In Qinglong ore field, paleo-oil reservoir is found to be associated with antimony deposits, and they have close genetic relationship. In this study, aromatics geochemistry of paleo-oil reservoir bitumen was studied to further discuss the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) reaction and the mechanism of antimony mineralization. A total of 124 aromatic compounds were identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis in bitumen samples, including abundant phenanthrene series, dibenzothiophene series, fluoranthene series, chrysene series, and a small number of fluorene series, naphthalene series, dibenzofuran series, biphenyl series, triaromatic steroid series. Aromatic parameters such as trimethylnaphthalene index (TMNr), methylphenanthrene index (MPI), methylphenanthrene distribution fraction (MPDF, F1 and F2), methyldibenzothiophene parameter (MDR), C28TAS-20S/(20R+20S), and benzofluoranthene/benzo[e]pyrene indicate Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir is in over maturity level. The abundance of phenanthrene and chrysene aromatic compounds and a small amount of naphthalene series, benzofluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, retene, perylene and biphenyl suggest that the parent material of the paleo-oil reservoir was mainly low aquatic organisms, mixed with a small amount of higher plant. The detected a certain number of compounds, such as retene, triaromatic steroid series and perylene, the ternary diagram of DBF–DBT–F and binary plot of Pr/Ph–DBT/P, DBT/(F+DBT)–DBF/(F+DBF) and Pr/Ph–DBT/DBF reveal that the source rock of the paleo-oil reservoir was formed in the marine environment of weak oxidation and weak reduction. The comprehensive analysis shows that the Qinglong paleo-oil reservoir originated from Devonian source rocks, just like other paleo-oil reservoirs and natural gas reservoirs in the Nanpanjiang basin. Abundant dibenzothiophene series were detected, indicating that the paleo-oil reservoir underwent a certain degree of TSR reaction. We believe that the paleo-gas reservoir formed by the evolution of paleo-oil reservoir participated in antimony mineralization, that is, hydrocarbon organic matter acted as reducing agent and transformed SO42− in oilfield brine into H2S through TSR, providing reduced sulfur and creating environmental conditions for mineralization.

Uncertainties in initial water saturation and early water breakthroughs of un-known sources and paths, which occurred in the low resistivity Lower Haushi sand-stone (LHS) reservoir at the beginning of oil production, imply that the bypassed oil can yet remain in the reservoir. In addition, the upper part of LHS is a tight oil reser-voir, which can still contain a significant amount of unrecovered oil. This opens the opportunity to produce the remaining oil instead of abandoning this reservoir. Low resistivity can exaggerate water saturation, leading to misinterpretation and premature water flooding due to inadequate oil-water contrast. Our analysis revealed a correlation between low resistivity and robust porous network connectivity, along-side elevated formation water salinity in highly porous layers. In regions of high po-rosity, sufficient oil-water contrast facilitates precise water saturation determination, affirming oil presence in all wells. However, within tight oil zones, near-complete wa-ter saturation contradicts actual oil presence. Factors contributing to saturation un-certainty and water breakthroughs were reassessed. Utilizing a 1:1 verti-cal-to-horizontal permeability ratio derived from core data enhanced simulation alignment with water production rates. Investigation into the impact of relative per-meabilities on water production was conducted. Water saturation maps were gener-ated to pinpoint remaining oil reserves. Depletion around wells is evident in lower po-rous regions, while oil persists across the entire tight reservoir, notably in two unex-plored sections.

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) refers to the various techniques used to increase the amount of crude oil that can be extracted from an oil field. These techniques are used after the primary and secondary recovery methods have been depleted. There are three main types of EOR: thermal, gas injection, and chemical. EOR techniques can be expensive and complex, but they can help to recover additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir. EOR can also extend the life of an oil field and increase the overall production from a given field. The parameters affecting oil recovery are a major concern in EOR systems, and these parameters need more consideration with the factors affecting them. In this study, the influence of permeability variations on fluid flow in a sandstone reservoir was explored, as well as an up-to-date description of three states of EOR with thorough explanations of the methods utilized and the mechanisms driving their oil recovery application. The difficulties encountered in the use of the different standard EOR Mechanisms were noted, and solutions to these difficulties were proposed. Furthermore, the contemporary trend of adding nanotechnology and its synergistic effects on the stability and efficiency of traditional chemicals for EOR were examined and analysed. Finally, laboratory findings and field initiatives were discussed. The review went into detail about the transport of nanoparticles across reservoirs, as well as the evaluation of EOR, mobility ratio, and fluid displacement efficiency. This review provides thorough information on the uses of improved oil recovery mechanisms for sustainable energy production.

According to the structural features, sedimentary evolution, types of sedimentary facies, source rocks features, diagenesis evolution, reservoir features and hydrocarbon formation mechanism, exploration status and hydrocargon resource potential, this article analyzed the major control fac-tors and hydrocarbon distribution rules of the lithologic reservoirs in continental fault basin. The research shows that three major control factors and one coupled factor (fractures act as a tie) in-fluence hydrocarbon formation of lithologic traps in Nantun Formation of Tanan Sag, which in-clude sand body types, effective source rocks and effective reservoirs. With the increase in depth, enough hydrocarbon generate in source rock under thermal evolution. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion are more intensive when it comes to the depth threshold and critical conditions of hydrocarbon supplying are met. Traps that surrounded or contacted by source rock, or communi-cated by fault are qualified to form reservoirs. As buried depth increases, hydrocarbon genera-tion-expulsion intensity grows and the trap is more petroliferous. Hydrocarbon accumulation and reservoir formation are also controlled by sandbody accumulation conditions. When it meets the critical conditions of hydrocarbon generation and concrete oil and gas are charged in, better phys-ical properties of sandbody always indicate more hydrocarbon accumulation in the trap. Alloca-tion of sand type, effective source rock and effective reservoir is optimized under the effect of fractures, and coupled hydrocarbon reservoir with these three elements.

Focusing geophysics to improve recovery factor of hydrocarbon reservoirs adds value and contributes toward ZERO carbon footprint by increasing the recovery factor by of 30-40 % and thus reducing the cost/carbon emission per produced barrel. Thus, the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) market is expected to grow more than 3.5% annually. This will be even more fueled by the Green-House-Gas (GHG) reduction and subsequent CO2 injection into the reservoirs as they are being produced. Presently, geophysics only ac-counts for a small percentage of this market, thus its growth is inevitable since more deterministic observation lead higher operating efficiency. Imaging the fluids (hydro-carbon, water, and CO2) is a key component to optimized production and injection. We designed a novel electromagnetic (EM) acquisition system that combines mul-ti-physics fluid imaging and acquires surface and borehole data with high fidelity. Borehole calibration is needed to upscale reservoir data and parameters to measurement scale. Multiple electromagnetic methods are used as well as microseismics in one layout for Exploration and Production (E & P) problems. Multi-components in electromagnetics allows resolving oil and water-bearing zones equally well while achieving the best ac-curacy suitable for repeat measurements. Because sedimentary basins are intrinsically anisotropic, considering 3-dimensional anisotropy is essential from measurement and 3D modeling viewpoint. Thus, the results have the better subsurface images. Here, we combine hardware design, methodology, 3D modeling, processing, and interpretations into an integrated technology and demonstrate the success with verifiable case histories.

A review of the surface ablation of hominin teeth by attrition, abrasion and erosive wear. The occurrence of these lesions is explored in a sample of South African fossil australopithecine dentitions revealing excessive wear. Interpretation of the nature of the dietary components causing such wear in the absence of carious erosion provides insight into the ecology of the Plio-pleistocene epoch (1-2 million years ago). Fossil teeth inform much of the living past by their retained evidence after death. Tooth wear is the ultimate forensic evidence of lives lived.

This research evaluates the mineral ions and their concentrations in formation water from five well samples of the Bibi Hakimeh oil field. The study reveals the presence of calcium (Ca2+), so-dium (Na+), and magnesium (Mg2+) cations, as well as sulfate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and chloride (Cl-) anions, which are soluble in water within the Bibi Hakimeh oil formation. Fur-thermore, mineral deposits of CaSO4, CaSO4.2H2O, CaCO3, and MgCO3 are investigated. The findings highlight the significant formation of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate mineral deposits under the operating conditions of the Bibi Hakimeh oil well. Additionally, the study examines the interaction between rock and water of the Bibi Hakimeh formation, revealing a notable correlation between the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions and the water-rock reaction in this field

Chemical flooding methods are used to recover the remaining oil after water flooding, and surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding is an important chemical flooding technology. It is of great significance to design and screen high-performance oil displacement agents in order to overcome the increasingly challenging high temperature (>70 ℃) and high salinity (>10,000 mg/L) reservoirs. Based on the characteristics of high temperature (70 ℃) and high salinity (151,000 mg/L) in the Qinghai Gasi reservoir, the performance of the SP flooding system was studied. This study considered interfacial tension, emulsification, viscosity, compatibility, and oil displacement efficiency. The selected formula demonstrated high resistance to both salinity (151,000 mg/L) and temperature (70 ℃), characterized by a low oil-water interfacial tension (10-2 mN/m) and high viscosity (18.13 mPa.s). After water flooding achieved an oil recovery rate of 64.64%, the subsequent replacement rate of crude oil increased by 26.95%, confirming that SP flooding can be used as a technology for enhancing oil recovery in high-temperature, high-salinity reservoirs represented by Qinghai Gasi reservoirs.

Physics has been thought to truly represent reality since at least Galileo, and the foundations of physics are always established using philosophical ideas. In particular, the elegant naming of physical entities is usually very influential in the acceptance of physical theories. We here demonstrate (using current developments in thermodynamics as an example) that both the epistemology and the ontology of physics ultimately rest on poetic language. What we understand depends essentially on the language we use. We wish to establish our knowledge securely, but strictly speaking this is impossible using only analytic language. Knowledge of the meanings of things must use a natural language designed to express meaning, that is, poetic language. Although the world is really there, and although we can indeed know it truly, this knowledge is never either complete or certain but ultimately must rest on intuition. Reading a recently discovered artefact with a palaeo-Hebrew inscription as from the first century, we demonstrate from it that this ontological understanding long predates the Hellenic period. Poetic language is primary, both logically and temporally.

Aquathermolysis is a promising method to upgrade heavy oil in reservoir conditions. However, application of catalysts can significantly promote transformation of the heavy fragments (resins and asphaltenes) and heteroatom-containing compounds of crude oil mixture into low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. In this paper, the comparison study of the catalytic performance of the water-soluble metal salts such as NiSO4 and FeSO4 on the aquathermolytic upgrading of heavy oil samples produced from Ashal’cha reservoir was carried out at a temperature of 300 °C for 24 hours. Iron nanoparticles contributed to the highest viscosity reduction degree - 60% in contrast to the viscosity of the native crude oil sample. The viscosity alteration is reasoned by the changes in the group composition of heavy oil after catalytic (FeSO4) aquathermolysis, where the content of resins and asphaltenes were reduced by 17% and 7%, respectively. Moreover, the aquathermolytic upgrading of heavy oil in the presence of FeSO4 led to an increase in the yield of gasoline fraction by 13% and diesel fraction by 53%. The H/C ratio, which represents the hydrogenation of crude oil, increased from 1.52 (before catalytic upgrading) to 1.99 (after catalytic upgrading). The results of Chromatomass (GC-MS) and Fourier-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies confirmed the intensification of destructive hydrogenation of resins and asphaltenes in the presence of the water-soluble catalysts. According to XRD and SEM-EDX results, the metal salts are thermally decomposed during the aquathermolysis process into the oxides of corresponding metals and particularly sulfided by the sulfur-containing aquathermolysis products.

Remote sensing has considerable potential to contribute to the identification and reconstruction of lost hydrological systems and networks. Remote sensing-based reconstructions of palaeo-river networks have commonly employed single or limited time-span imagery, which limits their capacity to identify features in complex and varied landscape contexts. This paper presents a seasonal multi-temporal approach to the detection of palaeo-rivers over large areas based on long-term vegetation dynamics and spectral decomposition techniques. The use of multi-temporal data has allowed the overcoming of seasonal cultivation patterns and long-term visibility issues related to crop selection, large-scale irrigation and land use patterns. The application of this approach on the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve (northwest India), a core area for the Bronze Age Indus Civilisation, has enabled the reconstruction of an unsuspectedly complex palaeo-river network comprising more than 8000 kms of palaeo-channels. It has also enabled the definition of the morphology of these relict courses, which provides insights into the environmental conditions in which they operated. These new data will contribute to a better understanding of the settlement distribution and environmental settings in which this, often considered riverine, civilisation operated.

