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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0602.v2

Symptoms and Underlying Diseases Associated with the Hospitalization Period of 3480 Covid-19 Patients in Hormozgan, Iran

Hesamuddin Kamalzadeh Takhti, Mahdieh Ardaneh, Shahram Zare, Maryam Rezaei Sarkhaei, Ehsan Amiri-Ardekani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; hospitalization period; respiratory disease; Hormozgan

Online: 10 May 2021 (12:34:09 CEST)

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Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 has a relationship with patients’ demographic characteristics as well as their underlying diseases. This research has been conducted to evaluate factors' effect on Covid-19 patient's hospitalization rate and period in Hormozgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: The inclusion criteria of this retrospective study included all patients diagnosed as COVID-19 Patients after PCR who were referred to Covid-19 hospitals from February 2020 to June 2020 in Hormozgan province, Iran. After the completion of the consent form and observing ethical principles, 3480 patients' information was collected through the interview by Medical care monitoring center unit experts. The checklist was designed according to COVID-19 guidelines and approved by the World Health Organization and Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The studied variables included gender, age, patients’ residence place, smoking history and medications use history, pregnancy, referral type to hospital, contact history with COVID-19 patients, early symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, intubation, Po2 level, history of cancer, chronic liver diseases, diabetes, chronic blood diseases, HIV/AIDS, acquired or congenital immunodeficiency, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney diseases, dialysis status, asthma and other chronic lung diseases, and chronic neurological disorders. These data were analyzed using descriptive (average-standard deviation-percentage) and analytical (including Chi-square, t-test, and regression tests) statistics with SPSS Ver.23 software. Results: In this study, 3480 COVID-19 patients including 1852 male patients (53.20%) with a median age of 43.11±21.72 and 1628 female patients (46/80%) with a median age of 44.86±22.40. The median age of men was significantly lower than the women's median age (P= 0.02). The duration of hospitalization of male and female patients was reported 2.64±4.14 and 2.76±4.297, respectively which was not statistically significant. The death rate of patients in our study was 6.6%. Conclusion: The results of this study also showed that the hospitalization period of HIV-positive patients and patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases is much longer than other people, which imposes many human and financial costs on the country's health care system. Therefore, to maintain individual health and help improve the critical condition of the virus, it is better to develop and apply stricter protocols to prevent further outbreaks of the disease and check underlying diseases of people suspected to have Covid-19. These results can improve health care system planning and improving medical services presented to covid-19 patients.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0474.v1

Socioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Confirmed Infection Across Three Waves. A Multilevel Approach in a Southern European Region

Isabel Aguilar-Palacio, Lina Maldonado, Sara Malo, Raquel Sánchez-Recio, Iván Marcos-Campos, Rosa Magallón-Botaya, MªJosé Rabanaque

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus infection; inequalities; socioeconomic factors.

Online: 20 May 2021 (10:21:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0024.v1

Clusters of Hepatitis of Unknown Origin and Etiology (Acute Non HepA–E Hepatitis) Among Children in 2021/2022: A Review of the Current Findings

Malik Sallam, Azmi Mahafzah, Gülşen Özkaya Şahin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Outbreak; novel; unknown hepatitis; unknown aetiology; public health promotion

Online: 5 May 2022 (08:02:13 CEST)

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Several clusters and individual cases of acute —often severe— hepatitis have been reported in Europe —mainly in the United Kingdom (U.K.)—, the United States (U.S.) and recently in Asia since October 2021. Laboratory investigation of the common viral hepatitis agents (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV) yielded negative results prompting the use of the term “acute non hepA–E hepatitis” to describe this condition. The cases were characterized by the manifestations of acute hepatitis (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice and very high levels of liver enzymes) affecting children with a median age of 3–4 years. The exact underlying etiology has not been revealed yet; however, a leading hypothesis is that an infectious agent is the culprit underlying cause or at least a risk factor for acute non hepA–E hepatitis occurrence. So far, laboratory testing has shown the presence of adenovirus serotype 41 (Ad–41) which is classified in group F of adenoviruses in about three-fourths of the reported cases. However, the definitive link between adenoviruses and acute non hepA–E hepatitis has not been fully elucidated, which necessitates further investigation of this possible correlation. As of the end of April 2022, more than 200 cases were reported worldwide, the majority of which were in Europe: the U.K. (n=114), Italy (n=17), Spain (n=13), Israel (n=12), the U.S. (n=9), Denmark (n=6), Netherlands and Ireland (n=4), Japan (n=3), Austria, Belgium, France, and Norway (n=2), Germany, Poland, and Romania (n=1). Possible cases are being evaluated in Illinois, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin states of the U.S., Canada, Singapore and Slovenia. Vigilant surveillance and epidemiologic investigation to identify further cases are warranted at the global level to delineate the features of this emergent public health issue. The possible role of environmental and toxic agents including foodborne toxins should not be overlooked as well. Specific guidelines for identification of further cases is necessary particularly in low-income settings where testing for adenoviruses is not considered routinely. Genetic analysis of Ad–41 isolates is recommended to assess the potential changes in virus genome with subsequent possible altered virus behavior. Immunopathogenesis is another possibility that should be examined as well considering the absence of virus detection in liver biopsies of the affected children in the U.S.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0011.v1

SARS-CoV-2: Jumping the Species Barrier, Lessons from SARS and MERS, Its Zoonotic Spillover, Transmission to Humans, Preventive and Control Measures and Recent Developments to Counter This Pandemic Virus

Kuldeep Dhama, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Khan Sharun, Mamta Pathak, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Yashpal Singh Malik, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, Parmod Kumar Panwar, Karam Pal Singh, Izabela Michalak, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; bat coronavirus; zoonosis; spillover; expanding host range

Online: 2 April 2020 (04:43:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0408.v2

Physician’s Hesitancy in Treating COVID-19 Patients and Its Associated Occupational Risk Factors in Indonesia: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey

Dewi Sumaryani Soemarko, Aria Kekalih, Ari Fahrial Syam, Evy Yunihastuti, Herikurniawan Herikurniawan, Mikhael Yosia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: hesitancy; covid-19; post-covid; medical doctors; indonesia

Online: 13 September 2022 (05:13:14 CEST)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Could Protein Malnutrition of Rapid Onset Explain the Atypical Symptoms of COVID-19 and Consequential Malfunctioning of the Body? A Hypothesis.

Maralyn Green

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: malnutrition; COVID-19; protein; immune system; SARS-CoV-2; cell proliferation; starvation

Online: 22 September 2020 (08:32:14 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

COVID-19: Pediatric Oral Health During and After the Pandemics

Valeria Luzzi, Gaetano Ierardo, Maurizio Bossù, Antonella Polimeni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: COVID-19; pandemics; pediatric dentistry; oral health prevention; coronavirus

Online: 16 May 2020 (18:11:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0137.v1

Paradigm Shift: an Overview on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics

Stefano Ciaurelli, Caterina Origlia, Ariela Adamo, Silvia Giannattasio, Michael González, Liborio Quinto, Pier Mario Biava

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Nutrigenomics; nutrigenentics; microbiota; nutraceutics; chrononutrition

Online: 6 July 2021 (11:36:57 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0516.v1

COVID-19 Clot: What Is It? Why in the Lungs? Extracellular Histone, “Auto-Activation” of Prothrombin, Emperipolesis, Megakaryocytes, “Self-Association” of Von Willebrand Factor and Beyond

Nadarajah Varatharajah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Megakaryocyte, IFITM3, VWF, ADAMTS13, emperipolesis, self-association, unfractionated heparin (UFH), histone, NETs, Thrombin

Online: 22 July 2020 (11:03:08 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0097.v1

Why Blood Group A Individuals Are at Risk Whereas Blood Group O Individuals Might Be Protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection: A Hypothesis Regarding How the Virus Invades the Human Body via Abo(H) Blood Group-Determining Carbohydrates

Peter Arend

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2–human carbohydrate interaction; trans-species glycosylation; A-like/Tn structure; trans-species glycan bridge

Online: 6 May 2020 (14:41:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0191.v1

Can ChatGPT Pass the 2023 Japanese National Medical Licensing Examination?

