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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0408.v1

A Hint on the COVID-19 Risk: Population Disparities in Gene Expression of Three Receptors of SARS-CoV

Guoshuai Cai, Xiang Cui, Xia Zhu, Jun Zhou

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Wuhan SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; DC-SIGN; L-SIGN; expression; susceptibility; race; age; gender; smoking; single cell

Online: 27 February 2020 (12:45:26 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0178.v2

Brief Report: Rapid Clinical Recovery from Critical COVID-19 with Respiratory Failure in a Lung Transplant Patient Treated with Intravenous Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jihad Georges Youssef, Faisal Zahiruddin, Mukhtar Al-Saadi, Simon Yau, Ahmad Goodarzi, Howard J. Huang, Jonathan C. Javitt

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: Aviptadil; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; VIP; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Corona Virus; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARDS; Acute Lung Injury; ALI; surfactant; Alveolar Type II; ATII

Online: 2 August 2020 (18:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0258.v2

Asians Do Not Exhibit Elevated Expression or Unique Genetic Polymorphisms for ACE2, the Cell-Entry Receptor of SARS-CoV-2

Ying Chen, Kejia Shan, Wenfeng Qian

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; cell-entry receptor; ACE2; The Cancer Genome Atlas; susceptibility; demographic factors; polymorphism

Online: 25 February 2020 (06:30:17 CET)

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Working Paper SHORT NOTE

Understanding the Origin of ‘BatCoVRaTG13’, a Virus Closest to SARS-CoV-2

Monali C. Rahalkar, Rahul A. Bahulikar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; RATG13; BtCoV/4991; SARS-like (SL-) corona virus; pneumonia

Online: 24 May 2020 (20:02:22 CEST)

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Genomic analysis indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is most related to RaTG13, a beta corona virus derived from bats by 96% ¹. At present, RaTG13 is only available on the public database in the form of a genome sequence. The genome of RaTG13 (MN996532.1) was sequenced from the RNA of a bat faecal swab collected in 2013 from Yunnan, China, however the exact location is not mentioned. Since RaTG13 is one of the main supports for SARS-CoV-2 to have a natural origin, it is of utmost importance to understand the sample location. RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence of RaTG13 shows that it is 100% similar to that of bat corona virus BtCoV/4991 and 98.7-98.9% similar to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp ². BtCoV/4991 was described to be a SARS-like (SL-) corona virus from bat faeces sampled in an abandoned mine from Mojiang ². Both the publications ^1,2 are authored by Dr. Zheng-li Shi (Z-L Shi), who is described as the bat woman of China ³. However, BtCoV/4991 has not been mentioned by Zhou et al 2020 ¹ where novel corona virus was first described. Based on the RdRp sequence similarities, similarities in sample collection dates, sample locations, and the fact that RaTG13 is mentioned synonymous to BtCoV/4991 on the Chinese bat database, it is predicted that RaTG13 and BtCoV/4991 originate from the same sample. The sample, bat faecal swab was collected in 2013 from an abandoned mineshaft in Mojiang by Dr. Shi and her work group. In 2012, in a Mojiang mineshaft, six mine workers suffered from atypical pneumonia and three of them died. These workers were engaged in the work of clearing debris from a mineshaft which had a lot of bats and bat faeces ³^,4. A detailed health investigation indicated that the miners suffered from atypical pneumonia mostly of the viral origin ⁴. Therefore, in the light of the present Covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, the fact that its phylogenetic neighbour RaTG13 originated from bat faeces collected from a mineshaft, which was also the origin of pneumonia-like disease in miners in 2012, should be noted.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0275.v1

Chloroquine as a Potential Treatment and Prevention Measure for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A Review

John Kearney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Antimalarial; Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global Health; Hydroxychloroquine; Public Health; SARS-CoV-2; Virus

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:17:53 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0424.v1

Insufficient Sensitivity of RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Gene of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome as Confirmatory Test using Korean COVID-19 Cases

Soyoun Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Baeckseung Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Korean COVID-19; Wuhan Corona virus; real time PCR Ct Value; Sensitivity; False Negative

Online: 28 February 2020 (12:03:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0265.v1

The Essential Role of Vitamin D in the Biosynthesis of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides May Explain Why Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Infections

Patrick J. McCullough, Jeffrey Amend, William P. McCullough, Steven J. Repas, Jeffrey B. Travers, Douglas S. Lehrer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: vitamin D; cathelicidin; antimicrobial peptides; bacteria; mycobacteria; virus; coronavirus; sunshine; UVB phototherapy; tuberculosis; COVID-19; photosynthesis

Online: 16 May 2020 (16:02:26 CEST)

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Abstract: A primary action of vitamin D is regulation of gene transcription. Many cell types possess genes that make antimicrobial peptides (AMPS) (endogenous antibiotics), recently discovered to be regulated by vitamin D. Two examples are cathelicidin and beta defensins, both bioactive against many different bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites and viruses. The signal transduction pathway is triggered by sensing microorganisms via cell surface receptors, causing intracellular production of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D) and vitamin D receptors, leading to upregulation of AMP production. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations required to sustain adequate AMP production to eradicate infections are unknown. Vitamin D3 is photosynthesized in skin in amounts ranging from 10,000 (250 mcg) to 25,000 (625 mcg) International Units (IU) from 7-dehydrocholesterol after whole-body exposure to one minimal erythemal dose (MED) of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, and is impacted by many factors including geographic localities, seasonal changes and skin pigmentation. We and others have reported extended daily oral dosing with these amounts of vitamin D3 safe. We routinely observe serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 20ng/ml on new admissions, which have been reported insufficient to sustain AMP production. In contrast serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 100ng/ml have been reported after serial UVB treatments for psoriasis. Little vitamin D naturally occurs in food, and insufficient sun exposure may be causing worldwide deficiency. We review evidence suggesting that higher daily intakes of vitamin D3 than the currently recommended 600 (15 mcg) IU/day may be necessary to sustain AMP production in the face of an overwhelming infection, particularly in non-Hispanic blacks, a high risk population suffering the worst outcomes from COVID-19. We propose that increased vitamin D supplementation could provide a safe and cost-effective way to protect all populations from infections, in particular those from pandemic COVID-19.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0436.v1

Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India

Noble K. Kurian

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19; corona virus; India

Online: 29 March 2020 (11:31:15 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0158.v1

A Local Mechanism by which Alcohol Consumption Causes Cancer

Miguel López-Lázaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: alcohol; cancer; ethanol; tobacco; carcinogenesis; oral cavity; pharynx; esophagus; stem cells; stem cell division theory of cancer

Online: 16 August 2016 (09:45:33 CEST)

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Epidemiological data indicate that 5.8% of cancer deaths world-wide are attributable to alcohol consumption. The risk of cancer is higher in tissues in closest contact on ingestion of alcohol, such as the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. The risk of these cancers is increased even in people who have only one alcoholic drink per day. However, since ethanol is not mutagenic and the carcinogenic metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) is mostly produced in the liver, it is not clear why alcohol use preferentially exerts a local carcinogenic effect. It is well known that ethanol causes cell death at the concentrations present in alcoholic beverages; however, this effect has been overlooked probably because dead cells cannot give rise to cancer. Here I discuss that the cytotoxic effect of ethanol on the cells lining the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus activates the division of the stem cells located in deeper layers of the mucosa to replace the dead cells. Every time stem cells divide, they become exposed to unavoidable errors associated with cell division (e.g., mutations arising during DNA replication and chromosomal alterations occurring during mitosis) and also become highly vulnerable to the genotoxic activity of endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species, acetaldehyde and tobacco carcinogens). Alcohol consumption probably increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus by promoting the accumulation of cell divisions in the stem cells that maintain these tissues in homeostasis. Because the cytotoxic activity of ethanol is concentration-dependent, the risk of these cancers will not only increase with increasing amounts of ethanol, but also with increasing concentrations; an ounce of whisky is probably more carcinogenic when taken undiluted than when taken mixed with non-alcoholic beverages. The local cytotoxic effect of ethanol can also explain the known synergistic effect of alcohol and tobacco use on the risk of these cancers. Understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenicity of alcohol is important to reinforce the epidemiological evidence and to raise public awareness of the strong link between alcohol consumption and cancer.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0590.v2

How One Pandemic Led To Another: Was African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) The Disruption Contributing To Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars‑cov‑2) Emergence?