The log interpretation and evaluation of Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoir in Longdong West area, Ordos Basin, is facing great challenges due to the existence of low resistivity contrast oil pays. To better guide the exploration of oil resources in this area, the characteristics and control mechanism of low resistivity contrast oil pays were studied in this research. Firstly, according to the relative value of apparent resistivity increase rate of the target formation, the reservoir was divided into two types: low resistivity contrast oil pay (LRCP) and high resistivity oil pay (HRP). Then, the reservoir characteristics were studied by comparing and analyzing the experimental data, formation water data and logging data collected from the two reservoir types. On this basis, the control mechanism of LRCP was studied and summarized into reservoir micro factors and regional macro factors, respectively. It is found that the reservoir rock composition between LRCP and HRP is basically the same. Compared with HRP reservoir, the average porosity and permeability of LRCP reservoir are relatively better, but the pore structure is relatively poorer because of the high content of micro pores. When the filling pressure of crude oil is sufficient enough, the high oil saturation can be formed in LRCP reservoir. The high irreducible water saturation and high formation water salinity are the main micro factors reduced the reservoir resistivity. Besides, the difference of hydrocarbon expulsion capacity of source rock and the regional difference of formation water salinity are the macro factors influenced the distribution of LRCP and HRP from vertical and horizontal of the region. The formation of LRCP is controlled by the comprehensive influence of reservoir micro factors and regional macro factors. And the comprehensive consideration of the influence of micro factors and macro factors on LRCP is suggested during the log interpretation and evaluation.

The Gulf of Suez is a sedimentary rift-basin with thick evaporites and complex structural settings that presents challenges to achieving quality imaging based on seismic reflection data. Such subsurface settings and the lack of 3D seismic data poses challenges in building reservoir models to guide hydrocarbon exploration and development, especially in southern parts the Gulf of Suez. This study attempts to overcome the challenges of both 2D seismic interpretation and building a static reservoir model of two Miocene reservoir formations, Ras Ghara Field, Southern Gulf of Suez. Integration of well log data analysis of nine wells and regional-tectonics cognizant 2D seismic interpretation of nineteen 2D seismic lines enabled a reliable 3D static reservoir model. The Miocene reservoir characterization reveals heterogeneity in lithofacies distribution, with thick evaporite sequences causing seismic reflection distortions. Significant hydrocarbon accumulations are associated with horst fault blocks. The Miocene reservoirs demonstrate effective porosity of 14-33%, water saturation of 16-65%, and hydrocarbon saturation of 35-84%. Two new prospects are identified based on structure, facies distribution, and petrophysical results, with estimated original oil in place (OOIP) of 2,002,404 stock tank barrels (STB) and 1,175,580 STB for the Kareem Formation, and 6,302,916 STB and 2,841,894 STB for the Rudeis Formation.

The pore-throat radius of shale oil reservoir is extremely small, and it is difficult to accurately obtain the absolute permeability and oil-water two-phase relative permeability of actual oil reservoir through conventional core experiments. However, these parameters are very important for reservoir numerical simulation. In this paper, a method for characterizing flow parameters based on pore network model that considers differential pressure flow and diffusion flow is proposed. Firstly, a digital core was reconstructed using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) from the Gulong shale reservoir in the Songliao Basin, China, and a pore network model was extracted. Secondly, quasi-static single-phase flow and two-phase flow equations considering diffusion were established in the pore network model. Finally, pore throat parameters, absolute permeability, and oil-water two-phase permeability curves were calculated, respectively. The results show that the pore throat distribution of Gulong shale reservoir is mainly concentrated in the nanometer scale, the mean pore radius is 87 nm, the mean throat radius is 41 nm, and the mean coordination number is 3.97; The calculated permeability considering diffusion is 0.000124mD, which is approximately twice the permeability calculated without considering diffusion; The irreducible water saturation of the Gulong shale reservoir is approximately 0.26, and the residual oil saturation is approximately 0.73. The method proposed in this paper can provide an important approach for characterizing the flow parameters of similar shale oil reservoirs.

A review discusses recent research findings spanning the last two decades concerning ultrasonic technologies applicable to the oil, gas, and coal sectors. Various experiments conducted in laboratories have demonstrated the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness of ultrasound in recovering and processing oil, bitumen, coal, and oil shale. Ultrasound enhances formation permeability, coal gas permeability, and oil viscosity, particularly when delivered in short, powerful pulses at medium frequencies. Combining ultrasound with traditional recovery methods has shown promising results, boosting recovery efficiency by up to 100%. At the same time, ultrasonic treatment reduces the use of traditional reagents, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Moreover, ultrasound treatment shows potential in tasks such as separating oil-water emulsions, desulfurization, dewaxing oil, coal enrichment, and extracting valuable metals from metal-bearing shales through hydrometallurgical leaching. However, widespread industrial implementation of ultrasonic technology necessitates further field and mathematical research.

The energy matrix worldwide has been going through difficulties in its discussions - such as irregular exploration, inefficient public policies, and arbitrariness concerning diplomatic and political definitions of those involved in this market. This work's general objective consists in analyzing associations and statistical inferences of the largest world oil producers, assimilating the contributions and singularities of this market from 1993 to 2020. Based on the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), it was possible to identify the possible inferences and contributions of the ten largest oil producers in the world in more than two decades using statistical analysis through correlation, regression, and statistical analysis of variables. According to the research and the literature on the area, the oil market proposes support to its discussions, mainly in its productive approaches. It is possible to identify this market as a solid link to geopolitical actions, distributing the possibilities through economic bias and socio-cultural and historical factors on a global level.

Due to its economic benefits and the ability to reduce carbon emissions on a large scale, the CCUS-EOR project has been widely promoted and implemented globally. By using carbon dioxide flooding, oil water transition zone reservoirs that were once considered worthless may have new potential for development because of its rich geological reserves and high quality carbon sequestration conditions. Unlike water flooded layer, the oil in the TZ is unsaturated rather than residual oil after water flooding, which would lead to special oil-water seepage law of initial oil saturation. It is necessary to clarify special oil-water seepage law of oil-water transition zone to evaluate its production & storage potential. In this paper, we present a series of experiments to characterize the relationship between residual oil saturation and initial oil saturation. Cores in four different permeability and oil in four different viscosity are used to simulate different reservoir conditions, and that CO2 immiscible flooding experiments for each cores permeability and oil viscosity are performed with four different initial oil saturation. A total of 36 sets of CO2 flooding experiment data are used to draw the initial oil saturation & residual oil saturation chart. The results show that the residual oil saturation depends on the initial oil saturation rather than constant under certain conditions of core and oil. Under the condition of low permeability and high oil viscosity, the influence of initial oil saturation on residual oil saturation is relatively strong. The initial oil saturation & residual oil saturation chart can accurately calculate the residual oil saturation, initial water cut and final recovery based on the core permeability, oil viscosity and the initial oil saturation which is the first time to put forward this kind of chart and of the great significance to evaluate the recovery potential of the TZ.

The different vegetable oils used in canned fish as filling medium have a preserving effect and contribute to the palatability of the product. In this study, the colour of European eels and the filling medium (sunflower oil, olive oil or spicy olive oil) was measured at different steps of the canning process. The sensorial characteristics of canned eels packed in the different oils were also evaluated. Colour scores (CieLab values) were higher in canned eels packed in sunflower and spicy olive oil than in canned eels packed in olive oil. The changes in colour parameters depended on the type of oil, the stage of the process and the storage time. Colour changes in canned eels packed in olive oil were highest during the sterilization process. Spicy olive oil was the filling medium in which the colour change was greatest, probably due to the migration of some of the spice components into the oil. Organoleptic properties were directly related to the type of oil used as the filling medium. The canned eels packed in sunflower oil were those awarded the highest scores in consumer tests, although the preferences varied depending on the age and gender of the consumers.

Drug-resistance represents one of the great plagues of our time worldwide, largely limiting the treatment of common infections, and accounting for the urge in the development of new antibiotics or other alternative approaches. Noteworthy, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is mostly responsible for the selection of mutations that confer drug-resistance to microbes. Recently, beyond molecules of natural origin and synthetic ones studied to tackle microbial infections, ozone is raising interest for its unique biological properties, in particular when dissolved in natural oils. In fact, ozonated oils have been reported to act in a non-specific way on microorganisms hindering the acquisition of advantageous mutations resulting in resistance. Here, we focused on comparing the antimicrobial effect of two different types of ozonated oils over a panel of opportunistic and pathogenic microbes. Ozonated olive (OOO) and sunflower seeds (OSO) oils were preliminarily characterized by chemico-physical investigation and tested by in-vitro experiments. Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli have been challenged with different ozonated oils concentrations to evaluate their antimicrobial profile by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated in keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Overall, our results revealed that both OOO and OSO showed a potent microbicidal effect especially against C. albicans (IC50 = OOO: 0.3 mg/mL and OSO: 0.2 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (IC50 = OOO: 0.4 mg/mL and OSO: 2.8 mg/mL) albeit exerting a certain effect also against S. aureus and E. coli. Moreover, both OOO and OSO do not yield any relevant cytotoxic effect at the active concentrations in both cell lines indicating that these ozonated oils are not toxic for mammalian cells despite exerting a potent antimicrobial effect on specific microorganisms. Therefore, OOO and OSO may be considered to integrate standard therapies in the treatment of common infections, likely overcoming drug resistance issues.

Aqueous enzymatic method is a green oil extraction technology with limited industrial application owing to the need for demulsification of the oil body intermediate product. Existing demulsification methods have problems including low demulsification rates and high costs, such that new methods are needed. Free fatty acids produced by lipid hydrolysis can affect the stability of peanut oil body (POB) at a certain concentration. After screening even-carbon fatty acids with carbon chain lengths below ten, caproic acid was selected for demulsification of POB using response surface methodology and a Box–Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions (caproic acid concentration, 0.22%; material-to-liquid ratio, 1:4.7 (w/v); time, 61 min; and temperature, 79 C), a demulsification rate of 97.87% was achieved. Caproic acid not only adjusted the reaction system pH to cause aggregation of the POB interfacial proteins, but also decreased the interfacial tension and viscoelasticity of the interfacial film with increasing caproic acid concentration to realize POB demulsification. Compared with pressed oil and soxhlet-extracted oil, the acid value and peroxide value of caproic acid demulsified oil were increased, while the unsaturated fatty acid content and oxidation induction time were decreased. However, the tocopherol and tocotrienol contents were higher than those of the soxhlet-extracted oil. This study provides a new method for the demulsification of POB.

This study aimed to determine whether camelina oil is safe for use in canine diets, using canola oil and flax oil as controls as they are similar and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for canine diets. Thirty privately-owned adult dogs of various breeds (17 females; 13 males), with an average age of 7.2 ± 3.1 years (mean ± SD) and body weight (BW) of 27.4 ± 14.0 were used. After a 4-week wash-in period using sunflower oil and kibble, dogs were blocked by breed, age, and size, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils (camelina (CAM), flax (FLX), or canola (OLA)) at a level of 8.2 g oil/100g total dietary intake. Body condition score (BCS), BW, food intake (FI), and hematological and select biochemical parameters were measured at various timepoints over a 16-week feeding period. All data were analyzed with ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. No biologically significant differences were seen between treatment groups for BW, BCS, FI, hematological and biochemical results. Statistically significant differences noted among some serum biochemical results were considered small and due to normal biological variation. These results support a conclusion that camelina oil is safe for use in canine nutrition.

In response to global climate challenges and the increasing demand for energy, exploring renewable energy alternatives has become crucial. Bio-oils, derived from biomass pyrolysis, are emerging as potential replacements for fossil fuel-based liquid fuels. This paper shares findings from the Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology on the quality of crude biomass pyrolysis bio-oil samples. These findings highlight their potential as motor liquid fuels. The article details the results of tests on the physicochemical properties of four distinct bio-oil samples. Additionally, it presents preliminary test results on the hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oils in a batch reactor. The production of homogeneous, stable mixtures using other fuel additives, such as diesel oil, rapeseed methyl ester (RME), and butanol, is also discussed.

In this paper, the main characteristics of the natural bitumen of the Munaily-Mola oil sands were studied with comparison crude oil of Karazhanbas oil field. During the experiment, the density, heating value, ash content and elemental composition of natural bitumen were determined, and these parameters were compared with the properties of Karazhanbas crude oil. As well as oil, resin and asphaltene fractions of both hydrocarbons were separated and each of them were analyzed at a Fourier transform IR-spectroscopy Spectrum-65 with 450-4000 cm−1 range. According to these indicators, it is concluded that natural bitumen is a heavy hydrocarbon raw material with highly resin-asphaltene compounds. Like Karazhanbas oil, natural bitumen can be used as a raw material for various petrochemical products. By finding ways of effective processing of natural bitumen, it can be used in useful areas of the national economy.

Heat transfer fluids are used in various industrial systems to maintain them in perfect operating conditions. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to enhance the thermal properties of these heat transfer fluids to improve their efficiency. Developing nanofluids is a potential candidate for such enhancements. This study investigates the impact of incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles into two types of oils: transformer oil (NYTRO LIBRA) and virgin coconut oil (manufactured by Govi Aruna Pvt. Ltd.) at different temperatures and with varying volume fractions. The nanofluids were prepared using a two-step method by adding CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) surfactant. To minimize nanoparticle agglomeration, this study employed relatively low-volume fractions. Thermal properties by means of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity were measured in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard methods, using a multifunctional thermal conductivity meter (LAMBDA thermal conductivity meter). The measured thermal conductivity values were compared with theoretical models and previous research findings. It was confirmed that the modification of thermal properties was enhanced by doping TiO2 nanoparticles with different volume fraction.