Yudai Kaneda, Tetsuya Tanimoto, Akihiko Ozaki, Tomohiko Sato, Kenzo Takahashi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: ChatGPT; Medical Licensing Examination; Clinical Settings; Japan

Online: 10 March 2023 (09:33:21 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0054.v1

Impacts of COVID-19 on Accessibility of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Scoping Review

Josphat Nkole, Muyembe Chisotwa, Rachael Chikumbi, Francis Bota, Mainga Mulemwa, Margareta Kasonde, Chofwe Musele, Nkisu Kasapatu, Brian Chanda Chiluba

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: family planning service and COVID-19; maternal; Neonatal and child health service and COVID-19; sexual behaviour and COVID-19; SARSCOVID-2 and family planning

Online: 6 June 2022 (03:39:05 CEST)

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Introduction: Since its discovery in late 2019, the novel coronavirus (SARSCOVID-2) that causes COVID-19 has spread fast, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to designate the disease a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020.The epidemic has profoundly altered the preexisting global sexual and reproductive health landscape .The virus’s load has put ordinary services in jeopardy and harmed other health priorities. This encompasses both the provision and the supply of contraceptives, sexual health, new born and maternal health services. This Scoping review therefore mapped the availability evidence on the impact and effects of the COVID-19 disease outbreak on sexual and reproductive health. Methods: The methodological framework by Arksey and O’Malley guided this scoping review. A literature search was conducted from the following databases: Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, WOS, and AJOL. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist were used to document the review process. The Strobe critical review checklist was used to determine the quality of the included studies. Results:19 studies were reviewed, out of which 4 were cross sectional studies, 1 was an observational study, 1 was a descriptive analytical study and the rest were qualitative studies .Majority of the studies showed evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and family planning service, maternal and child services, and three studies reported on COVID-19 and sexual behaviour. Five of the nineteen included studies reported on the impact of COVID-19 and family planning service. Conclusion: This scoping review has granted the assessment of the impact of novel SARS-CoV-2 on Sexual and reproductive health services with regards to sexual behaviour, family planning and maternal, neonatal and child health. From the 18 articles identified and reviewed, the overall responses stipulated a significant reduction in client’s utilization of services due to challenges experiences in service implementation such as stock outs. In addition, low demand for reproductive health services by clients due to restrictions imposed on the movements of people to curb the spread of the virus. It is therefore important that Governments and relevant stakeholders in Maternal and Sexual Reproductive Health prioritize development of policies and practices that protect women from the impacts of the pandemic. Furthermore, regular audits to detect trends in MSRH are necessary to inform on going mitigation efforts.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0074.v1

Regulation of ERK and AKT Pathways by Hepatitis B Virus X Protein via Notch1 Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Bo Liao, Hong-Hao Zhou, Hui-Fang Liang, Chang-Hai Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatitis B virus X protein; Notch1 pathway; ERK; AKT

Online: 21 September 2016 (09:49:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0148.v1

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Hydrodissection for Pain Management: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

King Hei Stanley Lam, Chen-Yu Hung, Yi-Pin Chiang, Kentaro Onishi, Thomas B. Clark, Dean K Reeves, Su Daniel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: nerve hydrodissection; pain management; ultrasonography; neuropathic pain

Online: 15 January 2020 (12:09:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0647.v1

First Description of Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Wild American Minks (Neovison vison)

Jordi Aguiló-Gisbert, Miguel Padilla-Blanco, Victor Lizana, Elisa Maiques, Marta Muñoz Baquero, Eva Chillida-Martínez, Jesús Cardells, Consuelo Rubio-Guerri

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: American Mink; COVID-19; Neovison vison; SARS-CoV-2; Spike; wildlife

Online: 25 March 2021 (16:39:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0243.v1

Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia Exhibit Depleted Vitamin C Status and Elevated Oxidative Stress

Anitra C. Carr, Emma Spencer, Liane Dixon, Steve Chambers

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: vitamin C; ascorbic acid; ascorbate; pneumonia; community acquired pneumonia; oxidative stress; protein carbonyls; hypovitaminosis C; vitamin C deficiency

Online: 15 April 2020 (10:12:26 CEST)

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Pneumonia is a severe lower respiratory tract infection that is a common complication and a major cause of mortality of the vitamin C-deficiency disease scurvy. This suggests an important link between vitamin C status and lower respiratory tract infections. Due to the paucity of information on the vitamin C status of patients with pneumonia, we assessed the vitamin C status of 50 patients with community-acquired pneumonia and compared these with 50 healthy community controls. The pneumonia cohort comprised 44 patients recruited through the Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMAU) and 6 patients recruited through the intensive care unit (ICU); mean age 68 ± 17 years, 54% male. Clinical, microbiological and haematological parameters were recorded. Blood samples were tested for vitamin C status using HPLC with electrochemical detection and protein carbonyl concentrations, a marker of oxidative stress, using ELISA. Patients with pneumonia had depleted vitamin C status compared with healthy controls (23 ± 14 µmol/L vs 56 ± 24 µmol/L, P <0.001). The more severe patients in the ICU had significantly lower vitamin C status than those recruited through AMAU (11 ± 3 µmol/L vs 24 ± 14 µmol/L, P = 0.02). The total pneumonia cohort comprised 62% with hypovitaminosis C and 22% with deficiency, compared with only 8% hypovitaminosis C and no cases of deficiency in the healthy controls. The pneumonia cohort also exhibited significantly elevated protein carbonyl concentrations compared with the healthy controls (P < 0.001), indicating enhanced oxidative stress in the patients. We were able to collect subsequent samples form 28% of the cohort (mean 2.7 ± 1.7 days; range 1-7 days). These showed no significant differences in vitamin C status or protein carbonyl concentrations compared with baseline values (P = 0.6). Overall, the depleted vitamin C status and elevated oxidative stress observed in the patients with pneumonia indicates an enhanced requirement for the vitamin during their illness. Due to the important roles that vitamin C plays in the immune system, low vitamin C status is possibly both a cause and a consequence of the disease. Therefore, these patients would likely benefit from additional vitamin C supplementation to restore their blood and tissue levels to optimal. This may decrease oxidative stress and aid in their recovery.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0169.v1

A Longitudinal Approach to Biological Psychiatric Research: The PsyCourse Study

Monika Budde, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Katrin Gade, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Kristina Adorjan, Janos L. Kalman, Fanny Senner, Sergi Papiol, Till F. M. Andlauer, Ashley L. Comes, Eva C. Schulte, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam , Anna Gryaznova, Maria Hake, Kim Bartholdi, Laura Flatau, Markus Reitt, Silke Quast, Sophia Stegmaier, Milena Meyers, Barbara Emons, Ida Sybille Haußleiter, Georg Juckel, Vanessa Nieratschker, Udo Dannlowski, Max Schmauß, Jörg Zimmermann, Jens Reimer, Sybille Schulz, Jens Wiltfang, Eva Reininghaus, Ion-George Anghelescu, Volker Arolt, Bernhard T. Baune, Carsten Konrad, Andreas Thiel, Andreas J. Fallgatter, Christian Figge, Martin von Hagen, Manfred Koller, Fabian U. Lang, Moritz E. Wigand, Thomas Becker, Markus Jäger, Detlef E. Dietrich, Sebastian Stierl, Harald Scherk, Carsten Spitzer, Here Folkerts, Stephanie H. Witt, Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, Marcella Rietschel, Markus M. Nöthen, Peter Falkai, Thomas G. Schulze, Urs Heilbronner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Schizophrenia; bipolar; psychosis; depression; polygenic risk score; diagnosis; RDoC

Online: 27 October 2017 (11:58:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0188.v1