Wei Xia, Joseph Hughes, David Robertson, Xiaowei Jiang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: African swine fever virus (ASFV); Pork shortage; Alternative meat consumption; Wildlife; Human-animal contact; Zoonotic spillover; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 January 2022 (10:01:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0051.v3

Bulk and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identify Tobacco-Use Disparity in Lung Gene Expression of ACE2, the Receptor of 2019-nCov

Guoshuai Cai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Wuhan 2019-nCov; ACE2; expression; susceptibility; race; age; gender; smoking; single cell

Online: 2 March 2020 (01:38:52 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0079.v1

A Simple Way to Reduce the Risk of Cancer of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx and Esophagus in Alcohol Users

Emilio Guillén-Mancina, José Manuel Calderón-Montaño, Miguel López-Lázaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: alcohol consumption; tobacco smoking; carcinogenesis; addiction; stem cells; stem cell division theory of cancer

Online: 27 July 2017 (12:34:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0330.v1

Identifying Early-Warning Signals for the Sudden Transition from Mild to Severe Tobacco Rtch Disease by Dynamical Network Biomarkers

Adrián Tarazona, Javier Forment, Santiago F. Elena

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: complex systems; DNB; phase transitions; plant-virus interaction; Potyvirus; protein-protein interaction networks; response to infection; systems biology; Tobacco etch virus

Online: 27 November 2019 (04:42:28 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0395.v1

V483a – an Emerging Mutation Hotspot of Sars-Cov-2

Omar Ashwaq, Pratibha Manickavasagam, Sk Manirul Haque

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Spike protein, V483A, substitution mutation, virus-host cell interaction, high transmission, infectivity.

Online: 17 September 2020 (10:43:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0122.v2

Can Melatonin Reduce the Severity of COVID-19 Pandemic?

Alex Shneider, Aleksandr Kudriavtsev, Anna Vakhrusheva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: melatonin; coronavirus; pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; bat; lung; apoptosis; programmed cell death; mortality; morbidity; COVID-19; drug

Online: 9 April 2020 (09:24:47 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0490.v1

Long COVID, A Comprehensive Systematic Scoping Review

Hossein Akbarialiabad, Mohammad Hossein Taghrir, Ashkan Abdollahi, Nasrollah Ghahramani, Manasi Kumar, Shahram paydar, Babak Razani, John Mwangi, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Leila Malekmakan, Bahar Bastani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19; Long Covid-19; Long Haulers Covid; Post Covid-19 Syndrome; Post-Acute Covid-19; Corona Virus; SARS-Cov-2; Novel Corona Virus 2019; Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2; PASC, Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19; Late Sequelae COVID-19

Online: 18 March 2021 (17:16:52 CET)

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Introduction: Despite more than one year passed since the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 were reported, there is still no consensus on the definition and clinical management of post-acute-COVID-19. The condition has heterogeneously been named as Chronic COVID syndrome, Post COVID-19 Syndrome, post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), and the more familiar long COVID. Method: In order to capture all relevant published studies, we undertook a multi-step search with no language restriction. The following four-step search strategy was utilized: First, a preliminary (limited) search was conducted on January 20, 2021, in Google Scholar and PubMed to identify the appropriate keywords. Then, on January 30, 2021, we adopted a search strategy of electronic databases from Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of sciences, using those keywords. Then, after duplicate removal, we screened all titles, abstracts, and full texts. This resulted in 66 eligible studies. Subsequently, after a forward and backward search of their references and citations an additional 54 publications were found, resulting in a total of 120 publications that formed the basis of the present analysis. The titles, abstracts, and full-texts of non-English articles were translated using Google Translate for further evaluation. We conducted our scoping review based on the PRISMA-ScR Checklist.Results: We found only one randomized clinical trial in our search. Of the 67 original studies, 22 were cohort and 28 were cross-sectional studies totaling 74.6% of the original studies. Of the total of 120 publications, 59 (49.1%) focused on signs and symptoms, 28 (23.3%) were focused on management, and 13 (10.8%) focused on pathophysiology. Ten (9%) publications focused on imaging studies. Ninety-one percent of the original investigations came from high and upper-middle-income countries, highlighting the scarcity of reports originating from low-income and lower-middle-income countries.Conclusion: The predominant symptoms among those with the so-called “Long COVID” were: fatigue, breathlessness, arthralgia, sleep difficulties, and chest pain. Recent reports also point to the risk of long-term sequela with cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, mental health, neurologic, and renal involvement in those who survive the acute phase of the illness. The ambiguity and controversies in its definition have impaired proper recognition and management of those requiring additional support following the resolution of the acute phase of this infection. This has resulted in long-standing distress for the patients and their families. Our findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach, support, and rehabilitation for these patients in terms of long-term mental and physical health.

Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0225.v1

CoV-GLUE: A Web Application for Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Variation

Joshua Singer, Robert Gifford, Matthew Cotten, David Robertson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; web application; virus genome; lineage assignment; amino acids

Online: 18 June 2020 (06:24:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0507.v1

Virus Graph and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Graph Theory Approach

H. R. Bhapkar, Parikshit Mahalle, Prashant S. Dhotre

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Vision And Graphics Keywords: virus graphs; COVID-19; pandemic; epidemic

Online: 29 April 2020 (12:32:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0440.v1

COVID-19: A Drug Repurposing and Biomarker Identification by Using Comprehensive Gene-Disease Associations through Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis

Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV; novel corona virus; drug repurposing; chloroquine; high-risk group; asymptomatic

Online: 30 March 2020 (07:24:16 CEST)

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COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) is a pandemic disease with an estimated mortality rate of 3.4% (estimated by the WHO as of March 3, 2020). Until now there is no antiviral drug and vaccine for COVID-19. The current overwhelming situation by COVID-19 patients in hospitals is likely to increase in the next few months. About 15 percent of patients with serious disease in COVID-19 require immediate health services. Rather than waiting for new anti-viral drugs or vaccines that take a few months to years to develop and test, several researchers and public health agencies are attempting to repurpose medicines that are already approved for another similar disease and have proved to be fairly effective. This study aims to identify FDA approved drugs that can be used for drug repurposing and identify biomarkers among high- risk and asymptomatic groups. In this study gene-disease association related to COVID-19 reported mild, severe symptoms and clinical outcomes were determined. The high-risk group was studied related to SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and life cycle by using Disgenet and compared with curated COVID-19 gene data sets from the CTD database. The overlapped gene sets were enriched and the selected genes were constructed for protein-protein interaction networks. Through interactome, key genes were identified for COVID-19 and also for high risk and asymptomatic groups. The key hub genes involved in COVID-19 were VEGFA, TNF, IL-6, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, IL1B, TLR4, ICAM1, MMP9. The identified key genes were used for drug-gene interaction for drug repurposing. The chloroquine, lenalidomide, pentoxifylline, thalidome, sorafenib, pacitaxel, rapamycin, cortisol, statins were proposed to be probable drug repurposing candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. However, these predicted drug candidates need to be validated through randomized clinical trials. Also, a key gene involved in high risk and the asymptomatic group were identified, which can be used as probable biomarkers for early identification.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0004.v2

