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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0132.v1

Differential Acellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by E-cigarettes Containing Tobacco-Free Nicotine (TFN) and Tobacco-Derived Nicotine

Shaiesh Yogeswaran, Irfan Rahman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Tobacco Free Nicotine (TFN); Synthetic Nicotine; Tobacco-derived Nicotine; vape-bar; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Online: 9 February 2022 (10:37:28 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Paracetamol use in COVID-19: friend or enemy?

Piero Sestili, Carmela Fimognari

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; paracetamol; NSAIDs; inflammation; lung injury; oxidative damage; glutathione; antioxidant.

Online: 7 August 2020 (11:02:20 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0358.v3

Potential Natural Compounds for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Infection

Hansen Chen, Qiaohui Du

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV); Baicalin; Scutellarin; Hesperetin; Nicotianamine; Glycyrrhizin

Online: 10 March 2020 (05:09:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0272.v1

Asymptomatic covid-19 carriers education App (1)

Peter chew

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Software Keywords: COVID-19, Education App, Biochemist, Global issue analyst

Online: 9 June 2021 (22:07:37 CEST)

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AbstractBackground: The World Health Organization (WHO) said the situation in India was a "devastating reminder" of what the coronavirus could do. COVID-19 cases suddenly spiked across India. Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan has said that one of the major reasons for the spike in coronavirus cases was people not following COVID-appropriate behaviour. The Union minister noted that the sudden rise in cases is largely or maybe event-driven comprising local body elections, grand weddings, and farmers' protest. These events may cause asymptomatic covid-19 carriers to spread wide covid-19 to others. Malaysia is also facing a surge in Covid-19 may due to the spread of covid-19 by asymptomatic covid-19 carriers. Therefore, it is important to develop an application that can publicize information on asymptomatic covid-19 carriers. The purpose of this application is to provide sufficient information and scientific research evidence to ensure that prevention strategies for asymptomatic covid-19 carriers must be implemented. The app is also open to anyone who uses it to educate others so that information can be shared more quickly to prevent other countries from becoming "Second India or Malaysia".Method: The homepage of the app shows that asymptomatic covid-19 carriers may have a lower viral load, the same viral load, or a higher viral load than symptomatic covid-19 carriers. When the user app is pressed by each category, they will see sufficient information and scientifically based research evidence about each category. These apps also show the evidence that on January 13, 2021 - Malaysian Health Department Director Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah instructs test Only those Close Contacts With Symptoms and The Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) has urged the Health Ministry to urgently improve the management of mild Covid-19 cases and revert to its policy of testing all close contacts. In addition, These apps also show App raise public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccination(version 4) [Peter Chew, 2021] can intuitively see that countries with high vaccination rates can solve the problem of asymptomatic transmission of covid-19 carriers.Result: This application displays sufficient information and scientifically based research evidence to prove asymptomatic covid-19 carriers are the main key to the outbreak of covid-19. Some countries are using covid-19 symptom prevention strategies. They are only testing the symptomatic closed contact of covid-19 patients, because they may think that asymptomatic covid-19 carrier is just a low viral load and a low transmission rate, which is wrong. Some asymptomatic covid-19 carriers of covid-19 have high viral loads. The accumulation of asymptomatic covid-19 carriers with high viral load is the main cause of the covid-19 outbreak. Conclusion: Three apps have been developed to educate the public about the importance of asymptomatic covid-19 carriers. The asymptomatic covid-19 carrier education app (1) will provide sufficient information and scientific research evidence to educate citizens of any country to ensure that preventive strategies must be implemented for asymptomatic carriers to prevent the country’s Covid-19 outbreak. App, Game Base Learning to Prevent Infection from COVID-19 (version 3) [Peter Chew, 2020 ]. The app allows anyone to intuitively see that when the second wave covid-19 arrives, the accumulation of a large number of asymptomatic carriers in some countries has led to the high infection rate of covid-19. This is what is happening in India now. App raise public awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccination(version 4) can intuitively see that countries with high vaccination rates can solve the problem of asymptomatic transmission of covid-19 carriers. This is what is happening in Israel now.

Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0493.v2

Future Considerations for the mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Platform

Botond Igyártó, Sonya Jacobsen, Sonia Ndeupen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: mRNA-LNP vaccines; side effects; dendritic cells

Online: 24 December 2020 (13:51:51 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0094.v1

Can Zinc Correction in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Improve Treatment Outcomes?

Amir Noeparast, Gil Verschelden

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; zinc; zn; zinc-deficiency; cytokine storm

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:22:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0148.v2

GPT-4 Can't Reason

Konstantine Arkoudas

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: GPT-4; LLM; AI; reasoning; inference

Online: 7 August 2023 (07:13:00 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Evidence That Quinine Exhibits Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro

Maximilian Große, Natalia Ruetalo, Ramona Businger, Sascha Rheber, Christian Setz, Pia Rauch, Janina Auth, Ekkehard Brysch, Michael Schindler, Ulrich Schubert

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Quinine; Hydroxy-Chloroquine; Chloroquine; COVID-19; antiviral

Online: 6 July 2020 (09:19:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0362.v1

Leveraging Open Hardware to Alleviate the Burden of COVID-19 on Global Health Systems

Andre Maia Chagas, Jennifer Molloy, Lucia Prieto Godino, Tom Baden

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Free and Open Source Hardware; COVID-19; pandemic

Online: 24 March 2020 (14:46:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0529.v1

Geographic and Genomic Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Mutations

Daniele Mercatelli, Federico Manuel Giorgi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; genomics coronavirus; COVID-19 evolution

Online: 30 April 2020 (11:15:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0355.v1

Role of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis and Severity of COVID-19 Infection

Maryam Ghavideldarestani, Maryam Honardoost, Mohammad E. Khamseh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: vitamin D; ACE2; diabetes; cardiovascular disease

Online: 20 April 2020 (01:37:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0484.v1

Characterization of Sex with Animals in Córdoba, Colombia. An Exploratory Study

Óscar Adolfo Medina-Pérez, Liliana Marcela García-Vega, Jean Paulina Villard Plaza, Juan Carlos Ortiz Valencia

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Bestiality; Colombia; sexual behavior; sexuality; Zoophilia

Online: 25 September 2018 (11:49:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0296.v1

Managing Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Point of View and Fears of Pediatric Cancer Patients’ Families

Olga Nigro, Giovanna Sironi, Andrea Ferrari, Gabriele Tinè, Gabriele Infante, Francesco Barretta, Matteo Silva, Carlo Alfredo Clerici, Stefano Chiaravalli, Elisabetta Schiavello, Veronica Biassoni, Marta Podda, Cristina Meazza, Filippo Spreafico, Michela Casanova, Monica Terenziani, Roberto Luksch, Maura Massimino

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: COVID-19; pediatric cancer; managing care

Online: 23 February 2022 (13:57:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0187.v1

Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe

Dilara Caglayan, Nikolaus Weber, Heidi Ursula Heinrichs, Jochen Linßen, Martin Robinius, Peter A. Kukla, Detlef Stolten

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Salt caverns; salt structures; technical storage potential; hydrogen storage

Online: 16 October 2019 (11:40:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0709.v1

COVID-19 Suicide among Adolescents and Youths during the Lockdown: An Exploratory Study based on Media Reports

Md. Dilshad Manzar, Abdulrhman Albougami, Norina Usman, Mohammed A. Mamun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; psychological impacts; self-harm; suicide; COVID-19 suicide; teenage suicide; adolescent suicide; youth suicide; press reporting suicide

Online: 31 August 2020 (05:43:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0178.v1

Essential Oils with High Activity Against Stationary Phase Bartonella Henselae

Xiao Ma, Wanliang Shi, Ying Zhang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: essential oils; Bartonella henselae; persisters; stationary phase; antimicrobial activity

