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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1385.v1

Clinical Rationale for Dietary Lutein Supplementation in Post COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccine Injury Syndromes

Anthony M Kyriakopoulos, Greg Nigh, Peter A McCullough, Stephanie Seneff

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: Lutein; post-COVID syndrome; mRNA vaccination injury syndrome; inflammatory response; reactive oxygen species; reactive nitrogen species; arrhythmogenic heart phenotype; antioxidant defense; bioavailability; extra virgin olive oil

Online: 20 September 2023 (10:07:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0327.v1

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern Ghana; Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing

Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Philip El-Duah, Michael Owusu, Julia Schneider, Richmond Yeboah, Ayisi-Boateng Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Gorman, Eric Adu, Alexander Kwarteng, Michael Frimpong, Sherihane Aryeetey, Jesse Addo Asamoah, Yaw Ampem Amoako, John Humphrey Amuasi, Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Kwasi Obiri-Danso, Victor Max Corman, Christian Drosten, Richard Phillips

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Ghana; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; Phylogenetics

Online: 15 September 2020 (04:24:17 CEST)

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In regions lacking genomic data, analysis of sequences from the early stages of an outbreak can provide important insights into the diversity of pathogens present. Following the detection of the first imported case of COVID-19 in the Northern sector of Ghana on 13^th March 2020, we have now molecularly characterized and phylogenetically analysed sequences including three (3) complete genomes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) isolated from nine (9) patients observed in Ghana. Eight (8) of these patients reported with a recent history of foreign travel and one (1) with no history of foreign travel. We performed high throughput sequencing for 9 samples following the determination of high concentration of viral RNA. In addition, we estimated the potential impact that long distance transportation of samples to testing centres may have on sequencing outcomes. Here, two samples that were closest in terms of viral RNA concentration but transported from sites which are over 400km apart were assessed. All sequences were compared to previous sequences from Ghana and representative sequences from regions where our patients had previously travelled. Complete genomes were obtained for three (3) sequences and with another near complete genome with a coverage of 95.6%. Sequences with coverage in excess of 80% were found to belong to three lineages namely A, B.1 and B.2. Our sequences clustered in two different clades with the majority falling within a clade composed of sequences from sub-Saharan Africa. Less RNA fragmentation was seen in sample KATH23 which was collected 9km compared with sample TTH6 which was collected and transported over a distance of 400km to the testing site. The clustering of several sequences from sub-Saharan Africa suggests regional circulation of the viruses in the subregion. Importantly, there may be the need to decentralize testing sites and build more capacity across Africa to boost the sequencing output of the subregion.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0413.v1

Characterization of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein from Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Abhishek Kumar, Alisha Parveen, Narendra Kumar, Sneha Bairy, Vibha Kaushik, Chetan Chandola, Jyoti Sharma, Phulwanti Sharma, Akhil Agarwal, Akhilesh Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, Muniasamy Neerathilingam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nucleocapsid (N); genomics; coronavirus; Wuhan; Pandemic

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:45:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0139.v1

Six Fractal Codes of Biological Life:perspectives in Exobiology, Cancers Basic Research and Artificial Intelligence Biomimetism Decisions Making

Jean Claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: /

Online: 7 September 2018 (13:30:46 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0384.v1

Tackling the Pandemic COVID-19: The Bangladesh Perspective

Md. Taimur Islam, Anup Kumar Talukder, Md. Nurealam Siddiqui, Tofazzal Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Bangladesh; Pandemic; stimulus package

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:34:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0068.v2

Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands by Targeting Host-specific SARS-CoV-2’s Structurally Conserved Main Protease

Rakesh Joshi, Shounak Jagdale, Sneha Bansode, S. Shiva Shankar, Meenakshi Tellis, Vaibhav Kumar Pandya, Ashok Giri, Mahesh Kulkarni

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; hACE-2; MPro; multi-target-directed ligand; protease inhibito; RdRp; SARS-CoV-2 virus

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:13:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0552.v1

The Hyperfunction Theory: An Emerging Paradigm for the Biology of Aging

David Gems

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: antagonistic pleiotropy; insulin/IGF-1 signalling; hyperfunction; quasi-programs; mTOR; theories of aging; programmatic aging

Online: 30 August 2021 (16:11:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0018.v1

Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: Lessons Learned from MERS-CoV

Abdullah Algaissi, Naif Alharbi, Mazen Hassanain, Anwar Hashem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19 response; MERS-CoV; Saudi Arabia; travel restrictions; Pandemic preparedness

Online: 2 April 2020 (12:08:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0234.v1

Compounding Health Risks and Increased Vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 for Racial and Ethnic Minorities and Low Socioeconomic Status Individuals in the United States