The Apoptosis Induction of Oleandrin on Osteosarcoma Cells through Regulating Mitochondrial- and Death Receptor-Dependent Apoptotic Pathways in Vitro

Yunlong Ma, Bin Zhu, Lei Yong, Chunyu Song, Xiao Liu, Huilei Yu, Peng Wang, Zhongjun Liu, Xiaoguang Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: oleandrin; osteosarcoma; apoptosis; caspases

Online: 22 August 2016 (05:35:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2020045

Antimalarial Drugs in Ghana: A Case Study on Personal Preferences

Prince Yeboah, Arnold Donkor Forkuo, Obed Kwabena Offe Amponsah, Nana Ofori Adomako, Ahmad Yaman Abdin, Muhammad Jawad Nasim, Pitsch Werner, Anto Berko Panyin, Eike Emrich, Claus Jacob

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Tropical Medicine Keywords: adverse drug reactions; antimalarial; Ghana; herbal remedies; malaria; questionnaire; street sale; orthodox; unnatural medicines; patient preference

Online: 12 June 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0274.v1

Admissions to Medical School During the COVID-19 Era Without the MCAT

Peter Corridon

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: medical school; admissions; MCAT; COVID-19

Online: 11 February 2021 (10:21:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0388.v1

The Emerging Landscape of Epidemiological Research Based on Biobanks Linked to Electronic Health Records: Existing Resources, Analytic Challenges and Potential Opportunities

Lauren Beesley, Maxwell Salvatore, Lars Fritsche, Anita Pandit, Arvind Rao, Chad Brummett, Cristen J. Willer, Lynda D. Lisabeth, Bhramar Mukherjee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: biobanks, electronic health records, Michigan Genomics Initiative

Online: 19 September 2018 (14:57:30 CEST)

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Biobanks linked to electronic health records provide a rich data resource for health-related research. With the establishment of large-scale infrastructure, the availability and utility of data from biobanks has dramatically increased over time. As more researchers become interested in using biobank data to explore a diverse spectrum of scientific questions, resources guiding the data access, design, and analysis of biobank-based studies will be crucial. The first aim of this review is to characterize the types of biobanks that are discussed in the recent literature and provide detailed descriptions of specific biobanks including their location, size, data access, data linkages and more. The development and accessibility of large-scale biorepositories provide the opportunity to accelerate agnostic searches, new discoveries, and hypothesis-generating studies of disease-treatment, disease-exposure and disease-gene associations. Rather than spending time and money designing and implementing a single study with pre-defined objectives, researchers can use biobanks’ existing data-rich resources to answer scientific questions as quickly as they can analyze them. While the data are becoming increasingly available, additional thought is needed to address issues related to the design of such studies and analysis of these data. In the second aim of this review, we discuss statistical issues related to biobank research in general including study design, sampling strategy, phenotype identification, and missing data. These issues are illustrated using data from the Michigan Genomics Initiative, UK Biobank, and Genes for Good. We summarize the current body of statistical literature aimed at addressing some of these challenges and discuss some of the standing open problems in this area. This work serves to complement and extend recent reviews about biobank-based research and aims to provide a resource catalog with statistical and practical guidance to researchers pursuing biobank-based research.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0304.v1

Neurological Complications of Pandemic COVID-19: What Have We Got So Far?

Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Marco Antônio Machado Schlindwein, Leticia Caroline Breis, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Neurology; coronavirus

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:27:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0091.v1

Evidence-Based Evaluation of PCR Diagnostics for SARS-Cov-2 and The Omicron Variants by Sanger Sequencing

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; RT-PCR; Sanger sequencing; RT-qPCR; receptor-binding domain (RBD); N-terminal domain (NTD); Omicron; multi-allelic SNPs; false-positive

Online: 12 April 2022 (03:57:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0399.v1

A Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches Towards COVID-19

Md Rezaul Islam, Andre Fischer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; gene-expression; TNF; IL-1; Alox5; NFκB; vitamin D; therapy

Online: 22 April 2020 (17:11:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0128.v1

An Updated Review on the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis

Gee Young Geong, Sun Hyung Kang, Chang Min Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Liver cirrhosis; epidemiology; etiology; risk factors; pathophysiology; diagnosis.

Online: 11 March 2019 (09:44:18 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0704.v1

Telenursing as a New Nursing Paradigm in the 21 Century: A Literature Review

Al Afik, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Telenursing; Nursing; 21st century paradigm

Online: 29 March 2021 (15:41:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0559.v1

An Update for UK Podiatrists Performing Toenail Surgery on Patients Who Are Taking Antithrombotic Medications: It’s About Bleeding Time

Ian Reilly, Toby Blandford

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: nail surgery, antithrombotics, anticoagulation, antiplatelet, bleeding.

Online: 24 May 2021 (10:41:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0020.v1

Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Deactivation via Spike Glycoprotein Shielding by Old Drugs, Bioinformatic Study

Mohammad Reza Dayer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; , 2019-nCoV; Heparin; Ivermectin; Spike Shielding

Online: 2 May 2020 (16:21:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0230.v1

Evaluating the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Officially Recommended in China for COVID-19 Using Ontology-Based Side-Effect Prediction Framework (OSPF) and Deep Learning

Zeheng Wang, Liang Li, Jing Yan, Yuanzhe Yao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: side effect; tranditional Chinese medicine; COVID-19; artificial intelligence; coronavirus

Online: 17 February 2020 (01:18:13 CET)

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Ethnopharmacological relevance: Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbroke in Wuhan has imposed a huge influence onto the society in term of the public heath and economy. However, so far, no effective drugs or vaccines have been developed. Whereas, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been considered as a promising supplementary treatment for the disease owing to its clinically proven performance on many diseases even like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Meanwhile, many side-effect (SE) reports suggest the SE of the TCM prescriptions cannot be ignored in curing the COVID-19, especially because COVID-19 always simultaneously leads to dramatic degradation of the patients’ physical condition. How to evaluate the TCM regarding to their latent SE is a urgent challenge. Aim of the study: In this study, we use an ontology-based side-effect prediction framework (OSPF) developed in our previous work and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based deep learning to evaluate the TCM prescriptions that are officially recommended in China for novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Materials and methods: Firstly, we adopted the OSPF developed in our previous work, where an ontology-based model separate all the ingredients in a TCM prescription into two categories: hot and cold. Then, we established a database by converting each TCM prescription into a vector containing the ingredient dosage and the according hot/cold attribution as well as the safe/unsafe label. And, we trained the ANN model using this database, after which a safety indicator (SI), as the complementary percentage of side-effect (SE) possibility, is then given for each TCM prescription. According to the proposed SI from high to low, we re-organize the recommended prescription list. Secondly, by using this method, we also evaluate the safety indicators of some other famous TCM prescriptions that are not in the recommended list but are used traditionally to cure flu-like diseases for extending the potential treatments. Results: Based on the SI generated in the ANN model, FTS, PMSP, and SF are the safest ones in recommended list, which all own a more-than-0.8 SI. Whereas, JHQG, LHQW, SFJD, XBJ, and SHL are the prescriptions that are most likely unsafe, where the indicators are all below 0.2. In the extra list, the indicators of XC, XQRS, CC, and CHBX are all above 0.8, and at the meantime, XZXS, SJ, QW, and KBD’s indicators are all below 0.2. Conclusions: In total, there are seven TCM prescriptions which own the indicators more than 0.8, suggesting these prescriptions should be considered firstly in curing COVID-19, if suitable. We believe this work will provide a reasonable suggestion for the society to choose proper TCM as the supplementary treatment for COVID-19. Besides, this work also introduces a pilot and enlightening method for creating a more reasonable recommendation list of TCM to other diseases.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0442.v1

Knowledge, Awareness and Perceptions of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Cohort of Indian Dental Professionals: A Questionnaire-Based Study

Niraj Kinariwala, Lakshman Samaranayake, Irosha Perera, Zeal Patel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: COVID-19; knowledge; awareness; perceptions; Indian dentists; coronavirus

Online: 27 May 2020 (07:56:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci1010022

Relevancy of Nizatidine Release from Floating Tablets with Viscosity of Various Cellulose Ethers

Yasser Shahzad, Namra Ibrar, Talib Hussain, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Ikram Ullah Khan, Syed A. A. Rizvi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: buoyancy; dissolution; floating tablets; HPMC; nizatidine; substitution level; viscosity grades

Online: 9 April 2019 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0122.v1

The Food and Beverage Occurrence of Furfuryl Alcohol and β-myrcene – Two Emerging Potential Human Carcinogens?

