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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0619.v1

Prevalence of Stress in Healthcare Professional During COVID-19 Pandemic in Northeast México: A Remote Fast Survey Evaluation, the Use of an Adapted COVID-19 Stress Scale

Juan Luis Delgado-Gallegos, Rene de Jesus Montemayor-Garza, Gerardo R. Padilla-Rivas, Hector Franco-Villareal, Jose Francisco Islas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: COVID-19 Mexico; stress in healthcare professionals; COVID-19 stress scale

Online: 26 September 2020 (08:07:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0120.v1

Comparative investigation into Pre-COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 lockdown Water Demand in selected schools in Osun State, Nigeria

Timothy O. Ogunbode

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Pre-COVID-19; Post-COVID-19; Secondary Schools; Water Demand; Groundwater; Nigeria

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:22:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0343.v1

Emerging Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a Pandemic Public Health Emergency with Animal Linkages: Current Status Update

Yashpal Singh Malik, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Obli Rajendran Vinodhkumar, Ruchi Tiwari, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Kuldeep Dhama

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; animal coronaviruses; COVID-19; bat coronavirus; zoonoses; epidemiology; transmission; diagnosis; antivirals; prevention and control

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:19:35 CET)

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After the appearance of first cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown origin’ in the Wuhan city, China, during late 2019, the disease progressed fast. Its cause was identified as a novel coronavirus, named provisionally 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, an official name was given as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study group. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the Coronavirus disease-2019 as COVID-19. The epidemics of COVID-2019 have been recorded over 113 countries/territories/areas apart from China and filched more than 4292 humans, affecting severely around 1,18,326 cases in a short span. The status of COVID-2019 emergency revised by the WHO within 42 days from Public Health International Emergency (January 30, 2020) to a pandemic (March 11, 2020). Nonetheless, the case fatality rate (CFR) of the current epidemic is on the rise (between 2-4%), relatively is lower than the previous SARS-CoV (2002/2003) and MERS-CoV (2012) outbreaks. Even though investigations are on its way, the researchers across the globe have assumptions of animal-origin of current SARS-CoV-2. A recent case report provides evidence of mild COVID-2019 infection in a pet dog that acquired COVID-2019 infection from his owner in Hong Kong. The news on travellers associated spread across the globe have also put many countries on alert with the cancellation of tourist visa to all affected countries and postponement of events where international visits were required. A few diagnostic approaches, including quantitative and differential real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, have been recommended for the screening of the individuals at risk. In the absence of any selective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, re-purposed drugs are advocated in many studies. This article discourse the current worldwide situation of COVID-2019 with information on virus, epidemiology, host, the role of animals, effective diagnosis, therapeutics, preventive and control approaches making people aware on the disease outcomes.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0075.v1

Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning aspects of the Covid-19 outbreak

Beniamino Murgante

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: Covid-19; Italy; Po-Valley; NOx; Pollution; Particles; Land Take; Spatial Diffusion Processes; LISA.

Online: 5 May 2020 (12:33:07 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0364.v1

The Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution Concentrations and Lockdowns on Covid-19 Infections in Wuhan and Other Provincial Capitals in China

Yang Han, Jacqueline CK Lam, Victor OK Li, Peiyang Guo, Qi Zhang, Andong Wang, Jon Crowcroft, Shanshan Wang, Jinqi Fu, Zafar Gilani, Jocelyn Downey

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Pollution Keywords: Covid-19; infection rate; air pollution; lockdown; China

Online: 24 March 2020 (14:54:49 CET)

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Background: Covid-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China in Dec 2019. Since then, it has been transmitted rapidly in China and the rest of the world. While Covid-19 transmission rate has been declining in China, it is increasing exponentially in Europe and America. Although there are numerous studies examining Covid-19 infection, including an archived paper looking into the meteorological effect, the role of outdoor air pollution has yet to be explored rigorously. It has been shown that air pollution will weaken the immune system, and increase the rate of respiratory virus infection. We postulate that outdoor air pollution concentrations will have a negative effect on Covid-19 infections in China, whilst lockdowns, characterized by strong social distancing and home isolation measures, will help to moderate such negative effect. Methods: We will collect the number of daily confirmed Covid-19 cases in 31 provincial capital cities in China during the period of 1 Dec 2019 to 20 Mar 2020 (from a popular Chinese online platform which aggregates all cases reported by the Chinese national/provincial health authorities). We will also collect daily air pollution and meteorology data at the city-level (from the Chinese National Environmental Monitoring Center and the US National Climatic Data Center), daily inter-city migration flows and intra-city movements (from Baidu). City-level demographics including age distribution and gender, education, and median household income can be obtained from the statistical yearbooks. City-level co-morbidity indicators including rates of chronic disease and co-infection can be obtained from related research articles. A regression model is developed to model the relationship between the infection rate of Covid-19 (number of confirmed cases/population at the city level) and outdoor air pollution at the city level, after taking into account confounding factors such as meteorology, inter- and intra-city movements, demographics, and co-morbidity and co-infection rates. In particular, we shall study how air pollution affects infection rates across different cities, including Wuhan. Our model will also study air pollution would affect infection rates in Wuhan before and after the lockdown. Expected findings: We expect there be a correlation between Covid-19 infection rate and outdoor air pollution. We also expect that reduced intra-city movement after the lockdowns in Wuhan and the rest of China will play an important role in reducing the infection rate. Interpretation: Infection rate is growing exponentially in major cities worldwide. We expect Covid-19 infection rate is related to the air pollution concentration, and is strongly dependent on inter- and intra-city movements. To reduce the infection rate, the international community may deploy effective air pollution reduction plans and social distancing policies.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0085.v1

Structural Elucidation of SARS-CoV-2 Vital Proteins: Computational Methods Reveal Potential Drug Candidates Against Main Protease, Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase and Nsp13 Helicase

Muhammad Usman Mirza, Matheus Froeyen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; CoV-Mpro; CoV-Nsp12 polymerase; CoV-Nsp13 helicase

Online: 5 March 2020 (11:50:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0095.v1

Comparison of Aerodynamics Characteristics of NACA 0015 & NACA 4415

Robiul Islam Rubel, Md. K. Uddin, Md. Zahidul Islam, Md. Rokunuzzaman

Subject: Physical Sciences, Fluids And Plasmas Physics Keywords: aerofoil; CFD; lift and drag force; pressure and velocity contour

Online: 22 October 2016 (11:08:56 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Disabled People in Britain and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Tom Shakespeare, Nicholas Watson, Richard Brunner, Jane Cullingworth, Shaffa Hameed, Nathaniel Scherer, Charlotte Pearson, Veronika Reichenberger

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: disability; COVID-19; pandemic; social care; lockdown; social distancing; information

Online: 27 January 2021 (13:44:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0220.v1

The PHA4GE SARS-CoV-2 Contextual Data Specification for Open Genomic Epidemiology

Emma J. Griffiths, Ruth E. Timme, Andrew J. Page, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Dan Fornika, Finlay Maguire, Catarina Inês Mendes, Simon H. Tausch, Allison Black, Thomas R. Connor, Gregory H. Tyson, David M. Aanensen, Brian Alcock, Josefina Campos, Alan Christoffels, Anders Gonçalves da Silva, Emma Hodcroft, William W.L. Hsiao, Lee S. Katz, Samuel M. Nicholls, Paul E. Oluniyi, Idowu B. Olawoye, Amogelang R. Raphenya, Ana Tereza R. Vasconcelos, Adam A. Witney, Duncan R. MacCannell