Elise M. Myers

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; comorbidity; race and ethnicity; health disparities; income; inequality; influenza

Online: 15 April 2020 (09:25:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201802.0151.v1

The Use of Anisaldehyde Sulfuric Acid as an Alternative Spray Reagent in TLC Analysis Reveals Three Classes of Compounds in the Genus Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)

Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice Gadea, Rosa Mara Borges da Silveira, Philippe Clerc, Françoise Lohézic-le Dévéhat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: color tests; thin layer chromatography; chemotaxonomy; secondary metabolites; solvent system

Online: 24 February 2018 (08:28:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0111.v1

A Novel Family of Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometers for a Broad Range of Analytical Applications

Jan-Peter Hauschild, Amelia Corinne Peterson, Erik Couzijn, Eduard Denisov, Denis Chernyshev, Christian Hock, Hamish Stewart, Ralf Hartmer, Dmitry Grinfeld, Christian Thoeing, Bastian Reitemeier, Arne Kreutzmann, Oliver Lange, Wilko Balschun, Aivaras Venckus, Sebastian Kanngiesser, Alexander Kholomeev, Gregor Quiring, Frank Czemper, Eloy Wouters, Michael Belford, Mathias Mueller, Jens Grote, Tabiwang N. Arrey, Julia Kraegenbring, Kerstin Strupat, Siegrun Mohring, Catharina Crone, Alexander Harder, Aaron Robitaille, Aaron Gajadhar, Khatereh Motamed, Yang Liu, Daniel Lopez Ferrer, Nicolaie Eugen Damoc, Angela Criscuolo, Kristina Srzentic, Ed George, Charles Yang, Ioanna Ntai, Amanda Souza, Andreas Wieghaus, Alexander Makarov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Orbitrap mass spectrometry; high resolution; accurate mass

Online: 8 June 2020 (10:17:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0192.v1

Implementation of the eCDC/WHO Recommendation for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants and Its Challenges

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: eCDC; WHO; Sanger sequencing; Omicron variant; minor subvariants; BA.4/BA.5; BA.2; mul-ti-allelic; SNPs; recombinant

Online: 14 June 2022 (04:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0205.v3

The Anomalous Nature of the Fecal Swab Data, Receptor Binding Domain and Other Questions in RaTG13 Genome

Monali Rahalkar, Rahul Bahulikar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: RaTG13; SARS-COV-2; Illumina sequencing, amplicon sequencing, NGS; fecal swab

Online: 5 October 2020 (12:20:17 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0042.v2

Virtual Screening of Inhibitors Against Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A Drug Repurposing Approach

Kanishka Senathilake, Sameera Samarakoon, Kamani Tennekoon

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Flue; Virus; COVID19; SARS CoV-2; Spike Protein; Virtual Screening; dgitoxin; anthracycline; rolitetracycline; E-155

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:19:17 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0551.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Telomerase RNAs Compared to Arrive at an Explanation for Increased Ageing in Alveolar Cells in Severe COVID-19

Han Geurdes

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Telomere attrition in covid19; telomerase and spike RNA

Online: 22 March 2021 (15:48:20 CET)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0212.v1

Biological Constraint as a Cause of Aging

David Gems, Carina Kern

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: aging; antagonistic pleiotropy; biological constraint; hyperfunction; hypofunction; programmatic aging; trade-off

Online: 16 May 2022 (14:02:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0727.v1

Metabarcoding Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities during the Maturation of Preparation 500, Used in Biodynamic Agriculture, Suggests a Rational Link between Horn and Manure

Marina Zanardo, Matteo Giannattasio, Gaurav Sablok, Massimo Pindo, Nicola La Porta, Michele Lorenzetti, Carlo Noro, Piergiorgio Stevanato, Giuseppe Concheri, Andrea Squartini

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Preparation 500; horn manure; biodynamic agriculture; keratin; Onygenales

Online: 31 August 2020 (17:40:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0385.v1

Rapid Design of a Bait Capture Platform for Culture- and Amplification-Free Next-Generation Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2

Jalees A. Nasir, David J. Speicher, Robert A. Kozak, Hendrik N. Poinar, Matthew S. Miller, Andrew G. McArthur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; enrichment; next-generation sequencing

Online: 26 February 2020 (02:27:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0293.v1

Doxycycline and Pentoxifylline for Mild and Mild-To-Moderate Covid-19

Emil Toma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; doxycycline; pentoxifylline; treatment; proposal

Online: 24 June 2020 (09:47:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0083.v2

Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms

Jose Ramón Acosta-Motos, Maria Fernanda Ortuño, Agustina Bernal-Vicente, Pedro Diaz-Vivancos, Maria Jesus Sanchez-Blanco, Jose Antonio Hernandez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Adaptive mechanisms; antioxidative metabolism; chloroplast; osmotic regulation; oxidative stress; photosynthesis; salinity; water relations