This study investigates the impact of Government Consumption (GC) on Saudi Arabia’s GDP during major economic crises from 1969 to 2022, with a focus on periods marked by fluctuations in oil and non-oil revenues. By integrating these revenue streams, the research provides a more comprehensive analysis of fiscal policy effectiveness during economic downturns. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the study reveals the complex role of Government Consumption (GC) in stabilizing and stimulating the Saudi economy amidst revenue volatility.Key findings indicate that while GC does not significantly influence GDP in the short term, its long-term effectiveness varies across different crises. Specifically, GC has acted as a buffer against immediate economic shocks during certain crises while providing a stimulus for economic recovery in others. For instance, during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, timely fiscal measures significantly boosted GDP, underscoring the importance of adaptive and proactive fiscal policies. Conversely, the 2014-2016 oil price collapse demonstrated that GC alone was insufficient to counteract economic downturns, emphasizing the need for diversified revenue strategies.These findings underscore the dual role of GC in economic stabilization and recovery. During the COVID-19 pandemic, GC played a crucial role in both mitigating negative economic impacts and supporting recovery efforts, showcasing its effectiveness in times of global disruptions. This demonstrates GC's capability as an immediate buffer against economic shocks and a stimulus for economic recovery. In contrast, during the 2014-2016 oil price collapse, GC was less effective, indicating the limitations of relying solely on government spending without broader economic diversification. This highlights the necessity of diversified revenue strategies to complement fiscal measures for long-term economic resilience.The robustness of the findings was ensured through various diagnostic tests, including checks for autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and stationarity of residuals. The absence of significant autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, along with the stationarity of differenced variables, confirms the validity of the econometric models used.The study contributes to the discourse on fiscal policy in oil-dependent economies by illustrating the critical role of diversified revenue strategies and adaptive fiscal measures in enhancing economic resilience. Recommendations are offered for policymakers to optimize fiscal strategies, ensuring robust economic recovery and long-term stability in volatile markets. This research highlights the necessity for Saudi Arabia to refine its fiscal policies towards greater economic diversification and stability.

This study examines the recovery efforts at Gran Tarajal Harbor following a significant oil spill, employing innovative technologies. Initial response efforts were hampered by inadequate contingency plans and bureaucratic delays, underscoring the need for improved preparedness. Cleanup operations utilized advanced methods such as enhanced absorbent sponges, absorbent granulates, bioremediation with allochthonous species, and a combination of barriers and sponges. These technologies proved effective in minimizing environmental impact, reducing hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments from nearly 60,000 mg/kg to less than 1,600 mg/kg in seven months. Heavy metal analysis revealed lead and copper concentrations associated as well as with routine port activities, while mercury levels linked to the spill decreased over time. Tissue analysis indicated minimal contamination in local organisms, suggesting limited impact from the spill, and evaluation of the biological communities in sediments suggest an ecological recovery. Study underscores the importance of rapid response, advanced technologies, and detailed contingency plans tailored to each port. Despite the successful cleanup and ecosystem recovery, political and bureaucratic challenges remain significant obstacles to implementing these improved methods. The findings advocate for a re-evaluation of current oil spill response protocols to incorporate more effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient technologies, aligning with the principles of a circular economy.

The article presents the influence of ecological agents, i.e. the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition to lubricating oil on operating parameters of an internal combustion engine. The basic diagnostic parameters of a piston engine determining its technical condition were described. In the further part, the research stand and materials were presented. In the main part of this article for pure oil compared to oil with the effective microorganisms and silver compounds addition were shown. It was found that the addition of effective microorganisms and silver compounds to the oil reduces the emission of toxic components into the atmosphere along with the exhaust gases, while the remaining engine operating parameters for each load value show that these additives do not cause deterioration of the technical condition of the tested engine. Of all the agents used, the best results are obtained with the addition of ceramic tubes, because it is an additive that does not affect the properties of the oil in its composition. The advantage of ceramic tubes is the slow release of effective microorganisms, which has an effect on the parameters of the oil and thus on the operation of the engine. In further research, it will be checked how these additives affect the anti-seize and anti-wear properties of the lubricating oil used, which should give a broader view of the impact of these additives on the technical condition of the operated piston engine.

Several studies have highlighted the importance and evolution of process safety leadership and culture in various industries. However, none has focused on the palm oil milling industry yet. This paper critically reviews the latest developments in the palm oil milling process and unit operations leading to process safety concerns. It also discusses the Principle of 3C that is applied to explain repeat accidents and the four-level safety culture in the palm oil milling industry. For this purpose, the author presents case studies of two key palm oil companies in Malaysia. Overall, this paper offers guidelines to leaders in the palm oil milling industry about the required process safety leadership and culture to be understood in order to improve their safety outcomes.

Lipid nanoparticles have an interesting part of drug delivery system. In this study, the modification of the convention nano-lipid based soybean lecithin was demonstrated. Ginger oil derived Zingiber officinale was used along with lecithin, cholesterol and span 80 to fabricate nano-lipid (GL nano-lipid) using thin-film method. Through TEM and confocal microscope, GL nano-lipid exposes the liposome- like morphology. The average size of the resultant nanoparticles was 249.1nm with monodistribution (PDI= 0.021). The ζ-potential of GL nano-lipid was negative as similar to as prepared nano-lipid based lecithin. GL nano-lipid express the highly stable over 60 days of storage at room temperature in term of size, ζ-potential. A shift of pH value from alkaline to acid was detected in lecithin nano-lipid, while with the incorporation of ginger oil, pH value of nano-lipid dispersion was around 7.0. Furthermore, due to the rich of shogaol-6 and other active compounds in ginger oil, the GL nano-lipid is endowed with intrinsic antibacterial feature. In addition, the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and live/dead imaging revealed the excellent biocompatibility of GL nano-lipid. Notably, GL nano-lipid was capable to carry the hydrophobic agents as curcumin and perform a pH-dependent release profile. A subsequent characterization are a suitable potential for drug delivery system.

Fabrication of durable materials with excellent oil adsorption capacity and separation performance for the treatment of oily wastewater is meaningful based on smart responsiveness. Herein, a solvent-responsive melamine sponge (MS) was developed via silanization followed by the in-situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). Detailed characterization of the resultant composite MS was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The multiscale hierarchical MS substrate exhibited highly hydrophobic property in the pH range of 1-11, along with a satisfactory adsorption capacity in the range of 65.4-134.2 g/g for different oils. The modified surface transformed from superhydrophobicity/superlipophilicity to superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity upon ethanol wetting, reverting to its original superhydrophobic state upon drying. The separation flux of the MS substrate was above 1.5×104L/m2h for both oil and water removal, along with the separation efficiency more than 98.7%. No obvious changes of the separation performance after 50 successive immiscible oil/water separation indicated the excellent durability and robustness of the anchored ZIF-8 nanoparticles on the surface of modified MS substrate. More importantly, oil-in-water emulsion separation was successfully carried out via the ZIF-8 MS composite with a high separation efficiency over 99.1%. The developed smart sponge with high oil absorption capacity, excellent chemical stability and fire resistance exhibited a wide range of potential practical applications in the convenient treatment of oily wastewater.

Palm oil production involves unit operations that lead to greenhouse gas emissions. A typical mill is estimated to produce greenhouse gas emissions of 637–1,131 kg CO2 eq/t crude palm oil. There has been a huge effort to reduce the carbon footprint of palm oil mills. However, the data from such research have not been consolidated. This paper reviews significant information, results, and conclusions derived from studies in the literature. The latest developments in palm oil milling operations and information on greenhouse gas emissions are presented. Current initiatives in reducing carbon footprint of palm oil mills are discussed along with an assessment of the technologies employed. These include the conventional method of capturing biogas from palm oil mill effluent and emerging approaches such as converting palm sludge oil into biodiesel, deploying enzyme-assisted oil extraction, and converting biomass into fuel for energy generation as an alternative to coal and other fossil fuels. The importance of self-sufficiency is deliberated because a self-sufficient palm oil mill is estimated to reduce emissions by 457 kg CO2 eq/t crude palm oil compared to a mill that requires an external power supply. Methods with the greatest positive effect on the carbon footprint are identified for further investigation.

Fresh potatoes were deep-fried in olive oil (OO) & extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and their blends with 5%, 10% and 20% v/v sesame oil (SO). This is the first report on the use of sesame oil as natural source of antioxidant for olive oil deep-frying. Oil was evaluated for Peroxide Value (PV), Free Fatty Acids (FFA), K₂₃₂, K₂₇₀, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and Total Phenols (TP) until Total Polar Compounds (TPCs) reached 25%. Sesame lignan transformations were monitored through Reverse-phase HPLC. While TPCs in olive oils increased at a steady rate, the addition of 5%, 10% and 20% v/v SO created a time window lasting 1, 2 and 3 hours, respectively, where TPCs were constant. SO addition to OO increased the total frying time. Furthermore, the addition of SO reduced the peroxides formation rate for both OO and EVOO. EVOO was more resistant to oxidation than OO as measured by TPCs and TEAC, while frying time raised from 21.5 to 25.25 h when EVOO replaced OO. The increase in frying time for olive oil but not for extra virgin olive oil, after SO addition, is pointing out a niche market for extra virgin olive oil in deep-frying.

This article focuses on the issue of motor oils used in the engines of off-road mobile machinery (NRMM), more specifically tractors. The primary goal of the paper is to determine the appropriate replacement interval for these oils. The physical properties of the examined samples were first determined by conventional instruments. Furthermore, the concentration of abrasive metals, contaminants, and additive elements were measured using an optical emission spectrometer. Lastly, the content of water, fuel, glycol, and the products of oxidation, nitration, and sulphation were determined by using infrared spectrometry. The measured values were compared to the limit values. Based on the processing and evaluation of these analyses, the overall condition of the oils was assessed and subsequently the optimal exchange interval of the examined oils was determined. In addition, a risk analysis of the outage was performed. Due to the high yields of crops, farmers can lose a significant amount of product when a tractor is not functioning during the harvest period. This loss for calculated in the paper.

Oriental lacquer, a natural and renewable polymeric coating, comes from the sap produced by lacquer trees. For practical application, oriental lacquer must be refined to reduce excess water and enhance its quality. In this study, drying oils were blended with oriental lacquer during the refining process to prepare an oil-modified refined lacquer (OMRL). The type and adding amount (0, 10, and 20% by wt.) of drying oils for wood coatings utilization were evaluated. Rhus succedanea oriental lacquer is composed of 54.1% urushiols, 34.3% water, 7.2% plant gum, and 4.4% nitrogenous compounds, and drying oils, including tung oil (TO), linseed oil (LO), and dehydrated castor oil (DCO) were used as materials in this study. The results show that the drying oil acts as a diluent, which reduces the viscosity and enhances the workability and could shorten the touch-free drying time and speed up the hardened drying of the OMRL. The results also indicate that the hardness, mass retention, Tg, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and lightfastness of OMRL films decrease as more drying oils are blended. Conversely, the bending resistance, elongation at break, impact resistance increase, and particularly, the gloss, is greatly improved through the blending of more drying oils. In conclusion, the LO-modified refined lacquer (RL) has the highest film gloss and the DCO-modified RL has the shortest drying time for coating; otherwise, the film properties are similar among the three types of drying oil.

Açaí, a fruit from the Amazon, is valuable both economically and nutritionally. Its seeds, often discarded, can be transformed into bio-oil through pyrolysis (a thermochemical degradation process of residual biomass), providing a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study investigates how temperature and molarity influence the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the produced bio-oil. Tests were conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and assays to evaluate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities at different temperatures (350, 400, and 450 °C) and molarities (0.5 M, 1.0 M, and 2.0 M). Phenolic compounds were the most abundant in the bio-oil (55.70%), followed by cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons (11.89%) and linear hydrocarbons (9.64%). Despite a reduction in oxygenated compounds, the bio-oil maintained bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus across various temperature ranges, particularly at 350 °C. Antioxidant activity was highest at 350 °C and at lower molarities. Additionally, lower concentrations of acid impregnation exhibited cytotoxic effects at higher temperatures. Thus, bio-oil from açaí seeds produced via pyrolysis demonstrates potential for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, suggesting viability for further testing at dilutions with lower cytotoxicity.