Online: 16 October 2019 (05:18:55 CEST)

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Bartonella henselae is a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular bacterium which can cause cat scratch disease, endocarditis in humans and animals as well as other complications, leading to acute or chronic infections. The current treatment for Bartonella infections is not very effective due to antibiotic resistance and also persistence. To develop better therapies for persistent and chronic Bartonella infections, in this study, with the help of SYBR Green I/PI viability assay, we performed a high-throughput screening of an essential oil library against stationary phase B. henselae. We successfully identified 32 essential oils that had high activity, including four essential oils extracted from Citrus plants, three from Origanum, three from Cinnamomum, two from Pelargonium and two from Melaleuca, as well as frankincense, ylang ylang, fir needle, mountain savory (winter), citronella, spearmint, elemi, vetiver, clove bud, allspice and cedarwood essential oils. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these 32 top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. The time-kill curve by drug exposure assay showed 13 active hits, including essential oils of oregano, cinnamon bark, mountain savory (winter), cinnamon leaf, geranium, clove bud, allspice, geranium bourbon, ylang ylang, citronella, elemi and vetiver, could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at the concentration of 0.032% (v/v). Two active ingredients, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, of oregano and cinnamon bark essential oils, respectively, were shown to be very active against stationary phase B. henselae such that they were able to eradicate all the bacterial cells even at the concentration ≤ 0.01% (v/v). Our finding of active essential oils may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0035.v2

The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCA’s (Last UCA) Lineage

Francisco Prosdocimi, Marco José, Sávio Farias

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: origin of life; LUCA; FUCA; RNA World; PTC; Archaea; translation system

Online: 23 July 2019 (08:13:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0258.v2

Revisiting the Derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: The Collapse of Uncertainty at the Planck Scale

Espen Haug

Subject: Physical Sciences, Thermodynamics Keywords: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle; certainty; wave function; Planck scale; Planck mass; Planck particle; Bell's Inequality; superposition; entropy; Compton clock

Online: 5 September 2018 (09:34:51 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pharmaceutical Waste: Overview, Management, and Impact of Improper Disposal

Milcah Njoki Nyaga, David Muriithi Nyagah, Aldress Njagi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Pharmaceutical waste; Sources; Cost of disposal; Management; Impact; Pharmacists

Online: 12 October 2020 (13:34:54 CEST)

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Introduction: Pharmaceutical products are inevitable for human health. Owing to the growing need for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical companies introduce drugs annually into the market in addition to the extensive collection of existing pharmaceutical products. Households, farms, health facilities, and pharmaceutical industries release pharmaceutical waste into the environment at low concentrations through routine pharmaceutical use, damage, and expiry. The effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on non-target species in the environment are not known. Over the years, pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and ibuprofen in trace amounts have been detected in public water systems, ground and surface water. Unwanted medicines should be safely disposed of at a reduced financial cost to mitigate the public and environmental health risks. Lack of general knowledge of how to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals leads to improper disposal resulting in accidental toxicity, rising healthcare costs, landfills pilfering/scavenging, water supply pollution, anti-microbial resistance, and death. To mitigate such effects, pharmacists should raise public awareness about safe disposal practices. Objective: This review aims to examine the sources of pharmaceutical waste, disposal costs, secure disposal methods, the effects of inappropriate disposal, and the role of pharmacists in the disposal. Method: The information on the stated objectives was gathered from available sources through a comprehensive literature review. Conclusion: Many countries contain tons of pharmaceutical waste that are expensive to destroy. Because of improper disposal, pharmaceutical waste has been found at trace amounts in drinking and surface water. A practical, environmentally sustainable approach to pharmaceutical waste management, with policies and guidelines, and public awareness campaigns, are necessary to address the problem of safe waste disposal. The national drug regulatory bodies should conduct environmental risk assessment resulting from the disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists should facilitate extensive training on sustainable drug use and proper pharmaceutical waste disposal at all levels to reduce the risks associated with improper disposal. Reduction of pharmaceutical waste generation at each step of a drug’s lifecycle, implementing takeback options, collection at approved sites, and modern technology to treat wastewater are highly recommended to reduce the effects of unwanted pharmaceuticals on human health and the environment.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0507.v1

Virus Graph and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Graph Theory Approach

H. R. Bhapkar, Parikshit Mahalle, Prashant S. Dhotre

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Computer Vision And Graphics Keywords: virus graphs; COVID-19; pandemic; epidemic

Online: 29 April 2020 (12:32:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0281.v1

Impact of COVID-19 on Local Markets: An Application of Garch and Markov-Switching Dynamic Regression

Olawale Abimbola, Chukwudi Ogbekile, Ehizokhale Oseghale

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Econometrics And Statistics Keywords: COVID-19; GARCH; ARCH; MSDR; Volatility

Online: 21 March 2022 (09:14:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0440.v1

COVID-19: A Drug Repurposing and Biomarker Identification by Using Comprehensive Gene-Disease Associations through Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis

Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV; novel corona virus; drug repurposing; chloroquine; high-risk group; asymptomatic

Online: 30 March 2020 (07:24:16 CEST)

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COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) is a pandemic disease with an estimated mortality rate of 3.4% (estimated by the WHO as of March 3, 2020). Until now there is no antiviral drug and vaccine for COVID-19. The current overwhelming situation by COVID-19 patients in hospitals is likely to increase in the next few months. About 15 percent of patients with serious disease in COVID-19 require immediate health services. Rather than waiting for new anti-viral drugs or vaccines that take a few months to years to develop and test, several researchers and public health agencies are attempting to repurpose medicines that are already approved for another similar disease and have proved to be fairly effective. This study aims to identify FDA approved drugs that can be used for drug repurposing and identify biomarkers among high- risk and asymptomatic groups. In this study gene-disease association related to COVID-19 reported mild, severe symptoms and clinical outcomes were determined. The high-risk group was studied related to SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and life cycle by using Disgenet and compared with curated COVID-19 gene data sets from the CTD database. The overlapped gene sets were enriched and the selected genes were constructed for protein-protein interaction networks. Through interactome, key genes were identified for COVID-19 and also for high risk and asymptomatic groups. The key hub genes involved in COVID-19 were VEGFA, TNF, IL-6, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, IL1B, TLR4, ICAM1, MMP9. The identified key genes were used for drug-gene interaction for drug repurposing. The chloroquine, lenalidomide, pentoxifylline, thalidome, sorafenib, pacitaxel, rapamycin, cortisol, statins were proposed to be probable drug repurposing candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. However, these predicted drug candidates need to be validated through randomized clinical trials. Also, a key gene involved in high risk and the asymptomatic group were identified, which can be used as probable biomarkers for early identification.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0062.v1

Relationship of Google Scholar Versions and Paper Citations

Marjan Mohammadjafari, Hadi Salehi, Kaveh Bakhtiyari, Nader Ale Ebrahim, Mahmoud Danaee, Masoud Shakiba, Masoomeh Shahbazi-Moghadam, Azam Zavvari

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: h-index; citations; published version; Scopus database; highly cited paper; bibliometrics

Online: 14 June 2017 (06:07:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0094.v1

How Plesiosaurs Swam: New Insights into Their Underwater Flight Using “Ava”, a Virtual Pliosaur

Max Hawthorne, Mark McMenamin, Paul De la Salle

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: aquatic reptiles; plesiosaurs; pliosaurs; swim kinematics; Strouhal numbers

Online: 9 October 2019 (08:05:38 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0009.v1