Online: 24 February 2017 (10:21:50 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0071.v1

Drug and Vaccine Design against Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Spike Protein through Computational Approach

Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; novel corona virus; Wuhan virus; drug; vaccine; spike protein; epitope; vaccine design

Online: 5 February 2020 (15:34:15 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0321.v1

Plants as a Prospective Source of Natural Anti-viral Compounds and Oral Vaccines Against COVID-19 Coronavirus

Mahdi Yonesi, Alireza Rezazadeh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: 2019 Novel Coronavirus; plants; antiviral compounds; plant recombinant vaccines

Online: 19 April 2020 (04:15:18 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0144.v6

Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents

Petter I. Andersen, Aleksandr Ianevski, Hilde Lysvand, Astra Vitkauskiene, Valentyn Oksenych, Magnar Bjoras, Kaidi Telling, Irja Lutsar, Uga Dumpis, Yasuhiko Irie, Tanel Tenson, Anu Kantele, Denis E. Kainov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus; antiviral drug; drug discovery; drug development; broad-spectrum antivirals

Online: 14 February 2020 (02:27:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0149.v1

Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Origin, Cultivation, and Potential Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa

Amadou Tidiane Sall, Tiberio Chiari, Wasihun Legesse, Kemal Seid-Ahmed, Rodomiro Ortiz, Maarten Van Ginkel, Filippo Maria Bassi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Agro-industry; Ethiopia; oasis wheat; pasta wheat; Senegal River; value chain

Online: 12 April 2019 (11:04:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0014.v1

Review of the Effects of Drought Stress on Plants: A Systematic Approach

Priyanka Bijalwan, Meenakshi Sharma, Prashant Kaushik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: drought stress; reactive oxygen species; climate change

Online: 1 February 2022 (12:53:40 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The INDIA Mutations and B.1.617 Variants: Is there a Global "Strategy" for Mutations and Evolution of Variants of the SARS-CoV2 Genome?

Jean-claude Perez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV2; Biomathematics; vaccine; variants; mRNA; Fibonacci; Indian variants; B.1.617; B.1.617.2.

Online: 18 May 2021 (14:05:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0717.v1

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

Malik Sallam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: vaccine hesitancy; vaccine acceptance; anti-vaccination; COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine rejection

Online: 29 December 2020 (08:46:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0146.v2

CSI NGS Portal: An Online Platform for Automated NGS Data Analysis and Sharing

Ömer An, Kar-Tong Tan, Ying Li, Jia Li, Chan-Shuo Wu, Bin Zhang, Leilei Chen, Henry Yang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: NGS data analysis; bioinformatics pipelines; NGS pipelines

Online: 8 April 2020 (06:21:10 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0341.v1

The AI-Discovered Aetiology of COVID-19 and Rationale of the Irinotecan+Etoposide Combination Therapy for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Bragi Lovetrue

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Aetiology; Treatment; Cytokine Storm; ICU; COVID-19; ACE2; Irinotecan; Etoposide

Online: 23 March 2020 (06:56:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0028.v1

Determination of Knock-Down Time and Level of Toxicity of Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii L.) Leaf Extract against American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana)

Joseph Dave Pregoner, Li Deve Flores, Germae Sison, EJ Tampepe, Simon Peter Ombing, Andrian Dominguiano, Sophia Bangal, Angelika Casado, Regina Annabelle Villanueva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: Panyawan (Tinospora rumphii); Knock-down time; Experimental; Davao City

Online: 3 May 2020 (07:27:40 CEST)

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Working Paper BRIEF REPORT

Single-Cell RNA Expression Profiling Shows that ACE2, the Putative Receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCoV, Has Significant Expression in the Nasal, Mouth, Lung and Colon Tissues, and Tends to be Co-Expressed with HLA-DRB1 in the Four Tissues

Chao Wu, Min Zheng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; ACE2; HLA-DRB1

Online: 17 February 2020 (15:25:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0433.v1

Design of a Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccine against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Parismita Kalita, Aditya K. Padhi, Kam Y.J. Zhang, Timir Tripathi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: adjuvant; COVID-19; immunogenic epitopes; peptide vaccine; subunit vaccine; molecular dynamics simulation

Online: 29 March 2020 (11:14:42 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0160.v2

NIH SenNet Consortium: Mapping Senescent Cells in the Human Body to Understand Health and Disease

