Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

A Riccomi
,
CM Trombetta
ORCID logo ,
Maria Dorrucci
,
Daniela Di Placido
ORCID logo ,
Nunzia Sanarico
,
Francesca Farchi
,
Roberto Giuseppetti
ORCID logo ,
Umbertina Villano
ORCID logo ,
C Marcantonio
,
Serena Marchi
ORCID logo ,
Antonio Ciaramella
ORCID logo ,
P Pezzotti
ORCID logo ,
E Montomoli
,
C Valdarchi
,
AR Ciccaglione
,
S. Vendetti
*
Version 1 : Received: 22 March 2024 / Approved: 23 March 2024 / Online: 25 March 2024 (08:03:56 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Riccomi, A.; Trombetta, C.M.; Dorrucci, M.; Di Placido, D.; Sanarico, N.; Farchi, F.; Giuseppetti, R.; Villano, U.; Marcantonio, C.; Marchi, S.; Ciaramella, A.; Pezzotti, P.; Montomoli, E.; Valdarchi, C.; Ciccaglione, A.R.; Vendetti, S. Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Vaccines 2024, 12, 425. Riccomi, A.; Trombetta, C.M.; Dorrucci, M.; Di Placido, D.; Sanarico, N.; Farchi, F.; Giuseppetti, R.; Villano, U.; Marcantonio, C.; Marchi, S.; Ciaramella, A.; Pezzotti, P.; Montomoli, E.; Valdarchi, C.; Ciccaglione, A.R.; Vendetti, S. Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Vaccines 2024, 12, 425.

Abstract

A number of studies suggested that influenza vaccination can provide protection against COVID-19 but the underlying mechanisms that could explain this association is still unclear. In this study, the effect of the 2021/2022 seasonal influenza vaccination on the immune response to the booster dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was evaluated in a cohort of healthy individuals. One hundred and thirteen participants were enrolled, and 74 of them with no prior COVID-19 diagnosis or significant co-morbidities were considered for the analysis. Participants received the anti-influenza tetravalent vaccine and the booster dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine or the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine alone. Blood was collected before and 4 weeks after each vaccination and 12 weeks after SARSCoV2 vaccination and analyzed for anti-flu and anti-spike-specific antibody titers and for in vitro influenza and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity. Results indicated an increased reactivity in subjects who received both influenza and SARSCoV2 vaccinations, as compared to those who received only the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with sustained anti-spike antibody titers up to 12 weeks post-vaccination. Immune response to influenza vaccine was evaluated and individuals were stratified as high or low responders. High responders showed increased antibody titers against SARSCoV2 vaccine both after 4- and 12-weeks post-vaccination. On the contrary, the individuals classified as low responders were less responsive to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. These data indicate that both external stimuli, such as influenza vaccination, and the host's intrinsic ability to respond to stimuli play a role in the response to vaccine.

Keywords

Influenza vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immune response to vaccination

Subject

Public Health and Healthcare, Other

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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