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: genomics; metadata; SARS-CoV-2; bioinformatics; data standards

Online: 9 August 2020 (15:53:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0234.v1

Epidemiological Challenges in Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Role of Artificial Intelligence

Abhijit Dasgupta, Abhisek Bakshi, Srijani Mukherjee, Kuntal Das, Soumyajeet Talukdar, Pratyayee Chatterjee, Sagnik Mondal, Puspita Das, Subhrojit Ghosh, Archisman Som, Pritha Roy, Rima Kundu, Akash Sarkar, Arnab Biswas, Karnelia Paul, Sujit Basak, Krishnendu Manna, Chinmay Saha, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Nitai P. Bhattacharyya, Rajat K. De

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: SIRD; Twitter; GHSI; Pre-symptomatic; EHR; Contact tracing; On-line survey; qRT-PCR; X-ray; CT/HRCT; CNN; Autoencoder; Drug affinity; CPI; and Inflation.

Online: 14 May 2020 (11:25:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0337.v1

Reporting Two SARS-CoV-2 Strains Based on A Unique Trinucleotide-Bloc Mutation and Their Potential Pathogenic Difference

Mustak Ibn Ayub

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; strains of SARS-CoV-2

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:14:52 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus behind COVID-19 pandemic is acquiring new mutations in its genome. Although some mutations provide benefits to the virus against human immune response, a number of them may result in their reduced pathogenicity and virulence. By analyzing more than 3000 high-coverage, complete genome sequences deposited in the GISAID database, here I report a unique 28881-28883:GGG>AAC trinucleotide-bloc mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that results in two sub-strains, described here as SARS-CoV-2g (28881-28883:GGG genotype) and SARS-CoV-2a (28881-28883:AAC genotype). Computational analysis and literature review suggest that this bloc mutation would bring 203-204:RG(arginine-glycine)>KR(lysine-arginine) amino acid changes in the nucleocapsid (N) protein affecting the SR (serine-arginine)-rich motif of the protein, a critical region for the transcription of viral RNA and replication of the virus. Thus, 28881-28883:GGG>AAC bloc-mutation is expected to modulate the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2g and SARS-CoV-2a strains can be linked with the heterogeneity of COVID-19 cases across different regions within and between countries by analyzing existing data. Sequence analysis suggests that severely affected cities, such as Milan, Lombardy, New York, Paris have the predominant presence of SARS-CoV-2g strains, whereas less affected places like Abruzzo, Lyon, Valencia have a relatively higher presence of SARS-CoV-2a, an indication that the latter strain may contribute to the reduced cases of COVID-19. A similar relationship is observed when Netherlands, Portugal are compared with Spain, France and Germany. These analyses suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 has already evolved into a less infective SARS-CoV-2a affecting COVID-19 cases in different regions. The time a country or region needs to acquire SARS-CoV-2a strains may be indicative to the time it would need to overcome the peak of the COVID-19 cases. To confirm these assumptions, prompt retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies should be conducted in different countries to understand the course of pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2a and SARS-CoV-2g. Potential drugs can be designed targeting 28881-28883 region of the N protein to modulate virus pathogenicity.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0474.v1

Predictors of Mental Health After the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

Piotr Długosz

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: COVID-19; fear of COVID-19; mental health; emotional distress; social effects

Online: 18 March 2021 (11:01:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0527.v1

Radiation Oncology Policy for Risk reduction from novel COVID-19 Pandemic in Radiation Oncology Department

Bushra Rana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: Radiation oncology; COVID-19; Radiation therapist COVID-19 policy; Radiation oncology departmental Policy

Online: 30 April 2020 (11:02:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0565.v1

Relevance to the Introduction of eLearning on Higher Education of Bangladesh: An Experience from the Educational Cost of COVID-19

Sajib Dey, Md. Gias Uddin Khan, Md. Mahbubul Hakim

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: higher education; Bangladesh; eLearning; COVID-19; lockdown

Online: 24 May 2021 (11:59:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0108.v1

COVID-19: Comprehensive Synopsis of Suggested Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Repurposed Drugs

Mathijs Binkhorst, Annette K. Offringa, Johannes G. van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; hypothesis; pathophysiology; drug repurposing

Online: 7 July 2020 (02:50:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0073.v1

Self-Supervised Contextual Keyword and Keyphrase Retrieval with Self-Labelling

Prafull Sharma, Yingbo Li

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: contextual keyword extraction; BERT; word embedding; LSTM; transformers; Deep Learning

Online: 6 August 2019 (09:17:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0309.v12

Chronic Positive Mass Balance is the Actual Etiology of Obesity: A Living Review

Anssi Manninen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: obesity; body weight regulation; macronutrients; energy balance theory; mass balance model; paradigm shift; living review

Online: 18 October 2022 (04:11:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0429.v1

Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 Kev Energy Electron Beam

John. I Adlish, Davide Costa, Enrico Mainardi, Piero Neuhold, Riccardo Surrente, Luca J. Tagliapietra

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: Microplastics; Polyethylene Ocean Water; Microplastics identification; Microorganisms identification; Ocean Water quality; Drinking water; Food quality; Cancer and microplastics; plastic and ocean; particle physics; particle accelerators in environmental studies.

Online: 18 September 2020 (11:03:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0040.v1

COVID-19 Infection and Transmission are Observably Less in Highly Dengue-endemic Countries

Subhajit Biswas, Soumi Sukla

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Dengue; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; epidemiology; infection; mortality; cross-protection; Dengue vaccine; ELISA; Dengvaxia

Online: 3 April 2020 (15:48:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0049.v1

The Covid-19 Infection in Italy: A Statistical Study of an Abnormally Severe Disease

Giuseppe De Natale, Valerio Ricciardi, Gabriele De Luca, Dario De Natale, Giovanni Di Meglio, Antonio Ferragamo, Vito Marchitelli, Andrea Piccolo, Antonio Scala, Renato Somma, Emanuele Spina, Claudia Troise

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19; epidemic in Italy; statistical forecast

Online: 6 April 2020 (11:28:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0287.v1

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Life and Well-Being in Morocco

Zouhour Samlani, Yassine Lemfadli, Adil Ait Errami, Sofia Oubaha, Khadija Krati

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19; quality of life; mental health; physical health

Online: 24 June 2020 (09:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0156.v2

A Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Based on Hadamard Product

Fayez Alhargan

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: The Riemann Hypothesis; the functional equation; the Riemann zeta function; Hadamard Product

Online: 28 September 2020 (10:41:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0020.v1

Thick-Skinned and Thin-Skinned Tectonics: A Global Perspective

O. Adrian Pfiffner

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: thin-skinned tectonics; thick-skinned tectonics; structural geology; structure of mountain ranges; fold-and-thrust belts; décollement; nappe stacking; continent-continent collision; subduction; basin inversion

Online: 11 July 2017 (08:12:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0352.v1

The Field Guide to 3D Printing in Microscopy

Mario Del Rosario, Hannah S. Heil, Afonso Mendes, Vittorio Saggiomo, Ricardo Henriques

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: 3d printing; microscopy; open-source; optics; super-resolution

Online: 14 May 2021 (16:10:24 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0428.v1

A Furin Cleavage Site Inserted into the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2: A Structural Implication?