Oil pollution of extraction areas is an undesirable phenomenon, but very present, es-pecially in old farms. In the context in which the depollution of these areas, in Roma-nia, is carried out from public funds, this fact is more and more difficult to achieve. That is why the effect of pollutants on the environment is being analyzed more and more, it often remains that the depollution is done naturally. This material analyzes the effect of metals present in crude oil (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Ni, Mn, As, Cd, V, Cr, S), on the soil affected by a historical accidental pollution in the Moinesti area, Romania. This article presents the results of analyzes performed by metal detection techniques, namely optical emission spectrophotometry with inductive coupled plasma and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metals determined in the polluted soil were statis-tically analyzed regarding the dispersion, standard deviation and coefficient of varia-tion compared to the control sample and compared with the results from two areas in Romania. The risk of exploitation of polluted areas was also analyzed, namely the method of pollution indices and the method of combining the effects of pollutants

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a progressive decline of cognitive functions. The class of drugs used for the treatment are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Essential oils have contributed to folk medicine and discovery of new drugs for a long time. The purpose of the study was to investigate the in vitro and in silico the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, as well as acute toxicity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides. EOLO was obtained by hydrostelting and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The inhibition assay of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was evaluated in vitro, as well as in silico by docking. The effects of EOLO on hematological, biochemical and behavioral parameters were analyzed in mices. We expose that EOLO shows good anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and low toxicity, possibly resulting from the action of the majority compounds thymol, carvacrol and p-cymene. The anti-acetylcholinesterase potential in vitro demonstrating a 70% inhibition. The docking results elucidated the participation of the major phenolics in AChE inhibition by interacting with the catalytic cavity of AchE. The acute oral toxicity test classified as low toxicity. These results contribute to expand the knowledge about essential oil of Lippia origanoides. Therefore, appears to be promising for herbal medicine production with anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activity.

Reliable detection of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in edible and used cooking oil (UCO) is crucial for the sustainable production of food and biodiesel. In this study, a variety of sunflower oils (crude, cold pressed, extra virgin, refined, and UCO) were examined using different methods of DNA extraction and PCR amplification to develop an efficient technology for the identification of sunflower in oils. DNA extraction kits such as NucleoSpin Food, DNeasy mericon Food, and Olive Oil DNA Isolation as well as modified CTAB method were found to be able to isolate amplifiable genomic DNA from highly processed oils. Novel uniplex, double, and nested PCR systems targeting the sunflower-specific helianthinin gene were developed for efficient identification of sunflower. New sunflower DNA markers were revealed by uniplex PCRs. The combination of modified CTAB and nested PCR was demonstrated as a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective technology for detecting traces of sunflower in 700 μl of highly processed oil, including refined and used cooking oil. The study will contribute to both the food industry and the energy sector as developed methods can be used for oil authenticity testing in food and biodiesel production.

Microemulsions with excellent properties have shown significant potential for enhancing oil recovery from tight formations through spontaneous imbibition. This work present a high-temperature-tolerant lower-phase microemulsion (HTLP-ME) using a microemulsion dilution method. The properties and morphological characteristics of HTLP-ME were evaluated and proposed a enhanced spontaneous imbibition oil recovery mechanism using imbibition tests and CT scanning technology. The results show that the optimum concentration of HTLP-ME is 0.2wt% has a superior thermal stability, small particle size, lower IFT, good wettability alteration ability, and minimum adsorption loss. Imbibition and CT experiments showed that the longer the imbibition distance, the better is the effect on spontaneous imbibition oil recovery. Furthermore, the solubilization coefficient and self-driving force were defined and calculated to quantitatively analyze the imbibition mechanisms. The imbibition mechanisms demonstrate that the reduction of oil/solid adhesion is due to the synergistic effect of IFT reduction and wettability alteration, and the ability to increase the imbibition distance through a larger self-driving force.

In order to develop novel botanical insecticides, the joint action of Ligusticum chuanxiong oil (LCO) and lemongrass oil (LO) against Aphis citricola van der Goot was determined systematically indoors and outdoors. The chemical profiles of LCO and LO as determined by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis revealed that main compounds from LCO were Z-Ligustilide (44.58%) and Senkyunolide A (26.92%), and that of LO were geranial (42.16%) and neral (32.58%), respectively. The mixture of LCO and LO showed significant synergy against A. citricola, with a common-toxicity coefficient (CTC) value of 221.46 at the optimal ratio of LCO to LO (4: 1, w/w). Based on the results of solvents and emulsifiers screening, L. Chuanxiong oil · Lemongrass oil 20% emulsifiable concentrate (20% LCO · LO EC) was developed, which was confirmed to meet the requirements of a commercial pesticide by quality test. Field trials indicated that the insecticidal activity of the diluted 20% LCO · LO EC (1000 fold dilution) was comparable to conventional pesticide (20% imidacloprid EC) on A. citricola 7 days after application. Thus, the mixture of LCO and LO has the potential to be further developed as a botanical pesticide.

The decline of conventional oil reserves in Nigeria's Niger Delta region necessitates the exploration of alternative heavy oil recovery methods, particularly given that heavy oil constitutes nearly 20% of the region's estimated crude oil reserves. This study investigates the optimization of enhanced heavy oil recovery through the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and innovative hot chemical flooding techniques. The experimental phase involved the development of a novel chemical mix comprising dissolved liquid soap, scent leaf extract, bitter leaf extract, palm frond ash, xanthan gum, dry gin, and a unique alkali-surfactant mixture (DG + DPFA). These chemicals were tested at varying injection temperatures, and their respective recovery efficiencies were evaluated. For the ANN model development, key reservoir and operational parameters—porosity, permeability, oil specific gravity, and injection temperature—were utilized as input layers, with three hidden layers and one output layer representing the recovery efficiency. The ANN model successfully correlated the input parameters to recovery efficiencies, providing a robust prediction framework for enhanced heavy oil recovery. Software simulations conducted in parallel with the experimental work offered insights into future recovery potential and anticipated water cut profiles. Furthermore, the study presented mathematical correlations for each chemical flooding process, linking the input variables to recovery efficiency. The integration of ANN modelling and experimental validation establishes a comprehensive methodology for optimizing heavy oil recovery in the Niger Delta, suggesting that upstream companies should consider adopting hot chemical flooding strategies to enhance production rates and economic returns. These findings underscore the importance of leveraging advanced technologies and local resources to address the challenges of heavy oil recovery in declining conventional reservoirs.

The study aimed to compare the cardiovascular benefits of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from fish oil versus krill oil in different forms and dosages. Following PRISMA 2015, data analysis with R software, and databases were searched from 1993 to 2023, (ID PROSPERO: CRD42024502338). Sixty high-quality studies were analyzed, covering various forms of fish oil and krill oil at different dosages (fish oil (ethyl ester-EE, triglyceride-TG, re-esterified triglycerides-rTG, capsules, emulsion-EM); krill oil (phospholipid/free fatty acid-PL/FFA, high concentration phospholipid-HPL, low concentration phospholipid-LPL)). Meta-analysis revealed that krill oil with phospholipid/free fatty acid at doses 2000-2900 mg effectively lowered triglycerides, while fish oil in ethyl ester form at doses above 3000 mg significantly reduced total cholesterol. Fish oil in triglyceride form at doses 2000-2900 mg and other variations positively impacted HDL-C levels. Fish oil in EE form above 3000 mg and triglyceride form below 2000 mg notably reduced LDL-C. However, there was limited effectiveness observed for other interventions. Analysis for LDL-C exhibited publication bias, while other parameters demonstrated reliability (Egger's test). In conclusion, krill oil - PL/FFA, Fish oil - EE above 3000 mg, Fish oil - TG 2000-3000 mg, and fish oil - rTAG 300-1900 mg effectively in reducing heart risk patients.

The relationship between the structure characteristics and performances of coal based hydrogenation isomeric base oil (CTL) and metallocene catalyzed coal based polyalphaolefin (mPAO) base oil was clarified here. CTL and mPAO were compared with typical petroleum based and natural gas based commercial API Class III and IV base oils. Pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT) and four-balls friction tester were used to evaluate the oxidation stability and lubrication performance of base oils under different working conditions. The sensitivity of different base oils to typical antioxidants and extreme pressure antiwear agents was compared. Specially, the composition and structure of CTL base oil are obviously different from GTL and mineral base oil. The coal-based CTL and mPAO base oils exhibit commendable viscosity-temperature properties, characteristics, coupled with low-temperature fluidity, fire safety, and minimal evaporation loss. The lubricating properties, oxidation stability and the sensitivity to extreme pressure antiwear agents of CTL are close to those of similar base oils. But the sensitivity of CTL to typical antioxidants is relatively poor. Besides, compared with commercial PAO base oil, mPAO has lower isomerization degree and fewer isomerization types. The oxidation stability and sensitivity to typical antioxidants of mPAO base oil are comparable with those of commercial PAO base oil, while its lubrication performance and sensitivity to typical extreme pressure antiwear agents are significantly better than those of commercial PAO base oil.

Wastewater treatment from oils and oil products, organic mixtures are a very relevant topic that can be successfully used to solve problems of serious environmental pollution, such as oil spills, industrial oily wastewater discharges and water treatment in the water treatment process. In this work, we have developed new superhydrophobic magnetic polyurethane (PU) sponges functionalized with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), MgFe2O4 nanoparticles, and silicone oil (SO) as a selective and reusable sorbent for purification and separation of wastewater from oils and organic solvents. The surface morphology and wettability of the sponge surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a contact angle analysis system, respectively. The results showed that the obtained PU sponge PU/RGO/MgFe2O4/SO had excellent mechanical and water-repellent properties, reusable properties (more than 20 cycles), as well as fast (immersion time 20 sec) and excellent adsorption capacity (16.61- 44.86 g / g), and good magnetic properties made it easy to separate the sponge from the water with a magnet. And the presence of RGO in the composition of the nanomaterial improves the separating and cleaning properties of materials, and also leads to an increase in the absorption capacity of oil and various organic solvents. The synthesized PU sponge has great potential for practical applications due to its facile fabrication and excellent oil-water separation property.

Most developing countries with petroleum resources are constrained in the ability to refine their oil and gas resources. This virtually results in the involvement of the International Oil Company (IOC) by the National Oil Company (NOC) of a particular nation to enter into an agreement to achieve the production of oil based on an agreed framework. However, in cur-rent development, there is little focus on the contractual agreement, particularly on the pro-duction sharing agreement by the IOC in the exploration of petroleum resources of developing countries. The primary objective of this paper is to critically explore the contract structure of production sharing agreement by the IOC in the exploration and development of petroleum resources in developing countries. Content analysis was used as the methodology of the study after examining several literatures. The findings indicate that the contract structure of the production sharing agreement (PSA) between NOC and IOC plays a significant role in the cost and risk of exploration and development of oil. In addition, it is noted that the joint committee of the NOC and IOC plays a paramount role in monitoring the operations of PSA between the NOC and IOC. Hence, from the gross oil production, the NOC gets its share as profit while IOC gets its share income tax. As an instrument of contract structure in the oil and gas sector, PSA needs further entrenchment between IOC and NOC to avoid likely issues that can emanate between the two parties in the face of current developments.

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks have gained attention for their forecasting capabilities, especially in volatile markets like oil. This study compares LSTM networks with traditional time series models such as ARIMA and Exponential Smoothing in predicting oil prices. We analyze a comprehensive dataset of historical oil price movements and apply preprocessing techniques to ensure the reliability of our model training and evaluation processes. The models are evaluated using metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) to measure their forecasting performance. The results demonstrate that LSTM networks significantly outperform traditional time series models, effectively capturing price trends and fluctuations. Additionally, LSTM shows enhanced adaptability to sudden changes in the market, while traditional models tend to struggle in such scenarios. This comparative analysis underscores the significance of model selection in time series forecasting, especially for industries characterized by high volatility, and suggests a shift towards utilizing LSTM for enhanced financial forecasting accuracy. Future research may further investigate hybrid models that combine the strengths of both LSTM and traditional methodologies.

Abstract: The effect of some weather parameters (rainfall and temperature) on the production of oil palm in Peninsular Malaysia was investigated. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 version), with descriptive statistics, time series analysis, and multiple linear regression (MLR) carried out. SPSS and Microsoft Excel 2010 were used to analyse the results. The MLR model determined the strength of the relationship between oil palm yield (dependent variable) and the changing variables of temperature and rainfall (independent variables). The regression output returned three components; regression coefficients, regression statistics and ANOVA. The findings of the study revealed medium to high rainfall variability at the rate of 0.0008. This implies that rainfall is increasing over time with variations in its amount and intensity. As rainfall increases oil palm FFB production is predicted to increase at a slow rate of 0.0009. The estimation of average annual temperature indicated an increase of 5.6℃ at the rate of 0.0357℃ per year with a temperature maximum of 32.01℃ and minimum of 25.45℃. The result also revealed an increase in oil palm yield at the rate of 0.2581 per year with a mean value of 176247.6. Overall, there is a significant difference in the impact of rainfall and temperature on oil palm yield. This signifies that rainfall has a significant impact on oil palm yield (FFB) compared to temperature.

This study determines the management of downstream oil palm development in the technopolitan areas of Pelalawan Regency. The study object was analyzed qualitatively in stages, including the development, potential, and management of downstream oil palm. The results show that the downstream oil palm facilitates the development of various ideas, innovations, and knowledge from the use of products with high selling value. This supports the government, academia, business, and society in implementing Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). The downstream oil palm development in Pelalawan Regency is managed in an integrated, competitive, and sustainable manner. This allows all stakeholders and society (independent smallholders) to receive economic, social, and environmental benefits.