Artificial Intelligence for Microscopy: What You Should Know

Lucas von Chamier, Romain F. Laine, Ricardo Henriques

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: artificial intelligence; machine learning; live-cell imaging; super-resolution microscopy; classification; segmentation

Online: 19 February 2019 (12:20:04 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0332.v1

Instability of Nucleic Acids in Airborne Microorganisms under Far Infrared Radiation

Wei-Hong Huang, En-Jing Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: nucleic acids; airborne microorganisms; far infrared radiation; RNA virus

Online: 23 February 2020 (15:51:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0307.v1

Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals That the Reproductive System is Potentially at Risk from SARS-CoV-2

Jiawei Zhang, Yuqi Wu, Rui Wang, Keshi Lu, Menjiang Tu, Huan Guo, Weijie Xie, Zizhen Qin, Shulin Li, Pei Zhu, Xiangwei Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; reproductive system; single-cell RNA-seq

Online: 21 February 2020 (08:09:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0153.v1

Viruses, Vaccines and the Race for a Covid-19 Vaccine: A Tutorial

Subramani Mani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Virus; Vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus; Covid-19; Covid-19 vaccine

Online: 7 September 2020 (03:46:59 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0093.v2

Bioaerosol Size Effect in COVID-19 Transmission

Marcelo I. Guzman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; virus, bioaerosol; social distancing; aerodynamic size; infection

Online: 22 April 2020 (05:54:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0731.v1

High CD169 Monocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Reflects the Immunophenotyping Disruption and Predicts Oxygen Need in COVID-19 Patients

Antonella Minutolo, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Marco Iannetta, Martina Giudice, Ines Ait Belkacem, Marta Zordan, Pietro Vitale, Guido Rasi, Sinibaldi-Vallebona Paola, Loredana Sarmati, Massimo Andreoni, Fabrice Malergue, Emanuela Balestrieri, Sandro Grelli, Matteucci Claudia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cytokine storm; COVID-19; CD169; inflammation; respiratory outcome; T-cell exhaustion; COVID-19 therapy

Online: 31 May 2021 (10:28:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0091.v1

COVID-19: A Review on Molecular Basis, Pathogenic Mechanisms, Therapeutic Aspects and Future Projections

Muneeb Faiq, Ashutosh Kumar, Himanshu Singh, Vikas Pareek, Rizwana Qadri, Khursheed Raza, Chiman Kumari, Ravi Narayan, Pavan Kumar, Maheswari Kulandhasamy, Sada Pandey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; Pneumonia; COVID-19; Virus; Flu; Vaccine; Epidemic; Pandemic

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:15:55 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0209.v1

Heart Rate Variability in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019

Christoph Baumann, Reiner Buchhorn, Christian Willaschek

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19 virus disease; Autonomic nervous system; Electrocardiography; Heart rate

Online: 12 May 2020 (12:22:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0512.v6

The Structure of the Membrane Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Resembles the Sugar Transporter semiSWEET

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Virus; sugar transporter; SemiSWEET; Membrane glycoprotein, Pandemic

Online: 19 October 2020 (10:48:05 CEST)

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the disease COVID-19 that has decimated the health and economy of our planet. The virus causes the disease not only in people but also in companion and wild animals. People with diabetes are at risk of the disease. As yet we do not know why the virus is highly successful in causing the pandemic within 3 months of its first report. The structural proteins of SARS include, membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), nucleocapsid protein (N) and the spike protein (S). The structure and function of the most abundant structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, the membrane (M) glycoprotein is not fully understood. Using in silico analyses we determined the structure and potential function of the M protein. The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 is 98.6% similar to the M protein of bat SARS-CoV, maintains 98.2% homology with pangolin SARS-CoV, and has 90% homology with M protein of SARS-CoV; whereas, the similarity was only 38% with the M protein of MERS-CoV. In silico analyses showed that the M protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a triple helix bundle, form a single 3-transmembrane domain (TM), and are homologous to the prokaryotic sugar transport protein semiSWEET. SemiSWEETs are related to the PQ-loop family that function as cargo receptors in vesicle transport, mediates movement of basic amino acids across lysosomal membranes, and is also involved in phospholipase flippase function. The advantage and role of the M protein having a sugar transport-like structure is not clearly understood. The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with S, E and N protein. The S protein of the virus is glycosylated. It could be hypothesized that the sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein influences glycosylation of the S protein. Endocytosis is critical for the internalization and maturation of RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Sucrose is involved in endosome and lysosome maturation and may also induce autophagy, pathways that help in the entry of the virus. Overall, it could be hypothesized that the semiSWEET sugar transporter-like structure of the M protein may be involved in multiple functions that may aid in the rapid proliferation, replication and immune evasion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biological experiments would validate the presence and function of the semiSWEET sugar transporter.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0248.v2

Super-Multi-Junction Solar Cell, Device Configuration with the Potential of More Than 50 % of the Annual Energy Conversion Efficiency (Non-Concentration)

Kenji Araki, Yasuyuki Ota, Hiromu Saiki, Hiroki Tawa, Kensuke Nishioka, Masafumi Yamaguchi

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: tandem; solar cell; multi-junction; performance ratio; spectrum; modeling; radiative coupling; luminescence coupling

Online: 14 October 2019 (09:56:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0068.v2

Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands by Targeting Host-specific SARS-CoV-2’s Structurally Conserved Main Protease

Rakesh Joshi, Shounak Jagdale, Sneha Bansode, S. Shiva Shankar, Meenakshi Tellis, Vaibhav Kumar Pandya, Ashok Giri, Mahesh Kulkarni

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; hACE-2; MPro; multi-target-directed ligand; protease inhibito; RdRp; SARS-CoV-2 virus

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:13:05 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0147.v4

The clinically validated viral superinfection therapy (SIT) platform technology could cure early cases of COVID-19 disease

Imre Kovesdi, Volker Sandig, Shimon Slavin, Wolfgang Renz, Marc Van Ranst, Peter M. Chumakov, Tibor Bakács

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; interferon; IFN; superinfection therapy; SIT; infectious bursal disease virus; IBDV; R903/78; safety; treatment

Online: 1 February 2021 (16:07:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0071.v1

Drug and Vaccine Design against Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein through Computational Approach

Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; novel corona virus; Wuhan virus; drug; vaccine; spike protein; epitope; vaccine design

Online: 5 February 2020 (15:34:15 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0042.v2

Virtual Screening of Inhibitors Against Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A Drug Repurposing Approach

Kanishka Senathilake, Sameera Samarakoon, Kamani Tennekoon

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Flue; Virus; COVID19; SARS CoV-2; Spike Protein; Virtual Screening; dgitoxin; anthracycline; rolitetracycline; E-155

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:19:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0144.v6

Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents

Petter I. Andersen, Aleksandr Ianevski, Hilde Lysvand, Astra Vitkauskiene, Valentyn Oksenych, Magnar Bjoras, Kaidi Telling, Irja Lutsar, Uga Dumpis, Yasuhiko Irie, Tanel Tenson, Anu Kantele, Denis E. Kainov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus; antiviral drug; drug discovery; drug development; broad-spectrum antivirals

Online: 14 February 2020 (02:27:24 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Autoimmune Thrombotic Thrombocytopathy Associated with COVID-19 Infection or Vaccination: Learning from Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia

Michel Goldman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine; heparin; thrombocytopenia; thrombosis; platelet; endothelial cell; autoimmunity; proteoglycan; B cell; coagulation

Online: 9 April 2021 (10:13:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0238.v1

Analysis and Prediction for the Spreading of Covid-19 Pandemic in India Using Mathematical Modeling

Nanda Poddar, Subham Dhar, Kajal Kumar Mondal, Gourab Saha

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Applied Mathematics Keywords: Corona Virus; Covid-19; India; Pandemic; Mathematical modeling

Online: 19 June 2020 (10:31:02 CEST)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Could Protein Malnutrition of Rapid Onset Explain the Atypical Symptoms of COVID-19 and Consequential Malfunctioning of the Body? A Hypothesis.