Patty J Lee, Philip Blood, Katy Börner, Judith Campisi, Feng Chen, Heike Daldrup-Link, Phil De Jager, Li Ding, Francesca E. Duncan, Oliver Eickelberg, Rong Fan, Toren Finkel, Vesna Garovic, Nils Gehlenborg, Carolyn Glass, Ziv Bar-Joseph, Pragati Katiyar, So-Jin Kim, Melanie Königshoff, George Kuchel, Haesung Lee, Jun H. Lee, Jian Ma, Qin Ma, Simon Melov, Kay Metis, Ana L. Mora, Nicolas Musi, Nicola Neretti, João F. Passos, Irfan Rahman, Juan Carlos Rivera-Mulia, Paul Robson, Mauricio Rojas, Ananda L. Roy, Birgit Schilling, Pixu Shi, Jonathan Silverstein, Vidyani Suryadevera, Jichun Xie, Jinhua Wang, An-Kwok Ian Wong, Laura Niedernhofer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Cellular Senescence Network; Normal Aging; Senescence; Senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SenNet

Online: 15 September 2022 (12:52:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0070.v2

Possible Effects of Air Temperature on COVID-19 Disease Severity and Transmission Rates

Dominique Kang, Clifford Ellgen, Erik Kulstad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid; covid-19; sars-cov-2; temperature; heat; body temperature; air temperature; viral decay; viral stability; transmission; severity; virology; thermodynamics

Online: 6 September 2021 (13:23:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0173.v1

At the molecular resolution with MINFLUX?

Kirti Prakash

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: MINFLUX, STED, SMLM, localisation precision, image resolution, super-resolution imaging

Online: 8 February 2021 (07:50:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0179.v1

Explicit Treatment of Non Michaelis-Menten and Atypical Kinetics in Early Drug Discovery

Bharath Srinivasan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Non Michaelis-Menten Kinetics; High-throughput screening; allostery; cooperativity; processive kinetics; distributive kinetics; single-molecule; auto-catalytic; drug discovery

Online: 8 October 2020 (13:34:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0332.v2

Witnessing Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 through Comparative Phylogenomics: The Proximate Origin is Guangdong, not Wuhan

Özgül Doğan, Ertan Mahir Korkmaz, Mahir Budak, Battal Çıplak, Hasan Hüseyin Başıbüyük

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: coronavirus; substitution rate; positive selection; demographic dynamics

Online: 21 June 2020 (16:10:26 CEST)

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A new form of coronavirus called severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a pandemic. A six-month evolutionary history of SARS-CoV-2 is witnessed by characterising the total genome of 821 samples using comparative phylogenomic approaches. Our analyses produced striking inclusive results that may guide scientists/professionals for the past/future of pandemic. Phylogenetic and time estimation analyses suggest the proximate origin of pandemic strain as Guangdong and the origin time as first half of September 2019, not Wuhan and December 2019, respectively. The viral genome experienced a substitution rate similar to other RNA viruses, but it is particularly high in some of the peptides encoding sequences such as leader protein, E gene, orf8, orf10, nsp10, N gene, S gene and M gene and nsp4, while low in nsp11, orf7a, 3C-like proteinase, nsp9, nsp8 and endoRNase. Most strikingly, the divergence rate of amino acid sequences is high proportional to nucleotide divergence. Additionally, specific non-synonymous mutations in nsp3 and nsp6 evolved under positive selection. The exponential growth rate (r), doubling time (Td) and R₀ were estimated to be 47.43 per year, 5.39 days and 2.72, respectively. Comparison of synapomorphies distinguishing the SARS-CoV-2 and the candidate ancestor bat coronavirus indicates that mutation pattern in nsp3 and S gene enabled the new strain to invade human and become a pandemic strain. We arrive at the following main conclusions: (i) six months evolution of viral genome is nearly neutral, (ii) origin of pandemic is not Wuhan and predates formal reports, (iii) although viral population is ongoing an exponential growth, the doubling time is evolving towards shortening, and (iv) divergence rate of total genome is similar to other RNA viruses, but it is prominently high in some genes while low in some others and evolution in these genes should be closely monitored as their protein products intervening to pathogenicity, virulence and immune response.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0327.v1

Cannabis Yield Increased Proportionally With Light Intensity, but Additional Ultraviolet Radiation Did Not Affect Yield or Cannabinoid Content

David Llewellyn, Scott Golem, Elizabeth Foley, Steve Dinka, Max Jones, Youbin Zheng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: cannabis; UV; cannabinoid; yield

Online: 11 March 2021 (16:18:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0439.v3

Comparative Docking Studies on Curcumin with COVID-19 Proteins

Renuka Suravajhala, Abhinav Parashar, Babita Malik, Viswanathan Arun Nagaraj, Govindarajan Padmanaban, PB Kavi Kishor, Rathnagiri Polavarapu, Prashanth Suravajhala