Oil spills are adverse events that may be very harmful to ecosystems and food chain. In particular, large sea oil spills are very dramatic occurrence often affecting sea and coastal areas. Therefore the sustainability of oil rig infrastructures and oil transportation via oil tankers are linked to law enforcement based on proper monitoring techniques which are also fundamental to mitigate the impact of such pollution. Within this context, in this study a meaningful showcase is analyzed using remotely sensed measurements collected by the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operated by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) constellation. The showcase presented refers to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil incident that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. It is one of the world's largest incidental oil pollution event that affected a sea area larger than 10,000 km². In this study we exploit, for the first time, dual co-polarization SAR data collected by the Italian CSK X-band SAR constellation showing the key benefits of HH-VV SAR measurements in observing such a huge oil pollution event, especially in terms of the very dense revisit time offered by the CSK constellation.

The biophenol integral extraction protocol from vegetation water developed in the early 2000s for the three-phase olive mill was adapted to a large two-phase mill operating in Sicily during the 2016/2017 season. The new set-up allows extensive recovery of olive phenolics, transforming previous waste into a source of revenues for the milling company and of valued bioproducts for its bioeconomy partner, while eliminating a source of potential pollution altogether.

Nanoemulsions represent to cosmetic industry new options of formulations which are easier to apply, better functional benefit and potentially safer formulations. They are very interesting for cosmetic products intended for skin care and also for health products, due to the reduced size (range 20 to 500 nm) of the globules, which avoids processes of instability; they present transparency, fluidity, wettability, spreadability, increase skin penetration and good sensorial sensation. The main mechanism of instability of nanoemulsions is called Ostwald ripening, responsible to increase the average diameter of the emulsion globules, which, over time, the smaller globules have their contents enveloped by the larger ones. Recent research has investigated the effects of specific plant oils on skin hydration and barrier function, providing insights for personal care formulators. Among the so-called moisturizing agents commonly used in the cosmetic industry and which reduce Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) avoiding damage to the skin barrier, there are vegetable oils, especially sesame oil, raspberry seed oil. High-quality vegetable oils present specific compounds with common properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and even moisturizing, emollient and sunscreen actions, making them attractive alternative and complementary treatments to soften the process of skin aging. This research proposes the development of nanoemulsions containing Sesame Oil (SO) added with Raspberry Oil (RO) by low energy method and consists and to evaluate in vitro SO and RO antioxidant activity; formulation studies; to instability process and in vitro evaluation HET CAM.

Green and Roasted coffee oils are products rich in bioactive compounds, such as linoleic acid and diterpenes cafestol and kahweol, being a potential ingredient for food and cosmetic industries. An overview of oil extraction techniques most applied for coffee and their influence on the oil composition is presented. Both green and roasted coffee oil extractions are highlighted. Pressing, Soxhlet, microwave, and supercritical fluid extraction were the most used techniques used for coffee oil extraction. Conventional Soxhlet is most used on lab-scale, while pressing is by industry. Supercritical fluid extraction has also been evaluated due to the goal of increasing the coffee oil diterpenes content. One of the highlighted activities in Brazilian agribusiness is the industrialization of oils due to their increasing use in the formulation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Green coffee oil (raw bean) has desirable bioactive compounds, increasing the interest of private companies and research institutions in its extraction process to preserve the properties contained in the oils.

Oleogels are of high interest as promising substitutes for trans fats in foods. An emulsion-templated method was used to trap olive oil in the chitosan crosslinked with vanillin matrix. Oil in water emulsions (50:50 w/w) with different chitosan content (0.7 and 0.8% w/w) with constant vanillin/chitosan ratio (1.3) were air-dried at different temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80ºC) and freeze-dried (-26ºC and 0.1 mbar) to produce oleogels. Only falling-rate periods were determined during air-drying kinetics and were successfully modelled with empirical and diffusional models. At drying temperature of 70ºC the drying kinetics were the fastest. Viscoelasticity of oleogels showed that elastic modulus significantly increased after drying at 60 and 70ºC, and those dried at 50ºC and freeze-dried were weaker. All oleogels showed high oil binding capacity (> 91%), but the highest values (> 97%) were obtained in oleogels with a threshold elastic modulus (50,000 Pa). Oleogels color depended on drying temperature and chitosan content (independent of the drying method). Significant differences were observed between air-dried and freeze-dried oleogels with respect to oxidative stability. Oxidation increased with air drying time regardless of chitosan content. Found results indicated that drying conditions must be carefully selected to produce oleogels with specific features.

The microscopic pore structure of tight sandstone reservoir significantly influences the characteris-tics of CO2 flooding after water flooding. The research was conducted using various techniques such as casting thin sections, high pressure mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy, Nu-clear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing, and a self-designed high-temperatures and high-pressures microscopic visualization displacement system. Three type cores with different pore structures were selected for the flooding experiments and the microscopic visualization displace-ment experiments, including CO2 immiscible flooding, near-miscible flooding, and miscible flood-ing after the conventional water flooding. The characteristics of CO2 flooding and the residual oil distribution after water flooding were quantitatively analyzed and evaluated. The results show that: (1) During the water flooding process, the oil produced from type I and type III samples mainly comes from large and some medium pores. Oil utilization of all pores is significant for type II samples. The physical properties and pore types have a greater impact on water flooding. Type I and II samples are more suitable for near-miscible flooding after water flooding. Type III samples are more suitable for miscible flooding after water flooding. (2) In the CO2 flooding, oil recovery increases gradually with increasing pressure for all three types of samples. Type II core samples have the highest recovery. Before miscibility, the oil recovered from type I and type II samples was primarily from large pores, however, the oil recovery mainly comes from medium pores when reaching miscibility. As for the type III samples, the oil produced in the immiscible state mainly comes from large and medium pores, and the enhanced oil recovery mainly comes from medium and small pores after reaching the near-miscible phase. (3) It can be seen from the microscopic re-sidual oil distribution that oil recovery will increase as the petrophysical properties of the rock model improve. The oil recovery of near-miscible flooding after water flooding regarding the type II model is up to 68.11%. The oil recovery of miscible flooding after water flooding about type III model is the highest at 74.57%. With increasing pressure, the proportion of flake residual oil grad-ually decreases, while the proportion of droplet-like and film-like residual oil gradually increases. Type II samples have a relatively large percentage of reticulated residual oil in the near-miscible stage.

Engine oil degradation and tribological properties are strongly interrelated. Hence, understanding the chemical processes resulting in additive depletion and degradation products is necessary. In this study, in-service engine oils from petrol and diesel vehicles were analyzed with conventional and advanced methods (mass spectrometry). Additionally, the effect of the utilization profile (short- vs. long-range) was studied. Petrol engine oils generally showed accelerated antioxidant and antiwear degradation and higher oxidation, especially in case of a short-range utilization profile, which can be attributed to the higher air-to-fuel ratio (more rich combustion) compared to diesel engines. A detailed overview of oxidation and nitration products, as well as degradation products resulting from zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and boron ester antiwear additives, diphenylamine antioxidants and salicylate detergents is given. A side-reaction between oxidation products (aromatic carboxylic acids) and the boron ester antiwear is highlighted. This reaction was only detected in the petrol engine oils, where the oxidation products were measured in a high abundance. However, no side reaction was found in the samples from the diesel vehicle, since there the aromatic carboxylic acids were largely absent due to lower oxidation.

In order to solve the problem of the poor oil displacement effect of high molecular weight alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) solution in low permeability reservoirs, Daqing Oilfield uses a partial quality tool to improve the oil displacement effect in low permeability reservoirs. Without changing the oil displacement capability of high molecular weight ASP solution in high permeability oil layers, the ASP solution is actively sheared in low permeability oil layers by using a partial quality tool to increase the injection capability of the solution and improve the overall oil recovery. In order to study the ability of the partial quality tool to improve the oil displacement effect, firstly, the matching degree of high molecular weight ASP solution to low permeability cores is studied, and the ability of quality control tools to change the molecular weight is studied. Then, experimental research on the pressure and oil displacement effect of high molecular weight ASP solution before and after the actions of the partial quality tool is carried out. The results show that ASP solutions with molecular weights of 1900 × 104 and 2500 × 104 have a poor oil displacement effect in low permeability reservoirs. After the action of the partial quality tool, the injection pressure is reduced by 5.22 MPa, and the oil recovery is increased by 7.79%. The injection pressure of the ASP solution after shearing by the partial quality tool is lower than that of the ASP solution with the same molecular weight and concentration without shearing, but the oil recovery is lower. On the whole, the use of the partial quality tool can obviously improve the oil displacement effect in low permeability reservoirs.

Counter-current spontaneous imbibition of water is a critical oil-recovery mechanism. In the laboratory, the Amott test is a widely used technique to assess efficacy of brine imbibition into oil-saturated core plugs. The classic Amott-cell methodology was designed to estimate ultimate oil recovery, but not the recovery dynamics that provides essential information about the imbibition mechanisms. Retention of oil droplets at the external core surface and delayed onset of oil production are the two key artifacts of the classic Amott experiment. This retention, referred to here as the ``external-surface oil holdup effect'', often results in stepwise recovery curves that obscure true dynamics of spontaneous imbibition. To address these holdup drawbacks of the classic Amott method, we modified the Amott cell and experimental procedure. For the first time, using water-wet Indiana limestone cores saturated with brine and mineral oil, we showed that our improvements of the Amott method enabled accurate and reproducible measurements of oil-recovery dynamics. We used the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) statistics to describe oil-production histories from water-wet heterogeneous limestone cores with finite initial water saturations, for the first time. We demonstrated that our four-parameter GEV model accurately described the recovery dynamics, and that optimal GEV parameter values systematically reflected the key characteristics of the oil-rock system, such as oil viscosity and rock permeability. These findings gave us a more fundamental understanding of spontaneous, counter-current imbibition mechanisms and insights into what constitutes a predictive model of counter-current water imbibition into oil-saturated rocks with finite initial water saturation.

Nowadays, the combination of fingerprinting methodology with friendly environmental and economical analytical instrumentation are becoming increasingly relevant in the food sector. In this study, a highly versatile portable analyser based on Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) to obtain the edible vegetable oils (sunflower and olive oils) fingerprints was used to evaluate the capability of such fingerprints, obtained quickly, reliable and without any sample treatment, to discriminate/classify the analysed samples. After data treatment, not only HCA and PCA as unsupervised pattern recognition techniques but also SVM, kNN and SIMCA as supervised pattern recognition techniques, showed that the main effect over the discrimination/classification was associated to those regions of RAMAN fingerprint related to the free fatty acids content, especially oleic and linoleic acid. These facts allowed the discrimination attending to the original raw material used in the oil's elaboration. In all the model established, reliable qualimetric parameters were obtained.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a functional food with important health benefits. Its economic interest encourages fraudsters to deliberately adulterate VCO with cheap and low-quality vegetable oils for financial gain, causing health and safety problems for consumers. In this context, there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate and precise analytical techniques to detect VCO adulteration. In this study, the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) methodology was evaluated to verify purity or adulteration of VCO with reference to several low-cost commercial oils such as sun-flower, maize and peanut oils. Control charts were developed to assess the purity of oil samples using MCR-ALS scores values calculated from a data set of pure and adulterated oils. In addition, quantification models were developed using MCR-ALS with correlation constraint for adulterated coconut oil to assess the blend composition. Different data pre-treatment strategies were tested in order to best extract the information contained in the sample fingerprints, and the calibration models were optimised using a genetic algorithm (GA) to select the most important variables. The models gave satisfactory results in external validation procedure, with absolute errors of less than 4.6 % for samples adulterated with sunflower, maize and peanut oils.

The presented results of simulations take into account the optical parameters of the selected sea region (from literature data on the southern Baltic Sea) and two optically extreme types of crude oil (from historical data) which exist in the form of a highly diluted oil-in-water emulsion (10 ppm). The spectral index was analyzed based on the results of modelling the radiance reflectance distribution for almost an entire hemisphere of the sky (zenith angle from 0 to 80o). The spectral index was selected and is universal for all optically different types of oil (wavelengths 650 and 412 nm). The possibility of detecting pollution in the conditions of the wavy sea surface (as a result of wind of up to 10 m/s) was studied. It has been also shown that if the viewing direction is close to a direction perpendicular to the sea surface, observations aimed at determining the spectral index are less effective than observation under the zenith angle of incidence of sunlight for all azimuths excluding the direction of sunlight specular reflection.

This study is aimed at demonstrating application of vegetation spectral techniques for detection and monitoring of impact of oil spills on vegetation. Vegetation spectral reflectance from Landsat 8 data were used in the calculation of five vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), adjusted resistant vegetation index 2 (ARVI2), green-infrared index (G/NIR) and green-shortwave infrared (G/SWIR) from the spill sites (SS) and non-spill (NSS) sites in 2013 (pre-oil spill), 2014 (oil spill date) and 2015 (post-oil spill) for statistical comparison. The result shows that NDVI, SAVI, ARVI2, G/NIR and G/SWIR indicated certain level difference between vegetation condition at the SS and the NSS were significant with p-value <0.5 in December 2013. In December 2014 vegetation conditions indicated higher level of significant difference between the vegetation at the SS and NSS as follows where NDVI, SAVI and ARVI2 with p-value 0.005, G/NIR - p-value 0.01 and GSWIR p-value 0.05. Similarly, in January 2015 a very significant difference with p-value <0.005. Three indices NDVI, ARVI2 and G/NIR indicated highly significant difference in vegetation conditions with p-value <0.005 between December 2013 and December 2014 at the same sites. Post—spill analysis show that NDVI and ARVI2 indicated low level of significance difference p-value <0.05 suggesting subtle change in vegetation conditions between December 2014 and January 2015. This technique is essential for real time detection, response and monitoring of oil spills from pipelines for mitigation of pollution at the affected sites in the mangrove forest.