Alex O. Okaru, Dirk W. Lachenmeier

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: furfuryl alcohol; β- myrcene; carcinogens; occurrence

Online: 25 December 2016 (08:21:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0104.v1

A Dental Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic – Safe Aerosol-Free Emergent (SAFE) Dentistry

Habib Benzian, Richard Niederman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: COVID-19; dental care; infection control; universal precautions; aerosol

Online: 7 May 2020 (05:21:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0272.v1

Anosmia and Ageusia as Initial or Unique Symptoms after SARS-COV-2 Virus Infection

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; smell; anosmia; taste; ageusia

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:42:44 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0216.v2

Case Study: RMT as an Intervention for Cardiopulmonary Decline

Kevin Longoria, Nina Bausek, Sigfredo Aldarondo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: RMT, IMT, EMT, vascular compliance, pulmonary function, cardiopulmonary, cardiovascular

Online: 13 August 2019 (09:48:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0094.v1

Theranostics in Nuclear Medicine Practice

Anna Yordanova, Elisabeth Eppard, Stefan Kürpig, Stefan Schönberger, Maria Gonzalez-Carmona, Georg Feldmann, Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar, Markus Essler

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: theranostics; nuclear medicine; personalized medicine

Online: 22 January 2017 (04:29:27 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0348.v1

An Update on SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 with Particular Reference on Its Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology and Mitigation Strategies – A Review

Kuldeep Dhama, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Ruchi Tiwari, Yashpal Singh Malik, Rajendra Singh, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; clinical pathology; pathogenesis; immunopathology

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:51:17 CET)

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in early December 2019 in China and attained a pandemic situation worldwide by its rapid spread to nearly 167 countries with 287.239 confirmed cases and 11.921 human deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of around 4 per cent. Bats were considered as the reservoir host, and the search of a probable intermediate host is still going on. Animals have anticipated culprit of SARS-CoV-2 as of now. The disease is mainly manifested by pneumonia and related respiratory signs and symptoms, but the involvement of the gastrointestinal system and nervous system is also suggested. The severe form of the disease associated with death is mainly reported in older and immune-compromised patients with pre-existing disease history. Death in severe cases is attributed to respiratory failure associated with hyperinflammation. Cytokine storm syndrome associated with rampant inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as the leading killer of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients were reported with higher levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like IFN-g, IL-1b, IP-10, and MCP-1. Furthermore, severe cases of COVID-19 revealed higher levels of TNF-α, G-CSF, and MIP-1A. Blood profile of the COVID-19 patients exhibits lymphopenia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and RNAaemia along with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women does not lead to fetus mortalities unlike other zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with no evidence of intrauterine transmission to neonates. Rapid and confirmatory diagnostics have been developed, and high efforts are being made to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the absence of any virus-specific therapeutic, internationally health care authorities are recommending adoption of effective prevention and control measures to counter and contain this pandemic virus. This paper is an overview of this virus and the disease with a particular focus on SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19 clinical pathology, pathogenesis and immunopathology along with a few recent research developments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0029.v1

Evaluation of Oral Supplementation with a Casein Hydrolysate-based Formula to Favor the Clearance of HR-HPV Infections and their Derived Lesions

Carmen Pingarrón, Alfonso Duque, Ana Isabel López, Juan Ferragud

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: hpv; papilloma; lsil; hsil; hpv clearance; immunomodulation; nk cells; casein hydrolysate; ditriamino; hupavir

Online: 3 December 2019 (12:07:59 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Non-human Primates and Humans

P.J. Klasse, D. F. Nixon, J. P. Moore

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; T-cells; vaccines; animal models; Operation Warp Speed

Online: 27 October 2020 (11:25:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0609.v1

Evaluation of a Bioaerosol Sampler for Indoor Environmental Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Patrick F. Horve, Leslie Dietz, Dale Northcutt, Jason Stenson, Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Aerosols; Environmental Surveillance; Air Sampling

Online: 24 March 2021 (17:29:23 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0171.v1

Twelve Tips to Successfully Conducting Virtual Clinical Assessment Using Zoom™ Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Pandemic

Mohamed H. Shehata, Archana Prabu Kumar, Mona R. Arekat, Hani Atwa, Samar A. Ahmed, Abdel Halim Deifalla

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; assessment; online; virtual; OSCE

Online: 14 June 2020 (12:57:23 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1883.v1

Semaglutide: A Promising Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder

Chelsi Patton, Amanda E Brooks, Benjamin D Brooks, Karma McKelvey

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Semaglutide; addiction; alcohol use

Online: 30 October 2023 (09:29:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0410.v1

Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease on anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Might be Predisposed to SARS-CoV-2 Variants Infection Even after Receiving a Third mRNA Vaccine Dose

Paola López-Marte, Alondra Soto-González, Lizzie Ramos-Tollinchi, Stephan Torres-Jorge, Mariana Ferre, Esteban Rodríguez-Martinó, Esther A. Torres, Carlos A. Sariol

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: COVID-19 variants; COVID-19 vaccine; IBD; ulcerative colitis; Crohn’s disease; anti-TNF

Online: 29 June 2022 (15:02:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0189.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Prakarti Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS CoV; SARS CoV-2; novel CoV; India

Online: 12 April 2020 (09:17:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0232.v2

ODK Scan: Digitizing Data Collection and Impacting Data Management Processes in the Tuberculosis Control Program of Pakistan

Syed Mustafa Ali, Rachel Powers, Jeffrey Beorse, Farah Naureen, Arif Noor, Naveed Anjum, Muhammad Ishaq, Javariya Aamir, Richard Anderson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: mHealth; ODK scan; mobile health application; digitizing data collection; data management processes; paper-to-digital system; technology-assisted data management; treatment adherence

Online: 2 September 2016 (03:17:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0071.v1

The Role of Next-Generation Sequencing in Precision Medicine: A Review of Outcomes in Oncology

Margaret Morash, Hannah Mitchell, Himisha Beltran, Olivier Elemento, Jyotishman Pathak

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: precision medicine; next generation sequencing; oncology, patient outcomes; health insurance coverage

Online: 4 July 2018 (11:06:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0365.v1

Molecular Modelling and Docking Experiments Examining the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Konstantinos Farsalinos, Elias Eliopoulos, Demetres Leonidas, Georgios Papadopoulos, Socrates Tzartos, Konstantinos Poulas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; smoking; nicotine; nicotinic cholinergic system; inflammation; acetylcholine receptors

Online: 23 May 2020 (10:06:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0453.v1

Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jihad Georges Youssef, Sami Said, George Youssef, Matthew J. Javitt, Jonathan C. Javitt

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: ARDS; VIP; Aviptadil; RLF-100; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Sepsis

Online: 20 July 2020 (03:46:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0113.v1

Selenium Deficiency is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19

Arash Moghaddam, Raban Arved Heller, Qian Sun, Julian Seelig, Asan Cherkezov, Linda Seibert, Julian Hackler, Petra Seemann, Joachim Diegmann, Maximilian Pilz, Manuel Bachmann, Waldemar B. Minich, Lutz Schomburg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: trace element; inflammation; selenoprotein P; micronutrient; COVID-19

Online: 7 July 2020 (08:15:45 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Double-Edged Sword in COVID-19 Infection

Jana Burchfield

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Online: 25 March 2020 (03:56:27 CET)