Wei Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; furin cleavage site (FCS); salt bridging analysis

Online: 29 March 2020 (08:54:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0097.v1

PyRosetta Jupyter Notebooks Teach Biomolecular Structure Prediction and Design

Kathy Le, Jared Adolf-Bryfogle, Jason Klima, Sergey Lyskov, Jason Labonte, Steven Bertolani, Shourya Roy Burman, Andrew Leaver-Fay, Brian Weitzner, Jack Maguire, Ramya Rangan, Matt Adrianowycz, Rebecca Alford, Aleexan Adal, Morgan Nance, Rhiju Das, Roland Dunbrack, William Schief, Brian Kuhlman, Justin Siegel, Jeffrey Gray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Protein structure and dynamics; Molecular structure and modeling; Protein and macromolecules; Computational methods and bioinformatics; Computer-based teaching tools; Learning materials and teaching tools; Multimedia teaching tools

Online: 7 February 2020 (11:42:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0233.v1

Complementary Application of the Ozonized Saline Solution in Moderate and Severe Patients with Pneumonia Covid-19: Efficacy and Tolerability

Adriana Schwartz, Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez, Alejandra Menassa de Lucía, Sergio Mejía Viana, Constanta Alina Mita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: ozone therapy; ozonized saline solution; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pneumonia

Online: 18 June 2020 (13:13:39 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

A Study to Establish Local Healthcare Projects in the with-COVID-19 Age : Based on Health Recognition of Local Residents in the Korea

Bo-Woo Lee

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19; with- COVID-19 age; infectious disease; local healthcare projects; healthcare systems

Online: 16 September 2021 (14:59:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v2

Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients with Lung Cancer

Sufang Tian, Weidong Hu, Li Niu, Huan Liu, Haibo Xu, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19 pneumonia; pathology; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 2 March 2020 (01:34:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0286.v1

Network Bioinformatics Analysis Provides Insight into Drug Repurposing for COVID-2019

Xu Li, Jinchao Yu, Zhiming Zhang, Jing Ren, Alex E. Peluffo, Wen Zhang, Yujie Zhao, Kaijing Yan, Daniel Cohen, Wenjia Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-2019; SARS-CoV-2; repurposing; network bioinformatics

Online: 18 March 2020 (08:50:10 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: ‘Warp Speed’ Needs Mind Melds not Warped Minds

John P. Moore, P. J. Klasse

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; vaccines; animal models

Online: 7 June 2020 (10:26:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0206.v2

Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19 Based on the Dynamics of Interferon-mediated Immune Responses

Farbod Shahabi nezhad, Pouria Mosaddeghi, Manica Negahdaripour, Zahra Dehghani, Mitra Farahmandnejad, Mohsen Moghadami, Navid Nezafat, Seyed Masoom Masoompour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus infection; corons; SARS-CoV; interferon; systems biology

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:27:57 CET)

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As the outbreak of COVID-19 has accelerated, an urgent need for finding strategies to combat the virus is growing. Thus, gaining more knowledge on the pathogenicity mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of COVID-19, and its interaction with the immune system is of utmost importance. Although this novel virus is not well known yet, its structural and genetic similarity with SARS-CoV as well as the comparable pattern of age-mortality relations suggest that the previous findings on SARS can be applicable for COVID-19. Therefore, a systems biology study was conducted to investigate the most important signaling pathways activated by the virus. The results were then validated through a literature review on COVID-19 and the other closely related viruses, SARS and MERS. Interferons have shown to play a crucial role in the defense against coronavirus diseases. CoV can impede the interferon induction in humans. Moreover, STAT1, a key protein in the interferon-mediated immune response, is antagonized by the virus. This could explain the increased response threshold of immune cells to IFNs during CoV infections. A vivid correlation between the innate immune response threshold and the fatality rates in COVID-19 can be found. Differences in the dynamics of the interferon-related innate immune responses in children, adults, and elderly may explain the reported fatality rates. The increased mortality rates in the elderly can be explained by the higher threshold of interferon-mediated immune responses. Earlier induction of interferons in children and their less developed immune system could contribute to their near to zero fatality rate. Administration of interferon-inducing agents, such as poly (ICLC), could reduce the mortality of SARS at the very early stages of the disease. Interferon-γ combination with an interferon-I might induce synergistic effects and maximize the benefits. However, in-depth research is needed to validate it and determine the optimum dosage and timing to prevent unwanted results. Such interventions can act as a double-edged sword and aid the imbalance of the immune reactions, which may occur at the later stages of the disease. With the advancement of the disease and the virus overload, the responses would shift toward immnopathogenic over-reactions and probably cytokine storm. Moderating the activity of the immune system and supportive care in such conditions might be the optimum approach.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0383.v1

Future of Construction Industry: COVID-19 and Its Implications on Construction Projects and Risk Management – A Review

Kushal Adhikari, Lochana Poudyal

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; construction project; risk management; use of technology; recovery and resilience

Online: 14 April 2021 (14:12:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0277.v1

Anti-COVID-19 Effects of Ten Structurally Different Hydrolysable Tannins through Binding with the Catalytic-Closed Sites of COVID-19 Main Protease: An In-Silico Approach

Ibrahim Khalifa, Wei Zhu, Mohamed S. Nafie, Kunal Dutta, Chunmei Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; hydrolysable tannins; protease; molecular docking; structural-relationship activity

Online: 17 March 2020 (15:43:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0457.v3

Timoshenko Beam Theory: Exact Solution for First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, and Stability Using a Moment-Shear Force-Curvature Relationship

Valentin Fogang

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Timoshenko beam; moment shear force curvature relationship; closed-form solutions; non-uniform heating; stability; second-order element stiffness matrix; elastic Winkler foundation

Online: 15 July 2021 (10:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0375.v1

Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Autism Reveals Differential Abundance of Prevotella and Akkermansia Species

Swati Agarwala, Bindushree Naik, Nallur B Ramachandra

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: autism phenome; gut microbiome; behaviour reversal; meta-analysis; 16srRNA sequencing; operational taxonomic units (OTUs)

Online: 25 May 2018 (16:15:27 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0108.v1

Towards a Biological Definition of Parkinson’s Disease

Günter U. Höglinger, Charles H. Adler, Daniela Berg, Christine Klein, Tiago F. Outeiro, Werner Poewe, Ronald Postuma, Jon Stoessl, Anthony E. Lang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; genetics; α-synuclein; neurodegeneration; clinical manifestation; diagnosis

Online: 7 April 2023 (03:54:11 CEST)