It is crucial to conduct quality control tests to assess the quality and consistency of medicinal plant products before they are used. Products can often be placed on the market without registration, but some countries may require manufacturers to present product labels to authorities before selling them. These labels should confirm the composition of the product, particularly the concentrations of cannabidiol (CBD). The information on the label should provide unambiguous details about the qualitative composition and concentration of primary cannabinoids, such as CBD and THC. However, since there is a lack of regulatory control, it is possible to find inaccurate information on the label. This study aimed to create and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography method for identifying active compounds (cannabinoids) in CBD oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9 -THC) ∆8- Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA-A), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.99937 to 0.99973. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method's accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range (98.12–102.39%). This study's rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze the cannabinoid concentration levels in 14 CBD oil products in the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters indicate that the developed and validated method is suitable for quantitatively determining cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis of 14 CBD oil products revealed no significant derogation regarding the labeling, i.e., they were by the producers' declared variability.

Biomass can be converted into energy/fuel by different techniques, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and others. In the case of pyrolysis, biomass can be converted into a crude bio-oil around 50-75% yield. However, the direct use of this crude bio-oil is impractical due to its high content of oxygenated compounds, which provide inferior properties compared to those of fossil-derived bio-oil, such as petroleum. Consequently, bio-oil needs to be upgraded by physical processes (filtration, emulsification, among others) and/or chemical processes (esterification, cracking, HDO, among others). In contrast, HDO can effectively increase the calorific value and improve the acidity and viscosity of bio-oils through reaction pathways such as cracking, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenation where catalysts play a crucial role. This article first focuses on the general aspects of biomass, subsequent bio-oil production, its properties, and the various methods of upgrading pyrolytic bio-oil to improve its calorific value, pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation (DOD), and other attributes. Secondly, particular emphasis is placed on the process of converting model molecules and bio-oil via HDO using catalysts based on nickel and nickel combined with other active elements. Through these phases, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the HDO process and the reaction mechanisms involved. Finally, the different equipment used to obtain an improved HDO product from bio-oil is discussed, providing valuable insights for the practical application of this reaction in pyrolysis bio-oil production.

This study used 10 replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design and each pen contained 8 steers (initial BW = 305 ± 30.4 kg; n=80 steers/treatment) to determine if a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) with essential oils and plant extracts (PHYTOsolvan 200; DOSTOFARM, Westerstede, Germany) influences measures of growth or growth efficiency during the feedlot receiving phase in auction-derived beef steers. No steers were removed from the study; one steer from the control treatment was treated for respiratory disease. No mortality was noted in the present experiment. No appreciable differences were noted for BW, ADG, DMI, or feed conversion efficiency from d 1 to 29, 29 to 53, or during the cumulative receiving period (P ≥ 0.12). Performance based NEm and NEg were not influenced by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.79). The ratio of observed-to-expected dietary net energy was not impacted by dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.71). These were healthy, high-growth potential Northern Plains steers. There was minimal morbidity (0.63%) and no mortality noted during the 53 d receiving study. Steers performed well and met growth performance expectations (the ratio of observed-to-expected NEm = 1.00), hence, it was not anticipated that the phytogenic compound would appreciably influence growth or health outcomes under the conditions of this experiment.

Oil and petroleum are strategic resources of great importance to national security. Petroleum and hydrothermal gold deposits may form together, with similar evolutionary trends in their formation, migration, and enrichment. Petroleum reservoirs and gold deposits are closely coupled under certain geological conditions. The solubility of gold in crude oil and its forms of occurrence are important in determining the mechanisms of interaction between gold and petroleum and in facilitating the recovery of gold from gold-bearing petroleum. In this study, the occurrence of gold in crude oil from the Linnan Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, was studied using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Concentrations of gold in crude oil from the Linpan and Shanghe oilfields averaged 44.5 ppb, which is well above the minimum concentration required for hydrothermal gold mineralization. Gold has an affinity with carbon, oxygen, and sulfur, and its concentration in crude oil is positively correlated with total acid and sulfur contents. We speculate that gold may exist in crude oil as complexes with organic acids or thiols, with crude oil thus being a transport medium for gold.

Traditional olive orchards have been grown for thousands of years and still occupy most of the world’s olive cultivation area. To compete with olive oil produced in the higher-yielding intensive orchards, the oil from traditional orchards must be of high quality. We evaluated oil quali-ty—potential and actual (under commercial conditions)—and identified the stages in the pro-duction chain that reduce oil quality in the traditional sector in the Middle East region. Our findings show a clear negative impact of growers' traditional practices on both chemical and sensorial characteristics of the olive oil. The oil originating from the commercial process had higher free fatty acid and lower polyphenol and carotenoid contents, lower stability, lower pungency, fruitiness and bitterness, and a higher prevalence of organoleptic defects than oil originating from fruit picked from the same trees in the experimental procedure. The current, commonly harvesting technique of pole beating significantly increased fruit injury and fruit with mold, leading to a reduction in oil polyphenols and an increase in free fatty acid level compared to manual picking. After harvest, storing the fruit for more than 48 h in plastic bags reduced oil quality dramatically. The traditional olive orchard could potentially be a source of high-quality Extra Virgin Olive Oil. However, handling of the fruit—from the trees until the end of the oil-extraction process—is done incorrectly, adversely affecting oil quality.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) is an emergent zoonotic agent associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). This work aimed to describe the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against SP. Fifteen SP strains were tested. The four EOs, namely Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), Juniperus communis (GI), Citrus sinensis (AR) and Abies alba (AB), and AgNPs were used alone and in combination to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against SP. All strains presented MDR and methicillin resistance. Among the antibiotic cohort, only rifampicin, doxycycline and amikacin were effective. When EOs were tested alone, AB showed the lowest MIC followed by GI, RO and AR (0.23%±0.3; 0.5%±0.51; 0.79%±0.39; 0.93%±0.63). MBC was increased with the following order: AB, GI, AR and RO (3.56%±4.87; 4.93%±6.27; 8.53%±7.2; 10.34%±5.31). MIC and MBC values for AgNPs were 10.74 mg/L±4.23; 261.05 mg/L±172.74. In combination, the MIC and MBC values were lower for all compounds. In conclusion, EOs and AgNPs could be considered as promising antibacterial alternatives to antibiotics.

This study develops an efficient, low-temperature process for formulating a nanoemulsion-based gel encapsulating Pituranthos tortuosus's essential oil, investigating its wound healing potential. The novel process ensured stable encapsulation of the medicinal plant's oil. The nanoemulsion was characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy, followed by in vitro and in vivo tests to examine wound healing efficacy. Results revealed the gel's excellent stability, high encapsulation efficiency, and significant wound-healing effects. This research provides a new method for formulating Pituranthos tortuosus's essential oil nanoemulsion-based gel, emphasizing the potential role of plant-based therapies in healthcare advancement, and invites further exploration into the therapeutic applications of essential oil-encapsulating nanoemulsions.

Inflammation is the response of the immune system to infection and injury, with complex interactions with the body, tissues and cells, and plays an important role in the initiation and progression of many diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Traditional excipients functioning as drug delivery systems can reduce the side effects of systemic distribution of inflammatory drugs. Oil phase, a common excipient in nanoemulsions (NEs), has the advantages of assisting the formation of emulsions, loading lipophilic drugs, thermodynamic stability, wide sources, low price and easy availability. In particular, some of them, like linolenic acid and medium chain triglyceride (MCT), also function as inhibitors of systemic inflammation marker and vascular inflammation marker. However, the influences of different oil phases on the construction of NEs and their distribution in vivo have not been fully investigated. Herein, Tween 80 and ethyl alcohol were screened out as emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, and three different oil phases used in clinical practice widely, including MCT, oleic acid (OA), and ethyl oleate (EO), were selected as the oil phase to prepare NEs delivery platform. Three NEs had consistent size, potential, morphology, excellent stability and mitochondrial localization function. Importantly, they exhibited superior cellular uptake capacity in inflammatory-injuried human umbilical vein endothelial cells and significantly targeted the brain, lung, heart and thoracic aorta in the lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse and zebrafish larvae inflammation models. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensities of three NEs were different in these organs, suggesting that their differential enrichment might provide alternative delivery platform for disease treatment in the corresponding organs.

Edible films were produced combining pectin (P) matrix with chitosan nanoparticle (CSNP), polysorbate 80 (T80), and garlic essential oil (GEO) as an antimicrobial agent. The CSNP were analyzed for their size and stability, and the films, throughout their contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical and thermal properties, WVP and antimicrobial activity. Four filming-forming suspension were investigated: PGEO (control); PGEO@T80; PGEO@CSNP; PGEO@T80@CSNP. The average particle size was 317nm with zeta potential reaching +21.4 mV, which indicated colloidal stability. The wettability of the films exhibited values of 65°, 43°, 78°, 64° respectively. In antimicrobial tests, the films containing GEO showed inhibition only by contact for S.aureus. For E. coli, the inhibition occurred only in films containing CSNP and by direct contact in the culture. The results indicate a promising alternative for designing stable antimicrobial nanoparticles for application in novel food active packaging.

sustainability reporting, critical paradigm, upstream oil, and gasThe operating activities of the upstream oil and gas industry directly impact the environment. This industry faces significant social challenges and directly impacts the environment. Many Reputable international sustainability institutions organize sustainability awards. However, community conditions do not have a positive impact on sustainability practices. There are vari-ous serious violations related to sustainability, environmental pollution, multiple cases of cor-ruption, human rights, and other violations. In contrast, the companies receiving this award also received inspection findings of violations committed by The Audit Board of the Republic of In-donesia. This study uses critical discourse analysis that begins with phenomena related to viola-tions of sustainability reporting from scientific journals and other references using a systematic literature review approach over the last ten years. It produces a critical paradigm that is not val-ue-free, which is the basis for framing thought utilizing the theory of hegemony. The results of this study indicate that the upstream oil and gas industries are obliged to implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices and Sustainability Reports (SR), has biased factors that are contrary to the sustainability concept and are not under the sustainability award based on evi-dence obtained from the stages of manuscript analysis with systematic literature review

Public key encryption methods are often used to create a digital signature, and where Bob has a public key and a private key. In order to prove his identity, he will encrypt something related to the message with his private key, and which can then be checked with his public key. The main current methods of public-key encryption include RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and which involve computationally difficult operations. But these operations have not been proven to be hard in an era of quantum computers. One well-known hard problem is the solving of quadratic equations with $m$ equations with $n$ variables. This is a known NP-hard problem, even in a world of quantum computers. These can be used as post-quantum signature schemes and which involve multivariate equations. In order to understand these methods, this paper outlines a simple example of implementing the oil and vinegar method, and where we have a number of unknown oil variables and a number of known vinegar variables, and where the vinegar variables help convert the hard problem into an easy one.

The dry washing method is an alternative to replace water washing, thereby reducing the negative impacts of contamination. However, commercial adsorbents come from industrial processes that, due to their composition, may not be such a sustainable resource in the global biodiesel production process. In this study, the use of organic residues, such as sawdust, coconut fiber, nutshell, rice husk and water hyacinth fiber, were proposed as bioadsorbents for the purification of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). Quality parameters such as the acid value, water content, and free and total glycerin content were evaluated and compared with those of commercial resins such as Magnesol® and Amberlite™. Promising results were obtained using sawdust during the purification process, achieving a 31.6% reduction in the acid value compared to that of unpurified biodiesel, the reduction was 31.3% more efficient than Amberlite™. Sawdust adsorbed free glycerin at 55.8%, being more efficient than Amberlite™. The total glycerin values were similar between commercial resins and sawdust. A water content values were similar than Amberlite™ and better than that with Magnesol®, at 4.3% and 39.81%, respectively. These results show that sawdust can be used as an alternative bioadsorbent in a dry purification method for biodiesel being a residue with less environmental impact.

To evaluate the efficacy of fish oil for protection against coronary heart disease (CHD), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of fish oil for protection against CHD. We retrieved relevant articles published from January 1966 to January 2020 by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases. RCTs of fish oil in preventing CHD were selected. The study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool with RevMan 5.3 software. The first selection involved 350 citations. After screening and evaluation of suitability, 19 RCTs adjusted for clustering were included in the meta-analysis. All selected manuscripts considered that fish oil was effective in preventing CHD, secondary outcome measures included angina, sepsis and death. Compared with the control group, fish oil may confer significant protection against CHD (odds ratio = 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.72–0.98). There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary outcomes between the observation group and the control group (P > 0.05). The above results show that fish oil plays an important role in reducing CHD and cardiovascular events. However, because of the suboptimal quality of the studies included into the meta-analysis, these results do not justify adding fish oils systematically to the heavy pharmaceutical assortment already recommended in CHD patients.