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The role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a controversial topic of discussion. RAAS inhibitors, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, have been implicated in potentially increasing cell surface levels of ACE2. ACE2 is the host receptor for COVID-19 that was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since December, COVID-19 has transmitted rapidly across the world and has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 is similar to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with the first case reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. COVID-19, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also similar to SARS-CoV, which first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, and caused an epidemic between November 2002 and July 2003. Both SARS-CoV and COVID-19 use ACE2 to enter host cells. ACE2 is primarily expressed in the mouth, lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and intestines, and is a component of RAAS, which serves to maintain vascular tone and blood volume. Inhibition or activation of other components of RAAS has been shown to directly increase or decrease the expression and/or activity of ACE2. Furthermore, RAAS-targeting therapeutics, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, have also been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of ACE2, albeit in animal models. Although these changes in ACE2 have been demonstrated only in animal models, there is no evidence that administration of RAAS-targeting therapeutics to humans for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and heart failure) causes changes in ACE2 expression. Nor is there clinical evidence that RAAS-targeting therapeutics augment COVID-19 infection, morbidity, or mortality. However, clinical evidence does suggest that ACE2 expression may protect against respiratory distress caused by a variety of noxious agents. This review attempts to provide a balanced overview of the potential role of RAAS in regulating ACE2, and the role of ACE2 during COVID-19 infection. Evidence is provided to show that the expression of ACE2 may mediate both positive and negative outcomes, depending on the timing of ACE2 expression.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0445.v1

Effect of Garcinia Cambogia and Green Coffee Bean in Weight Reduction

Arshad Chohan, Tayyiba Wasim, Shahid Rao, Jahan Ara Hassan, Nasira Tasneem, Tasnim Z. Ali, Faizan Shaukat

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Obesity; Garcinia cambogia; Green Coffee; Pakistan

Online: 21 October 2020 (16:52:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0036.v1

The West African Sorghum Bicolor Leaf Sheath Extract Jobelyn® and Its Diverse Therapeutic Potentials

Samira Makanjuola, Olajuwon Okubena, Louis Ajonuma, Adedoyin Dosunmu, Solomon Umukoro, Patrick Erah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Sorghum bicolor leaf extract; SBLS; Jobelyn®; antioxidant; Immune-modulatory; anti-inflammatory; anti-anemia; HIV

Online: 7 December 2017 (04:37:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v3

Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study

Trina Ekawati Tallei, Sefren Geiner Tumilaar, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Johnson Kepel, Rinaldi Idroes, Yunus Effendi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Medicinal plants; Mpro; 3CLpro; spike (S) glycoprotein; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 July 2020 (08:37:49 CEST)

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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit the Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. A rule of five (RO5) was calculated to determine whether a compound meets the criteria as an active drug orally in humans. The determination of the docking score was done by selecting the best conformation of the protein-ligand complex that had the highest affinity (most negative Gibbs' free energy of binding / ΔG). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and nabiximols had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as M^pro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19. As judged by the RO5 and previous study by others, the compounds kaempferol, herbacetin, eugenol, and 6-shogaol have good oral bioavailability, so they are also seen as promising candidates for the development lead compounds to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0353.v1

Italian Adults’ Likelihood of Getting COVID-19 Vaccine: A Second Online Survey

Luigi Roberto Biasio, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Chiara Lorini, Daniela Mazzini, Sergio Pecorelli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; online surveys; vaccines; vaccine literacy

Online: 17 February 2021 (09:36:15 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

After Mineralization, Mineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft Particles are Exfoliated but not Resorbed

Gregory Steiner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: allograft, resorption, sclerotic bone, exfoliation, bone failure

Online: 24 April 2019 (12:33:49 CEST)

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AbstractCadaver bone is possibly the most common transplant material used today. Common types of cadaver bone transplants are freeze-dried bone allografts and xenografts. Studies have shown that mineralized freeze-dried bone allografts have the same percentage of retained bone graft particles at different time points, indicating that these materials are never resorbed. However, it is commonly accepted by clinicians that these materials are resorbed and convert the graft site into normal bone. This histologic study was undertaken to determine the fate of mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft particles grafted into human extraction sockets. Materials and Methods:This study is a photographic, radiologic, and histological analysis of mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft healing in human sockets after mineralization at different time points. The mineralized freeze-dried bone allografts used for evaluation in this study were particulate bone graft materials in maxillary or mandibular extraction sockets. Patient selection was random, based on the following time periods: 6 months, 2 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years and 15 years. No block bone grafts were evaluated. Results:No resorption of cadaver bone graft particles was found at any time point. No osteoclasts were found in any of the histology at any time point. At different time points from 6 months through 15 years, mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft particles were found to be exfoliated out of the alveolar crest as a result of the formation of a hypervascular zone surrounding the grafted site. The embedded graft particles remain embedded in sclerotic bone until the particles reach the alveolar crest at which time the sclerotic bone and graft particles break up and are released into the gingiva. All histologic samples from 6 months to 15 years contained residual graft particles. The sclerotic bone formed around graft particles did not integrate to the graft particles or the implant surface. Conclusions:Mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft particles are not resorbed after mineralization. A hypervascular zone forms around the grafted site and exfoliates the bone graft particles into the gingiva. The mineralization process produces sclerotic bone which never remodels into normal bone. Sclerotic bone covers but does not integrate to the retained bone graft particles or implant surface resulting in a weakened structure with an increased likelihood of bone failure and implant loss.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0367.v1

Children Have Lower SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads Than Adults

David Curtis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; viral load; children

Online: 23 May 2020 (10:15:07 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0275.v1

Advanced Respiratory Monitoring in COVID-19 Patients: Use Less PEEP!

Lisanne Roesthuis, Maarten van den Berg, Hans van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; ARDS; PEEP; mechanical ventilation; transpulmonary pressure

Online: 16 April 2020 (13:24:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0082.v1

The COVID-19 Spread in India and Its Dependence on Temperature and Relative Humidity

Velu Vinoj, Nandini Gopinath, Kiranmayi Landu, Bijayini Behera, Baijayantimala Mishra

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Temperature; Environment; Relative Humidity; India

Online: 5 July 2020 (15:20:54 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0502.v1

Conflict between Science and Superstition in Medical and Dental Practices

Donat Uwayezu, Eustache Ntigura, Agnes Gatarayiha, Sarah Erem, Anwarul Majumder, Mainul Haque, Mohammed S. Razzaque

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Superstition; Scientific knowledge; Conflict; Traditional healers

Online: 25 January 2021 (14:11:54 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Modified Full-Face Snorkel Mask as COVID-19 Personal Protective Equipment: Quantitative Results

Kyle Nicholson, Ashley Henke-Adams, Daniel M. Henke, Alexxai V. Kravitz, Hiram A. Gay

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; mask; respirator; coronavirus; 3D Printing; N95; personal protective equipment (PPE)

Online: 11 July 2020 (04:16:17 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0144.v1

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to mitigate immune dysregulation and coagulopathy in COVID-19

Julie Desbarats

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, pyridoxine, vitamin B6, immune response, IL-6, TNF, type I interferon, lymphopenia, blood clotting, coagulopathy, cytokine storm, sphingosine-1-phosphate, kynurenine, inflammasome, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), hypertension, angiotensin

Online: 8 May 2020 (12:36:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0146.v1

Assessment of Enjoyment and Intensity of Physical Activity in Immersive Virtual Reality on the Omni-Directional Omni Treadmill and Icaros Flight Simulator in the Context of Recommendations for Health

Małgorzata Dębska, Jacek Polechoński, Arkadiusz Mynarski, Piotr Polechoński

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Orthopedics And Sports Medicine Keywords: health-oriented physical; immersive virtual reality; virtual reality; intensity of physical activity

Online: 12 August 2019 (14:02:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0025.v1

A Protocol for Identifying Potentially Repurposable Drugs Using Online Tools and Databases