Maralyn Green

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: malnutrition; COVID-19; protein; immune system; SARS-CoV-2; cell proliferation; starvation

Online: 22 September 2020 (08:32:14 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0536.v1

Hedging Feasibility Perspectives against the COVID-19 for the International Tourism Sector

Angeliki N. Menegaki

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: corona-virus; COVID-19; tourism sector; review; risk hedging

Online: 30 April 2020 (14:15:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0074.v1

Regulation of ERK and AKT Pathways by Hepatitis B Virus X Protein via Notch1 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Bo Liao, Hong-Hao Zhou, Hui-Fang Liang, Chang-Hai Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatitis B virus X protein; Notch1 pathway; ERK; AKT

Online: 21 September 2016 (09:49:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0195.v1

Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Cell Subsets in Human Placenta That Highly Expresses Factors to Drive Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Nancy Ashray, Anshul Bhide, Priyanka Chakarborty, Stacy Colaco, Anuradha Mishra, Karisma Chhabria, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Deepak Modi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Placenta; trophoblast; SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Single cell RNAseq; scRNA-seq; ACE2; TMPRSS2; CD147; CTSL; inflammation

Online: 11 May 2020 (12:50:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0326.v2

Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture

Natalie Rubio, Isha Datar, David Stachura, Kate Krueger

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cellular agriculture; cell-based seafood; fish tissue culture; bioreactor; serum-free media; ocean conservation; marine cell culture; aquaculture

Online: 25 January 2019 (11:36:58 CET)

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Cellular agriculture is defined as the production of agricultural products from cell cultures rather than from whole plants or animals. With growing interest in cellular agriculture as a means to address the public health, environmental, and animal welfare challenges of animal agriculture, the concept of producing seafood from fish cell- and tissue-cultures is emerging as a means to address similar challenges with industrial aquaculture systems and marine capture. Cell-based seafood - as opposed to animal-based seafood - can combine developments in biomedical engineering with modern aquaculture techniques. Biomedical engineering developments such as closed-system bioreactor production of land animal cells create a basis for large scale production of marine animal cells. Aquaculture techniques such as genetic modification and closed system aquaculture have achieved marked gains in production that can pave the way for innovations in cell-based seafood production. Here, we present the current state of innovation relevant to the development of cell-based seafood across multiple species as well as specific opportunities and challenges that exist for advancing this science. The authors find that the physiological properties of fish cell- and tissue- culture may be uniquely suited to cultivation in vitro. These physiological properties, including hypoxia tolerance, high buffering capacity, and low-temperature growth conditions, make marine cell culture an attractive opportunity for scale production of cell-based seafood; perhaps even more so than mammalian and avian cell cultures for cell-based meats. This, coupled with the unique capabilities of crustacean tissue-friendly scaffolding such as chitosan, a common seafood waste product and mushroom derivative, presents great promise for cell-based seafood production via bioreactor cultivation. To become fully realized, cell-based seafood research will require more understanding of fish muscle culture and cultivation; more investigation into serum-free media formulations optimized for fish cell culture; and bioreactor designs tuned to the needs of fish cells for large scale production.

Working Paper ARTICLE

A Preceding Low-virulence Strain Pandemic Inducing Immunity Against COVID-19

Hagai Perets, Ruth Perets

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; low-virulence; high-virulence; pandemic; T-cell; immunity; virus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 July 2020 (13:02:40 CEST)

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Mobility analysis identified East-Asia and Oceania countries to be highly-exposed to COVID-19 spread, consistent with the earliest spread occurring in these regions. However, here we show that while a strong positive correlation between case-numbers and exposure level could be seen early-on as expected, at later times the infection-level is found to be negatively correlated with exposure-level. Moreover, the infection level is positively correlated with the population size, which is puzzling since it has not reached the level necessary for population-size to affect infection-level through herd immunity. These issues are resolved if a low-virulence Corona-strain (LVS) began spreading earlier in China outside of Wuhan, and later globally, providing immunity from the later appearing high-virulence strain (HVS). Following its spread into Wuhan, cumulative mutations gave rise to the emergence of an HVS, known as SARS-CoV-2, starting the COVID-19 pandemic. We model the co-infection by an LVS and an HVS, and show that it can explain the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and the non-trivial dependence on the exposure level to China and the population-size in each country. We find that the LVS began its spread a few months before the onset of the HVS, and that its spread doubling-time is

\sim 1.59 \pm 0.17

times slower than the HVS. Although more slowly spreading, its earlier onset allowed the LVS to spread globally before the emergence of the HVS. In particular, in countries exposed earlier to the LVS and/or having smaller population-size, the LVS could achieve herd-immunity earlier, and quench the later-spread HVS at earlier stages. We find our two-parameter (the spread-rate and the initial onset time of the LVS) can accurately explain the current infection levels (R^2

=0.74

; correlation p-value (p) of 5x10^-13

). Furthermore, countries exposed early should have already achieved herd-immunity. We predict that in those countries cumulative infection levels could rise by no more than 2-3 times the current level through local-outbreaks, even in the absence of any containment measures. We suggest several tests and predictions to further verify the double-strain co-infection model and discuss the implications of identifying the LVS.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0302.v1

The Single-Celled Ancestors of Animals: A History of Hypotheses

Thibaut Brunet, Nicole King

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: evolutionary cell biology; evo-devo; animal origins; choanoflagellates; history of science; Haeckel; Metchnikoff; Blastaea; origin of multicellularity

Online: 10 November 2020 (11:18:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0006.v1

Salmonella Typhimurium Induces Cloacitis-Like Symptoms in Zebrafish Larvae

Macarena Varas, Javiera Ortíz-Severín, Andrés E. Marcoleta, Francisco Díaz-Pascual, Miguel L. Allende, Carlos A. Santiviago, Francisco P. Chávez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Deformed cloacal region; Danio rerio; Live-Cell imaging; Salmonella infection; Immune response; Cloacitis

Online: 3 February 2017 (04:18:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0439.v2

Morphological Changes in H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells Following Millimeter-Wave Irradiation

Konstantin Komoshvili, Tzippi Becker, Jacob Levitan, Asher Yahalom, Ayan Barbora, Stella Liberman-Aronov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Applied Physics Keywords: non-ionizing radiation; lung cancer; millimeter waves; cell morphology; 75-110 GHz

Online: 17 April 2020 (12:49:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0273.v2

Disentangling the Amyloid Pathways: A Mechanistic Approach to Etiology

Maja Malmberg, Tarja Malm, Oskar Gustafsson, Anthony Wright, Samir El Andaloussi, Anders Linden, Kariem Ezzat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: amyloid; virus; nucleation; loss-of-function; Alzheimer's; Parkinson's; prion; protein-only

