Gems, D. The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2022, 74, 101557, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101557.
Gems, D. The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2022, 74, 101557, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101557.
Gems, D. The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2022, 74, 101557, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101557.
Gems, D. The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging. Ageing Research Reviews 2022, 74, 101557, doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101557.
Abstract
The process of senescence (aging) is largely determined by the action of wild-type genes. For most organisms, this does not reflect any adaptive function of senescence, but rather evolutionary effects of declining selection against genes with deleterious effects later in life. To understand aging requires an account of how evolutionary mechanisms give rise to pathogenic gene action and late-life disease, that integrates evolutionary (ultimate) and mechanistic (proximate) causes into a single explanation. A well-supported evolutionary explanation by G.C. Williams argues that senescence can evolve due to pleiotropic effects of alleles with antagonistic effects on fitness and late-life health (antagonistic pleiotropy, AP). What has remained unclear is how gene action gives rise to late-life disease pathophysiology. One ultimate-proximate account is T.B.L. Kirkwood’s disposable soma theory. Based on the hypothesis that stochastic molecular damage causes senescence, this reasons that aging is coupled to reproductive fitness due to preferential investment of resources into reproduction, rather than somatic maintenance. An alternative and more recent ultimate-proximate theory argues that aging is largely caused by programmatic, developmental-type mechanisms. Here ideas about AP and programmatic aging are reviewed, particularly those of M.V. Blagosklonny (the hyperfunction theory) and J.P. de Magalhães (the developmental theory), and their capacity to make sense of diverse experimental findings is described.
Biology and Life Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
8 September 2021
Commenter:
Lev Salnikov
The commenter has declared there is no conflict of interests.
Comment:
Dear Mr Gems,
It is a good overview of theoretical approaches to the problem of aging. For completeness it is necessary to include a description of two recent articles -
Commenter: Lev Salnikov
The commenter has declared there is no conflict of interests.
It is a good overview of theoretical approaches to the problem of aging. For completeness it is necessary to include a description of two recent articles -
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2020.608076/full
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2021.655315/full
I would be grateful in advance for any feedback from you.
Lev Salnikov