Abstract:

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is the most widely used biological larvicide for mosquito control worldwide and a cornerstone of environmentally sustainable vector-management programs. Its long-term global deployment reflects a well-characterized balance between public-health benefit and manageable ecological tradeoffs within integrated vector management (IVM) frameworks. Bti combines high larvicidal efficacy, operational simplicity, and strong target specificity, resulting in an exceptional safety profile for humans and vertebrate wildlife. Decades of laboratory and field studies demonstrate that Bti is biologically selective rather than ecologically inert, with reproducible yet context-dependent effects confined to closely related non-target aquatic dipterans. This review links the molecular and toxicological foundations of Bti to its operational performance, ecological selectivity, resistance-mitigating properties, and sustained utility in mosquito-control programs. Beyond its established larvicidal function, Bti’s prokaryotic insect larvicidal organelle (PILO) represents an underexplored platform for heterologous intracellular protein assembly. Its dense packing, structural stability, and resistance to environmental and biochemical stress indicate an evolutionary specialization for high-capacity protein storage during sporulation. These properties support noncanonical applications in biomolecule storage and stabilization and motivate cautious exploration of environmentally responsive protein release strategies. Although significant mechanistic and translational challenges remain, particularly with respect to cargo trafficking, modularity, and purification, the architectural principles that have enabled effective mosquito control provide a strong foundation for extending PILO-based platforms beyond larvicidal applications.

Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple crop in Mozambique, and understanding its genetic diversity is essential for crop improvement, genetic resources management and conservation. However, molecular characterization of Mozambican rice germplasm remains limited. This study assessed genetic diversity and population structure of 40 lowland rainfed rice genotypes using 3473 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated through DArTseq™ genotyping-by-sequencing platform. Results revealed moderate genetic diversity with a mean polymorphism information content of 0.25, indicating moderate marker informativeness. Unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe = 0.314) was higher than observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.125), reflecting the inbreeding nature of rice (FIS = 0.357). Model-based admixture analysis identified four subpopulations, with 20% of genotypes classified as admixed. Substantial genetic differentiation was observed among these subpopulations (FST = 0.267), which was broadly consistent with the principal coordinate analysis and the neighbor-joining tree. Furthermore, a high mean Manhattan dissimilarity index (0.70), indicated strong genetic divergence across the panel. Analysis of molecular variance revealed significant variation among subpopulations (32.90%) and within subpopulations (67.10%). These findings provide foundational genetic insights to guide Mozambican rice breeding programs and support the long-term conservation of local germplasm.

Abstract: Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and cervical cancers contributing significantly to global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. While individual lethality varies among these cancers, their combined impact on public health is substantial due to high incidence and, in some cases, limited access to early detection and effective treatment. These malignancies arise from a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, lifestyle, and infectious factors, with molecular mechanisms that inform targeted therapies and precision medicine approaches. Advances in screening, immunotherapy, AI-assisted diagnostics, and minimally invasive surgical techniques have improved outcomes; however, challenges such as late diagnosis, treatment resistance, and healthcare disparities persist, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, clinical features, current treatment strategies, emerging technologies, public health implications, and future research directions for the five deadliest cancers. Emphasis is placed on preventive measures, early detection, and equitable access to care, highlighting strategies to reduce the global cancer burden and improve survival outcomes.

Abstract: The advent of CRISPR-based genome editing has transformed the conceptual framework of oncology—from descriptive molecular profiling to functional genome engineering. By enabling precise, programmable, and multiplex control of cancer-associated genes, CRISPR/Cas systems are reshaping how we model tumorigenesis, predict drug response, and design patient-tailored interventions. This Perspective discusses how CRISPR technologies are redefining precision oncology, the biological and ethical challenges that impede their clinical translation, and emerging strategies that integrate gene editing with immunotherapy, synthetic biology, and systems medicine. We argue that the future of cancer therapy lies not merely in editing genes but in orchestrating the dynamic networks that sustain malignancy.