Implementation of waterflood is with injected pressured water to reservoir to escalation oil production. Produced water is the dominated result from oil and gas mechanism in this world meanwhile 65% of water is injected back to the well for pressure maintenance, 30% for discharge aquifier condition and surface. For shaly sand, produced water usually bring coarse and suspended sand to the surface. Therefore, this sand level is needed to declining to avoid plugging in injection well until certain economic condition.

Resides derived from liquefaction of oil palm trunk in the presence of polyhydric alcohol with different liquefaction temperature and time were characterized to provide a new approach to understand some fundamental aspects of the liquefaction reaction. Higher temperature and longer reaction time resulted in lower residue content, indicating more decomposition of components of oil palm trunk. The amorphous polymer comprised of lignin, hemicellulose, starch, and cellulose with non-crystalline structure are firstly degraded at low liquefaction temperature, followed by the decomposition of crystalline region of cellulose. Although it was relatively difficult to destroy the ordered structure of cellulose, most of them could be liquefied via prolonging reaction time or enhancing reaction temperature. Nevertheless, it was found that re-condensation of liquefied products occurred during the liquefaction process when higher temperature of 180 oC was used after 60 min, leading to the gradual increase of residue content with increase of reaction time.

Oil floating on the sea surface can be detected by both passive and active methods using the ultraviolet-to-microwave spectrum, whereas oil immersed below the sea surface can signal its presence only in visible light. This paper presents an optical model of a sea area deeply polluted by an oil suspension (10 ppm) located in a layer (thickness 5 m) separated from the sea surface by a clear layer (thickness 1 m). The impact of wavelength and state of the sea surface on reflectance changes is shown based on the results of Monte Carlo ray tracing. A two-wavelength index of reflectance is proposed to detect oil suspended in the water column (645-469 nm).

Virgin Argan Oil (VAO) is extracted from the fruits of the Moroccan endemic species argan [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels]. It is known for its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids and its unique composition in tocopherols conferring a panoply of pharmacological properties, documented in several studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of VAO against oxidative and nitrosative stress induced in cells of the model species Tetrahymena pyriformis. As a comparison, well-known Virgin Olive Oil (VOO) from Olea europaea L. was used instead. Both oils were subjected to a preliminary analysis of phytochemicals and properties of interest. Oxidative stress in T. pyriformis cells was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 350µM, whereas sodium nitroprusside (SNP) nitrosative stress was induced using a 1mM concentration. Neither of these concentrations caused relevant changes in cell viability. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated in the cell cultures by using H2-DCFDA dye. The activity and cell localization of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was evaluated as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) generated after lipid peroxidation. Finally, the presence and localization of intracellular lipid droplets was assessed by using Nile red. The treatment of cultures with H2O2 produced significant increases in the activity of CAT, SOD and GPX and in the level of GSH, as also did the SNP treatment. MDA level was increased by both the treatments. VAO and VOO treatment were found to protect T. pyriformis from oxidative stress and increased cells defense in nitrosative stress. In another hand VAO and VOO decreased significantly MDA level increased by H2O2 treatment and failed after SNP treatment. The quantification of fluorescence signal obtained from immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes confirmed the results obtained after the evaluation of their activities. Interestingly the level of ROS and the number of lipid droplets increased by H2O2 treatment was significantly decreased by VAO and VOO co-treatments. VAO and VOO represent strong antioxidants, playing an important role in protecting cells against oxidative stress.

The Pingbei area is the main accumulation area of oil and gas in the Xihu Sag. The phase characteristics of oil and gas in this area are complex, and the understanding of their genesis is still unclear. In this paper, based upon discussions of crude oil and natural gas geochemical data, integrated with local geological features, we discuss the sources, migration, and phase state characteristics of oil and gas in the Pingbei area of the Xihu Sag. The study results showed that the crude oil and natural gas in the Pingbei area are coal-derived and the oil and gas produced by the humic organic matter during the maturity stage. The oil and gas source correlation showed that crude oil and natural gas have good affinity with the Eocene Pinghu Formation (PF) coal-bearing source rocks. Crude oil has the characteristics of near-source accumulation and short-distance migration while natural gas is supplied from a dual source: the coal-derived hydrocarbon rocks of PH in the deep part of the study area, supplemented by the coal-derived hydrocarbon rocks of PH on the bottom of the slope, and adjacent hydrocarbon-bearing sub sag. The distribution characteristics and geochemical migration indices of hydrocarbon showed that the oil generated from the hydrocarbon source rocks of PH in the deep Pingbei area mainly migrates vertically along the fault connecting the reservoir and the source rocks to the trap, where it accumulates, while the natural gas exhibits deep and large faults that mainly migrate vertically, supplemented by its lateral migration along the composite transport system composed of faults and sandstone layers in the slope zone. The mechanisms of produced, exhausted, and geochromatographic effects (PGE), as well as evaporative fractionation (EF) and phase-controlled migration fractionation (PMF), result in the obvious discrepancy of hydrocarbon’s properties on the vertical profiles.

Epidemiological studies have shown that consuming olive oil rich in phenolic bioactive compounds is associated with a lower risk of neurodegenerative diseases and better cognitive performance in aged populations. Since oxidative stress is a common hallmark of age-related cognitive decline, incorporating exogenous antioxidants could have beneficial effects on brain aging. In this review, we firstly summarize and critically discuss the current preclinical evidence and the potential neuroprotective mechanisms. Existing studies indicates that olive oil phenolic compounds can modulate and counteract oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, two relevant pathways linked to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative processes. Secondly, we summarize the current clinical evidence. In contrast to preclinical studies, there is no direct evidence in humans of the bioactivity of olive oil phenolic compounds. Instead, we have summarized current findings regarding nutritional interventions supplemented with olive oil on cognition. A growing body of research indicates that high consumption of olive oil phenolic compounds is associated with better preservation of cognitive performance, conferring an additional benefit, independent of the dietary pattern. In conclusion, the consumption olive oil rich in phenolic bioactive compounds has potential neuroprotective effects. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications.

Oil spills may have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, public health, the economy, and coastal communities. Therefore, scientific literature contains various up-to-date, advanced oil spill predictive models, capable to simulate the trajectory and evolution of an oil slick generated by the accidental release from ships, hydrocarbons production, or other activities. To predict in near real time oil spill transport and fate with increased reliability these models are usually coupled operationally to synoptic meteorological, hydrodynamic, and wave models. The present study reviews the available different met-ocean forcings that have been used in oil spill modeling, simulating hypothetical or real oil spill scenarios, worldwide. Nine state-of-the-art oil spill models are critically examined in terms of the met-ocean data used as forcing inputs in the simulation of twenty-four case studies. Results illustrate that most oil spill models are coupled to different resolution, forecasting meteorological and hydrodynamic models, posing, however, limited consideration in the forecasted wave field (expressed as the significant wave height, the wave period and the Stokes drift) that may affect oil transport, especially at the coastal areas. Moreover, the majority of oil spill models lacks any linkage to the background biogeochemical conditions, hence, limited consideration is given in processes like oil biodegradation, photo-oxidation and sedimentation. Future advancements in oil spill modeling should be directed towards the full operational coupling with high-resolution atmospheric, hydrodynamic, wave, and biogeochemical models, improving our understanding in the relative impact of each physical and oil weathering process.

The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, heating rate, nitrogen flow rate and catalyst quality on the oil yield and oxygen content in the oil were investigated by using the single factor principle. Too high and too low reaction temperature, nitrogen flow rate, heating rate and reaction time have improved the yield of bio-oil, but the oxygen content in bio-oil is higher. The reduction of catalytic dose is beneficial to the increase of oil yield but not conducive to the increase of aromatic compound content. The optimal reaction conditions were observed as reaction temperature of 500℃, nitrogen flow rate of 110 mL/min, heating rate of 20℃/min, reaction time of 15min, mass ratio of catalyst to coconut coat powder was 1, and the oil yield was 4.97%, aquatic yield was 35.80%, and solid yield was 30.78%. The gas yield was 28.45%, the oxygen content was 10.3%, and the aromatic compound content was 89.7%.The analysis of catalytic cracking mechanism shows that most of the oxygen-containing compounds in the bio-oil are generated into water and aromatic compounds by catalytic cracking reaction at high temperature, thus removing oxygen.

Harvesting is a serious issue in oil palm plantations after 15-20 years owing to the increased height of the trees (&gt;20 feet). The slow vertical growth of the oil palm dura genotypes is desired for increasing the DxP progenies productivity and economic life span upto ten years. Reduced height increment has a long-term impact on harvesting costs. The current study assessed 308 genotypes generated from African germplasm. Over a three year period, the biometric properties of eleven DxD crosses were evaluated in order to quantify genetic parameters, phenotypic correlations, and principal component analysis for genetic attributes of the better performing dwarf progenies in terms of yield. The evaluated genotypes have a highly significant influence (p &lt; 0.01) on the majority of characteristics. The progenies yielded between 165 and 208 kg of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per palm every year. The Height increment (HI) varied between 17% and 19%, with an overall average of 18%. Genotypes G8, G300, and G221 had the lowest yearly height increments, measuring 28.98, 29.19, and 30.87 cm, respectively. The outcome of the present study shows that they are slow height increment genotypes with a high FFB yield (&gt; 25 T/Ha). The creation of dura parents with slow height increment in combination with a high bunch weight helps for prolonging the productive life of the palm to more than 35 years, adding value to obtaining distinct oil palm varieties. Overall, this targeted breeding effort towards developing dwarf oil palm hybrids reflects a strategic approach to addressing specific challenges in oil palm cultivation, ultimately helping to promote the oil palm sector globally.

One of the main challenges in the treatment of industrial wastewater is the removal of oil-in-water emulsions, which are stable and therefore difficult to treat. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has structural characteristics that make it an ideal filtration membrane. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a BC membrane filtration system for the treatment of oily industrial wastewaters. The results demonstrated that BC is highly effective at removing oily contaminants (~99%), reducing the colour and particulate matter of wastewater, as well as eliminating nearly the entire microbiological load (~99%). SEM, MEV, FTIR, XRD, and TGA demonstrated the presence of oil in the interior of the membrane after filtration, characteristic peaks of its chemical composition, and a 40% reduction in crystallinity. TGA revealed an increase from three (pre-filtration) to five (post-filtration) stages of thermal degradation, indicating the retention of the contaminant in the BC. The mechanical tests demonstrated that the membrane has tensile strength of 72.13 ± 8.22 MPa and tolerated elongation of up to 21.11 ± 4.81% prior to tearing. The BC membrane also exhibited excellent flexibility, as it could be folded &gt; 100 times at the same point without exhibiting signs of tearing. The BC surpasses traditional methods, such as activated charcoal and effluent treatment stations, in the removal of emulsified oils. The findings demonstrate that BC is promising for the treatment of industrial wastewaters, which is a field that requires continual technological innovations to mitigate the environmental impacts of the oil industry.

Resistance to the existing drugs and increasing numbers of diseases result in identifying new drug candidates with new forms of activity. Marine sources of alkylglycerols such as the liver oil Shark (SLO) mixture of certain species or rat fish (elasmobranch fishes) contain high levels of these compounds as a mixture of few species varying by length and unsaturation or saturation of the alkyl chain. They have multiple biological activities such as hematopoiesis stimulation, lowering radiotherapy-induced injuries, reducing tumor growth and improving vaccination efficiency. The synthesis of two Alkylglycerols (AKGs) containing at least one alkyne moiety in the alkyl chain has been reported. In this work, we describe the synthesis of others unknown AKGs based alkyne 1-O-(hexadec-11’-ynyl)-sn-glycerol 4 and 1-O-(octadec-9’-ynyl)-sn-glycerol 5 as analogues of bioactive ether lipids found in the SLO mixture.

This study is the first to investigate the asymmetric effects of oil price volatility on stock returns for the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE). We utilized weekly series of VN30-Index, WTI crude oil prices, geopolitical risks (GPR) index and gold prices spanning from 6 February 2012 to 31 December 2023 as data sources. Using a nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) bounds testing approach, we found that in the short-term, oil price volatility has negative asymmetric effects on the market returns. Specifically, in the short-term, a one percent increase in oil price volatility immediately leads to a 2,6868 percent decrease in the market returns while a similar magnitude decrease in oil price volatility is associated with 6.3180 percent increase in the market returns. In addition, the results obtained from the NARDL model indicated that, in the long-term, the negative and positive changes of oil price volatility have significantly negative effects on the market returns. Finally, the findings derived from the error correction model (ECM) show that 98.21 percent of the disequilibria from the previous week are converged and corrected back to the long-term equilibrium in the current week.