A Flexible Genome-Scale Resource of SARS-CoV-2 Coding Sequence Clones

Dae-Kyum Kim, Jennifer J. Knapp, Da Kuang, Patricia Cassonnet, Payman Samavarchi-Tehrani, Hala Abdouni, Ashyad Rayhan, Dayag Sheykhkarimli, Etienne Coyaud, Sylvie van der Werf, Caroline Demeret, Anne-Claude Gingras, Brian Raught, Yves Jacob, Frederick P. Roth

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; coding sequences; collections

Online: 2 April 2020 (04:15:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0467.v1

Proteomic Studies Reveal Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 as a Key Regulator Unifying Neurodevelopment and Synaptic Function

Adriana Ramos, Carmen Rodriguez-Seoane, Isaac Rosa, Irantzu Gorrono-Etxebarria, Jana Alonso, Sonia Veiga, Carsten Korth, Robert. M Kypta, Angel Garcia, Jesus R. Requena

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: DISC1, neurodevelopment, synapse, CRMP-2, MUNC18, syntaxin, NECAP1, proteomics

Online: 19 November 2018 (12:25:42 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0196.v1

Omicron Sublineages Current Status in Ecuador

Andrés Carrazco-Montalvo, Andrés Herrera-Yela, Damaris Alarcón-Vallejo, Diana Gutiérrez-Pallo, Isaac Armendáriz-Castillo, Derly Andrade-Molina, Karen Muñoz-Mawyin, Juan Carlos Fernández-Cadena, Gabriel Morey-León, Paúl Cárdenas, Rubén Armas-Gonzalez, Leandro Patiño

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; Omicron; Sublineages; Ecuador

Online: 21 April 2022 (08:24:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0104.v1

Community Peer Review: A Method to Bring Consent and Self-Determination into the Sciences

Max Liboiron, Alex Zahara, Ignace Schoot

Subject: Social Sciences, Other Keywords: ethics; community; refusal; consent; peer review; community peer review

Online: 7 June 2018 (07:35:48 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0089.v1

Sars-CoV-2 Envelope and Membrane Proteins: Differences from Closely Related Proteins Linked to Cross-species Transmission?

Martina Bianchi, Domenico Benvenuto, Marta Giovanetti, Silvia Angeletti, Massimo Ciccozzi, Stefano Pascarella

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2; Homology modelling; Envelope Membrane glycoprotein; Bat; Pangolin; Sars-CoV

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:09:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0238.v1

When Public Policy Is Guided by Misinformation: A Case Study in the Consequences of Fake News

Mickey Keenan, Karola Dillenburger

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: applied behaviour analysis; autism; policy; randomised controlled trials; fake news

Online: 28 March 2018 (12:40:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v2

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0388.v1

Agricultural Economic Production of Philippine Calamansi Industry: A Basis for Production Local Development Plan

Ma. Florisa Quijano, Gerald Quijano, Rowell Diaz

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: production; calamansi; Philippine Lime; development plan; Nueva Ecija; economics

Online: 17 February 2021 (12:29:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0460.v3

Concerns Raised on Blood Group Determinants in Plasma Membrane Interaction of the SARS-CoV-2

Klaus Fiedler

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: Glycans; Coronaviridae; COVID-19; Organ Tropism

Online: 12 April 2021 (14:31:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0010.v1

Identifying Hotspots of Peoples Diagnosed with Tuberculosis and Drug Addiction of Alcohol, Tobacco and other Drugs through a Geospatial Intelligence Application on Communities from Southern Brazil

Alessandro Rolim Scholze, Felipe Mendes Delpino, Luana Seles Alves, Josilene Dália Alves, Thaís Zamboni Berra, Antônio Carlos Vieira Ramos, Miguel Fuentealba-Torres, Inês Fronteira, Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Tuberculosis; Alcoholism; Illicit drugs; Tobacco use disorder; Spatial analysis

Online: 4 April 2022 (07:22:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0597.v1

An Analysis Review, Detection Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on Biosensor Application

Bakr Taha, Norhana Arsad, Yousif Al Mashhadany

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19 detection; biosensor application; COVID-19 transmission styles; sensors interaction; artificial intelligence

Online: 27 August 2020 (08:01:55 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0299.v1

Remdesivir: A Review of Its Discovery and Development Leading to Human Clinical Trials for Treatment of COVID-19

Richard T. Eastman, Jacob S. Roth, Kyle R. Brimacombe, Anton Simeonov, Min Shen, Samarjit Patnaik, Matthew D. Hall

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; remdesivir

Online: 17 April 2020 (13:02:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0546.v4

An Overview of Convolutional Neural Network: Its Architecture and Applications

Shadman Sakib, Nazib Ahmed, Ahmed Jawad Kabir, Hridon Ahmed

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep learning, Architecture, Applications

Online: 14 February 2019 (10:01:31 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0006.v1

COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Maintaining Optimal Zinc Balance Enhance Host Resistance?

Mohammed S. Razzaque

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: zinc; antiviral; COVID-19; pandemic; host resistance

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:30:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0065.v1

Advances in the Developing of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors

Laura Agost-Beltrán, Sergio de la Hoz-Rodríguez, Lledó Bou-Iserte, Santiago Rodríguez, Adrián Fernández-de-la-Pradilla, Florenci V. González

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; Main protease; Mpro; inhibitors

Online: 8 April 2022 (03:01:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0310.v1

The Hoverfly and the Wasp: A Critique of the Hallmarks of Aging as a Paradigm

David Gems, João Pedro de Magalhães

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: aging; geroscience; hallmarks; paradigm; senescence; theory

Online: 13 May 2021 (14:29:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0710.v1

Evaluation of the Effect of D614G, N501Y and S477N Mutation in SARS-CoV-2 through Computational Approach

Sarmilah Mathavan, Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; D614G; N501Y; S477N; mink; VOC 202012/01; B.1.1.7

Online: 28 December 2020 (17:00:23 CET)

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes an outbreak of COVID-19 disease in humans with the aid of spike protein. It consists of a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that recognizes and binds to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The aim of this study was to examine the mutational effect of spike protein on the sequence through an interaction study of the mutant spike protein and the human ACE2 protein at the structural level. A total of 17,227 spike proteins from Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, South America, and North America were compared to the Wuhan spike protein reference sequence (Wuhan-Hu-1). The structural and stability implications of D614G, N501Y, and S477N mutations were evaluated. The binding affinity between mutated RBD and human ACE2 protein was also studied. The D614G mutation may have originated in Germany, Europe based on the date of the first sample collection report. It is now widely circulated all over the world with most occurrences in North America. The mutations N501Y and S477N may have originated from Oceania based on the date of the first sample collection report and also have the highest occurrences in Oceania. Based on the computational analysis of mutational effects, the D614G, N501Y, and S477N mutations decreased stability and were tolerated. For disease propensity prediction, N501Y was more prone to disease compared to D614G, while S477N was not prone to disease. The mutation of D to G at position 614 and S to N at position 477 for secondary structure prediction shows no changes in secondary structure while remaining in the coil region, whereas the mutation of N to Y at position 501 changes from coil structure to extended strand. N501Y mutation has a higher affinity to human ACE2 protein compared to D614G and S477N based on a docking study. D614G spike mutation was identified to exist between the two hosts based on a comparison of SARS-CoV-2 derived between the mink and human. Further research is needed on the link between the mink mutation N501T and the mutation N501Y in humans, which has evolved as a separate variant.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0113.v1

Prevalence of Current Smoking and Association with Adverse Outcome in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Konstantinos Farsalinos, Konstantinos Poulas, Riccardo Polosa, Anastasia Barbouni, Pasquale Caponnetto, Raymond Niaura

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; inflammation; smoking; nicotine; hospitalization; adverse outcome

Online: 7 May 2020 (08:52:04 CEST)