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With the growing hope that disease-modifying treatments could target the molecular basis of neurodegenerative diseases even before the onset of symptoms, there is mounting pressure to define disease entities based on pathophysiology rather than on clinical syndromes. The Alzheimer’s disease research community has recently transitioned from diagnostic criteria based on an amnestic syndrome to a purely biomarker-based disease definition, relying on the demonstration of amyloid-beta pathology, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. In contrast, current diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease still rely on the presence of the well-described clinical syndrome of parkinsonism, with the addition of characteristic motor- and non-motor signs and symptoms. However, there is now unequivocal evidence that Parkinson’s disease starts years before the onset of parkinsonism. Furthermore, neuropathologically defined Lewy body disease is clinically heterogeneous, combining a range of motor, non-motor, dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic features. Finally, clinically defined Parkinson’s disease has diverse underlying etiologies most, but not all, associated with α-synuclein positive Lewy pathology. In light of recent scientific advances, we propose a biologically based definition for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, initially to be used for research purposes. The criteria use a three-component ‘G-S-N’ system. The first is documentation of defined gene variants (‘G’), which cause or strongly predispose to PD as the most upstream component. The second is α-synuclein pathology (‘S’), currently defined as pathological α-synuclein deposition in tissue or positive α-synuclein seeding assays. The third is evidence of underlying neurodegeneration (‘N’), currently defined by specific neuroimaging procedures. The associated clinical syndrome (‘C’) is defined by a single high-specificity feature or multiple lower-specificity features. Initiating this transition will enable the field to fuel both basic and clinical research and move closer to the precision medicine required to develop clinically meaningful disease-modifying therapies. We acknowledge current limitations, ethical implications, and the need for prospective validation of this approach.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0091.v2

The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS) Application in China: A Case Study in Heihe River Basin

Xian-yong Meng, Hao Wang, Si-yu Cai, Xue-song Zhang, Guo-yong Leng, Xiao-hui Lei, Chun-xiang Shi, Shi-yin Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geophysics And Geology Keywords: reanalysis climate data; hydrologic modeling; comparative analysis

Online: 3 February 2017 (03:50:07 CET)

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Large-scale hydrological modeling in China is challenging given the sparse meteorological stations and large uncertainties associated with atmospheric forcing data.Here we introduce the development and use of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) in the Heihe River Basin(HRB) for improving hydrologic modeling, by leveraging the datasets from the China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS)(including climate data from nearly 40000 area encryption stations, 2700 national automatic weather stations, FengYun (FY) 2 satellite and radar stations). CMADS uses the Space Time Multiscale Analysis System (STMAS) to fuse data based on ECWMF ambient field and ensure data accuracy. In addition, compared with CLDAS, CMADS includes relative humidity and climate data of varied resolutions to drive hydrological models such as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Here, we compared climate data from CMADS, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and traditional weather station (TWS) climate forcing data and evaluatedtheir applicability for driving large scale hydrologic modeling with SWAT. In general, CMADS has higher accuracy than CFRS when evaluated against observations at TWS; CMADS also provides spatially continuous climate field to drive distributed hydrologic models, which is an important advantage over TWS climate data, particular in regions with sparse weather stations. Therefore, SWAT model simulations driven with CMADS and TWS achieved similar performances in terms of monthly and daily stream flow simulations, and both of them outperformed CFRS. For example, for the three hydrological stations (Ying Luoxia, Qilian Mountain, and ZhaMasheke) in the HRB at the monthly and daily Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranges of 0.75-0.95 and 0.58-0.78, respectively, which are much higher than corresponding efficiency statistics achieved with CFSR (monthly: 0.32-0.49 and daily: 0.26 – 0.45). The CMADS dataset is available free of charge and is expected to a valuable addition to the existing climate reanalysis datasets for deriving distributed hydrologic modeling in China and other countries in East Asia.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0413.v1

Vitamin D, Zinc and Iron in Adult Patients with Covid-19 and Their Action in The Immune Response as Biomarkers: A Case Report

Eliza Miranda Ramos, Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo, Igor Domingos de Souza, Gilberto Gonçalves Facco, Antônio Carlos de Abreu, Pamella Aline Miranda Teodoro, Alessandro Carvalho da Fonseca, Ernani Mendes da Fonseca Junior, Iara Barbosa Ramos, Valter Aragão Do Nascimento

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Zinc; vitamin D; iron; Gripes; COVID-19; Anemia

Online: 18 May 2021 (10:34:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0140.v1

A Mathematical Model of COVID-19 Using Fractional Derivative: Outbreak in India with Dynamics of Transmission and Control

Amjad S. Shaikh, Iqbal N. Shaikh, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Analysis Keywords: mathematical models; coronavirus; caputo-fabrizio derivative; basic reproduction number; existence and stability; numerical simulations

Online: 9 April 2020 (08:12:53 CEST)

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Working Paper CONCEPT PAPER

Public Use of Masks to Control the Coronavirus Pandemic

Nicholas R. Longrich, Samuel K. Sheppard

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; face masks; epidemiology; coronavirus; pandemics

Online: 12 April 2020 (08:41:58 CEST)

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The current Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is unprecedented in recent history and threatens the lives and livelihoods of billions worldwide. The rapid spread and lack of modern parallels have left governments, health agencies, and the public racing to understand how to best mitigate and ultimately suppress the pandemic, but we are still working to understand the strengths and weaknesses of various interventions at our disposal. Few issues have been as contentious as the public use of face masks to control the pandemic’s spread. There is ongoing debate about their effectiveness, but an increasing body of evidence suggests that masks could be a useful in preventing the spread of coronavirus, leading several governments and health agencies to review and revise their policies. Here, we review the theory and evidence behind use of masks. The theory behind masks is that they prevent the spread of viral particles by infected persons, and inhalation of viral particles by uninfected persons. Even assuming masks are not 100% effective in preventing infection, they may reduce severity of infection by reducing viral dosing. Laboratory studies suggest masks may be effective in stopping both exhalation and inhalation of viral particles. However, real-world studies provided limited evidence for the use of masks in controlling influenza transmission and highlight potential problems associated with their misuse, such as poor compliance or improper use. Evidence for efficacy of face masks against the first SARS virus, SARS-CoV-1, implies that they may be effective against the current outbreak of SARS-Cov-2 virus. This is important as mathematical modeling suggests that even small reductions of in transmission rates can make a large difference over time, potentially slowing the pace of viral pandemics and limiting their spread. Perhaps the strongest argument for the use of masks is that countries with early adoption of masks have tended to see flatter pandemic curves, even without strict nationwide lockdowns. There is little evidence that respirators are more effective than surgical masks, but this may be due to misuse or poor compliance. Studies suggest some non-medical masks perform on par with medical masks. Improvised masks are less effective than medical masks, but may provide better protection than nothing at all. While many governments now encourage the use of improvised face coverings, more will need to be known about material, design, and who needs to wear masks, and when, to ensure effectiveness. Proper use of masks will also be important; if masks are used improperly or infrequently they may provide limited protection. It is important that public health policy makers consider the debate and the potential of masks as part of multi-faceted coronavirus control strategies.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0165.v2

The Covid-19 Virus Double Pathogenic Mechanism. A New Perspective

Carlo Brogna

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Covid-19; Blastn; toxins protein; ACh; aChE; BuChE; CBP; Zero Point; bungaro-toxins, phospholipase A2; similar prothrombin activator protein

Online: 19 April 2020 (06:51:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0439.v1

Meycauayan, an Industrial City in Bulacan, Philippines: Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments and Their Relationship to Environmental Indicators

Reymar Diwa, Custer Deocaris, Aileen Orbecido, Arnel Beltran, Edgar Vallar, Maria Cecilia Galvez, Lawrence Belo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: heavy metals; MMORS, Meycauayan River; soil pollution; multivariate analysis; Sediment Quality Guidelines; Single Pollution Index

Online: 16 June 2021 (10:34:20 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0791.v1

Microvascular Capillary and Precapillary Cardiovascular Disturbances Strongly Interact to Severely Affect Tissue Perfusion and Mitochondrial Function in ME/CFS Evolving from the Post COVID-19 Syndrome