Abstract: The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a highly adaptive and heterogeneous niche in which cancer stem cells (CSCs) promote immune evasion, metastatic dissemination, and therapy resistance. Among the mechanisms that support this phenotype, mitochondrial hijacking has emerged as a central strategy through which CSCs reprogram immune and stromal cells to favor tumor progression. This review synthesizes current evidence on how CSCs exploit mitochondrial transfer, particularly via tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), to impair antitumor immunity and remodel the metastatic niche. CSCs display marked metabolic plasticity, shifting between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in response to environmental stress. They exploit this adaptability by transferring mitochondria and mitochondrial components to recipient cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cytotoxic T cells, thereby disrupting ATP production, increasing oxidative stress, and skewing immune polarization. This mitochondrial hijacking contributes to an immunosuppressive milieu, stabilizes HIF-1α, and enhances PD-L1 expression, ultimately weakening T-cell activity and reinforcing CSC survival. EVs add another layer of regulation by transporting bioactive cargo, including oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) and mitomiRs such as miR-21, miR-210, and miR-34a. These molecules modulate mitochondrial gene expression, reshape immune signaling, and reinforce CSC phenotypes through autocrine and paracrine loops. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic approaches have further revealed metabolic heterogeneity within CSC–immune synapses, identifying “metabolic hotspots” associated with profound immune dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies targeting OXPHOS, EV biogenesis, and miRNA activity are therefore being explored. In parallel, mitochondria-associated proteins such as TSGA10 may also contribute to CSC-driven immunometabolism regulation and deserve further investigation. Targeting downstream heterogeneity is like cutting the branches of a weed. Targeting the upstream mechanisms of mitochondrial hijacking and miRNA crosstalk aims to destroy the root (CSC plasticity) that generates the heterogeneity and drives therapy resistance in the first place. This review highlights mitochondrial hijacking and miRNA-mediated reprogramming as central determinants of CSC-driven immune escape and proposes a framework for precision interventions targeting CSC–immune interactions in metastatic cancer.

Abstract: this study evaluated the effects of non-fermented red ginseng marc (RGM) in a commercial liquid feeding system on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 480 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) with an average body weight of 32.64 ± 0.12kg were arranged for a 12-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of four treatments in 3 replicates of 40 pigs per pen by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Dietary red ginseng marc (0, 2%, 3%, 6%) was added to each experimental diet via a liquid feeding system. final body weight decreased linearly with increasing dietary RGM (p= 0.05). Average daily gain during weeks 10-12 showed both linear and quadratic responses (p= 0.02), and overall average daily gain during weeks 0-12 decreased linearly (p= 0.03). Average daily feed intake decreased linearly during weeks 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, and overall (p≤ 0.05). During weeks 7-9, fecal acetate and butyrate increased linearly (p= 0.05 and p= 0.03, respectively), whereas during weeks 10-12, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA were reduced at the highest inclusion level. Similarly, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased linearly at measured points (p=0.04, p=0.05, p=0.04, respectively). Glucose increased linearly at weeks 9 and 12 (p=0.04; p=0.02), and total cholesterol decreased linearly at week 12 (p=0.04). Under the present commercial liquid feeding conditions, inclusion of non-fermented RGM at 2% or 3% did not impair growth performance, whereas 6% reduced feed intake and growth during the finishing period.