Aditi Chattopadhyay, Madhavi Ganapathiraju

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: drug repurposing; translational bioinformatics; transcriptomics; transcriptome analysis; drug discovery; protocol; gene expression

Online: 9 October 2016 (08:42:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0481.v1

Methylphenidate and Alprazolam Co-Abuse: Drug-DNA Interactions

Shweta Sharma, Meenu Dutt, Neha Sharma, Ravinder Naik Dharavath, Tanzeer Kaur

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Drug-DNA interaction; FTIR; Polydrug-abuse; UV-visible spectrophotometer

Online: 23 October 2020 (10:36:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0108.v1

Physical Effectiveness of Safety Interventions in Fire Engines to Reduce Potential Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COFIRE)

Elmar Bourdon, Thomas Schaefer, Maximilian Kittel, Matthias Raedle, Alexandra Heininger

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Safety Interventions; Fire Engine; Vehicle, Aerosol; Fine Dust Measurement

Online: 6 May 2021 (15:24:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0018.v2

Effects of Excitatory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the P3 Point in Chronic Stroke Patients – Case Reports

Ronaldo Luis da Silva, Angela Maria Costa de Souza, Francielly Ferreira Santos, Sueli Toshie Inoue, Johanne Higgins , Victor Frak

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: intraparietal sulcus; stroke; rTMS; Fugl-Meyer Assessment; fast frequency TMS; motricity; sensibility; chronic patients

Online: 17 April 2018 (08:35:18 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0075.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and Advances in Developing Potential Therapeutics and Vaccines to Counter this Emerging Pandemic Virus – A Review

Ali A. Rabaan, Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Yashpal Singh Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Karam Pal Singh, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Shafiul Haque, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunotherapeutics; therapeutics; vaccines

Online: 7 April 2020 (02:01:34 CEST)

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A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has resulted in an outbreak in China which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 175 countries while affecting nearly 500,000 persons and causing more than 22,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. Till date, no clinically proclaimed, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs and therapeutics, and vaccines have turned up. Several molecular diagnostic tests such as Real Time-PCR, isothermal loop-mediated amplification of coronavirus (i-LACO), full genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays are in use currently for the laboratory confirmation of this CoV infection. In this review article, we describe the basic molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0354.v1

SARS-CoV-2 May Persist in Digestive Tract Longer than Respiratory Tract

Yilin Hu, Lisha SHEN, Zheming XU, Jianying Zhou, Hua Zhou

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; case

Online: 24 February 2020 (14:03:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0132.v1

Case-Based Study of Metrics Derived from Instrumented Fall Risk Assessment Tests

Anabela Martins, Joana Silva, António Santos, João Madureira, Carlos Alcobia, Luís Ferreira, Pedro Mendes, Cláudia Tonelo, Catarina Silva, Daniela Baltazar, Inês Sousa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: fall risk assessment; risk of falling; force platforms; inertial sensors.

Online: 12 August 2016 (09:32:28 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0119.v1

Food Additives and Contaminants: Effects on Human Gut Microbiota—A Review

Paula Roca-Saavedra, Veronica Mendez-Vilabrille, Jose Manuel Miranda, Alexandre Lamas, Carolina Nebot, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Carlos M. Franco, Alberto Cepeda

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: antibiotic; bacteroidetes; dietary emulsifier; firmicutes; food additive; gut microbiota; non-nutritive sweetener; proteobacteria

Online: 23 December 2016 (11:21:40 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0006.v1

Fatty Acids, Antioxidants and Physical Activity in Brain Aging

Hércules Rezende Freitas, Gustavo da Costa Ferreira, Isis Hara Trevenzoli, Karen de Jesus Oliveira, Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: essential fatty acids; ascorbic acid; glutathione; aging; parkinson’s disease; alzheimer’s disease; senescence; nervous system; growth factors; neuroprotection; docosahexaenoic acid; α-linolenic acid.

Online: 2 October 2017 (08:59:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0466.v1

The Disruption of SARS-CoV-2 RBD/ACE-2 Complex by Ubrogepant Is Mediated by Interface Hydration

Olaposi Omotuyi, Oyekanmi Nash, Bashiru Ajiboye, Damilohun Metibemu, Babatunji Oyinloye, Ayodeji Ojo, kunle Okaiyeto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 RBD; Ubrogepant; ACE-2; MD simulation

Online: 31 March 2020 (22:50:27 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0305.v1

Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Caroline Figueiredo da Silva, Maria Eduarda Marchi Martin, Gustavo Figueiredo da Silva, Laura Fiuza Parolin, Luiz Henrique Melo, Marcus Vinicius Magno Goncalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: multiple sclerosis; tuberculosis; immunosuppressive therapy; Latent tuberculosis

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:34:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0022.v1

Art of Music, as Harmony of the Spheres and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bharathi Geetha, Thangaraj Sugunadevi, Babu Srija, Nagarajan Laleethambika, Vellingiri Balachandar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Pervasive developmental disorder; Autism spectrum disorder (ASD); brain network; Theory of Mind (ToM); Music Therapy (MT); therapeutic effect

Online: 6 September 2016 (11:53:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0018.v1

Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Some Algae from Western Libyan Coast

Rabia Alghazeer, Mahboba Enaeli, Nazlin K. Howell

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: polyphenols, flavonoids, seaweeds, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity

Online: 5 September 2016 (14:23:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0016.v1

Interest of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Reducing the Occurrence of COVID-19: A Case-Control Study

Frederic Blanc, Cedric Waechter, Thomas Vogel, Benoît Schorr, Catherine Demuynck, Catherine Martin-Hunyadi, Maxence Meyer, Denata Mutelica, Nadjiba Bougaa, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Lidia Calabrese, Elise Schmitt, Delphine Imperiale, Catherine Jehl, Alexandre Boussuge, Carmen Suna, François Weill, Alexia Matzinger, Candice Muller, Patrick Karcher, Georges Kaltenbach, Erik Sauleau

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; elderly; proton pump inhibitors; antipsychotics; metformin; oral antidiabetics

Online: 2 May 2020 (15:48:33 CEST)

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Background: COVID-19 is a disease of the elderly as 95% of deaths related to COVID-19 occur in people over 60 years of age. Despite the urgent need for a preventive treatment there are currently no serious leads, other than the vaccination. Objective: To find a preventive treatment of COVID-19 in elderly patients. Design: Retrospective case-control study. Setting: Robertsau Geriatric Hospital of the University Hospitals of Strasbourg, France. Patients: 179 elderly patients who had been in contact with the SARS-CoV-2, of whom 89 had tested RT-PCR-positive (COVID-pos) for the virus and 90 had tested RT-PCR-negative (COVID-neg). Measurements: Treatments within 15 days prior to RT-PCR (including antihypertensive drugs, antipsychotics, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), paracetamol, anticoagulant, oral antidiabetics (OADs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants), comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory values, and clinical outcome were all collected using the electronic patient record. Results: COVID-pos patients more frequently had a history of diabetes (P=.016) and alcoholism (P=.023), a lower leukocyte count (P=.014) and a higher mortality rate– 29.2% versus 14.4% – (P=.014) when compared to COVID-neg patients. Patients on PPIs were 2.3 times less likely (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4381, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.2331, 0.8175], P=.0053) to develop COVID-19 infection, compared to those not on PPIs. No other treatment decreased or increased this risk. COVID-19 patients on antipsychotics (P=.0013) and OADs (P=.0166) were less likely to die. Limitations: retrospective study. Conclusion: PPIs treatment lowered the risk of development of COVID-19 infection, and antipsychotics and OADs decreased the risk of mortality in geriatric patients. If further studies confirm this finding, PPIs could be used preventatively in the elderly in this pandemic context. Moreover, OADS and antipsychotics should be tested in clinical trials.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0233.v2

Why Infants Rarely Die of COVID-19 and Morbidity and Mortality Rates Vary by Location: Pneumococcal and Hib Vaccinations as Possible Means to Mitigate Future Pandemics