Klaus Josef Wirth, Matthias Löhn

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Post-COVID Syndrome, Long-COVID; Long-COVID; Precapillary cardiovascular disturbances; Capillary disturbances; ß2AdR dysfunction; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Post-Exertional Malaise; Exercise intolerance

Online: 13 December 2023 (03:40:03 CET)

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Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a frequent, debilitating and still enigmatic disease. There is a broad overlap in the symptomatology of ME/CFS and the Post-COVID Syndrome (PCS). A fraction of the PCS patients develops the full clinical picture of ME/CFS. New observations in microvessels and blood from patients suffering from PCS have appeared and include microclots and malformed pathological blood cells. Capillary blood flow is impaired not only by pathological blood components but also by prothrombotic changes in the vascular wall, endothelial dysfunction, and expression of adhesion molecules in the capillaries. These disturbances can finally cause a low capillary flow and even capillary stasis. A low cardiac stroke volume due to hypovolemia and the inability of the capacitance vessels to adequately constrict to deliver the necessary cardiac preload generate an unfavorable low precapillary perfusion pressure. Furthermore, a predominance of vasoconstrictor over vasodilator influences exists, in which sympathetic hyperactivity and endothelial dysfunction play a strong role, causing constriction of resistance vessels and of precapillary sphincters which leads to a fall in capillary pressure behind the sphincters. The interaction of these two precapillary cardiovascular mechanisms causing a low capillary perfusion pressure is hemodynamically highly unfavorable in the presence of a primary capillary stasis already caused by the pathological blood components and their interaction with the capillary wall, to severely impair organ perfusion. The detrimental coincidence of the microcirculatory with the precapillary cardiovascular disturbances may constitute the key disturbance of the Post-COVID-19 syndrome and finally lead to ME/CFS in pre-disposed patients because the interaction causes a particular kind of perfusion disturbance - capillary ischemia-reperfusion - which has a high potential of causing mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing sodium- and calcium-overload in skeletal muscles. The latter in turns worsens the vascular situation by the generation of reactive oxygen species to close a vicious cycle from which the patient can hardly escape.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0087.v1

Fabrication Methods of the Polygonal Masonry of Large Stone Blocks with Fitted Curved Surfaces in Megalithic Structures of Peru

Rostislav Lapshin

Subject: Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Keywords: stone block; polygonal masonry; clay model; pantograph; replica; chisel; hammer; megalith; Inca; Cusco; Ollantaytambo; Machu Picchu; Peru

Online: 3 August 2021 (14:55:33 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0269.v1

Antibiotics Against COVID-19 and Mitochondria? Urgent Thinking Out of the Box

Jaroslaw Tyszka, Karolina Kobos, Aleksandra Tyszka

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Theoretical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; antibiotics; immune response; mitochondria; epidemiology; health policy

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:14:30 CEST)

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Italian, Spanish, French vs German, Austrian or Norwegian COVID-19 tracks? Antibiotics might have a partial impact on COVID-19 death rates in various countries. Our working hypotheses based on recent publications is that that antibiotics may be a major factor that negatively affects patients’ immune system during viral infections. We are all aware that there is no specific and effective medical treatment for COVID-19 so far. However, we know that our immune system is the only efficient weapon that fights against this syndrome right now. In fact, antibiotics are very often prescribed to prevent secondary infections following an antiviral immune response. Various antibiotic therapies have also been commonly applied to support COVID-19 treatments in China and Italy. Unfortunately, the frequent antibiotic off-site targets include mitochondria that are genetically and evolutionary closely linked to bacteria. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles responsible for bioenergetics in nearly all our cells, acting as signaling hubs in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. Several studies have demonstrated that mitochondria are vulnerable to antibacterial treatments, interrupting their physiology. Inhibition of these processes by antibiotics might render the immune system less capable of fighting acute COVID-19 viral infections. Some antibiotics, including those prescribed for COVID-19 in Wuhan, have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. The question is whether antibiotics support such a treatment or weaken patient immune responses in this case. This hypothesis should be evaluated based on comparative clinical data that seem to be unavailable at the moment. Possibly the COVID-19 risk group should be extended to all patients being treated with antibiotics, including those who finished antibiotic therapies days up to several months before SARS-CoV-2 infection. We therefore urge health service response groups to evaluate the impact of antibiotics on COVID-19 recovery vs death retrospective data. We would like to motivate international, national and local health authorities to share available clinical treatment data, discuss and optimize treatment strategies.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0742.v1

A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain

Nakul Ravi Raval, Annette Johansen, Lene Lundgaard Donovan, Nídia Fernandez Ros, Brice Ozenne, Hanne Demant Hansen, Gitte Moos Knudsen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Psilocybin; psychedelics; neuroplasticity; SV2A; 5-HT2A; depression; autoradiography; functional-selectivity

Online: 30 November 2020 (16:30:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0248.v1

COVID-19 Real Time Live Tweet Sentimental Analysis Using Deep Learning Methods, Its Effect on Phases of COVID-19 Waves

Ubio Obu, Shruti Thakur

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: COVID-19; sentiment analysis; deep learning

Online: 19 May 2022 (03:42:40 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0111.v1

Publishing Research Support Documents in Open Access Platform to Improve Research Impact

Nader Ale Ebrahim, Yii Bonn Bong

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: improve citations; research tools; research visibility; research impact; documents publishing; highly cited

Online: 26 June 2017 (04:20:47 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

Narendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nabina Chaudhary, Manis Dahal, Biswash Guragain, Sumie Rai, Rahul Chaudhary, K.M. Sachin, Reena Lamichhane-Khadka, Ajaya Bhattarai

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Applied Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; soap; hand washing; WHO

Online: 7 May 2020 (13:48:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0417.v1

Acute Care Physiotherapy Management of COVID-19 Patients in Qatar: Best Practice Recommendations

Ajimsha MS, Neeraj Gampawar, Praveen Surendran, Prasobh Jacob, Vasileios Karpouzis, Mohamed Haneef, Muhamed Aleef, Shameem Ali, Reshma Praveen, Eladel Bouguerra, Noora Almudahka

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Nursing Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; infection; Physiotherapy; rehabilitation

Online: 23 April 2020 (15:22:55 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Controlled COVID-19 Infection in Hospitals Could Achieve A Safer Exit Strategy in the Near-Term: Assessing Risks and Benefits

Eleftherios Diamandis

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19 infection; immunity; risk of COVID-19 infection; pandemics; outbreaks; voluntary infection

Online: 13 May 2020 (05:53:07 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0254.v2

Discovery of Anti-2019-nCoV Agents from 38 Chinese Patent Drugs toward Respiratory Diseases via Docking Screening

Yong-Ming Yan, Xin Shen, Yong-Kai Cao, Jiao-Jiao Zhang, Yan Wang, Yong-Xian Cheng

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; novel coronavirus pneumonia; docking; ACE2; viral main protease

Online: 23 February 2020 (02:09:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0771.v1

Blockchain-Based Electronic Health Record System for Efficient Covid-19 Pandemic Management

Shadab Alam, Faheem Ahmad Reegu, Salwani Mohd Daud, Mohammed Shuaib

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: Electronic Health Record; EHR; Blockchain; Covid-19

Online: 29 April 2021 (10:31:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0620.v1