Abstract: Cyanobacteria dominate ecosystems ranging from oligotrophic deserts to eutrophic lakes, yet it remains unclear whether distantly related species thrive in disparate habitats through shared genomic foundations or divergent specialization. Here, we address this question using Microcoleus vaginatus, the pioneer stabilizer of biocrusts, and Microcystis aeruginosa, the agent of freshwater blooms worldwide, as contrasting models of terrestrial and aquatic dominance. We assembled a comparative framework of 504 high-quality cyanobacterial genomes, including 132 M. vaginatus, 148 M. aeruginosa, and 224 reference taxa, and jointly analyzed genome architecture, functional repertoires, and genomic plasticity. Despite phylogenetic separation, both species share high rates of horizontal gene transfer and retain a compact, conserved functional core centered on FAD-dependent oxidoreductases, manganese efflux, and class II aldolases that collectively maintain redox balance, photosynthetic performance, and metabolic robustness. Nevertheless, the two lineages followed contrasting genomic strategies that M. vaginatus expands regulatory breadth and stress-resilience gene families, whereas M. aeruginosa shows genome streamlining and rapid exploitation. Notably, aquatic M. vaginatus strains retain terrestrial genomic scaffolds while gradually rewiring plasticity mechanisms and niche-specific functions. Together, these results reveal a two-tier architecture of cyanobacterial dominance, a conserved survival core coupled with divergent adaptive peripheries. It offers a predictive framework for how cyanobacterial lineages will respond to the global-change pressures.

Abstract: This paper starts with surveying the evolution of quantum-like models of cognition and decision making, transitioning from static kinematic representations to a robust dynamical framework based on open quantum systems. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) master equation's application in cognitive psychology and decision making, illustrating how it models mental state evolution as a dissipative process influenced by an informational environment. We categorize dynamical regimes into Passive and Active Hamiltonians, demonstrating how non-commutation with projections on decision basis serves as a mathematical signature of cognitive agency and Quantum Escape from classical equilibria. The utility of this framework is further explored through its ability to stabilize non-Nash outcomes in strategic games, such as the Prisoner's Dilemma. Building upon this dynamical foundation, we identify ``cognitive beats'' as a signature of the internal struggle between competing ``flows of mind'' deliberated at approximately equal frequencies. Distinct from the damped oscillations of simple interference, these beats emerge from a structural tension between Liouvillian channels that generates a secondary, slow-scale modulation of conviction. This beat envelope dictates the timing of peak readiness and hesitation, providing a mathematical map of the transition between conflicting cognitive states. By resolving these nested time scales, we provide a new spectral diagnostic for the depth of cognitive agency and the complexity of the underlying deliberation process. This paper develops a theoretical framework linking GKSL dynamics with quantum-like cognition and decision-making (QCDM), highlighting how dissipative quantum models can capture features of human thought and decision processes.

Abstract: Background: Motor precision is a highly innate trait, while ambidexterity in high-precision tasks remains rare and biologically regulated. Few sports necessitate bilateral precision; however, the indigenous sport of picigin uniquely requires symmetrical palm-striking proficiency. Methods: This study investigated bilateral precision and ball velocity in 22 experienced players, divided into competitive (n=11) and recreational (n=11) groups. A specialized bilateral palm-precision test was developed to measure performance across both dominant and non-dominant hands. Key metrics included the asymmetry index for speed and accuracy, and the speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT). Results: Results indicate that competitors significantly outperform recreational players in both precision and velocity. Notably, the SAT analysis suggests that the dominant hand of recreational players performs at a level comparable to the non-dominant hand of competitors. While recreational players exhibited slightly lower asymmetry indices, the inter-manual gap remained stable despite years of experience. Conclusions: Findings suggest that bilateral training induces linear improvements on both sides, maintaining a constant asymmetry ratio rather than diminishing it through long-term practice.