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: curcumin; COVID-19; nucleocapsid phosphoprotein; membrane glycoprotein; antiviral mechanism

Online: 7 June 2020 (17:21:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0042.v1

RNA Identification and Detection of Nucleic Acids as Aerosols in Air Samples by Means of Photon and Electron Interactions

Luca J Tagliapietra, Piero Neuhold, John I Adlish, Riccardo Surrente

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: viral particles; radiobiology; RNA detection; microbiology; matter identification; particle physics; physical modelling; particle accelerators in environmental studies

Online: 10 May 2021 (15:35:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0127.v3

Evidence for Recent Polygenic Selection on Educational Attainment and Underlying Cognitive Abilities Inferred from GWAS Hits: A Monte Carlo Simulation Using Random SNPs

Davide Piffer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: educational attainment; polygenes; polygenic selection; IQ; GWAS

Online: 23 May 2017 (17:08:33 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0368.v1

The Human Proteoform Project: A Plan to Define the Human Proteome

Lloyd Smith, Jeffrey Agar, Julia Chamot-Rooke, Paul Danis, Ying Ge, Joseph Loo, Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic, Yury Tsybin, Neil Kelleher

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: proteoform; human genome project; proteomics; post-translational modification; human proteome

Online: 19 October 2020 (10:49:39 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0321.v1

Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Functions of Citrus Fruit

Paolo Bellavite, Alberto Donzelli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: Citrus fruits; Citrus sinensis; hesperidin; COVID-19; vitamin C; SARS-CoV-2; sweet orange

Online: 28 June 2020 (08:45:24 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0004.v1

Transmission Potential and Severity of COVID-19 in Pakistan

Sohail Raza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, Pakistan, Economic Losses, Disease Spread, SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:19:30 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0289.v5

The Pneumonia Outbreak: High Isoleucine and High Valine Plus Glycine Contents Are Features of the Proteins of COVID-19 Virus

Yulin Wan, Sirui Yan, Ying Zhang, Shanshan An, Kaiqiao Yang, Huan Xu, Tao Gan, Weiguo Cao, Qiuyun Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; proton affinity; calcium oxalate; isoleucine; valine; glycine; prophylactic approach

Online: 14 June 2020 (17:43:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0003.v2

Computational Screening for Potential Drug Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Bruno Andrade, Preetam Ghosh, Debmalya Barh, Sandeep Tiwari, Raner José Santana Silva, Wagner Rodrigues de Assis Soares, Tarcisio Silva Melo, Andria dos Santos Freitas, Patrícia González-Grande, Lucas Sousa Palmeira, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Marta Giovanetti, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; protease; virtual screening; pharmacophore; inhibitors; natural compounds

Online: 17 April 2020 (11:00:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0195.v1

Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Cell Subsets in Human Placenta That Highly Expresses Factors to Drive Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Nancy Ashray, Anshul Bhide, Priyanka Chakarborty, Stacy Colaco, Anuradha Mishra, Karisma Chhabria, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Deepak Modi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Placenta; trophoblast; SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Single cell RNAseq; scRNA-seq; ACE2; TMPRSS2; CD147; CTSL; inflammation

Online: 11 May 2020 (12:50:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0367.v1

Physical Impact of a Typical Training Session With Different Volumes on the Day Preceding a Match in Academy Soccer Players

Tom Douchet, Christos Paizis, Nicolas Babault

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Tapering; Workload; Performance; Microcycle; Youth

Online: 23 September 2022 (09:27:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0188.v1

How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: A Framework for Research and the Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation in ME/CFS

Luis Nacul, Shennae O'Boyle, Flavio E. Nacul, Kathleen Mudie, Caroline C. Kingdon, Jacqueline M. Cliff, Taane G. Clark, Hazel M. Dockrell, Eliana M. Lacerda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Chronic Illness; ME/CFS; Management; Research

Online: 17 September 2019 (12:38:57 CEST)

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We propose a framework for the understanding of the pathophysiology and management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. As in other chronic diseases, ME/CFS evolves through different stages, from asymptomatic predisposition, progressing to a prodromal stage, and then to symptomatic disease. Disease incidence depends on genetic makeup and environment factors, the exposure to an insult, or repeated insults, and the nature of the host response. In people who develop ME/CFS, normal homeostatic processes in response to adverse insults may be replaced by aberrant responses leading to dysfunctional states. Thus, the predominantly neuro-immune and autonomic manifestations, underlined by a hyper-metabolic state, that characterise early disease, may be followed by various processes leading to multi-systemic related symptoms. This abnormal metabolic state and the effects of a range of mediators such as products of oxidative and nitrosamine stress, may lead to progressive cell and metabolic dysfunction culminating in a hypometabolic state with low energy production. These processes do not seem to happen uniformly; although a spiralling of progressive inter-related and self-sustaining abnormalities may ensue, reversion to states of milder abnormalities is possible if the host is able to restate responses to improve homeostatic equilibrium. Disease management and research efforts should seek to identify and apply strategies targeted at the different pathophysiological dysfunctions that characterise different disease stages. As disease presentation varies over time, no single case description, set of diagnostic criteria, or molecular feature is currently diagnostic for all patients at all times. While acknowledging its limitations due to the incomplete research evidence, we suggest the proposed framework may improve research design and health care interventions for people with ME/CFS.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0114.v1