Online: 19 November 2019 (03:53:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0403.v1

Environmental Impact of Corona Virus (COVID-19) and Nationwide Lockdown in India: An Alarm to Future Lockdown Strategies

Suresh Kumar, Shishir Bhardwaj, Akash Singh, Hemant K. Singh, Puneet Singh, Uzzwal K. Sharma

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: zoonotic; corona virus; COVID-19; SARS; MERS; global health emergency; India; lockdown strategies

Online: 24 May 2020 (19:34:03 CEST)

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Global emerge of zoonotic novel corona virus (COVID-19) became a pandemic and its effect to mankind is talk of the town now a days. This tiny, invisible enemy has affected every country in the world and almost every living directly or indirectly and nationwide complete lockdown has triggered a short-term environmental impact. Since 2003, corona virus came into existence in the form of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and more evolved Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012. This time, at the end of December 2019, outbreak of novel corona virus COVID-19 (also known as SARS-CoV₂, nCoV-2019) draw attention as global health emergency. World Health Organization (WHO) report says that the outbreak of this virus is so immense, it has already affected 35,57,235 people and caused death to 2,45,150 people worldwide and 46,433 Indians got affected with 1568 death as on 5^th May 2020 (2:00 am) and these numbers are increasing exponentially day by day. Virologist, micro-biologist and science community are hammering their head very hard to find out cure and vaccine against this powerful virus and to prevent mass demise of mankind. In order to curb the spread of COVID-19, Janta curfew on 22.03.2020 and nationwide complete lockdown was implemented in India for 21 days (phase-I, from 25.03.2020 to 14.04.2020) to stop community transmission of third stage, for 19 days (phase-II, 15.04.2020 to 03.05.2020) and 14 days (phase-III, 04.05.2020 to 17.05.2020) complete lockdown to minimize the community transmission effect. During complete lockdown and quarantine period a drastic change in Earth’s atmosphere, including reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, air pollution (~50% fall in air quality index), noise pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution, have been recorded by government agencies as well as private agencies. In this paper we considered data of Janta curfew, phase-I and phase-II lockdown to link between geological and environmental aspect related to environmental impact due to emerge of COVID-19 and massive reduction in pollution level during complete lockdown in India. We propose future lockdown strategies to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas by ~100 Mt to ~200Mt (3.33% to 6.66%) of GHG_total per year by 2-4 days per month nationwide lockdown or ~70 Mt to ~140 Mt (2.33% to 4.66%) of GHG_total per year by 2-4 days per month complete lockdown of energy sectors only.

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0220.v1

Maristem - Stem Cells of Marine/Aquatic Invertebrates: From Basic Research to Innovative Applications

Loriano Ballarin, Baruch Rinkevich, Kerstin Bartscherer, Artur Burzynski, Sebastien Cambier, Matteo Cammarata, Isabelle Domart-Coulon, Damjana Drobne, Juanma Encinas, Uri Frank, Anne-Marie Geneviere, Bert Hobmayer, Helike Löhelaid, Daniel Lyons, Pedro Martinez, Paola Oliveri, Lorena Peric, Stefano Piraino, Andreja Ramšak, Sebastian Rakers, Fabian Rentzsch, Amalia Rosner, Tiago Henriques da Silva, Ildiko Somorjai, Sherif Suleiman, Ana Varela Coelho

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: aging; bioactive molecules; blue biotechnology; cancer; cell culture; COST Action; Europe; marine/aquatic invertebrates; regeneration; stem cells

Online: 24 January 2018 (04:14:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201605.0003.v1

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/Hydroxyapatite Porous Scaffold with Microchannels for Bone Regeneration

Ning Zhang, Yang Wang, Wenpeng Xu, Yong Hu, Jianxun Ding

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Polymers And Plastics Keywords: poly(lactide-co-glycolide); hydroxyapatite; porous scaffold; microchannel; cell ingrowth; mass exchange; bone tissue engineering

Online: 27 May 2016 (11:25:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0218.v1

Oleanolic Acid Induces p53 Dependent Apoptosis via the ERK/JNK/AKT Pathway in Cancer Cell Lines

Gyeong-Ji Kim, Hyeon-Ju Jo, Kang-Hyun Chung, Kwon-Jai Lee, Jeung Hee An

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Food Chemistry Keywords: anticancer activity; apoptosis; oleanolic acid; cell cycle arrest; mapk signaling

Online: 31 May 2017 (11:28:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0054.v1

Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction

Sandra Söderholm, Yu Fu, Lana Gaelings, Sergey Belanov, Laxmana Yetukuri, Mikhail Berlinkov, Anton V. Cheltov, Simon Anders, Tero Aittokallio, Tuula A. Nyman, Sampsa Matikainen, Denis E. Kainov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: influenza virus; antiviral agent; proteomics; phosphoproteomics; metabolomics; transcriptomics; genomics; virtual ligand screening

Online: 5 August 2016 (12:41:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0234.v1

Sequence Properties of the MAAP Protein and of the VP1 Capsid Protein of Adeno-Associated Viruses

David G. Karlin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: adeno-associated virus; protein sequence analysis; overlapping genes; amino acid depletion; cysteine depletion; tyrosine depletion; capsid design; membrane-binding amphipathic helix

Online: 17 February 2020 (02:42:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0026.v1

Microscopic Processes In Global Relativistic Jets Containing Helical Magnetic Fields

Kenichi Nishikawa, Yosuke Mizuno, Jacek Niemiec, Oleh Kobzar, Martin Pohl, Jose Gomez, Ioana Dutan, Asaf Pe’er, Jacob Frederiksen, Aake Nordlund, Athina Meli, Helene Sol, Phil Hardee, Dieter Hartmann

Subject: Physical Sciences, Astronomy And Astrophysics Keywords: relativistic jets; particle-in-cell simulations; global jets; helical magnetic fields; kinetic instabilities; kink instability

Online: 13 July 2016 (05:37:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0007.v1

CRISPR-Cas Systems for Diagnosing Infectious Diseases

Anastasiya Kostyusheva, Sergey Brezgin, Yurii Babin, Irina Vasil'eva, Dmitry Kostyushev, Vladimir Chulanov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: molecular diagnostics; molecular epidemiology; HIV; HBV; HCV; HPV; Zika virus; Dengue virus; tuberculosis; SARS; MERS; nCov-2019

Online: 3 February 2020 (03:47:27 CET)

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Infectious diseases are a global health problem affecting billions of people. Developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools is key for successful patient management and curbing disease spread. Currently available diagnostics are very specific and sensitive but time-consuming and require expensive laboratory settings and well-trained personnel; thus, they are not available in resource-limited areas, for the purposes of large-scale screenings and in case of outbreaks and epidemics. Developing new, rapid, and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assays is urgently needed. This review focuses on CRISPR-based technologies and their perspectives to become platforms for point-of-care nucleic acid detection methods and as deployable diagnostic platforms that could help to identify and curb outbreaks and emerging epidemics. We describe the mechanisms and function of different classes and types of CRISPR-Cas systems, including pros and cons for developing molecular diagnostic tests and applications of each type to detect a wide range of infectious agents. Many Cas proteins (Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, Cas14) have been leveraged to create highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic tools combined with technologies of signal amplification and fluorescent, potentiometric, colorimetric, or lateral flow assay detection. In particular, the most advanced platforms -- SHERLOCK/v2, DETECTR, or CRISPR-Chip -- enable detection of attomolar amounts of pathogenic nucleic acids with specificity comparable to that of PCR but with minimal technical settings. Further developing CRISPR-based diagnostic tools promises to dramatically transform molecular diagnostics, making them easily affordable and accessible virtually anywhere in the world. The burden of socially significant diseases, frequent outbreaks, recent epidemics (MERS, SARS and the ongoing coronoviral nCov-2019 infection) urgently need the developing of express-diagnostic tools. Recently devised CRISPR-technologies represent the unprecedented opportunity to reshape epidemiological surveillance and molecular diagnostics.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0086.v1