Within the polyurethanes market, only 0.1% are from renewable sources. With the continuing concern about climate change and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the substitution of monomers and processes derived from petrochemical sources is crucial for the development of biomaterials. Therefore, polyhydroxyurethanes have propose due to their synthesis route with the incorporation of monomers from renewable sources such as vegetable oils and the substitution of isocyanates known for their high toxicity, carcinogenicity and petrochemical origin, and the use of carbon dioxide. There are few reports on the use of soybean oil and the possible application of these materials in wound healing applications. Based on this, polyhydroxyurethanes were obtained from carbonated soybean oil and two diamines, one aliphatic: 1,4-butadiamine (putrescine), and one cycloaliphatic: 1,3-cyclohexanobis(methylamine), and they were physiochemically, mechanically, and thermally characterized. Four polyhydroxyurethanes were obtained, with stability to hydrolytic and oxidative media, thermal stability above 200 °C, tensile strength between 0.9-1.1 MPa, elongation at break between 81 and 222%. And water absorption up 102% and contact angle between 63,70 and 101,39. Achieving new formulations of biobased NIPHUs that represent a more sustainable process which allow to achieve the physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties required for the preparation of wound dressings.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is revolutionizing the oil and gas industry by offering powerful insights and innovative solutions. This paper explores the cutting-edge applications of CFD in enhancing and innovating within the sector. CFD simulations provide engineers with invaluable insights into fluid behavior, enabling optimized designs and informed decision-making. The software facilitates foresight by predicting system performance, optimizing drilling techniques, and maximizing reservoir management strategies. Moreover, CFD optimizes equipment design, increases operational efficiency, and reduces costs through virtual testing, eliminating the need for costly physical prototypes. The application of CFD aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), promoting energy efficiency, climate action, responsible production, and sustainable consumption. It addresses flow assurance challenges, enhances safety protocols, and mitigates environmental impacts. CFD is a powerful tool driving innovation, resilience, and sustainability within the oil and gas industry, ensuring a more efficient, safe, and environmentally conscious future. As advancements in CFD methodologies continue, the potential for further enhancements and breakthroughs within the sector becomes even more promising, driving the industry towards a sustainable and prosperous future.

Demand for nutmeg essential oil in Indonesia and the world is increasing. Nutmeg essential oil is obtained from young nutmeg seeds extracted by water steam distillation (WSD). The weakness of the extraction process with WSD is the long distillation time (24 hours), wasteful of fuel, wasteful of manpower, produces polluting gases which damage the environment and requires a lot of water as a coolant. The purpose of this study was to compare the WSD and SCFE methods for extracting nutmeg essential oil. The research was conducted by extracting nutmeg essential oil using two methods are WSD and SCFE. The results showed that the chemical composition of the nutmeg essential oil produced by the two methods was almost similar. Nutmeg essential oil produced by both methods shows the same characterization. The yield between the two methods is almost the same, in the range of 10-12% using extraction time 15-60 minutes. The SCFE method has advantages over WSD are a faster extraction time, does not require heating materials and CO2 gas can be reused. In conclusion, SCFE is an alternative method to increase the production of nutmeg oil.

The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia plants contains a large number of bioactive compounds that are widely used. The aim of this study was to analyse the chemical composition of EOs of six Arte-misia plants collected in Croatia and to test their cholinesterase inhibitory potential. GC-MS analysis of EO of A. absinthium showed that the dominant compounds are cis-sabinyl acetate and cis-epoxy-ocimene; in EO of A. abrotanum it is borneol; in EO of A. annua it is artemisia ketone, camphor, and 1,8-cineole; in EO of A. arborescens it is camphor and chamazulene; in EO of A. verlotiorum it is cis-thujone, 1,8-cineole, and trans-thujone; in EO of A. vulgaris, it is trans-thujone and trans-epoxy-ocimene. EO of the five studied Artemisia species from Croatia is rich in mono-terpenoid compounds (1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, cis-thujone, trans-thujone, cis-epoxy-ocimene, camphor, borneol, and cis-sabinyl acetate). EO of A. arborescens is also rich in chamazulene. The results also showed that the tested EOs have moderate cholinesterase inhibi-tion potential, especially the EOs of A. annua, A. vulgaris, and A. abrotanum. This is the first anal-ysis of the chemical composition of the EOs of four Artemisia plants and the first analysis of cho-linesterase potential for plants collected in Croatia.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops in China. Improving oil production of rapeseed is an important way to ensure the safety of edible oil in China. Oil production is an important index to reflect the quality of rapeseed and is determined by oil content and yield. Applying nitrogen is an important way to ensure a high yield. However, increasing nitrogen application would decrease oil content. Thus, it is critical to screen elite germplasm resources with stable or improved oil content under high nitrogen and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of nitrogen regulation of oil accumulation. In this paper, we review the effects of nitrogen levels on rapeseed yields and oil content, aiming to reveal the mechanisms of nitrogen regulation in oil accumulation and thereby provide a theoretical basis for breeding varieties with high oil content.

EOR is a process that helps maximize recoverable oil reserves, extend field life and increase recovery rates, and is an important tool for companies to maintain production and increase return on investment. In this article, the performance of nanoclay on aqueous phase viscosity, wettability, and recycled oil in core fluidization in polyacrylamide nanofluid has been investigated in different experiments and EOR. We have used polymers due to the properties of polymers in increasing rheology and effective mobility and controlling stability and variability to resume growth oil in nanofluids. Adding 5% by weight of salt to polymer-clay nanofluid has also been investigated in samples comparable to pure nano clay without salt. The viscosity of this suspension increases by about 50% by adding a certain amount of salt. If the same amount of salt is added to the polymer diluent, the viscosity decreases drastically. The results of the wettability test also show that clay has a better potential to change the wettability in the tendency to salt. In core fluidization tests, the highest efficiency of 30% was obtained in the third recycling in the combination of clay nanoparticles and sulfone copolymer. The highest efficiency was obtained in the third scenario in core fluidization tests, that is; A combination of resin nanoparticles and sulfone copolymer. Their detailed behavior in the characteristics of wettability, rheology, and core fluidization is analyzed in this article.

The study investigates the effects of immobilizing the fungi on the straw's performance as an oil sorbent. The buoyancy of the straw with fungi was found to be unaffected by the immobilization process. Even when sorbed with oil, the straw floated on the water’s surface throughout the 14-day test period. The sorption kinetics of the oil appeared similar in straw with and without immobilized fungi, regardless of beaker shaking. However, the fraction of non-extractable oil was higher in the straw with fungi and shaking compared to the straw without shaking. This observation suggests the potential initiation of oil mining. Based on these results, it is suggested that instead of leaving the straw with fungi and oil in the water, removing it may be beneficial and allow for oil degradation and straw decomposition on land.

“Minas Frescal” cheese is a high moisture product, subject to the proliferation of several microorganisms. Essential oils are natural antimicrobial alternatives that can increase the quality of dairy products. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial action of oregano (Origanum vulgare) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. An antimicrobial test by diffusion and microdilution was performed to calculate the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration). The behavior of E. coli in “Minas Frescal” cheese added with oregano oil was evaluated. The MIC of oregano oil was 0.25% against E. coli and 1% against S. aureus. For rosemary essential oil, the MIC was 8% of against E. coli. There was no activity of rosemary oil against S. aureus. The MBC observed for oregano essential oil was 1% and 0.25% respectively for S. aureus and E. coli. Bacterial analysis during cheese storage with E. coli indicated inhibition of microorganisms by oregano essential oil at a concentration of 0.25%. No alterations were observed regards to physical-chemical attributes. The use of essential oil as an antimicrobial agent has potential for industrial use, and type of microorganism, oil and sensory reflexes in the product must be observed.

This study aimed to improve sensitivity of ferrous particle sensors used in various mechanical systems such as wind power gearboxes to detect abnormalities by measuring the amount of ferrous wear particles generated by metal-to-metal contact. Existing sensors collect ferrous particles using a permanent magnet. However, its ability to detect abnormalities is limited because it only measures amounts of ferrous particles collected on the top of the sensor. To overcome this limitation, this study evaluated sensibility of an existing sensor using a multi-physics analysis method and improved it by changing the core shape inside the sensor. The detection ability of the improved sensor was analytically shown to be better than the existing sensor. This study highlights the use of analytical methods and multi-physics analysis for developing a ferrous particle sensor and presents a method to compare sensibility analytically. Results of the improved sensor are expected to enhance the ability to detect abnormalities in the lubrication system where ferrous wear particles are generated. This study will contribute to the development of more effective ferrous particle sensors, which can potentially improve the performance and reliability of mechanical systems.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most oil crop, and its commercial value is contingent upon its agronomic characteristics and oil quality. In this study, 73,226 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 95 rapeseed mutant lines derived from gamma rays and their original cultivar (‘Tamra’) obtained from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was investigated gene ontology (GO) analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS). GWAS was conducted on agronomic (plant height, ear length, thousand seed weight and seed yield) and oil (fatty acid and crude fat) traits. GO analysis showed that many genes displaying SNPs were involved in cellular processes, intracellular anatomical structures and organic cyclic compound binding. A total of 149 significant SNPs were associated with the agronomic traits (76 SNPs) and oil traits (73 SNPs). Bna.A05p02350D (SFGH) and Bna.C02p22490D (MDN1) were selected as novel candid genes for thousand seed weight. In addition, Bna.C03p14350D (EXO70) and Bna.A09p05630D (PI4Kα1) were selected as novel candidate genes for the erucic acid and crude fat content, respectively. These findings could facilitate the identification of optimal genotypes for breeding new cultivars, and association studies represent an economically efficient tool for mutant screening and the selection of elite rapeseed-breeding lines.

Hot air frying is a new method of frying food, where the use of a small amount of oil is optional but recommended. The objective of this review was to know the state of the art of hot air frying technology, focusing on trends, and thus obtain new ideas for future work in this area of food. In conclusion, the availability of advanced devices will increase the demand for hot air fryers as demonstrated by the trend generating a great economic and social impact. This new technology not only provides health benefits, but also has environmental advantages. In addition, work focusing on food (i.e. tortilla chips, plantain chips, eggs and meats) is recommended, since there are not enough studies on the subject. Currently, research is being conducted on home fryers, so the use of fryers and their impact at the industrial level is a developing area that will require further research.

Altitude is an important ecological factor that significantly affects essential oil content, yield and composition. The Origanum majorana, belonging to Origanum genus of Lamiaceae family, is a species with antibacterial and antiviral effects, widely used as a spice and also used in folk medicine for treatment of diseases such as asthma, indigestion, headache and rheumatism. In this study, conducted to examine the effects of altitude on essential oil content and composition of origanum majorana, plant samples were collected from the southern region of Turkey at the beginning of flowering period from seven different altitudes (700-800 m, 800-900 m, 900-1000 m, 1000-1100 m, 1100-1200 m, 1200-1300 m and 1300-1400 m) at 100 m intervals. The highest percentage of essential oil (6.50%) obtained by hydro-distillation was determined at 700-800 m altitudes. The GC-MS analyses revealed that low altitude affected some essential oil components positively. The linalool ratio, which is the major component of the essential oil of Origanum majorana species, was the highest at 700-800 m (79.84%) altitudes. Borneol (0.97%), linalool oxide (1.28%), trans-linalool oxide (1.47%), caryophyllene (2.78%), a- humulene (0.21%), germacrene-D (0.31%) and bicyclogermacrene (2.64%) components yielded high values at 800-900 m altitudes. Thymol (6.28%) and a-terpineol (1.04%), which have an important place in the essential oil composition, increased at 1100-1200 m altitudes; a- terpinene (0.17%), cis-sabinene hydrate (0.82%), terpinene-4-ol (0.55%) and carvacrol (21.50%) increased at 1300-1400 m altitudes.

We investigate the determinants of U.S. bilateral imports of olive oil and their dynamics from shocks in foreign supplies and changes in U.S. olive oil demand, using an augmented gravity framework that leads to an equilibrium of bilateral trade flows from olive oil exporters to the U.S. market. The empirical specification is applied at the disaggregated HS-6 level in a panel dataset, and three estimation techniques (truncated OLS, PPML, Heckman), for which the latter two account for zero trade flows, the extensive margin of trade and the potential censored distribution of exports with zero trade flows. We run Reset and HPC tests to qualify our results. On the supply side, exporters’ capacity to exports, multilateral trade resistance, and immigrants’ networks into the US are strong determinants of the bilateral trade flows for both aggregate olive oil exports and for virgin olive oil exports, On the consumer side, U.S. GDP, the import unit value, and immigrant network effects are robust determinants of bilateral flows as well for aggregate and virgin olive oil trade flows. Migrants’ stock, exporters’ GDP and population, and total exports revenues increase the probability of an exporter entering the U.S. market. We could not find robust evidence of consumer behavior being influenced by popular press measures of the emergence of Mediterranean diet and olive oil, or measures of cultural globalization of U.S. consumers.

Many countries are raising questions on the intentions behind Saudi reforms. The low oil prices in 2008-09 were the awakening call for Saudis, and later in 2014, it became the reason to look for the economy that is less dependent on oil. The article studies the initiated social reforms and social impact of foreign cultural activities. It scrutinizes the Saudi social fabric under the social exchange theory and looks for the positive and negative effects of cultural exchanges. The paper also considers the COVID-19 situation in KSA as it has broken the chain of cultural events planned all over the country to promote tourism and improve the image of KSA.