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Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and effects of current smoking on adverse outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature (PubMed) for studies published until April 25. Studies were included into the analysis if they satisfied all of the following criteria: 1. To present hospitalized patients with COVID-19. 2. To classify patients into less and more severe disease, irrespective of the severity definition (defined as “adverse ourtcome”). 3. To present data on the smoking status, separately for each severity classification. We identified 18 (from a total of 1398) relevant studies. Pooled current smoking prevalence was compared with the gender-adjusted, population-based expected prevalence by calculating Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR). The association between current, compared to non-current and former, smoking and adverse outcome was examined by calculating Odds Ratio (OR). All analyses were performed using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Among 6515 patients, 440 of whom were current smokers, the pooled prevalence of current smoking was 6.8% (95%CI: 4.8-9.1%) and the POR was 0.21 (95%CI: 0.16-0.26, P < 0.001). In Chinese studies only, the POR was 0.22 (95%CI: 0.17-0.27, P < 0.001). Current smokers were more likely to have an adverse outcome compared to non-current smokers (OR: 1.53, 95%CI: 1.06-2.20, P = 0.022). However, they were less likely to have an adverse outcome compared to former smokers (OR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.27-0.74, P = 0.003). Conclusion: An unexpectedly low prevalence of current smoking was observed among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Hospitalized current smokers had higher odds compared to non-current smokers but lower odds compared to former smokers for an adverse outcome. The possibility that nicotine may have a protective effect in COVID-19 which may be masked by smoking-related toxicity and by the abrupt cessation of nicotine intake when smokers are hospitalized should be explored.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0353.v1

In Search of Feasible Interventions for the Prevention and Cure of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019

Sunil Kumar Verma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; Curcumin

Online: 24 March 2020 (03:16:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0500.v1

A Deep Analysis on the Impact and Statistics of Covid-19 in Kerala, India – A Meta-Analysis Study

Merin Dickson, Anjana Abhilash, Gayathri G Menon, Sapna Chandran

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; impact on society during COVID-19; behavioral impact of COVID-19; government policies against COVID-19; measures adopted by the government; COVID-19 Statistics; Infection rate and Data analysis

Online: 21 September 2020 (11:09:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0242.v1

Long-Haul COVID-19: Putative Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Treatments

Shin Jie Yong

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; long-haul; inflammation; tissue damage; drug repurposing

Online: 10 December 2020 (09:42:20 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Marine Red Alga Porphyridium sp. as a Source of Sulfated Polysaccharides (SPs) for Combating Against COVID-19

Vinod Nagle, Mahadev Gaikwad, Yogesh Pawar, Santanu Dasgupta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Anti-viral; Carrageenan; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Porphyridium; sulfated polysaccharides (SPs)

Online: 10 April 2020 (07:49:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0444.v1

On the Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on the Nigerian Stock Exchange performance: Evidence from GARCH Models

Monday Osagie Adenomon

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Probability And Statistics Keywords: NSE; COVID-19; QGARCH; EGARCH; Returns

Online: 24 April 2020 (14:00:19 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0084.v1

Nsp7 and Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 Are Envisaged as Potential Targets of Vitamin D and Ivermectin

Jhimli Dasgupta, Udayaditya Sen, Abhisek Bakshi, Abhijit Dasgupta, Krishnendu Manna, Chinmay Saha, Rajat K. De, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Nitai P. Bhattacharyya

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin D; Ivermectin; RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase; Spike glycoprotein; Knowledge based docking

Online: 5 May 2020 (15:18:30 CEST)

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COVID-19 has emerged as deadly pandemic worldwide with no vaccine or suitable antiviral drugs to prevent or cure the disease. Because of the time-consuming process to develop new vaccines or antiviral agents, there has been a growing interest in repurposing some existing drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2. Vitamin D is known to be protective against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia and cytokine storm. Recently it has been used as a repurposed drug for the treatment of H5N1 virus-induced lung injury. Circumstantial evidences indicate that people with low level of vitamin D are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Although, vitamin D was suggested to interfere with viral replication, its interaction with any SARS-CoV-2 protein is unexplored yet. Beside this, ivermectin, a well-known anti-parasitic agent, exhibits potent anti-viral activities in vitro against viruses such as HIV-1 and dengue. Very recently, ivermectin has been found to reduce viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. We have analyzed available structures of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to identify probable binding partner(s) of vitamin D and ivermectin through knowledge-based docking studies and figured out possible implication of their binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our observations suggest that the non-structural protein nsp7 possesses a potential site to house 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (VDY) or the active form of Vitamin D, calcitrol. Binding of vitamin D with nsp7 likely to hamper the formation of nsp7-nsp8 complex which is required to bind with RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), nsp12 for optimal function. On the other hand, potential binding site of ivermectin has been identified in the S2 subunit of trimeric spike(S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. We propose that deeply inserted mode of ivermectin binding at three inter-subunit junctions may restrict large scale conformational changes of S2 helices which is necessary for efficient fusion of viral and host membrane. Our study, therefore, opens up avenues for further investigations to consider vitamin D and ivermectin as potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0378.v1

Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Features of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, Estefanía Gutiérrez-Ocampo, Rhuvi Villamizar-Peña, Yeimer Holguin-Rivera, Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana, Lucia Elena Alvarado-Arnez, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Andrés F. Henao-Martinez, Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi, Guillermo J. Lagos-Grisales, Eduardo Ramírez-Vallejo, Jose A. Suárez, Lysien I. Zambrano, Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez, Ali A. Rabaan, Harapan Harapan, Kuldeep Dhama, Hiroshi Nishiura, Hiromitsu Kataoka, Tauseef Ahmad, Ranjit Sah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; clinical features; laboratory; outcomes; epidemic.

Online: 25 February 2020 (12:19:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0031.v1

Organ-on-Chip In Development:Towards a roadmap for Organs-on-Chip

M. Mastrangeli, S. Millet, the ORCHID partners, J. van den Eijnden-van Raaij

Subject: Engineering, Bioengineering Keywords: Organ-on-Chip, tissue engineering, microfluidic technology

Online: 4 March 2019 (10:11:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0546.v2

Aerosol Particles Laden with Viruses That Cause COVID-19 Travel Over 30m Distance

Boris Gorbunov

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; face masks; aerosol; infection transmission route; weather conditions; viral load; exposure; dose

Online: 21 May 2020 (04:05:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0183.v1

A Novel Non-Invasive Selection Criterion for the Preservation of Primitive Dutch Konik Horses

Sharon May-Davis, Wendy Y Brown, Kathleen Shorter, Zefanja Vermeulen, Raquel Butler, Marianne Koekkoek

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Dutch Konik; Metacarpal; Metatarsal; primitive horse; splint bones; Tarpan

Online: 29 November 2017 (07:01:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0306.v1

Compared Anatomy and Histology between Mus musculus Mice (Swiss) and Rattus norvegicus Rats (Wistar)

Giorgio Silva-Santana, Fábio Aguiar-Alves, Licínio Esmeraldo Silva, Maria Lúcia Barreto, Jemima Fuentes Ribeiro Silva, Alexia Gonçalves, Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi, Kátia Calvi Lenzi-Almeida

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: anatomy; histology; mice; Mus musculus; rat; Rattus norvegicus

Online: 27 July 2019 (01:19:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0005.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Mohammed Uddin, Farah Mustafa, Tahir A. Rizvi, Tom Loney, Hanan Al Suwaidi, Ahmad Al Marzouqi, Afaf Kamal Eldin, Nabeel Alsabeeha, Thomas E. Adrian, Cesare Stefanini, Norbert Nowotny, Alawi Alsheikh-Ali, Abiola C. Senok

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Pandemic; Viral Genomics

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:22:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0078.v1