Robert Root-Bernstein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Streptoccoci; Pneumococci; Haemophilus influenzae; Hib; Prevenar; vaccination; lactoferrin

Online: 7 May 2020 (05:48:34 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0235.v1

Database of COVID-19 Cases Treated with Classical Homeopathy

Seema Mahesh, Petr Hoffmann, Cristiane Kajimura, IACH COVID Collaborators, George Vithoulkas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Homeopathy; Database

Online: 13 January 2023 (04:33:23 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0052.v1

The Initiation of Th2 Immunity towards Food Allergens

Yosef Ellenbogen, Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz, Paul Spill, Derek K. Chu, Susan Waserman, Manel Jordana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Th2 immunity; food allergy; allergic sensitization; allergens; alarmins; initiation of allergy; IgE; allergic disease

Online: 4 April 2018 (07:35:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0230.v1

Interprofessional Collaboration Improves Patient Safety: A Review

Muh Abdurrouf, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: interprofessional collaboration; nurse; patient safety

Online: 8 April 2021 (10:29:07 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Novel Coronavirus Infection and Acute Kidney Injury in Two Renal Transplant Recipients: Case Report

Qiuyu Li, Qin Cheng, Zhiling Zhao, Lin Zeng, Lan Zhu, Wei Guo, Chao Li, Junhong Wang, Shu Li, Ning Shen, Qinggang Ge

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Urology And Nephrology Keywords: novel coronavirus infection; renal transplant; acute kidney injury

Online: 12 March 2020 (03:02:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0169.v1

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria Probiotic Strains Improve Glycemic and Inflammation Profiles in Obesity Model in Mice

Liudmyla Lazarenko, O. Melnikova, Lidiia Babenko, Rostyslav Bubnov, Tetiana Beregova, Tetiana Falalyeyeva, Mykola Spivak

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: metabolic syndrome; diabetes mellitus; obesity, lactobacilli; bifidobacteria; glucose; macrophages; inflammation; mouse model

Online: 8 August 2018 (14:27:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0024.v1

Identification of One BOCR Mutation and Five NF1 Mutations in Male Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia

Zhifan Zhou, Yong Zeng, Xinchun Wu, Fei Li, Xiaoyan Liu, Lu Zhou, Lihua Hou, Silong Sun, Lu Shen, Zhangyuan Lin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: neurofibromatosis type 1; congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia; whole-exome sequencing; targeted sequencing; BCOR

Online: 7 September 2016 (11:19:00 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

COVID-19 Perfect Storm (Part II): Role of Vitamins as Therapy or Preventive Strategy in Aged People

Sirio Fiorino, Claudio Gallo, Maddalena Zippi, Sergio Sabbatani, Roberto Manfredi, Renzo Moretti, Elisa Fogacci, Caterina Maggioli, Francesca Travasoni Loffredo, Enrico Giampieri, Ivan Corazza, Christoph Dickmans, Claudio Denitto, Michele Cammarosano, Michele Battilana, Paolo Emilio Orlandi, Francesco Del Forno, Francesco Miceli, Michela Visani, Giorgia Acquaviva, Paolo Leandri, Elio Jovine, Roberto Iovine, Dario de Biase

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS; CoV-2; COVID-19; vitamins; therapeutic strategy

Online: 18 May 2020 (12:51:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0227.v1

New Link between Skin Microbiota Diversity and Skin Health: Proposal to Use This as a Mechanism to Determine Whether Cosmetic Products Damage the Skin and Are a Cause of the Skin Allergy Epidemic

Christopher Wallen-Russell, Sam Wallen-Russell

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: biodiversity; skin allergy; benchmark skin health values; effect of synthetic cosmetics on skin; 21st century skin ailments; measure skin health; healthy skin ecosystem; healthy skin bacteria; damaged skin bacteria; perfect skin

Online: 31 March 2017 (08:52:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0165.v2

Pueraria mirifica Exerts Estrogenic Effects in the Mammary Gland and Uterus and Promotes Mammary Carcinogenesis in Donryu Rats

Anna Kakehashi, Midori Yoshida, Yoshiyuki Tago, Naomi Ishii, Takahiro Okuno, Min Gi, Hideki Wanibuchi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: Pueraria mirifica; mammary gland; uterus; carcinogenesis; estrogenic activity; Donryu rat

Online: 26 September 2016 (09:25:39 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0090.v1

Intestinal Organoids—Current and Future Applications

Andre M. C. Meneses, Kerstin Schneeberger, Hedwig S. Kruitwagen, Louis C. Penning, Frank G. van Steenbeek, Iwan Burgener, Bart Spee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: intestinal organoids; dog; practical applications

Online: 9 August 2016 (11:38:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0400.v1

Artificial Intelligence Use in University: should We Ban ChatGPT ?

Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Andi Hermansyah, Khang Wen Goh, Long Chiau Ming

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: innovation and technology; quality education; sustainable communities; innovation and infra-structure; partnerships for the goals; sustainable education; social justice

Online: 23 February 2023 (06:44:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0093.v2

Mental Health in Cypriot Citizens of the Rural Health Centre Kofinou

Georgios Stavrou, Eleni Jelastopulu, Lefkios Paikousis, Georgios Charalambous

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: depression; anxiety; emotional distress; HADS; GDS; Health Centre

Online: 11 August 2016 (11:05:44 CEST)

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Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health of Cypriot citizens, living in the current difficult period of economic recession. Specific objective was to investigate the different factors (gender, age, socio-economic factors, etc.) that may affect the levels of emotional distress, anxiety and depression in visitors of the Rural Health Centre of Kofinou. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of total 300 Cypriots who visited Kofinou Health Centre in the period between August and September 2015. For the middle-aged citizens the Greek version of the HADS scale (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale) was administered to 150 persons (Michopoulos I., 2007), while for the visiting senior citizens (aged over 65 years) the Greek version of the GDS scale (Geriatric Depression Scale) was used (Fountoulakis K., et al., 1999). All analyses were performed with the social science analysis package SPSS (version 21). Results: HADS: A total of 150 people of average age 47±11,5 years (23-64), were 56% women, while the 77.3% stated they had drastic reduction of income as well as 46.7% suffered from chronic disease. The 36.6% and 28.7% of the visitors showed moderate and severe forms of anxiety and depression, accordingly. Higher emotional distress is associated with lower educational level (p<0,001). Moreover, patients with low income have higher levels of anxiety (p=0,003), depression (p=0,036) and total emotional distress (p=0,007), while those with chronic disease have a higher stress (p<0,001), depression (p<0,001) and total emotional distress symptoms (p<0,001) compared to non - patients. GDS: 150 patients out of which 77 were women (51.3%). The average age of participants was 72±5,5 years. 93(62%) participants declared a drastic reduction of income due to the financial crisis while 139 (92.7%) stated they had chronic disease. 53 participants (35.3%) think they have symptoms of depression after the economic crisis. The women showed higher level of geriatric depression symptoms than men (p<0.001). Higher levels of depression is associated with lower income (p=0.001). Conclusions: The study shows that stress levels, depression and emotional distress are increased in specific population groups. The main factors affecting the mental health of the participants are the presence of chronic disease, income and level of education.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0138.v1

Danggui-Shaoyao-San, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Relieved Depression and Cognitive Disorder Induced by Chronic Restraint Stress Involved in Regulating Dendritic Spines Remodeling

Kecheng Zhou, Junbin Yin, Huanghui Wu, Wei Hu, Zhen Gao, Fang Li, An'an Wu, Wen Wang, Junping Kou

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Danggui-Shaoyao-San, chronic restraint stress, learning and memory, anxiety/depression, structural plasticity

Online: 31 January 2017 (15:30:41 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0228.v1

Sweat Gland Biopsy: A Possible Early Diagnostic Tool in the Anderson-Fabry Disease