Parks are Critical Urban Infrastructure: Perception and Use of Urban Green Spaces in NYC During COVID-19

Bianca Lopez, Christopher Kennedy, Timon McPhearson

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Urban green space; COVID-19; urban parks; open space; New York City; urban infrastructure; equity

Online: 27 August 2020 (12:33:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1385.v1

Clinical Rationale for Dietary Lutein Supplementation in Post COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccine Injury Syndromes

Anthony M Kyriakopoulos, Greg Nigh, Peter A McCullough, Stephanie Seneff

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: Lutein; post-COVID syndrome; mRNA vaccination injury syndrome; inflammatory response; reactive oxygen species; reactive nitrogen species; arrhythmogenic heart phenotype; antioxidant defense; bioavailability; extra virgin olive oil

Online: 20 September 2023 (10:07:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0327.v1

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern Ghana; Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing

Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Philip El-Duah, Michael Owusu, Julia Schneider, Richmond Yeboah, Ayisi-Boateng Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Gorman, Eric Adu, Alexander Kwarteng, Michael Frimpong, Sherihane Aryeetey, Jesse Addo Asamoah, Yaw Ampem Amoako, John Humphrey Amuasi, Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Kwasi Obiri-Danso, Victor Max Corman, Christian Drosten, Richard Phillips

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Ghana; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; Phylogenetics

Online: 15 September 2020 (04:24:17 CEST)

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In regions lacking genomic data, analysis of sequences from the early stages of an outbreak can provide important insights into the diversity of pathogens present. Following the detection of the first imported case of COVID-19 in the Northern sector of Ghana on 13^th March 2020, we have now molecularly characterized and phylogenetically analysed sequences including three (3) complete genomes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) isolated from nine (9) patients observed in Ghana. Eight (8) of these patients reported with a recent history of foreign travel and one (1) with no history of foreign travel. We performed high throughput sequencing for 9 samples following the determination of high concentration of viral RNA. In addition, we estimated the potential impact that long distance transportation of samples to testing centres may have on sequencing outcomes. Here, two samples that were closest in terms of viral RNA concentration but transported from sites which are over 400km apart were assessed. All sequences were compared to previous sequences from Ghana and representative sequences from regions where our patients had previously travelled. Complete genomes were obtained for three (3) sequences and with another near complete genome with a coverage of 95.6%. Sequences with coverage in excess of 80% were found to belong to three lineages namely A, B.1 and B.2. Our sequences clustered in two different clades with the majority falling within a clade composed of sequences from sub-Saharan Africa. Less RNA fragmentation was seen in sample KATH23 which was collected 9km compared with sample TTH6 which was collected and transported over a distance of 400km to the testing site. The clustering of several sequences from sub-Saharan Africa suggests regional circulation of the viruses in the subregion. Importantly, there may be the need to decentralize testing sites and build more capacity across Africa to boost the sequencing output of the subregion.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0308.v2

A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against Covid-19

Michael Mörz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: mRNA Vaccine; autopsy

Online: 25 August 2022 (03:54:58 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0433.v1

Designing of Fermenter and its utilization in food industries

Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal , Shubham Jadhav, Poorva Sharma, Akshay Bagal, Akshay Jadhav, Navnidhi Chhikara

Subject: Engineering, Chemical Engineering Keywords: fermentation; bioreactor; heat transfer; mass transfer

Online: 24 August 2018 (11:34:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0165.v1

Few Open Access Journals are Plan S Compliant

Jan Erik Frantsvåg, Tormod Eismann Strømme

Subject: Social Sciences, Library And Information Sciences Keywords: Plan S; open access journals; APC; technical requirements; publisher size

Online: 16 January 2019 (10:19:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0413.v1

Characterization of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein from Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Abhishek Kumar, Alisha Parveen, Narendra Kumar, Sneha Bairy, Vibha Kaushik, Chetan Chandola, Jyoti Sharma, Phulwanti Sharma, Akhil Agarwal, Akhilesh Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, Muniasamy Neerathilingam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nucleocapsid (N); genomics; coronavirus; Wuhan; Pandemic

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:45:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0726.v1

Big Bang Process, Magnetic Monopoles and Super Unification Theory of All Forces Using the GEM Wave

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Big bang; Super unification theory; 4-D Euclidean space; CPT symmetric universe; Origins of the energy (mass); charge and time; Magnetic monopoles

Online: 31 August 2020 (16:28:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0139.v1

Six Fractal Codes of Biological Life:perspectives in Exobiology, Cancers Basic Research and Artificial Intelligence Biomimetism Decisions Making

Jean Claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: /

Online: 7 September 2018 (13:30:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0149.v1

Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID 19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review

Salima Meherali, Neelam Punjani, Samantha Louie-Poon, Komal Abdul Rahim, Jai Das, Rehana Salam, Zohra Lassi

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: COVID-19; Mental Health; Children; Adolescents

Online: 4 March 2021 (09:53:18 CET)

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Background: The COVID 19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the lives of people around the world. It is already evident that the direct and indirect psychological and social effects of the COVID 19 pandemic are insidious and affect the mental health of young children and adolescents now and will in the future. The aim and objectives of this knowledge-synthesis study were to identify the impact of the pandemic on children’s and adolescent’s mental health and to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions employed during previous and the current pandemic to promote children’s and adolescent’s mental health. Methodology: We conducted the systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included experimental randomized, nonrandomized controlled trials; observational studies; and qualitative studies. Results: Of the 5,828 articles that we retrieved, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. We thematically analyzed and put up the major findings under the thematic areas of impact of pandemic on children and adolescent’s mental health. These studies reported that pandemics cause stress, worry, helplessness, and social and risky behavioral problems among children and adolescents (e.g., substance abuse, suicide, relationship problems, academic issues, absenteeism from work). Interventions such as art-based programs, support services, and clinician-led mental health and psychosocial services effectively decrease mental health issues among children and adolescents. Conclusion: Children and adolescents are more likely to experience high rates of depression and anxiety during and after a pandemic. It is critical that future researchers explore effective mental health strategies that are tailored to the needs of children and adolescents. Explorations of effective channels regarding the development and delivery of evidence-based, age-appropriate services are vital to lessen the effects and improve long-term capacities for mental health services for children and adolescents.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0094.v1

Covid-19 Situation in Bangladesh

Abdul Kader Mohiuddin

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19 Lockdown; Shortage of PPEs; Global Pandemic Crisis; Incentives for Officials at Risk

Online: 6 May 2020 (08:45:39 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

When COVID-19 Will Decline in India? Prediction by Combination of Recovery and Case Load Rate

Atanu Bhattacharjee, Mukesh Kumar, Kamalesh Kumar Patel

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Mathematical And Computational Biology Keywords: COVID-19; recovery rate; case load rate; India

Online: 4 May 2020 (02:17:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0099.v1

The Safety and Security Measures of the Selected Universities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines: Its Combat to COVID–19 Pandemic

Jennilyn C. Mina, Januaryn Jose B. Aydinan, Romeo B. Campos, Shirley P. Aye-eo

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: COVID–19; combat; Inter–Agency Task Force (IATF); pandemic; safety and security; university

Online: 4 December 2020 (11:09:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0111.v1

Cyber Security Framework for the Internet-of-Things in Industry 4.0

Petar Radanliev, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo, Stacy Cannady, Razvan Nicolescu, Dave De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Michael Huth