COVID-19 and Importance of Social Distancing

Fahim Aslam

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: COVID-19; R0; WHO; social distancing; H1N1; H2N2; influenza

Online: 7 April 2020 (02:48:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0024.v1

Potential Inhibitors Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity (NSP12) of SARS-CoV-2

Zijing Ruan, Chao Liu, Yuting Guo, Zhenqing He, Xinhe Huang, Xu Jia, Tai Yang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nonstructural proteins (NSP); NSP12; NSP7; NSP8; virtual screening; inhibitor

Online: 2 March 2020 (03:11:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0620.v1

Impacts of COVID-19 on the Horticultural Industry

Pulkit Marwah, Yu Yvette Zhang, Mengmeng Gu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Horticulture Keywords: COVID-19, Gardening Industry, COVID-19, gardening industry, horticulture, nursery and landscape, business survey

Online: 28 July 2021 (10:26:00 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

A Literature Review of 2019 Novel Coronavirus During the Early Outbreak Period: Epidemiology, Causes, Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis, Prevention and Control

Sasmita Poudel Adhikari, Sha Meng, Yuju Wu, Yuping Mao, Ruixue Ye, Qingzhi Wang, Chang Sun, Sean Sylvia, Scott Rozelle, Hein Raat, Huan Zhou

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: 2019-nCoV; epidemiology; causes; prevention and control; review

Online: 6 February 2020 (08:54:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0104.v1

Cyber Risk in IoT Systems

Petar Radanliev, David Charles De Roure, Carsten Maple, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Uchenna Ani

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: cyber risk; Internet of Things; cyber risk impact assessment; cyber risk estimation; cyber risk insurance

Online: 8 March 2019 (08:50:49 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0044.v1

Opportunities for Biomanufacturing in Low Earth Orbit: Current Status and Future Directions

Marc Giulianotti, Arun Sharma, Rachel Clemens, Orquidea Garcia, Lansing Taylor, Nicole Wagner, Kelly Shepard, Anjali Gupta, Siobhan Malany, Alan Grodzinsky, Mary Kearns-Jonker, Devin Mair, Deok-Ho Kim, Michael Roberts, Jeanne Loring, Jianying Hu, Lara Warren, Sven Eenmaa, Joe Bozada, Eric Paljug, Mark Roth, Donald Taylor, Gary Rodrigue, Patrick Cantini, Amelia Smith, William Wagner

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: microgravity, stem cells, microphysiological systems, organoids, biofabrication, biomanufacturing, space

Online: 2 August 2021 (13:29:43 CEST)

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In humankind’s endeavor to explore beyond our planet and travel further into space, we are now at the threshold of an era in which it is possible to move to and from low Earth orbit (LEO) with increasing ease and reduced cost. Through the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory, investigators from industry, academia, and government can easily access the unique LEO environment on the ISS to conduct research and development (R&D) activities in ways not possible on Earth. A key advantage of the LEO environment for life sciences research is the ability to conduct experiments in sustained microgravity conditions. The ability to conduct long-term research in microgravity enables opportunities for novel, fundamental studies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, including research on stem cell proliferation and differentiation, biofabrication, and disease modeling using microphysiological systems (MPS) that build on prior research using simulated microgravity conditions (Grimm, D., et al. 2018). Over the last decade, space-based research has demonstrated that microgravity informs our knowledge of fundamental biology and accelerates advancements in health care and medical technologies (International Space Station 2019). The benefits provided by conducting biomedical research in LEO may lead to breakthroughs not achievable on Earth. We are now at a transition point, in which nations are changing their approach to space-based R&D. The focus is shifting from government-funded fundamental science toward the expansion of privately funded R&D with terrestrial application and economic value that will drive a robust marketplace for innovation and manufacturing in LEO. Making this long-term transition requires public-private participation and near-term funding to support critical R&D to leverage the benefits of the LEO environment and de-risk space-based research. Studies conducted on the ISS over the past several years have indicated that one area with potential significant economic value and benefit to life on Earth is space-based biomanufacturing, or the use of biological and nonbiological materials to produce commercially relevant biomolecules and biomaterials for use in preclinical, clinical, and therapeutic applications. We must take advantage of the remaining lifetime of the ISS as a valuable LEO platform to demonstrate this economic value and Earth benefit. By facilitating access to the space station, the ISS National Lab is uniquely positioned to enable the R&D necessary to bridge the gap between the initial discovery phase of space-based biomedical research and the development of a sustainable, investment-worthy biomanufacturing market in LEO supported by future commercial platforms. Through a joint effort, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), which manages the ISS National Lab, and the University of Pittsburgh’s McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine brought together thought leaders from around the U.S. for a Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium that consisted of a series of working sessions to review data from past space-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research, discuss relevant current space-based R&D in this area, and consider potential future markets to address the questions: What are the most promising opportunities to leverage the ISS to advance space-based biomanufacturing moving forward? What are the current gaps or barriers that, if overcome, could clear pathways toward private investment in LEO as a valued site for research, development, and production activity? And, most importantly: For which opportunities do the most compelling value propositions exist? The goal of the Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium was to help identify the specific areas in which government and industry investment would be most likely to stimulate advancements that overcome barriers. This would lead to a more investment-ready landscape for private interests to enter the market and fuel exponential growth. The symposium was meant to serve as the first step in developing a roadmap to a sustainable market for biomanufacturing in space. The symposium identified and prioritized multiple key R&D opportunities to advance space-based biomanufacturing. These opportunities fall in the areas of disease modeling, stem cells and stem-cell-derived products, and biofabrication. Additionally, symposium participants highlighted the critical need for additional data to help validate and de-risk these opportunities and concluded that approaches such as automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning will be needed to produce and capture the required data. Symposium participants also came to a consensus that public-private partnerships and funding will be needed to advance the opportunities toward a biomanufacturing marketplace in LEO. This paper will summarize the current state of the science and technology on the ISS and in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; provide an overview of biomanufacturing R&D in space to date; review the goals of the Biomanufacturing in Space Symposium; highlight the key commercial opportunities and gaps identified during the symposium; provide information on potential market sizes; and briefly discuss the next steps in developing a roadmap to biomanufacturing in space.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Detection of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Based on Deep Features and Support Vector Machine

Prabira Kumar Sethy, Santi Kumari Behera, Pradyumna Kumar Ratha, Preesat Biswas

Subject: Engineering, Electrical And Electronic Engineering Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; diagnosis; deep features; SVM

Online: 22 April 2020 (05:58:22 CEST)

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The detection of coronavirus (COVID-19) is now a critical task for the medical practitioner. The coronavirus spread so quickly between people and approaches 100,000 people worldwide. In this consequence, it is very much essential to identify the infected people so that prevention of spread can be taken. In this paper, the deep feature plus support vector machine (SVM) based methodology is suggested for detection of coronavirus infected patient using X-ray images. For classification, SVM is used instead of deep learning based classifier, as the later one need a large dataset for training and validation. The deep features from the fully connected layer of CNN model are extracted and fed to SVM for classification purpose. The SVM classifies the corona affected X-ray images from others. The methodology consists of three categories of Xray images, i.e., COVID-19, pneumonia and normal. The method is beneficial for the medical practitioner to classify among the COVID-19 patient, pneumonia patient and healthy people. SVM is evaluated for detection of COVID-19 using the deep features of different 13 number of CNN models. The SVM produced the best results using the deep feature of ResNet50. The classification model, i.e. ResNet50 plus SVM achieved accuracy, sensitivity, FPR and F1 score of 95.33%,95.33%,2.33% and 95.34% respectively for detection of COVID-19 (ignoring SARS, MERS and ARDS). Again, the highest accuracy achieved by ResNet50 plus SVM is 98.66%. The result is based on the Xray images available in the repository of GitHub and Kaggle. As the data set is in hundreds, the classification based on SVM is more robust compared to the transfer learning approach. Also, a comparison analysis of other traditional classification method is carried out. The traditional methods are local binary patterns (LBP) plus SVM, histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) plus SVM and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) plus SVM. In traditional image classification method, LBP plus SVM achieved 93.4% of accuracy.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0130.v1