Role of Cigarette Smoke on ACE-2 Protein Membrane Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cells Using an Air-Liquid Interface Model

Massimo Caruso, Alfio Distefano, Rosalia Emma, Michelino Di Rosa, Giuseppe Carota, Sonja Rust, Riccardo Polosa, Pietro Zuccarello, Margherita Ferrante, Giuseppina Raciti, Giovanni Li Volti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE-2; nicotine; smoke; cigarette; epithelial cells.

Online: 6 October 2020 (09:43:40 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0184.v2

Virological Sampling of Inaccessible Wildlife with Drones

Jemma L. Geoghegan, Vanessa Pirotta, Erin Harvey, Alastair Smith, Jan P. Buchmann, Martin Ostrowski, John-Sebastian Eden, Robert Harcourt, Edward C. Holmes

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: whale; virome; drone; mammalian host; virosphere

Online: 30 May 2018 (07:37:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0566.v1

Perspectives from Montiaceae (Portulacineae) Evolution. II. Ecological Evolution, Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis, and the Principle of Evolutionary Idiosyncraticity

Mark Hershkovitz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Montiaceae; life history; climate niche; polyploidy; phylogenetic comparative analysis (PhCA); natural selection (NS); natural drift (ND); chaos; stochasticity; determinism; principle of evolutionary idiosyncraticity (PEI)

Online: 2 October 2018 (12:06:57 CEST)

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The present paper reviews evidence for ecological evolution of Montiaceae. Montiaceae (Portulacineae) comprise a family of ca. 275 species and ca. 25 subspecific taxa of flowering plants distributed mainly in extreme western America, with additional endemism elsewhere, including other continents and islands. They have diversified repeatedly across steep ecological gradients. Based on narrative analysis, I argue that phylogenetic transitions from annual to perennial life history have been more frequent than suggested by computational phylogenetic reconstructions. I suggest that a reported phylogenetic correlation between the evolution of life history and temperature niche is coincidental and not causal. I demonstrate how statistical phylogenetic comparative analysis (PhCA) missed evidence for marked moisture niche diversification among Montiaceae. I discount PhCA evidence for the relation between Montiaceae genome duplication and ecological diversification. Based on the present analysis of Montiaceae evolution, I criticize the premise of the prevalent statistical approach to PhCA, which tests Darwinian deterministic hypotheses against stochastic evolutionary null models. I discuss theoretical/empirical evidence that evolution is neither stochastic, nor Darwinistically-determined, but idiosyncratic. Idiosyncraticity describes the outcome of a stochastically perturbed nonlinear chaos-like process. The Principle of Evolutionary Idiosyncraticity (PEI) is based on the evolutionary theory of Natural Drift, which maintains that determinism in evolution is a property of the organism and not, as maintained by the theory of Natural Selection, its traits or its milieu. This determinism is characteristic of chaotic functions, which are absolutely determinate, generate self-similarity, but remain absolutely unpredictable. PEI explains precisely observations that evolution proceeds not linearly, but chaotically, producing both quasi-linear fractal-like patterns and non-linear jumps. PEI has ramifications for all areas of macroevolutionary research. In particular, it demonstrates both the fallacy and futility of the statistical PhCA approach that interprets evolutionary causes in terms of evolutionary correlations. However, statistical methods of PhCA can be applied heuristically and fruitfully to reveal idiosyncraticity and discover evolutionary novelty. This, in turn, is demonstrated by the emergence of statistical anomalies in evolutionary analyses of Montiaceae.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0407.v1

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein D614G Mutation Shows Increasing Dominance and May Confer a Structural Advantage to the Furin Cleavage Domain

Leyan Tang, Allison Schulkins, Chun-Nan Chen, Kurt Deshayes, John S. Kenney

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; spike protein; D614G mutation; genotype distribution; furin cleavage site; secondary structure; sequence analysis; homology modeling

Online: 24 May 2020 (20:31:16 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0141.v1

Risk of Human-to-Wildlife Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Sophie Gryseels, Luc De Bruyn, Ralf Gyselings, Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Fabian Leendertz, Herwig Leirs