Thermal analysis of a fast charging technique for a high power lithium ion cell

Victor Manuel García Fernández, Cecilio Blanco Viejo, David Anseán González, Manuela González Vega, Yoana Fernández Pulido, Juan Carlos Alvarez Antón

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: thermal model; fast charge; lithium-ion cell

Online: 27 July 2016 (16:30:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0374.v2

Varroa destructor: A Complex Parasite, Crippling Honey bees Worldwide

Kirsten Traynor, Fanny Mondet, Jaochim R. de Miranda, Maeva Techer, Vienna Kowallik, Melissa Oddie, Panuwan Chantawannakul, Alison McAfee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Parasitology Keywords: Host-parasite; honey bee; varroa; virus; mite control

Online: 2 April 2020 (12:16:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0068.v2

Classical and Novel TSPO Ligands for the Mitochondrial TSPO can Modulate Nuclear Gene Expression: Implications for Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling

Nasra Yasin, Leo Veenman, Sukhdev Singh, Maya Azrad, Julia Bode, Alex Vainshtein, Bea Caballero, Ilan Marek, Moshe Gavish

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: modulation of nuclear gene expression; mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO); TSPO ligand; PK 11195; 2-Cl-MGV-1; retrograde mitochondrial-nuclear signaling pathway; microscopy; mitochondria; cell nucleus

Online: 17 March 2017 (17:28:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0221.v1

Single Cell Analysis of ACE2 Expression Reveals the Potential Targets for 2019-nCoV

Yanyan Zhu, Miaomiao Jiang, Liang Gao, Xiaoyun Huang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: ACE2; single cell; 2019-nCoV

Online: 16 February 2020 (14:56:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0065.v1

How to Clear HBV cccDNA: CRISPR/Cas9 Might Be Promising

Yan Qiu, Ying Liu, Wen Ren, Jing Ren

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: hepatitis B virus; chronic hepatitis B; cccDNA; CRISPR/Cas9; gene therapy

Online: 10 October 2017 (17:59:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0201.v1

Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in Cancer: An Overview

Afshin Derakhshani, Zeinab Rostami, Sina Taefehshokr, Hossein Safarpour, Reza Vaezi Astamal, Nima Taefehshokr, Nazila Alizadeh, Antonella Argentiero, Nicola Silvestris, Behzad Baradaran

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: cancer; cell signaling; therapeutic targets; signaling pathways

Online: 12 March 2020 (04:53:02 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0122.v1

Gastrointestinal Manifestation of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an Immunocompromised Dog

Elizabeth M. Lennon, Alfonso Oceguera, Eli Braun, Stephen D. Cole, Nolan V. Chalifoux, Jillian Whelan, Nuala Meyer, Kimberly Slensky, Andreanne Cleroux, Susan R. Weiss, Una O'Doherty, Shelley C. Rankin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; canine; gastrointestinal; infection; virus

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:23:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0170.v1

Nanocellulose in Biotechnology and Medicine: Focus on Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

Lucie Bacakova, Julia Pajorova, Marketa Bacakova, Anne Skogberg, Pasi Kallio, Katerina Kolarova, Vaclav Svorcik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: bacterial nanocellulose; nanofibrillated nanocellulose; animal nanocellulose; algal nanocellulose; tissue engineering; tissue repair; wound dressing; cell delivery; drug delivery; antimicrobial properties

Online: 14 December 2018 (06:44:53 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0763.v1

Overview of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Recent Advancement from Fundamentals to Applications: MFC Designs, Major Elements, and Scalability

Sami G. A. Flimban, Taeyoung Kim, Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail, Sang-Eun Oh

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Microbial fuel cell (MFC); fuel cell elements; design; energy generation; Scaling up; configuration

Online: 2 November 2018 (10:04:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0060.v1

The Telomerase-Derived Anticancer Peptide Vaccine GV1001 as an Extracellular Heat Shock Protein-Mediated Cell-Penetrating Peptide

Hong Kim, Eun-Hye Seo, Seung-Hyun Lee, Bum-Joon Kim

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs); reverse-transcriptase-subunit of telomerase (hTERT); GV1001; heat shock protein 90

Online: 11 November 2016 (09:59:30 CET)

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Preprint COMMENTARY | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0187.v1

A Plausible Biological Mechanism by which Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Increase the Risk of Childhood Leukemia

Miguel López-Lázaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: magnetic fields; power lines; cancer; carcinogenesis; stem cell division theory of cancer

Online: 22 August 2016 (05:15:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0462.v1

Theoretical Analysis of the Induction of Forced Resonance Mechanical Oscillations to Virus Particles by Microwave Irradiation:Prospects as an Anti-virus Modality

Nikolaos Uzunoglu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; virus sterilization

Online: 25 April 2020 (11:18:57 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0167.v1

Profiling the Immune Vulnerability Landscape of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

James Zhu, Jiwoong Kim, Xue Xiao, Yunguan Wang, Danni Luo, Ran Chen, Lin Xu, He Zhang, Guanghua Xiao, Xiaowei Zhan, Tao Wang, Yang Xie

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; Immune; B cell; T cell; COVID-19

Online: 13 February 2020 (10:53:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0090.v1

A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Fuad Un-Noor, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Lucian Mihet-Popa, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah, Eklas Hossain

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: Electric Vehicle; internal combustion engine; greenhouse gas; optimization techniques; Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV); Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV); Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV); Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV).

Online: 10 May 2017 (17:44:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0033.v1

Experimental Analysis of Thermal Runaway in 18650 Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells Using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter

Boxia Lei, Wenjiao Zhao, Carlos Ziebert, Nils Uhlmann, Magnus Rohde, Hans Juergen Seifert

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Li-ion cell; Thermal runaway; Accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC); Pressure Change

Online: 10 February 2017 (16:58:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0143.v1

Assessing Impacts of COVID-19 on Aquatic Food System and Small-Scale Fisheries in Bangladesh

Atiqur Rahman Sunny, Sharif Ahmed Sazzad, Gopal Chandra Datta, Ashoke Kumar Sarker, Md. Ashrafuzzaman, Shamsul H. Prodhan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Aquatic Science Keywords: COVID-19; Corona virus; Aquatic food system; Food security; Small-scale fisheries; Bangladesh

Online: 12 June 2020 (08:25:09 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0134.v1

Arbidol (Umifenovir): A Broad-spectrum Antiviral Drug that Inhibits Medically Important Arthropod-borne Flaviviruses

Jan Haviernik, Michal Stefanik, Martina Fojtikova, Sabrina Kali, Noël Tordo, Ivo Rudolf, Zdenek Hubalek, Ludek Eyer, Daniel Ruzek

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: flavivirus; arbidol; umifenovir; antiviral activity; cytotoxicity; cell-type dependent antiviral effect

Online: 21 February 2018 (14:44:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0179.v1

Δ9–Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-Rich Compositions from Cannabis Have Cytotoxic Activity Against Ovarian Cancer Cells and Act Synergistically With Niraparib in vitro