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Veterinary Medical Students

Mohamed Mahdy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: Academic performance; COVID-19; veterinary; online learning

Online: 11 June 2020 (09:55:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0007.v1

The Hype and Disruptive Technologies of Industry 4.0 in Major Industrial Sectors: A State of the Art

Ocident Bongomin

Subject: Engineering, Industrial And Manufacturing Engineering Keywords: 3D printing; Agriculture 4.0; Artificial of intelligence; Blockchain; Big Data; Coronavirus; Education 4.0; Energy 4.0; Finance 4.0; Globalization 4.0; Healthcare 4.0; Industry 4.0 technologies; Internet of Things; Learning Factory; Logistic 4.0

Online: 2 June 2020 (15:02:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0681.v1

Asymptomatic COVID-19; We Don’t Know What We Don’t Know

Olen R. Brown

Subject: Social Sciences, Government Keywords: asymptomatic disease; communicability; COVID-19; death rate; Ro; SARS-CoV-2; social distancing; transmission rate; infection rate; quarantine

Online: 28 July 2020 (11:57:26 CEST)

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Decisions affecting the COVID-19 pandemic, by the individual and those with highest authority, are being made on the basis of unreliable data. Data about cases and deaths are collected daily but represent only a sample of reality. Statistics convert sample data into more reliable estimates. However, statistics have no magical powers; reliability requires dependable data. It is futile to rail against this darkness; COVID-19 is not a scientific experiment. However, we must do better both with data collection and data analysis. In this review, I focus on one element of the data, the asymptomatic case of COVID-19. Without reliable information about this number, decision makers are significantly blinded. By its nature, the asymptomatic case is hidden but contaminating to understanding COVID-19. The true case rate and death rate per case are unknowable without knowing the fraction of cases that are asymptomatic. The best estimate of asymptomatic cases is in the CDC document: COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios. For four different scenarios the estimates range from 10% to 70%, with the best estimate of 40% for asymptomatic cases. However, even the definition of the asymptomatic case is problematic. In simplest terms, two elements are required: an infection and no symptoms. How is “no symptoms” to be usefully defined? It appears to be analogous to pontificating about black swans from studying only white swans. It implies infection, but how is infection defined? Is it presence of the virus, replication of the virus, or presence of antibodies? Is asymptomatic disease an oxymoron? Without extensive, purposeful screening for specifically defined, essential symptoms and appropriate virus and antibody testing over time, the class of asymptomatic cases remains unknown. Current estimates range from <20% to ˃80%. If low, it can be ignored; if high, it dramatically and proportionately lowers the case rate and the death rate per case. Consequentially, the asymptomatic rate dramatically affects our societal and political responses. In this focused review, we assess the limitations of the published estimates, bring attention to the importance of obtaining accurate data, and exhort that high priority be given in the scientific community to understanding the issue, asymptomatic COVID-19 cases.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0297.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Central Nervous System of a 1-Year-Old Infant Submitted to Complete Autopsy

Ismael Carlos Gomes, Karina Karmirian, Julia Oliveira, Carolina Pedrosa, Fernando Colonna Rosman, Leila Chimelli, Stevens Rehen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; CNS; infant; Choroid plexus

Online: 13 September 2020 (16:16:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0004.v1

Artificial Intelligence for Microscopy: What You Should Know

Lucas von Chamier, Romain F. Laine, Ricardo Henriques

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: artificial intelligence; machine learning; live-cell imaging; super-resolution microscopy; classification; segmentation

Online: 1 February 2019 (09:00:39 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0407.v1

Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19

Patrick Holford, Anitra Carr, Thomas H. Jovic, Stephen R. Ali, Iain S. Whitaker, Paul Marik, David Smith

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; vitamin C; ascorbate; colds; pneumonia; sepsis; immunonutrition; supplementation

Online: 20 October 2020 (10:51:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0030.v1

A Study of Gender Discrimination Faced by Professional Women in Pakistan: A Case Study of Rahim Yar Khan Region

Muhammad Sabil Farooq , Yuan Tong Kai, Nazia Feroze

Subject: Social Sciences, Gender And Sexuality Studies Keywords: Pakistan; Rahim Yar Khan; female employment; gender discrimination

Online: 2 October 2019 (10:52:18 CEST)

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As a traditional Muslim country, the problem of gender discrimination in employment among women in Pakistan is more common. If we let it develop without taking measures, it will seriously restrict the speed and quality of Pakistan’s domestic economic development in the long run. In this study, the author obtained the first-hand information on the employment status of professional women in the Rahim Yar Khan region of Pakistan through questionnaire survey, supplemented by the public data of the Federal Statistical Office of Pakistan, and combined with the existing research results of the predecessors. Sex discrimination in employment of professional women in Pakistan. Through the collection of the data obtained from the questionnaire, the author found that economic factors are one of the main factors that cause local women to encounter gender discrimination in employment. Specifically, it includes the imbalance of labor supply and demand and the pursuit of maximum profits. At the same time, the traditional Muslim culture, women's own literacy and the imperfect legal system in Pakistan are also the key factors that cause female employees in the local area to encounter gender discrimination in employment. Women’s gender discrimination in employment is a universal problem. In any country in the world, gender discrimination may exist as long as women are involved in the work. Based on Pakistan's basic national conditions and relevant professional knowledge, the author provides several suggestions for eliminating the problem of gender discrimination in employment for local female employees in Pakistan. 1) The Pakistani government should further promote the domestic economic growth, increase the number of jobs, and ease the imbalance between the supply and demand of labor. At the same time, encourage self-employment and provide corresponding policy support. A variety of measures are also intended to address local gender discrimination in employment for women. 2) The government's leadership accelerates the transformation of the concept of the whole society. On the one hand, it requires the whole society to correctly understand the social status and social contribution of women, and strives to bring the concept of equality between men and women into the hearts of the people. It is intended to encourage qualified women to go out of the family to participate in social work. At the same time, correctly guide corporate values. Enterprises should not unilaterally pursue the maximization of interests, and should take the initiative to assume social responsibilities. 3) Women should also actively and consciously improve their literacy. Including not only active learning advanced cultural knowledge and professional skills. For the professional skills that have already been mastered, you must study harder and make yourself more and more progressive. At the same time, families should guarantee that girls of the appropriate age receive the education they deserve, so that they can gather their strengths in the workplace in the future.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0160.v1

COVID-19 and Kawasaki Like Disease: The Known-Known, the Unknown-Known and the Unknown-Unknown

Aurélie Morand, Diego Urbina, Alexandre Fabre

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: Sars-Cov2; Covid-19; Children; Kawasaki disease; toxic shock syndrome

Online: 9 May 2020 (09:01:24 CEST)

