CovEar: A Prospective Pilot Study

Nina Rubicz, Nikolaus Poier-Fabian, Christian Paar, Markus Winkler-Zamani, Philipp Hermann, Stefan Raidl, Paul Martin Zwittag

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Otolaryngology Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; middle ear; ear surgery; middle ear surgery; otologic surgery

Online: 6 May 2023 (09:34:27 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0060.v1

COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies

Renuka Raman, Krishna J. Patel, Kishu Ranjan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variants; vaccines; immune dysregulated; comorbidities; antibody; Spike protein; biomolecules; coronavirus

Online: 2 June 2021 (09:56:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0641.v1

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA in Nasopharyngeal Swabs after Death: An Observational Study

Francesca Servadei, Silvestro Mauriello, Manuel Scimeca, Bartolo Caggiano, Marco Ciotti, Lucia Anemona, Manuela Montanaro, Erica Giacobbi, Michele Treglia, Sergio Bernardini, Luigi Tonino Marsella, Nicoletta Urbano, Orazio Schillaci, Alessandro Mauriello

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; autopsy; medico-legal procedures

Online: 25 March 2021 (16:14:21 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0423.v2

SARS-CoV-2 Virion Stabilization by Zn Binding

Silvia Morante, Giovanni La Penna, Giancarlo C. Rossi, Francesco Stellato

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: Sars-CoV2; Zn Finger; orf7a/orf8 and Theterin

Online: 9 August 2020 (22:08:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0337.v1

Reporting Two SARS-CoV-2 Strains Based on A Unique Trinucleotide-Bloc Mutation and Their Potential Pathogenic Difference

Mustak Ibn Ayub

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; strains of SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:14:52 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus behind COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring new mutations in its genome. Although some mutations provide benefits to the virus against human immune response, a number of them may result in their reduced pathogenicity and virulence. By analyzing more than 3000 high-coverage, complete genome sequences deposited in the GISAID database, here I report a unique 28881-28883:GGG>AAC trinucleotide-bloc mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that results in two sub-strains, described here as SARS-CoV-2g (28881-28883:GGG genotype) and SARS-CoV-2a (28881-28883:AAC genotype). Computational analysis and literature review suggest that this bloc mutation would bring 203-204:RG(arginine-glycine)>KR(lysine-arginine) amino acid changes in the nucleocapsid (N) protein affecting the SR (serine-arginine)-rich motif of the protein, a critical region for the transcription of viral RNA and replication of the virus. Thus, 28881-28883:GGG>AAC bloc-mutation is expected to modulate the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2g and SARS-CoV-2a strains can be linked with the heterogeneity of COVID-19 cases across different regions within and between countries by analyzing existing data. Sequence analysis suggests that severely affected cities, such as Milan, Lombardy, New York, Paris have the predominant presence of SARS-CoV-2g strains, whereas less affected places like Abruzzo, Lyon, Valencia have a relatively higher presence of SARS-CoV-2a, an indication that the latter strain may contribute to the reduced cases of COVID-19. A similar relationship is observed when Netherlands, Portugal are compared with Spain, France and Germany. These analyses suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved into a less infective SARS-CoV-2a affecting COVID-19 cases in different regions. The time a country or region needs to acquire SARS-CoV-2a strains may be indicative to the time it would need to overcome the peak of the COVID-19 cases. To confirm these assumptions, prompt retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies should be conducted in different countries to understand the course of pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2a and SARS-CoV-2g. Potential drugs can be designed targeting 28881-28883 region of the N protein to modulate virus pathogenicity.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0055.v1

Recent Advances on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors: From Nirmatrelvir to Future Perspectives

Andrea Citarella, Alessandro Dimasi, Davide Moi, Daniele Passarella, Angela Scala, Anna Piperno, Nicola Micale

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Mpro; protease inhibitors; coronavirus; peptidomimetics; Paxlovid; Nirmatrelvir

Online: 2 August 2023 (05:25:21 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Airborne SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Masks for Protection against Its Spread in Wuhan, China

Jia Hu, Chengfeng Lei, Zhen Chen, Weihua Liu, Xujuan Hu, Rongjuan Pei, Zhengyuan Su, Fei Deng, Yu Huang, Xiulian Sun, Junji Cao, Wuxiang Guan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Airborne; Mask

Online: 29 May 2020 (03:41:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0097.v1

Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri, Meena Singh, Mana Rao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Bivalent COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccination booster; COVID-19; Omicron; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 6 March 2023 (07:00:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0260.v2

COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Anshumali Mittal, Kavyashree Manjunath, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Sandeep Kaushik, Sujeet Kumar, Vikash Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-like coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); RdRp; Remdesivir; and neutralizing antibody

Online: 10 July 2020 (16:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1094.v1

Effects of Different Types of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein on Circulating Monocytes Structure

Marco Vettori, Francesco Dima, Brandon Michael Henry, Giovanni Carpenè, Matteo Gelati, Giovanni Celegon, Gianluca Salvagno, Giuseppe Lippi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Monocyte; Spike protein; Morphology.

Online: 28 April 2023 (03:29:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0329.v1

Identification of Pharmacophoric Features and Novel Compounds for Inhibition of SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease

Priti Jain, Rupesh Dorik, Munendra Jain

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; protease; docking; pharmacophore; Zinc15

Online: 19 April 2020 (05:33:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0369.v2

Repurposing of Approved Drugs with Potential to Interact with SARS-CoV-2 Receptor

Abu Sajib

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; spike protein; ACE1; ACE2; host-virus interaction; drug repurposing

Online: 2 August 2020 (09:23:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0267.v1

Binding Mechanism of Remdesivir to SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase

Leili Zhang, Ruhong Zhou

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Physical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); remdesivir; homology model; molecular dynamics; free energy perturbation

Online: 17 March 2020 (04:07:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0241.v1

Epidemiological and Clinical Features of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Circulating between April-December 2021 in Italy

Alessia Lai, Annalisa Bergna, Carla Della Ventura, Stefano Menzo, Bianca Bruzzone, Fabio Sagradi, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Alessandro Weisz, Nicola Clementi, Gaetano Brindicci, Ilaria Vicenti, Lolita Sasset, Sara Caucci, Benedetta Corvaro, Silvia Ippoliti, Carla Acciarri, Vanessa De Pace, Leonardo Lanfranchi, Maria Concetta Bellocchi, Giorgio Giurato, Roberto Ferrarese, Antonella Lagioia, Daniela Francisci, Martina Laura Colombo, Samuel Lazzarin, Matilde Ogliastro, Maria Rosa Cappelletti, Marco Iannetta, Francesca Rizzo, Carmen Rita Santoro, Chiara Fraccalvieri, Sophie Testa, Luca Carioti, Teresa Rocco, Annalisa Saracino, Annamaria Cattelan, Massimo Clementi, Loredana Sarmati, Agostino Riva, Spinello Antinori, Gianguglielmo Zehender

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: variants circulation; SARS-CoV-2; Italy; epidemiology

Online: 16 September 2022 (08:07:10 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0398.v1

New SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Pet Cat with Severe Lung Disease in Italy

Nicolò Musso, Angelita Costantino, Sebastiano La Spina, Alessandra Finocchiaro, Francesca Andronico, Stefano Stracquadanio, Luigi Liotta, Rosanna Visalli, Giovanni Emmanuele

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pet cat; RNA-extraction; pneumonia

Online: 17 July 2020 (16:02:28 CEST)

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