Abstract: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is pathologically defined by extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq/snRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics have provided unprecedented resolution for dissecting the cellular and molecular landscape of neuroinflammation in AD. While scRNA-seq enables high-throughput profiling of cellular heterogeneity across brain regions, spatial transcriptomics preserves tissue architecture to map cell-type-specific gene expression within anatomical contexts. This review synthesizes the neuroinflammatory mechanisms of AD, outlines the technical evolution and comparative capabilities of single-cell and spatial omics platforms, including resolution, throughput, and compatibility with multiple sample types, and critically evaluates findings from studies in both animal models and human brain tissues. These approaches have revealed state-specific transformations in microglia and astrocytes, including shifts in transcriptional programs, metabolic reprogramming, and pro-inflammatory polarization across disease stages. Notably, spatial transcriptomic analyses demonstrate pronounced regional heterogeneity: periplaque microenvironments exhibit distinct immune cell compositions and gene expression signatures. Collectively, these omics technologies are redefining the cellular basis of AD progression and hold transformative potential for the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers and precision therapeutic targets.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing worldwide; however, the contribution of gastroduodenal microbiota to GERD phenotypes and symptom severity remains incompletely understood. This study profiled mucosa-associated microbiota from the gastric antrum and duodenum across GERD phenotypes and examined site-specific associations with symptom severity. Methods: Forty individuals with erosive reflux disease (ERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), or an endoscopically normal comparator group underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3–V4 region. Community differences were assessed using Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, differential taxa were explored by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), and correlations with validated symptom questionnaires (GERD-Q and FSSG) were evaluated. Results: Microbial community structure differed significantly between the antrum and duodenum, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes predominating at both sites. LEfSe suggested enrichment of Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Enterobacter in the duodenum, whereas Sphingobium, Acinetobacter, and Aquabacterium were more abundant in the antrum. The genus Helicobacter was relatively enriched in the antrum of ERD samples, whereas Streptococcus-dominant signatures were more prominent in the duodenum. Symptom severity showed stronger associations with duodenal taxa, including Prevotella with epigastric pain, throat clearing, and postnasal drip; Veillonella with early satiety; Neisseria with dyspnea; and Helicobacter with hoarseness, whereas gastric associations were fewer. Conclusions: Overall, gastroduodenal microbiota exhibited site-specific differences across GERD phenotypes. These findings highlight the importance of anatomical context in host–microbe interactions and identify site-specific microbial patterns that warrant validation in larger, phenotypically well-characterized cohorts.

Abstract: Ancient DNA Genomics has recently provided evidence for more than ten admixture/hybridization events within and among the three Homo species: Sapiens, Neandertals, and Denisovans, including those that, in our opinion, give rise to them as distinct species. We explore the idea that all admixtures were adversarial, governed by two behavioral instincts carried by all Homo species: group violence and constant migration. If genetically based, these instinctive behaviors of the genus Homo may explain why Homo survived as a biological lineage, while all other hominin branches perished. An evolutionary biology consideration shows how the “Rape of Sabines” instinct shared with the Pan and Homo ancestors is transformed into a hunter-gatherer predatory lifestyle in Homo. This drive progressed from Habilis to Erectus and culminated in Sapiens as the overarching planetary apex predator. The genetic mechanism in Homo species, invariably consisting of isolated tribes, ensures that warfare is the response to every intertribal encounter, resulting in minority DNA from kidnapped females being incorporated through mating into the genomes of subsequent generations of victorious tribes, populations, and species. This process allows the genetic/phenotypic gains of victims to be used as a selective advantage for future generations, instead of being lost like their lives. Warfare and ensuing gene flow between Sapiens and its minority parent, Archaics, happened for 100000 years in Africa, from Sapiens' origin to its conquest of Eurasia. This explains the patchy and puzzling paleoanthropological and archaeological record for that period. Our synthesis of the genomic history of the three Homo species covers about 800 kya and ends no later than 30 kya. After this point, biological rules no longer governed human history. Since 20kya, our species has shown the ability to create civilizations, managing the violent and migratory instincts of individuals, groups, and peoples at the cultural level.

Abstract: Viruses contribute to a substantial fraction of human cancers globally, with an estimated 12–15% of all cancer cases being linked to viral infections. This review synthesizes the current understanding of oncogenic viruses, their mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, and the types of cancers associated with different viral pathogens. We explore the evolving therapeutic landscape, including vaccines, immunotherapies, and oncolytic virotherapy, and discuss the latest advances in clinical trials. The review also examines the challenges of viral cancer treatment, such as immune evasion and resistance to therapies, and looks forward to promising future directions in personalised medicine, advanced viral therapies, and drug discovery. The intersection of virology and oncology offers new opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment that could transform patient outcomes globally.