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In the end of April nearly 100 cases of children aged between 6 month and 9 years with Kawasaki like disease were reported (mostly in Europe) probably linked to COVID-19. With the increasing awareness of this condition the number of cases reported is increasing worldwide. We aim to sum up the known data about this new entity based on published data (in a case report, a series of 8 cases and in newspapers and society statement) and using our knowledge of classical Kawasaki disease. It seems to be a post infectious disease with an onset between 2-4 weeks after the infection, probably in genetically predisposed children aged between 6 month to 17 years. A very rough estimation of incidence based on current data from Bergamo, Italy, and New York State and a lot assumption is between 0.016% (95% CI:0.013-0.02%) - 0.31% (95% CI: 0.2-0.47%) of infected children. Clinical signs overlaps with Kawasaki disease in some children, but another feature is prominent gastrointestinal manifestations. For the 9 detailed patients most had incomplete presentation for Kawasaki disease (with a mean 1.7 (+/-1.2) criteria per patient for the 5 non fever criterion) and only one had a classical form. In some cases, presentation is closer to toxic shock syndrome or isolated myocarditis. Persistent fever seems to be constant and biological exploration are consistent with inflammation (elevated CRP, ferritin and D-Dimers). Management is described as supportive and children seem to improve rapidly, but can require cardiac or respiratory support. In date of 11 may 2020 there is 4 deaths confirmed linked to these new entities (1 in UK and 3 in New York). Paediatricians and general practitioners need to be aware of these possible evolution following COVID-19 infection. However it seems to be rare and children are probably still spared from most morbidities and mortality linked to COVID-19 infection .There are need of published detailed cohorts to better delineate these entities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0113.v1

Chronic Fatigue and Dis-Autonomy following COVID-19 Vaccination is Distinguished from Normal Vaccination Response by Altered Blood Markers

Amelie Semmler, Anna Katharina Mundorf, Anna Sabrina Kuechler, Karin Schulze-Bosse, Harald Heidecke, Kai Schulze-Forster, Matthias Schott, Markus Uhrberg, Sandra Weinhold, Karl J. Lackner, Marc Pawlitzki, Sven Guenther Meuth, Fritz Boege, Jana Ruhrländer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Post-Acute COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome; PACVS, G-protein-coupled receptor; receptor antibody; interleukin-6; dis-autonomy; chronic fatigue.

Online: 4 September 2023 (07:14:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0030.v1

Ripening Efficacy of Kamias Fruit (Averroah Billimbi) for Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata)

Joseph Dave Pregoner, Jake Condez, Minlyn Duhig, James Gallera, Francis Cofreros, James Ohina, Borgy Llerone Sandoy, Hillary Bantayan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi); Ripening; Cavendish Banana (Musa acuminata); Experimental; Davao City

Online: 3 May 2020 (07:40:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0027.v1

Robots to the Rescue: A Review of Studies on Differential Medical Diagnosis Employing Ontology-Based Chat Bot Technology

Bosede Iyiade Edwards, Idris Oladele Muniru, Adrian David Cheok

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: chatbot technology; ontology-based systems; expert systems; diagnosis; conversational agents; robotics; human-robot interaction; physician-patient relationship; intelligent agents

Online: 6 December 2016 (04:46:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0034.v5

SARS-CoV2 Variants and Vaccines mRNA Spikes Fibonacci Numerical UA/CG Metastructures

Jean-Claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV2; Biomathematics; vaccine; variants; mRNA; Fibonacci; numerical standing waves

Online: 20 April 2021 (10:05:55 CEST)

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ABSTRACT. In this paper, we suggest a biomathematical numerical method for analysing mRNA nucleotides sequences based on UA/CG Fibonacci numbers proportions. This method is used to evaluate then compare the spike genes related to the main SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS currently circulating within the world population. The 10 main results proposed to be reproduced by peers are: 1/ SARS-CoV2 genome and spike evolution in one year 2020-2021. 2/ SARS-CoV2 Origins. 3/ Comparing 11 reference variants spikes. 4/ analysing 32 CAL.20C California variant patients spikes. 5/ Toward a meta mRNA Fibonacci gene end message code. 6/ Analysing S501 UK, S484 South Africa and « 2 mutations » INDIA variants. 7/ Suggesting a possible variants spike mRNA palindrome symmetry metastructure improving mRNA stability then infectiousness. 8/ Analysing Fibonacci Metastructures in the mRNA coding for the vaccines PFIZER and MODERNA. 9/ Does the CG-rich modification of the synonymous codons of the spikes of the 2 mRNA vaccines affect the expression and quantity of SARS-CoV2 antibodies? 10/ The exceptional case of the Brazilian variant P.1. Particularly, we suggest the following conjecture at mRNA folding level : CONJECTURE of SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS: The growth of long Fibonacci structures in the shape of "podiums" for almost all of the variants studied (UK, California, South Africa, India, etc.) suggests the probable folding of the Spike mRNA in the form of a "hairpin", which can strengthen the cohesion and the lifespan of this mRNA. Finally, we show that these kinds of Fibonacci matastructures disapear TOTALLY by analysing the published mRNA sequences of PFIZER and MODERNA vaccines. One fact is certain, the two mRNAs of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines will result in a low functionality of the spike vaccine. This is because their designers by seeking greater stability, have doped to build CG rich sequences which, as soon as they are inserted into the human host, will, paradoxically, seek to mutate, like SARS-CoV2 variants, towards CG ==> UA forms in order to improve their STABILITY and LIFETIME. We conclude using new biomathematics theoretical methods (Master code and numerical standing waves), and comparing the Spikes of the two vaccines Moderna and Pfizer, that there will be very probable differences in stability and shelf life of the two respective mRNAs vaccines. However, “State of the Art” analyzes will disclose that their two protein sequences are strictly identical. By modified their synonymous codons using different strategies, no one can guarantee that the quantity of antibodies generated will be identical in the two cases. We wish to draw attention to the great ADAPTATION power - at the global scale of their genomes - of the most infectious VARIANTS, such as the BRAZIL 20J / 501Y.V3 variant (P.1). This is very worrying for the VACCINES <==> VARIANTS run: We demonstrate how the Brazilian variant P.1 which becomes uncontrollable in Brazil in April 2021 has a level of organization of long metastructures of 17,711 bases covering the genome which is 3.6 more important than that of the 2 reference genomes SARS-CoV2 and worldwide D614G. We suggest that this high level of overall structure of this variant contributes to the stability of this genome and, might explain its greater contagiousness.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0029.v1

Cell-Based Blood Biomarkers for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Daniel Missailidis, Oana Sanislav, Claire Allan, Sarah Annesley, Paul Fisher

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis; Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; mitochondria; Complex V; TORC1; Seahorse respirometry; biomarker; diagnosis; ME/CFS

Online: 3 February 2020 (10:36:05 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0332.v1

Instability of Nucleic Acids in Airborne Microorganisms under Far Infrared Radiation

Wei-Hong Huang, En-Jing Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: nucleic acids; airborne microorganisms; far infrared radiation; RNA virus

Online: 23 February 2020 (15:51:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0411.v1

COVID-19 Crisis: An Update on the Disruption of Clinical trials

Vijay Kumar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Clinical Trials; disruption; non-COVID-19 clinical trials; drugs; therapeutic area

Online: 25 May 2020 (11:17:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0307.v1

Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals That the Reproductive System is Potentially at Risk from SARS-CoV-2

Jiawei Zhang, Yuqi Wu, Rui Wang, Keshi Lu, Menjiang Tu, Huan Guo, Weijie Xie, Zizhen Qin, Shulin Li, Pei Zhu, Xiangwei Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; reproductive system; single-cell RNA-seq

Online: 21 February 2020 (08:09:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0153.v1

Viruses, Vaccines and the Race for a Covid-19 Vaccine: A Tutorial

Subramani Mani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Virus; Vaccine; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus; Covid-19; Covid-19 vaccine

Online: 7 September 2020 (03:46:59 CEST)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Exploring Potential Super Infection in SARS-CoV2 by Genome-Wide Analysis and Receptor–Ligand Docking

Chuanjun Shu, Xuan Huang, Juergen Brosius, Cheng Deng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV2; spike; receptor–ligand docking; super infection

Online: 20 March 2020 (08:30:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0393.v1

Sentinel-1 SLC Preprocessing Workflow for Polarimetric Applications: A Generic Practice for Generating Dual-pol Covariance Matrix Elements in SNAP S-1 Toolbox