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Industry 4.0., Internet of Things, case study, cyber security framework

Online: 8 March 2019 (15:27:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0248.v1

Super-Multi-Junction Solar Cell, Device Configuration with the Potential of More Than 50 % of the Annual Energy Conversion Efficiency (Non-Concentration)

Kenji Araki, Yasuyuki Ota, Hiromu Saiki, Hiroki Tawa, Kensuke Nishioka, Masafumi Yamaguchi

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: tandem; solar cell; multi-junction; performance ratio; spectrum; modeling; radiative coupling; luminescence coupling

Online: 21 September 2019 (09:19:47 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0384.v1

Tackling the Pandemic COVID-19: The Bangladesh Perspective

Md. Taimur Islam, Anup Kumar Talukder, Md. Nurealam Siddiqui, Tofazzal Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Bangladesh; Pandemic; stimulus package

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:34:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0144.v1

Multilingual Ranking of Wikipedia Articles with Quality and Popularity Assessment in Different Topics

Włodzimierz Lewoniewski, Krzysztof Węcel, Witold Abramowicz

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: Wikipedia; Information quality; popularity; topics identification; Wikidata; DBpedia; WikiRank

Online: 13 May 2019 (08:10:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0068.v2

Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands by Targeting Host-specific SARS-CoV-2’s Structurally Conserved Main Protease

Rakesh Joshi, Shounak Jagdale, Sneha Bansode, S. Shiva Shankar, Meenakshi Tellis, Vaibhav Kumar Pandya, Ashok Giri, Mahesh Kulkarni

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; hACE-2; MPro; multi-target-directed ligand; protease inhibito; RdRp; SARS-CoV-2 virus

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:13:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0552.v1

The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging

David Gems

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: antagonistic pleiotropy; insulin/IGF-1 signalling; hyperfunction; quasi-programs; mTOR; theories of aging; programmatic aging

Online: 30 August 2021 (16:11:02 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0330.v1

Variant Allele of ALDH2, rs671 Associates with Attenuated Post-Vaccination Response in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein IgG: A Prospective Study in the Japanese General Population

Akiko Matsumoto, Megumi Hara, Mohammad Said Ashenagar, Mikiko Tokiya, Takeshi Sawada, Chiharu Iwasaka, Takuma Furukawa, Kyoko Kitagawa, Yasunobu Miyake, Yoshio Hirota

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: ALDH2; rs671; COVID-19; vaccine; immunogenicity

Online: 24 May 2022 (10:08:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0013.v1

The Effect of Capital Structure on Firms’ Profitability (Evidenced from Ethiopian)

Tariku Negasa

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Finance Keywords: capital structure, total debt ratio, profitability, return on assets, firms, Ethiopia

Online: 8 July 2016 (10:42:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0327.v1

Estimation of Solid Medical Waste Production and Environmental Impact Analysis in the Context of COVID-19: A Case Study of Hubei Province in China

Yifan Song, Jinquan Ye, Yurong Liu, Yun Zhong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: COVID-19; Medical waste; Environmental impac; China

Online: 13 April 2021 (09:09:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0029.v1

Teaching and Learning Issues in Mathematics in the Context of Nepal

Ram Krishna Panthi, Shashidhar Belbase

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: teaching and learning ıssues in mathematics; social ıssues in mathematics education; cultural ıssues in mathematics education; political ıssues in mathematics education; technological ıssues in mathematics education

Online: 5 June 2017 (06:13:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0015.v1

COVID-19 Public Sentiment Insights and Machine Learning for Tweets Classification

Jim Samuel, G. G. Md. Nawaz Ali, Md. Mokhlesur Rahman, Ek Esawi, Yana Samuel

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; machine learning; sentiment analysis; textual analytics; Twitter

Online: 2 May 2020 (13:52:28 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0018.v1

Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: Lessons Learned from MERS-CoV

Abdullah Algaissi, Naif Alharbi, Mazen Hassanain, Anwar Hashem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19 response; MERS-CoV; Saudi Arabia; travel restrictions; Pandemic preparedness

Online: 2 April 2020 (12:08:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0308.v1

Pharmacoinformatics and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease 3CL^pro

Mubarak A. Alamri, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Safar M. Alqahtani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 3CL protease; molecular docking; molecular dynamics and simulations

Online: 23 February 2020 (02:17:46 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0234.v1

Compounding Health Risks and Increased Vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals in the United States

Elise M. Myers

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; comorbidity; race and ethnicity; health disparities; income; inequality; influenza

Online: 15 April 2020 (09:25:47 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0180.v1

Hypothesis: mPGES-1-Derived Prostaglandin E2, a So Far Missing Link in COVID-19 Pathophysiology?

Jan Smeitink, Xiaolan Jiang, Svetlana Pecheritsyna, Herma Renkema, Rob van Maanen, Julien Beyrath

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; prostaglandins; mPGES1 inhibitor; ARDS; sonlicromanol; KH176

Online: 12 April 2020 (04:36:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0334.v1

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Study of Two Viral Proteins Associated with SARS-CoV-2 with Ivermectin

Lenin Andres Gonzalez Paz, Carla A. Lossada, Luis S. Moncayo, Freddy Romero, J. L. Paz, Joan Vera-Villalobos, Aleivi E. Perez, Ernesto San-Blas, Ysaias J. Alvarado

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: SARS-COV-2; folding/unfolding; antiparasitic; molecular docking; molecular dynamics; COVID-19; Ivermectin

Online: 19 April 2020 (06:56:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0151.v1

The Use of Anisaldehyde Sulfuric Acid as an Alternative Spray Reagent in TLC Analysis Reveals Three Classes of Compounds in the Genus Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)

Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice Gadea, Rosa Mara Borges da Silveira, Philippe Clerc, Françoise Lohézic-le Dévéhat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: color tests; thin layer chromatography; chemotaxonomy; secondary metabolites; solvent system

Online: 24 February 2018 (08:28:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0111.v1

A Novel Family of Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometers for a Broad Range of Analytical Applications

Jan-Peter Hauschild, Amelia Corinne Peterson, Erik Couzijn, Eduard Denisov, Denis Chernyshev, Christian Hock, Hamish Stewart, Ralf Hartmer, Dmitry Grinfeld, Christian Thoeing, Bastian Reitemeier, Arne Kreutzmann, Oliver Lange, Wilko Balschun, Aivaras Venckus, Sebastian Kanngiesser, Alexander Kholomeev, Gregor Quiring, Frank Czemper, Eloy Wouters, Michael Belford, Mathias Mueller, Jens Grote, Tabiwang N. Arrey, Julia Kraegenbring, Kerstin Strupat, Siegrun Mohring, Catharina Crone, Alexander Harder, Aaron Robitaille, Aaron Gajadhar, Khatereh Motamed, Yang Liu, Daniel Lopez Ferrer, Nicolaie Eugen Damoc, Angela Criscuolo, Kristina Srzentic, Ed George, Charles Yang, Ioanna Ntai, Amanda Souza, Andreas Wieghaus, Alexander Makarov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Orbitrap mass spectrometry; high resolution; accurate mass

Online: 8 June 2020 (10:17:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0392.v1

Origins of the Time, Mass, Energy, Wave Function, Electric Charges, and Magnetic Monopoles

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantized magnetic monopoles; origins of the physical constants; Photon space fluctuations; 3-D quantized space model; 4-D Euclidean space