Abstract: Vero cells are an validated continuous substrate for human viral vaccine manufacturing. Decades of performance improvements have relied on extrinsic process optimization; however, intrinsic genomic instability, including segmental aneuploidy and dynamic chromatin rearrangements, are currently limiting the durability of engineered phenotypes under sustained viral burden and bioreactor stress. In this Perspective, we examine how a conceptual transition from empirical permissiveness toward genome-informed architectural redesign could substantially expand the manufacturing capabilities of the Vero platform. We organize the emerging landscape of Vero cell engineering across three interdependent functional layers: the membrane interface, where receptor redesign and suspension adaptation extend viral entry range and culture scalability; the cytoplasmic foundry, where metabolic flux management, ER stress buffering, and temporally controlled apoptosis modulation address production bottlenecks; and the nuclear blueprint, where epigenetic insulation and genomic precision engineering determine the long-term durability of all upstream gains. We further discuss how infection-responsive dynamic logic circuits and the systematic identification of Vero-specific genomic safe harbors could shift the paradigm from static trait installation toward a continuously programmable, conditionally responsive manufacturing architecture. Collectively, these advances suggest a pathway for transitioning the Vero lineage from a passive biological substrate into a programmable platform capable of meeting the accelerated timelines and distributed manufacturing imperatives of modern global health preparedness.

Abstract: Most plant-based essential oil repellent products currently available on the market utilize a "green" approach based on the volatile properties of essential oils. In general, these essential oils contain terpenes, terpenoids, or phenylpropanoids that can be used to either (1) eliminate a human's scent through a process called odor masking, or (2) interfere with an insect's ability to detect a person's scent through interaction with both olfactory receptors and odorant binding proteins. Additionally, many of the essential oil blends that have been developed have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties. The primary draw-back to using essential oil-based repellents is that their protection times vary widely, and typically last only a short period of time due to the volatile nature of the active ingredients, as well as differences in concentration and formulation among products. Encapsulation, nano-delivery systems, and rationally designed blend combinations are being proposed as potential methods to delay the release of the essential oil active ingredients, thus extending the duration of effectiveness of the repellent product. Since essential oils represent complex mixtures, there is a possibility that resistance to the repellent active ingredients could develop differently than it would for single-active agents. However, before such resistance can be assessed, the repellents must undergo extensive safety evaluations, along with standardized efficacy assessments against Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved repellent products, and ultimately, field trials must be conducted in areas where the repellents will be used to prevent vector-borne diseases. In addition to conducting these evaluations, the repellents must comply with existing state and federal pesticide regulations.

Abstract: Balancing of macronutrient intake assumes that animals change their food preferences to increase consumption of the deficient nutrients and/or decrease consumption of nu-trients in excess. Harvestmen are generalist predators that consume mostly soft-bodied insects, but they supplement this with plant-derived food such as berries (omnivory). In spite of this, they are often carbohydrate limited in their natural habitats. As aphids have higher sugar content than most other insect prey, they are a potential source of sugar. We hypothesized that sugar-deficient harvestmen have increased preference for aphids relative to other insect prey (fruit flies) and consume more aphids than sug-ar-satiated harvestmen. Likewise, we hypothesized that protein-deficient harvestmen would show increased consumption of aphids relative to a pure sugar source (dried grape pulp). The former hypothesis was confirmed but the latter was not. Carbohy-drate-deprived harvestmen (Leiobunum gracile) consumed more aphids than nutritionally balanced ones. Consumption of dried grape was increased in carbohydrate-deficient harvestmen, while protein-deficiency did not increase consumption of aphids. These results indicate that aphids may be used as a carbohydrate source if no better alternative is available, but they are unable to relieve a protein deficiency. We suggest that carbohydrate deprivation in predators may enhance aphid control.