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: mammals; wildlife; SARS-CoV-2; human-to-wildlife transmission; COVID-19

Online: 8 May 2020 (09:56:01 CEST)

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It has been a long time since the world has experienced a pandemic with such a rapid devastating impact as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The causative agent, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is further unusual in that it appears capable of infecting many different mammal species. As a significant proportion of people worldwide are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and may spread the infection unknowingly before symptoms occur or without any symptoms ever occurring, there is a non-negligible risk of humans spreading SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife, in particular mammals. Because of SARS-CoV-2’s evolutionary origins in bats and reports of humans transmitting the virus to pets and zoo animals, regulations for prevention of human-to-animal transmission have so far focused mostly on these animal groups. Here, we summarize recent studies and reports that show that a wide range of distantly related mammals are likely susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that susceptibility or resistance to the virus is in general not predictable, or only to some extent, by phylogenetic proximity to known susceptible or resistant hosts. In the absence of solid evidence on the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility/resistance for each of the >5,500 mammal species, we argue that sanitary precautions should be taken when interacting with any mammal species in the wild. Preventing human-to-wildlife SARS-CoV-2 transmission is important for protecting these (sometimes endangered) animals from disease, but also to avoid establishment of novel SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs in wild animals. The risk of repeated re-infection of humans from such a wildlife reservoir could severely hamper SARS-CoV-2 control efforts. For wildlife fieldworkers interacting directly or indirectly with mammals, we recommend sanitary precautions such as physical distancing, wearing face masks and gloves, and frequent decontamination, which are very similar to regulations currently imposed to prevent transmission among humans.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0326.v2

Cell-Based Fish: A Novel Approach to Seafood Production and an Opportunity for Cellular Agriculture

Natalie Rubio, Isha Datar, David Stachura, Kate Krueger

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: cellular agriculture; cell-based seafood; fish tissue culture; bioreactor; serum-free media; ocean conservation; marine cell culture; aquaculture

Online: 25 January 2019 (11:36:58 CET)

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Cellular agriculture is defined as the production of agricultural products from cell cultures rather than from whole plants or animals. With growing interest in cellular agriculture as a means to address the public health, environmental, and animal welfare challenges of animal agriculture, the concept of producing seafood from fish cell- and tissue-cultures is emerging as a means to address similar challenges with industrial aquaculture systems and marine capture. Cell-based seafood - as opposed to animal-based seafood - can combine developments in biomedical engineering with modern aquaculture techniques. Biomedical engineering developments such as closed-system bioreactor production of land animal cells create a basis for large scale production of marine animal cells. Aquaculture techniques such as genetic modification and closed system aquaculture have achieved marked gains in production that can pave the way for innovations in cell-based seafood production. Here, we present the current state of innovation relevant to the development of cell-based seafood across multiple species as well as specific opportunities and challenges that exist for advancing this science. The authors find that the physiological properties of fish cell- and tissue- culture may be uniquely suited to cultivation in vitro. These physiological properties, including hypoxia tolerance, high buffering capacity, and low-temperature growth conditions, make marine cell culture an attractive opportunity for scale production of cell-based seafood; perhaps even more so than mammalian and avian cell cultures for cell-based meats. This, coupled with the unique capabilities of crustacean tissue-friendly scaffolding such as chitosan, a common seafood waste product and mushroom derivative, presents great promise for cell-based seafood production via bioreactor cultivation. To become fully realized, cell-based seafood research will require more understanding of fish muscle culture and cultivation; more investigation into serum-free media formulations optimized for fish cell culture; and bioreactor designs tuned to the needs of fish cells for large scale production.

Working Paper REVIEW

How the Biofertilizers Play a Role in the Regulation and Sustainability of Agriculture

Muhammad Salman Akram, Muhammad Abubakar Cheema, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Saeed

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: biofertilizers; PGPR; Auxin; Rhizobium

Online: 31 August 2020 (08:12:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0043.v3

An Isolated Complex V Inefficiency and Dysregulated Mitochondrial Function in Immortalized Lymphocytes from ME/CFS Patients

Daniel Missailidis, Sarah Annesley, Claire Allan, Oana Sanislav, Brett Lidbury, Donald Lewis, Paul Fisher

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis; Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; mitochondria; Complex V; TORC1; Seahorse respirometry

Online: 3 February 2020 (09:34:29 CET)