Nurit Shalev, Michelle Kendall, Seegehalli M Anil, Ajjampura C Vinayaka, Hinanit Koltai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: ovarian cancer; cannabis; phytocannabinoids; apoptosis; cytotoxicity; cell cycle; MAPK4; PARP1

Online: 9 September 2021 (11:57:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0175.v1

Covid-19 Predictions Using a Gauss Model, Based on Data from April 2

Janik Schüttler, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Frank Schlickeiser, Martin Kröger

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: coronavirus; statistical analysis; extrapolation; parameter estimation; pandemic spreading; virus; forecast; time evolution; dynamics

Online: 11 April 2020 (01:25:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0125.v1

Up-regulation of Lamin A/C Expression in Epstein-Barr Virus Immortalized B Cells and Burkitt Lymphoma Cell Lines of Activated B Cell Phenotype

Ferenc Bánáti, Anita Koroknai, Kálmán Szenthe, Tamás Tereh, Nóra Kovács, Anita Hidasi, Barbara Bánkuti, Krisztina Buzás, Frederic Lemnitzer, Zsolt Ruzsics, Susan Szathmary, Hans Wolf, Dániel Salamon, János Minárovits, Hans-Helmut Niller

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Lamin, EBV latency, transformation, epigenetic regulation, activated B cell

Online: 24 November 2016 (17:53:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0137.v1

A Portable Live Cell Culture and Imaging System with Optional Umbilical Bioreactor Using a Modified Infant Incubator

Malcolm Brinn, Said F. Al-Sarawi, Tien-Fu Lu, Brian J. C. Freeman, Jaliya Kumaratilake, Maciej Henneberg

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: cell culture; bioreactor; live cell imaging; tissue engineering

Online: 31 January 2017 (12:39:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0087.v1

Inhibition of Zika Virus by Marine Algae

Claudio Cirne-Santos, Caroline De Souza Barros, Caio Cesar Richter Nogueira, Renata Mendonça Campos, Valéria Teixeira, Davis Ferreira, Izabel Christina Nunes De Palmer Paixão

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Zika Virus, Antiviral, Marine Algae

Online: 14 March 2017 (18:34:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0224.v2

Pseudopterosin Inhibits Proliferation and 3D Invasion in Triple Negative Breast Cancer by Agonizing Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha

Julia Sperlich, Nicole Teusch

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: pseudopterosin; triple negative breast cancer; glucocorticoid receptor alpha; dexamethasone; cell proliferation; 3D invasion; tumor spheroid; co-culture; interleukin 6; interleukin 8

Online: 2 August 2018 (06:08:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0088.v2

NANOG Plays a Hierarchical Role in the Transcription Network Regulating the Pluripotency and Plasticity of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

Maria Pitrone, Giuseppe Pizzolanti, Laura Tomasello, Antonina Coppola, Lorenzo Morini, Gianni Pantuso, Romina Ficarella, Valentina Guarnotta, Sebastio Perrini, Francesco Giorgino, Carla Giordano

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: Adipose derived stem cell (ASC); Regenerative medicine; embryonic stem cell marker network

Online: 20 January 2017 (04:56:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci1030058

Thermodynamic Jump from Prebiotic Microsystems to Primary Living Cells

Vladimir Kompanichenko

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: origin of life; prebiotic system; living cell; oscillation; organic molecule; experiment; hydrothermal system

Online: 6 October 2019 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Quantifying the Persistence of Vaccine-related T cell Epitopes in Circulating Swine Influenza A Strains from 2013-2017

Swan Tan, Andres H. Gutiérrez, Philip C. Gauger, Tanja Opriessnig, Justin Bahl, Leonard Moise, Anne S. De Groot

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Swine IAV; Immunoinformatics; T cell epitope conservation

Online: 17 March 2021 (10:55:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0168.v1

An opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Ian M. Mackay, Katherine E. Arden

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome; MERS; coronavirus; comorbidity; infection; camel; zoonosis; emerging virus

Online: 27 October 2017 (05:45:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0217.v1

Medical Basis for Increased Susceptibility of COVID-19 among the Navajo and other Indigenous Tribes

Joseph De Soto, Shazia Hakim

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Indigenous Tribes; Co-morbidities; Corona Virus; Navaho

Online: 14 April 2020 (08:43:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0023.v1

Effects of Biomimetic Shear Stress by Self-Assembled Gelatin Oleic Nanoparticles Containing Paclitaxel on the Behavior of Cancer Cell Lines in a Microfluidic System

Taehee Kang, Thuy Thi Thanh Tran, Kyung Taek Oh, Han-Gon Choi, Beom-Jin Lee

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Nanotechnology Keywords: gelatin-oleic conjugate; self-assembled biodegradable nanoparticles; biomimetic shear stress; cell dynamic environment; cellular drug delivery; paclitaxel

Online: 4 April 2017 (10:59:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0115.v2

Targeted Cancer Therapy: Vital Oncogenes and a New Molecular Genetic Paradigm for Cancer Initiation Progression and Treatment

Rudolph E. Willis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: oncogenes; oncogene addiction; carcinogenesis; transcription factor; cancer genome; gene fusion; cancer genetics; cancer stem cell; targeted cancer therapy; personalized medicine

Online: 14 September 2016 (08:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0118.v1

Potential Antivirals: Natural Products Targeting Replication Enzymes of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses

Ana Flávia Costa da Silveira Oliveira, Róbson Ricardo Teixeira, André Silva de Oliveira, Ana Paula Martins de Souza, Milene Lopes da Silva, Sérgio Oliveira de Paula

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: dengue; chikungunya; virus enzymes; antiviral; natural products

Online: 16 March 2017 (09:42:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0041.v1

Vimentin as a Multifaceted Player and Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Infections

Irene Ramos, Konstantinos Stamatakis, Clara L. Oeste, Dolores Pérez-Sala

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Vimentin; Cell surface vimentin; SARS-CoV; Vimentin-pathogen interactions; Anti-vimentin autoantibodies; Inflammation

Online: 3 May 2020 (09:00:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0216.v1

A Dysbiotic Mycobiome Dominated by Candida albicans is Identified within Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Manosha Perera, Nezar Noor Al-hebshi, Irosha Perera, Deepak Ipe, Glen Ulett, David J. Speicher, Tsute Chen, Newell W. Johnson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: 18S rRNA; fungi; mycobiome; carcinoma; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; microbiome; mouth; squamous cell

Online: 30 March 2017 (05:37:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0088.v1

Modern Methods for Aircraft Power and Propulsion

Relly Victoria Petrescu, Raffaella Aversa, Antonio Apicella, Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics Keywords: aerospace propulsion; electric motors; hydrogen burners; hydrogen storage; honeycomb cell reservoirs; solar photovoltaic power; modern propulsions.