Giuseppe Pistone, Valentina Caputo, Davide Fattore, Giovanna Tilotta, Maria Rita Bongiorno

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: lysosomal diseases; diagnosis

Online: 30 August 2016 (04:27:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0016.v1

Human Caveolin-1 a Potent Inhibitor for Prostate Cancer Therapy: A Computational Approach

Uzma Khanam, Pallavi Somvanshi, Shafiul Haque, Balwant Kishan Malik, Bhawna Rathi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: molecular dynamics simulation; virtual screening; molecular docking; prostate cancer; caveolin-1

Online: 7 October 2016 (12:09:06 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Short-Term Moderate-Dose Corticosteroid Plus Immunoglobulin Effectively Reverses COVID-19 Patients Who Have Failed Low-Dose Therapy

Zhi-Guo Zhou, Shu-Min Xie, Jing Zhang, Fang Zheng, Di-Xuan Jiang, Ke-Yu Li, Qi Zuo, Yu-Sheng Yan, Ji-Yang Liu, Yuan-Lin Xie, Hong Peng, Lei Zhang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: humans; infection control; therapy; coronavirus; immunoglobulins; drug therapy; therapeutic use; corticosteroid

Online: 8 March 2020 (17:04:19 CET)

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Background: The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread globally with more than 80,000 people infected, and nearly 3000 patients died. Currently, we are in an urgent need for effective treatment strategy to control the clinical deterioration of COVID-19 patients. Methods: The clinical data of 10 COVID-19 patients receiving short-term moderate-dose corticosteroid (160mg/d) plus immunoglobulin (20g/d) were studied in the North Yard of The First Hospital of Changsha, Hunan from January 17^th to February 27^th, 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological findings were analyzed. Results: After treatment with combination of low-dose corticosteroid (40-80mg/d) and immunoglobulin (10g/d), patients’ lymphocyte count (0.88±0.34 vs 0.59±0.18, P<0.05), oxygenation index including SPO₂ (94.90±2.51 vs 90.50±5.91, P<0.05) and PaO₂/FiO₂ (321.36±136.91 vs 129.30±64.97, P<0.05) were significantly lower than pre-treatment, and CT showed that the pulmonary lesion deteriorated in all patients. While after treatment of short-term moderate-dose corticosteroid plus immunoglobulin, patients’ APACHE Ⅱ score (9.10±6.15 vs 5.50±9.01, P<0.05), body temperature (37.59±1.16 vs 36.46±0.25, P<0.05), lymphocyte count (0.59±0.18 vs 1.36±0.51, P<0.05), Lactate dehydrogenase (419.24±251.31 vs 257.40±177.88, P<0.05), and C-reactive protein (49.94±26.21 vs 14.58±15.25, P<0.05) significantly improved compared with post-treatment with low-dose therapy. In addition, oxygenation index including SPO₂ (90.50±5.91 vs 97.50±1.18, P<0.05), PaO₂ (60.47±14.53 vs 99.07±34.31, P<0.05), and PaO₂/FiO₂ (129.30±64.97 vs 340.86±146.72, P<0.05) significant improved. Furthermore, CT showed that pulmonary lesions obviously improved in 7 patients. After systematic therapy, 4 out of 10 COVID-19 patients recovered and discharged. Conclusions: Short-term moderate-dose corticosteroid plus immunoglobulin is effective for reversing the continued deterioration of COVID-19 patients who failed to respond to the low-dose therapy. Funding: This work was supported by the Innovative Major Emergency Project Funding against the New Coronavirus Pneumonia in Hunan Province (Dr. Ji-Yang Liu, number 2020SK3014; Dr. Yuan-Lin Xie, number 2020SK3013).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0063.v1

Evaluation of Mesenchymal Cells (MSC) and Dapsone for the Treatment of Dermonecrotic Wounds Caused by Loxosceles laeta Venom in Rabbits

Guilherme Martins, Maira Oliveira, Ana Flávia Botelho, Conrado Gamba, Clara Duarte, Adriane Bicalho, Geovanni Cassali, Alfredo Goes, Carlos Chavez-Olortegui, Benito Soto-Blanco, Marilia Melo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: spider venom; wound repair; loxoscelism.

Online: 8 January 2018 (10:49:36 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0081.v1

The Hypercalcemic Effect of Vitamin D3 in Sarcoidosis Could Be a Side Effect of an Endogenous Program Organizing Cancer Apoptosis

Raimund von Helden, William B. Grant, Meis Moukayed, Bernd Becker

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: sarcoidosis; monocytes; cancer; neoplasia; vitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3; etiology; spontaneous remission of cancer; vitamin D side effects

Online: 18 September 2017 (14:21:11 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0389.v1

Temperature Dependent Viral Tropism: An Explanation of the Seasonality and Pathogenicity of the Endemic Respiratory Viruses

Patrick D. Shaw Stewart

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: respiratory illness; pathogenicity; virulence; natural selection; colds; influenza; rhinovirus; weather; climate; Tropics; summer; winter

Online: 19 January 2021 (16:42:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0452.v1

Nursing Faculty Shortage in Canada: A Review of Contributing Factors

Sheila A. Boamah, Miranda Callen, Edward Cruz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: nursing faculty shortage; nurse faculty; educator; nursing academic workforce; scoping review; Canada

Online: 22 January 2021 (14:18:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0011.v1

Changing Trends in Computational Drug Repositioning

Jaswanth K. Yella, Suryanarayana Yaddanapudi, Yunguan Wang, Anil G. Jegga

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: computational drug repositioning; drug repositioning; drug repurposing; machine learning; deep learning; crowdsourcing; open innovation; drug discovery

Online: 1 May 2018 (12:27:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0026.v1

Influence of Gender on CMV Seropositivity in Non-A To G Hepatitis Virus Patients

Rand Farag, Dujana Alayobi, Hye-Joo Kwon, Afaf Elansary

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: cytomegalovirus; alanine transaminase; aspartate transaminase alkaline phosphatase; γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; liver function

Online: 5 December 2016 (11:08:57 CET)

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Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major pathogen that cause remarkable rate of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. It is important to find risk factors associated with CMV viremia. We studied the differences in CMV seropositivity in relation to liver function biomarkers in male and female Saudi population in an attempt to understand the variation in the CMV seroprevalence with sex and find the risk factor to develop liver dysfunction or hepatocellular carcinoma. Material and subjects: The CMV- IgG and IgM were screened in serum samples of 150 non- A-G hepatities patients with elevation of liver profiles (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT) and categorized as males and females. Samples were collected from different general hospitals and polyclinic in KSA from March 2014 to June 2015. A correlation between CMV seropositivity measured with both antibodies and liver enzymes were tested. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and multiple regressions were done for the obtained data. Results: Our study shows that females had much higher IgG and IgM compared to age-matching males. A significant correlation between both antibodies and liver enzymes (AST, ALT) was recorded. Less significant correlation of both IgG and IgM with GGT was also observed. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that both IgG and IgM can be used as excellent predictive markers for CMV infection as both recorded 100% specificity and sensitivity together with area under the curve of 1 in males and females. Multiple regression analysis ascertain the correlation between both antibodies as dependent variables and liver enzymes as independent variables with ALT being the most affected enzyme with CMV seropositivity especially in females. Conclusion:he data discussed above This study shows that CMV is capable of initiating and accelerating liver dysfunction in both sexes. The high seroprevalence in females at reproductive age is especially important as they can transmit the virus to their developing fetus. Prevention of CMV infection in young girls 11-14 years old, through counseling on hygiene or possible future vaccination, may lead to a decrease of congenital CMV infections with the concomitant risk of developing liver dysfunction or hepatocellular carcinoma. Keywords: Cytomegalovirus, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase Alkaline phosphatase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, liver function.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0373.v1

The Successes and Failures of the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Romania

Stefan Dascalu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Romania; COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; epidemic; public health; healthcare; policy; diaspora; sociocultural;

Online: 21 April 2020 (04:47:30 CEST)

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