Abstract: The gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems are severely affected in both homozygous and heterozygous cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting epithelial ion transport and multiple organ systems. While bacterial and fungal comorbidities are well studied, parasitic infections remain underexplored. This narrative review addresses an unexplored area, inspired by the common gastrointestinal symptoms observed in both CF and certain intestinal parasites. It aims to explore potential links between CF and intestinal parasitic diseases, based on clinical case reports, literature reviews, and research articles. In this study, we used various search engines, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Wiley, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. This was constructed by employing keywords such as Cystic fibrosis, CFTR, cystic fibrosis associated with pathogens, intestinal inflammation, bowel disease, intestinal protozoa, and helminthic infections. Once similar symptoms and molecular/immune mechanisms were detected, our keywords extended to include specific parasites associated with CF and/or CFTR, as well as chronic lung inflammation, pancreatitis, or diabetes. This review also examines immunomodulation in CF, with or without parasitic infection, and the influence of CF on predisposition to parasitic infection, diagnosis, or treatment. In a nutshell, we found only a few case reports on CF-protozoan infection comorbidities in non-Middle Eastern countries, and even those are dated two decades ago. This indicates the underestimation of the possibility of CF-comorbidity, which might be life-threatening. Hence, CF diagnosis in patients with intestinal parasitic infections, family pedigree reviews before treatment, and in vivo/ex vivo research studies are recommended.

Abstract: Anthropogenic/artificial light at night (ALAN) may have detrimental effects on individual organisms, ecosystem structure and integrity, and human sleep and circadian rhythms. The wavelength dependence of diverse biological photosensory systems is thus an appropriate consideration when quantifying ALAN. We propose spectral weighting functions for biological detection in animals (BA(λ)) and all organisms (BE(λ)) based on established features of biological spectral sensitivity. Light metrics employing B(λ) provide a biologically relevant way to measure ALAN and evaluate solutions to reduce it through spectral tuning.

Abstract: Ancient leavened bread is said to have been developed in Egypt. We hypothesized that microorganisms inherent in wheat flour were involved in fermentation of bread. The dough, made only with wheat flour and water, was kept warm for a day before being baked. The dough began to ferment after 12 hours, and when baked after 24 hours, it yielded bread with a specific volume of 1.7-2.0 cm3/g. Microorganisms were isolated from the dough before baking and identified using a rapid microbial identification mass spectrometry system. In spelt flour, Kosakonia cowanii was the dominant species. Numerous Pantoea agglomerans were isolated from strong flour B, followed by the detection of Moraxella osloensis. A considerable amount of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus was detected from medium flour. These bacteria can be harmful to the human body. However, the high temperatures involved in the bread-baking process can potentially reduce the number of live bacteria.

Abstract: This study examines the impact of improved maize seed varieties (IMVs) on farm yield among smallholder Benue state, Nigeria and identifies key determinants of adoption. Benue State is often referred to as “Food Basket”, but has an average yield of less than 2 tons per hectare, compared to 8-10 tons per hectare that can be achieved under improved technologies. While previous nationally representative studies disguise local heterogeneity, this study focuses specifically on Benue State using primary cross-sectional data from 205 maize farmers. However, minimizing selection bias was carried out by matching adopters and non-adopters with similar observable characteristics and this method was introduced by using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to estimate the causal impact of improved maize seed varieties (IMVs) adoption on maize yield. Nearest Neighbour Matching is used to compute the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATET), with robustness checks using Radius and Kernel Matching. The results indicated that IMV adoption is significantly determined by gender (heads of male household), formal education, use of fertilizer, irrigation access, members of cooperative, and extension contact, emphasizing the significant roles of human capital, complementary inputs, as well as institutional support. Afterwards, the control of observable differences through matching led adopters to achieving a yield gain of 0.399 log-units which is relative to non-adopters that were not matched, and this is equivalent to 49% increase in output per hectare. The robustness across alternative matching algorithms is effective, compared with national-level evidence reporting a 38.7% yield increase [11]. Our finding suggests that the productivity of premium for IMVs may be greater in regions like Benue. The reliability of this treatment effect is confirmed using alternative matching algorithms in Robustness checks. Conclusively, the study of IMVs full potential is limited by inadequate access to quality seeds, complimentary inputs, funds, and gender-specific interventions.