Online: 7 March 2019 (10:24:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0029.v2

Distal [FeS]-Cluster Coordination in [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Facilitates Intermolecular Electron Transfer

Alexander Petrenko, Matthias Stein

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Theoretical Chemistry Keywords: electron transfer; Marcus equation; enzymatic fuel cell; hydrogen oxidation; electrode adsorption; DFT; bioelectrochemistry

Online: 9 January 2017 (02:49:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0020.v1

Potential Modes of Intercellular Alpha-Synuclein Transmission

Dario Valdinocci, Rowan A. W. Radford, Sue Maye Siow, Roger S. Chung, Dean L. Pountney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: alpha-synuclein; Parkinsons disease; dementia with Lewy bodies; multiple system atrophy; tunelling nanotube; glymphatic system; cell-to-cell spread

Online: 7 February 2017 (03:24:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0020.v1

Graviola (Annona muricata) Exerts Anti-Proliferative, Anti-Clonogenic and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Human Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer UW-BCC1 and A431 Cells In Vitro: Involvement of Hedgehog Signaling

Jean Christopher Chamcheu, Islam Rady, Roxane-Cherille N. Chamcheu, Abu Bakar Siddique, Melissa B. Bloch, Sergette Banang Mbeumi, Abiola S. Babatunde, Mohammad B. Uddin, Felicite K. Noubissi, Peter W. Jurutka, Yong-Yu Liu, Vladimir S. Spiegelman, G. Kerr Whitfield, Khalid A. El Sayed

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: Annona muricata; apoptosis; basal cell carcinoma; cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; graviola; Hedgehog signaling pathway; natural products chemistry; non-melanoma skin cancer

Online: 1 June 2018 (13:00:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0024.v1

Inflammatory Bacteriome Featuring Fusobacterium nucleatum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Identified in Association with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nezar Noor Al-hebshi, Akram Thabet Nasher, Mohamed Yousef Maryoud, Husham E. Homeida, Tsute Chen, Ali Mohamed Idris, Newell W. Johnson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: 16S rRNA; bacteria; bacteriome; carcinoma; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; microbiome; mouth; squamous cell

Online: 6 March 2017 (04:47:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0098.v1

MicroRNAs in the Communication between Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAF) and Cancer Cells

Maren Schoepp, Anda Jana Stroese, Joerg Haier

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: MicroRNA; cancer associated fibroblasts; cell-cell communication; transformation; epigenetic

Online: 28 February 2017 (10:29:27 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0221.v3

Tucaresol: A Unique Oral Candidate Drug Ideally Accessible for Treatment of COVID-19 Disease

Christopher Penney, Boulos Zacharie, Jean-Simon Duceppe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Tucaresol; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; HIV; T helper cell; CD4 receptor

Online: 14 March 2023 (08:51:05 CET)

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Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted world health and economic status. In response, much work has been undertaken to provide effective, safe vaccines, antibodies and antiviral drugs with which to address this pandemic. Treatment of a pandemic population presents multiple challenges in addition to the primary issue of drug efficacy and safety, such as large scale drug manufacture and distribution, drug stability, oral dosing and pharmacoeconomic considerations. Ideally, these factors must be addressed if new candidate drugs are to be advanced for treatment of large (pandemic) populations. Subsequently, new antivirals have reached the market but choices are few. According to the NIH Covid Treatment Guidelines, only three small molecule antiviral drugs are available to treat COVID-19 disease. As such, a significant part of the research towards discovery of new antiviral drugs has focused on screening and evaluation of ‘repurposed drugs’ or previously approved or clinical stage drugs. Yet, in spite of this increased research activity, one promising clinical stage candidate drug has received little attention regarding its potential as a monotherapy or component of combination therapy for treatment of COVID-19 disease. Tucaresol, with documented human safety and pharmacokinetic data, is an orally active, stable, small molecule amenable to large scale manufacture by a proprietary two-step synthesis developed by us. Tucaresol functions as a host-targeted antiviral by selective protection/reconstitution of CD4+ T helper cells as demonstrated in HIV patients and SIV macaques. In view of similarities between HIV and SARS-CoV-2, especially with respect to host CD4+ T helper cells, and the suitability of Tucaresol for facile treatment of pandemic populations, Tucaresol is presented herein for treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients but may also be useful for treatment of advanced disease accompanied by lymphopenia.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0365.v1

Predicting the Cumulative Number of Cases for the COVID-19 Epidemic in China From Early Data

Zhihua Liu, Pierre Magal, Ousmane Seydi, Glenn Webb

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: corona virus; reported and unreported cases; isolation; quarantine; public closings; epidemic mathematical model

Online: 25 February 2020 (07:38:24 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0238.v1

Role of N501Y Mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Structure

Urmi Roy

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Immunoinformatics; Molecular dynamics simulation; mutation; SARS-CoV-2; Spike protein; Virus structure

Online: 8 June 2021 (13:57:03 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0419.v9

The ATP Hypothesis Discovers the Missing “Matchmaker” between Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Ping Xie

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ATP hypothesis; origin of genetic code; life’s building block; probiotic “soup”; coevolution; biochemical system; missing “matchmaker”; energy transformation; informatization; structuralization; precellular selection; photo- chemical origin of life; virus; anti-life form; 2019-nCoV

Online: 11 September 2020 (08:39:39 CEST)

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A plenty of theories on the origin of genetic codes have been proposed so far, yet all ignored the energetic driving force, its relation to the biochemical system, and most importantly, the missing “matchmaker” between proteins and nucleic acids. Here, a new hypothesis is proposed, according to which ATP is at the origin of the primordial genetic code by driving the coevolution of the genetic code with the pristine biochemical system. This hypothesis aims to show how the genetic code was produced e.g. by photochemical reactions in a protocell that derived from a lipid vesicle enclosing various life’s building blocks (e.g. nucleotides and peptides). At extant cell, ATP is the only energetic product of photosynthesis, and is at the energetic heart of the biochemical systems. ATP could energetically form and elongate chains of both polynucleotides and polypeptides, thus acting a “matchmaker” between these two bio-polymers and eventually mediating precellular biochemical innovation from energy transformation to informatization. ATP was not the only one that could drive the formation of polynucleotides and polypeptides, but favored by precellular selection. The protocell innovated a photosynthesis system to produce ATP efficiently and regularly with the aids of proteins and RNA/DNA. The completion of permanently recording the genetic information by DNA marked the dawn of cellular life operated by Darwinian evolution. The ATP hypothesis assumes or supports the photochemical origin of life, shedding light on the origins of both photosynthetic and biochemical systems, which remains largely unknown thus far. Based on ATP hypothesis, virus (like the new coronavirus) could not be the earliest life on Earth, as it has neither biochemical systems nor lipid bilayer membrane that provided relatively isolated environment for the development of protobiochemical reactions, although it owns the genetic code of a cellular life. Virus could not be a bridge between life and non-life, but is an anti-life substance, as it depletes cellular material for its own replication, and then spreads by destroying the host cells. It can be imagined that if cellular life are completely wiped out by the virus, the complete destruction of life on Earth would be inevitable.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0518.v1

From Extracellular Vesicles to Global Environment: A Cosmopolite SARS-Cov-2 Virus

Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Raja Dahmane, Tjaša Griessler Bulc, Polonca Trebše, Saba Battelino, Mojca Bavcon Kralj, Metka Benčina, Klemen Bohinc, Darja Božič, Mojca Debeljak, Drago Dolinar, Aleš Iglič, Darja Istenič, Zala Jan, Monika Jenko, Marko Jeran, Gregor Jereb, Mojca Jevšnik, Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič, Tomaž Lampe, Irina Milisav, Andreea Oarga-Mulec, Andrej Ovca, Borut Poljšak, Franja Prosenc, Anna Romolo, Nina Resnik, Robert Sotler, Anja Šoštarič, Vid Šuštar, Urška Šunta, Urška Štibler, Bojana Uršič, Domen Vozel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: virus; extracellular vesicles; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; membrane vesicluation

Online: 31 May 2020 (21:35:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0066.v1

Evaluation of Antibody Titre of Dogs Vaccinated against Canine Distemper in Jos, Plateau State

Kenneth Ikejiofor Ogbu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: antibody titre; vaccination; dog; canine distemper virus; Jos

Online: 20 September 2016 (10:14:26 CEST)

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