Dipankar Mandal, Divya Sekhar Vaka, Narayana Rao Bhogapurapu, V. S. K. Vanama, Vineet Kumar, Yalamanchili S. Rao, Avik Bhattacharya

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: Sentinel-1; PolSAR; synthetic aperture radar; earth observation; SNAP

Online: 30 November 2019 (11:39:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0316.v1

Multi-temporal Crop Type and Field Boundary Classification with Google Earth Engine

Michael Marszalek, Maximilian Lösch, Marco Körner, Urs Schmidhalter

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Precision farming; Crop type mapping; Digital agriculture; Sentinel-2; Random Forest; SVM; Field boundaries; Canny; Simple non-iterative clustering

Online: 19 April 2020 (03:14:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0073.v1

Food as Commons or Commodity? Exploring the Links between Normative Valuations and Agency in Food Transition

Jose Luis Vivero-Pol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: food valuation; food as commons; food as commodity; transition theory; narratives of transition; agency in transition; transformative agency; counter-hegemonic attitudes; gradual reformers

Online: 16 January 2017 (04:17:20 CET)

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The food system, the most important driver of planetary transformation, is in a deep crisis. Therefore, seeking a sustainable and socially-fair transition pathway becomes an issue of utmost priority for our own survival. The consideration of food as a commodity, a social construct that played a central role in driving this crisis, remains the uncontested narrative to lead the different transition pathways what seems rather contradictory. By exploring the normative values in the transition landscape, this paper seeks to understand how relevant is the hegemonic narrative of “food as commodity” and its alternative of “food as commons” to determine transition trajectories and food policy beliefs. Applying the Multi-level Perspective framework and developing the ill-studied “agency in transition”, this research enquired food-related professionals that belong to an online community of practice (N=95) on valuation of food dimensions and agency in food transitions to check whether the valuation of food is relevant to explain personal stances in transition. Results suggest the socially-constructed view of food as commodity is positively correlated to the gradual reforming attitude, whereas food as commons is positively correlated to the counter-hegemonic transformers regardless the self-defined position in the transition landscape (regime or niches). At personal level, there are multiple loci of resistance with counter-hegemonic attitudes in varied institutions of the regime and the innovative niches, many of them holding this discourse of food as commons. Conversely, alter-hegemonic attitudes are not positively correlated to this alternative discourse and they may inadvertently or purportedly reinforce the ‘‘neoliberal narrative’’. Food as commons, a different narrative whose rationale is explained in the paper, seems to be a relevant framework that could enrich the multiple transformative constituencies that challenge the industrial food system and therefore facilitate the convergence of movements that reject the commodification of food.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0028.v1

Diversity-Generated Image Inpainting with Style Extraction

Weiwei Cai, Zhanguo Wei

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: deep learning; generative adversarial networks; image inpainting; diversity inpainting

Online: 3 December 2019 (12:04:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0291.v1

Co-infection of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Influenza: A Report from Iran

Zohre Khodamoradi, Mohsen Moghadami, Mehrzad Lotfi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: co-infection; coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19; influenza

Online: 19 March 2020 (02:00:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0125.v1

Impact of Partial lockdown on Time-Dependent Effective Reproduction Number of COVID-19 infection in Ghana: Application of change point analysis

Joseph Armachie, Agnes Adom-Konadu, Morrison Asiamah, Duah Dwomoh

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Applied Mathematics Keywords: COVID-19; Effective reproductive number; Lockdown.

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:25:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0399.v1

Preliminary Case Report on the SARS-CoV-2 Cluster in the UK, France, and Spain

Emma B. Hodcroft

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 hCOV-19 coronavirus epidemiology contact-tracing cluster outbreak epidemic

Online: 27 February 2020 (11:08:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0230.v1

Machine Learning: A Review of Learning Types

Shagan Sah

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Machine Learning

Online: 11 July 2020 (04:46:12 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0093.v2

Bioaerosol Size Effect in COVID-19 Transmission

Marcelo I. Guzman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; virus, bioaerosol; social distancing; aerodynamic size; infection

Online: 22 April 2020 (05:54:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0155.v1

COVID-19 Testing: Challenges, Limitations and Suggestions for Improvement

Emily Hu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; False-negative; Nucleic Acid Test; Screening; Diagnostic Accuracy; Missed Diagnosis; Epidemic; Infectious Disease

Online: 9 April 2020 (14:37:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0516.v1

Comparative Analysis of C++ and Python in Terms of Memory and Time

Farzeen Zehra, Maha Javed, Darakhshan Khan, Maria Pasha

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: benefits; c++; comparative study; execution speed; memory management; python

Online: 21 December 2020 (11:57:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0731.v1

High CD169 Monocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Reflects the Immunophenotyping Disruption and Predicts Oxygen Need in COVID-19 Patients

Antonella Minutolo, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Marco Iannetta, Martina Giudice, Ines Ait Belkacem, Marta Zordan, Pietro Vitale, Guido Rasi, Sinibaldi-Vallebona Paola, Loredana Sarmati, Massimo Andreoni, Fabrice Malergue, Emanuela Balestrieri, Sandro Grelli, Matteucci Claudia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cytokine storm; COVID-19; CD169; inflammation; respiratory outcome; T-cell exhaustion; COVID-19 therapy

Online: 31 May 2021 (10:28:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0146.v25

A Proof Of The Riemann Hypothesis Based On A New Expression Of The Completed Zeta Function

Weicun Zhang

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: Riemann Hypothesis (RH); Proof; Completed zeta function

Online: 17 April 2023 (04:41:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0091.v1

COVID-19: A Review on Molecular Basis, Pathogenic Mechanisms, Therapeutic Aspects and Future Projections

Muneeb Faiq, Ashutosh Kumar, Himanshu Singh, Vikas Pareek, Rizwana Qadri, Khursheed Raza, Chiman Kumari, Ravi Narayan, Pavan Kumar, Maheswari Kulandhasamy, Sada Pandey

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; Pneumonia; COVID-19; Virus; Flu; Vaccine; Epidemic; Pandemic

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:15:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0185.v1

One Year of COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Fatality Ratio and Infection Fatality Ratio. A Systematic Analysis of 219 Countries and Territories

Mikhail Teppone

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Mortality rate; CFR; IFR; Case fatality ratio; Infection fatality ratio

Online: 8 July 2021 (10:00:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2030081

Atmospheric Temperature and CO<sub>2</sub>: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Zbigniew Kundzewicz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: temperature; global warming; greenhouse gases; atmospheric CO₂ concentration

Online: 14 September 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0300.v1

How Cadaver Bone Transplants Mineralize and Sclerotic Bone Fails

Gregory Steiner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: allograft, xenograft, inflammation, sclerotic bone, implant failure, antigenic ossification

Online: 15 October 2018 (10:39:43 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0209.v1

Heart Rate Variability in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019

Christoph Baumann, Reiner Buchhorn, Christian Willaschek

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19 virus disease; Autonomic nervous system; Electrocardiography; Heart rate

Online: 12 May 2020 (12:22:06 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0024.v1

Emergence of Drift Variants That May Affect COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Antibody Treatment

Takahiko Koyama, Dilhan Weeraratne, Jane L. Snowdon, Laxmi Parida

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-nCoV-2; vaccine; antibody; immune escape; variant; spike protein; genomic drift; convalescent plasma

Online: 3 April 2020 (04:24:52 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0512.v1

The Structure of the Membrane Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Resembles the Sugar Transporter semiSWEET

Sunil Thomas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; virus; sugar transporter; SemiSWEET; membrane glycoprotein

Online: 29 April 2020 (14:06:19 CEST)

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