Online: 17 February 2021 (13:07:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0145.v1

Some Properties of the Hermite Polynomials and Their Squares and Generating Functions

Feng Qi, Bai-Ni Guo

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Analysis Keywords: Hermite polynomial; square; generating function; higher order derivative; differential equation; derivative polynomial; explicit formula; recurrence relation

Online: 29 November 2016 (06:50:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0097.v1

Possible Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Theory Based on the Three-Dimensional Quantized Spaces

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum mechanics; General and special relativity theories; Origins of the energy and mass; Space-time volume and distance; Origin of quantum wave function; Three-dimensional quantized spaces; Quantum entanglement; Space-time curvatures and quantum metrics

Online: 5 September 2018 (12:40:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0192.v1

Implementation of the eCDC/WHO Recommendation for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants and Its Challenges

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: eCDC; WHO; Sanger sequencing; Omicron variant; minor subvariants; BA.4/BA.5; BA.2; mul-ti-allelic; SNPs; recombinant

Online: 14 June 2022 (04:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0827.v2

ROSGPT: Next-Generation Human-Robot Interaction with ChatGPT and ROS

Anis Koubaa

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Human-Robot Interaction; ROS; ROS2; ChatGPT; Large Language Model; Robot Operating System

Online: 25 April 2023 (03:42:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0375.v1

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

Hayder O. Hashim, Mudher K. Mohammed, Mazin J. Mousa, Hadeer H. Abdulameer, Alaa T.S. Alhassnawi, Safa A. Hassan, Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; pike glycoprotein; stop mutations

Online: 17 September 2020 (05:33:59 CEST)

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There is a rising global concern for the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high transmission rate and unavailability of treatment. Through the binding of its spike glycoprotein with angiotensin type 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently get in the cells of patients and start its pandemic cycle. Herein, the biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed in Babylon province of Iraq by investigating the possible genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein. A specific coding region of 795 bp within the viral spike (S) gene was amplified from 19 patients who suffered from obvious symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sequencing results identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all the identified variations showed obvious co-infections with at least two different viral strains per sample. Within these co-infections, the majority of samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s, p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel, and p.436del, which yielded three truncated SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins of 301, 380, and 436 amino acids length, respectively. The network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that for all viral infections were derived from multi-ancestral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree entailed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the absence of any single strain infection among all investigated viral samples in the studied area, which may entail a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. Through the identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins, we suggest that defective SARS-CoV-2 may depend on helper strains having intact spikes in its infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection way also suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the co-infection of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0004.v1

Environmental Footprint of Domestic Dogs and Cats

Jose Herrera-Camacho, Eduardo Baltierra-Trejo, Paul Adolfo Taboada-González, Luisa Fernanda Gonzalez, Liliana Marquez-Benavides

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: life cycle analysis, dogs; cats; carbon footprint; environmental pawprint

Online: 4 July 2017 (16:00:10 CEST)

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Working Paper SHORT NOTE

The Anomalous Nature of the Fecal Swab Sample Used for RaTG13 Genome Assembly as Revealed by NGS Data Analysis

Monali Rahalkar, Rahul Bahulikar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: RaTG13; SARS-COV-2; Illumina sequencing, amplicon sequencing, NGS; fecal swab

Online: 11 August 2020 (08:06:32 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0130.v1

Inhibiting NF-κB During Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Potential Role of Natural Products as a Promising Therapeutic Approach

Jalal Mardaneh, Amirreza Nasirzadeh, Javad Bazeli, Jafar Hajavi, Mohammad Zahedi, Mahdi Abounoori, Alireza Razavi, Mohammad Moein Maddah, Parham Mortazavi, Mohammad Moradi, Fatemeh Salehi, Siamak Heidarzadeh, Mohammad Hosein Jafarzadeh Maivan, Afshin Shoeibi, Roohallah Alizadehsani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; Pandemic; Natural Products; NF-KB

Online: 4 June 2021 (10:00:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0012.v2

Assessment of Impediments and Factors Affecting Waste Management: A Case of Accra Metropolis

Clifford James Fagariba, Shaoxian Song

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Waste Management And Disposal Keywords: constraints; factors; household; solid waste management

Online: 9 September 2016 (07:42:15 CEST)

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Solid waste management in Accra is a major challenge to the Metropolitan Authorities and inhabitants. The rapidly increasing population coupled with poor capacity of the municipal and private waste management companies to management waste effectively has created issues of environmental concern. Due to poor waste managements systems, most household dispose waste indiscriminately leading to floods and health issues. The study showed that about 60% of household waste is organic materials which has the potential to be converted to compost for agriculture purpose. Meanwhile plastics and rubbers which litters the environment as well as blocking major storm drains and gutters hence creating huge environmental hazard is made of 11% of the total component of most household waste generated daily. The study also revealed that among the methods of disposing waste, dumping waste in skip containers located at authorized places was the preferred means of disposing waste by household though others also dispose waste by other means such as burying and burning. Inadequate skip containers per population of household in an area coupled with irregularity of tracks picking these containers makes skip containers dumping site ugly scene, hence creating health issues. Among the constraints that impact negatively on sustainable waste management in Accra Metropolis, economic constraints was perceived as the main challenge which affect efficient waste management. Currently the country is going through serious economic challenges so government does not release money timely to fund projects which waste management is key. Most donor partners that use to support the government with funds have either reduced or redrawn their services as they have no confidence in the state of Ghana economy. Aside the constrains, the study also indicated that factors such as poor public attitude towards waste management, poor enforcement of sanitation by-laws, inadequate and untimely release of government funds were also seen as the main factors affecting waste management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0097.v1

Physical Intelligence and Thermodynamic Computing

Robert L. Fry

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Carnot cycle; causality; distinguishability; entropy; intelligent processes; questions

Online: 22 January 2017 (05:23:08 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0042.v1

Virtual Screening of Inhibitors Against Spike Glycoprotein of 2019 Novel Corona Virus: A Drug Repurposing Approach

Kanishka Senathilake, Sameera Samarakoon, Kamani Tennekoon

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID -19; 2019-nCoV; spike (S) protein; zorubicin; aclarubicin

Online: 3 March 2020 (11:41:51 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0551.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Telomerase RNAs Compared to Arrive at an Explanation for Increased Ageing in Alveolar Cells in Severe COVID-19

Han Geurdes

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Telomere attrition in covid19; telomerase and spike RNA

Online: 22 March 2021 (15:48:20 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0264.v2

4-Year Long Progression-Free and Symptom-Free Survival of a Patient with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report of the Paleolithic Ketogenic Diet (PKD) Used as a Stand-Alone Treatment After Failed Standard Oncotherapy

Csaba Tóth, Andrea Dabóczi, Madhvi Chanrai, Mária Schimmer, Katalin Horváth, Zsófia Clemens

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: glioblastoma; brain tumor; paleolithic diet; ketogenic diet; paleolithic ketogenic diet; metabolic therapy; intestinal permeability; cancer treatment

Online: 9 November 2020 (11:25:35 CET)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0212.v1

Biological Constraint as a Cause of Aging

David Gems, Carina Kern

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; antagonistic pleiotropy; biological constraint; hyperfunction; hypofunction; programmatic aging; trade-off

Online: 16 May 2022 (14:02:16 CEST)

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