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Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is an enigmatic condition characterized by exacerbation of symptoms after exertion (post-exertional malaise or “PEM”), and by fatigue whose severity and associated requirement for rest are excessive and disproportionate to the fatigue-inducing activity. There is no definitive molecular marker or known underlying pathological mechanism for the condition. Increasing evidence for aberrant energy metabolism suggests a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in ME/CFS. Our objective was therefore to measure mitochondrial function and cellular stress sensing in actively metabolising patient blood cells. We immortalized lymphoblasts isolated from 51 ME/CFS patients diagnosed according to the Canadian Consensus Criteria and an age- and gender-matched control group. Parameters of mitochondrial function and energy stress sensing were assessed by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, proteomics, and an array of additional biochemical assays. As a proportion of the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), the rate of ATP synthesis by Complex V was significantly reduced in ME/CFS lymphoblasts, while significant elevations were observed in Complex I OCR, maximum OCR, spare respiratory capacity, nonmitochondrial OCR and “proton leak” as a proportion of the basal OCR. This was accompanied by a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, chronically hyperactivated TOR Complex I stress signalling and upregulated expression of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, fatty acid transporters and enzymes of the β-oxidation and TCA cycles. By contrast, mitochondrial mass and genome copy number, as well as glycolytic rates and steady state ATP levels were unchanged. Our results suggest a model in which ME/CFS lymphoblasts have a Complex V defect accompanied by compensatory upregulation of their respiratory capacity that includes the mitochondrial respiratory complexes, membrane transporters and enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. This homeostatically returns ATP synthesis and steady state levels to “normal” in the resting cells, but may leave them unable to adequately respond to acute increases in energy demand as the relevant homeostatic pathways are already activated.

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0381.v1

Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19: Evidence, Possible Mode of Action and Industrial Supply of the Drug

Mario Pagliaro, Francesco Meneguzzo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: hydroxychloroquine; COVID-19; immunomodulator; cytokine storm; flow chemistry

Online: 21 April 2020 (08:26:31 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

A Preceding Low-virulence Strain Pandemic Inducing Immunity Against COVID-19

Hagai Perets, Ruth Perets

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; low-virulence; high-virulence; pandemic; T-cell; immunity; virus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 July 2020 (13:02:40 CEST)

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Mobility analysis identified East-Asia and Oceania countries to be highly-exposed to COVID-19 spread, consistent with the earliest spread occurring in these regions. However, here we show that while a strong positive correlation between case-numbers and exposure level could be seen early-on as expected, at later times the infection-level is found to be negatively correlated with exposure-level. Moreover, the infection level is positively correlated with the population size, which is puzzling since it has not reached the level necessary for population-size to affect infection-level through herd immunity. These issues are resolved if a low-virulence Corona-strain (LVS) began spreading earlier in China outside of Wuhan, and later globally, providing immunity from the later appearing high-virulence strain (HVS). Following its spread into Wuhan, cumulative mutations gave rise to the emergence of an HVS, known as SARS-CoV-2, starting the COVID-19 pandemic. We model the co-infection by an LVS and an HVS, and show that it can explain the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and the non-trivial dependence on the exposure level to China and the population-size in each country. We find that the LVS began its spread a few months before the onset of the HVS, and that its spread doubling-time is

\sim 1.59 \pm 0.17

times slower than the HVS. Although more slowly spreading, its earlier onset allowed the LVS to spread globally before the emergence of the HVS. In particular, in countries exposed earlier to the LVS and/or having smaller population-size, the LVS could achieve herd-immunity earlier, and quench the later-spread HVS at earlier stages. We find our two-parameter (the spread-rate and the initial onset time of the LVS) can accurately explain the current infection levels (R^2

=0.74

; correlation p-value (p) of 5x10^-13

). Furthermore, countries exposed early should have already achieved herd-immunity. We predict that in those countries cumulative infection levels could rise by no more than 2-3 times the current level through local-outbreaks, even in the absence of any containment measures. We suggest several tests and predictions to further verify the double-strain co-infection model and discuss the implications of identifying the LVS.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0039.v1

Evidence for Recent Polygenic Selection on Educational Attainment and Intelligence Inferred from GWAS Hits: A Replication of Previous Findings Using Recent Data

Davide Piffer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: educational attainment; polygenes; polygenic selection; IQ; GWAS

Online: 8 June 2017 (08:11:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0160.v2

The human-COVID-19 Tango: Connecting the Dots

Hamdi Hamdi, Ensaf Abdaldayem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; ACE; ACE2; Angiotensin II; Bradykinin; RAS inhibitors; ACE inhibitors; AT1 receptor blockers; Losartan; Bradykinin Antagonists; Ang II loading; Giapreza; Icatibant.

Online: 14 April 2020 (14:34:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0049.v1

A Review of Tropical Plants with Antifungal Activities against Plant Fungal Pathogens

Dewa Ngurah Suprapta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: plant extracts; antifungal activity; fungal pathogens

Online: 13 October 2016 (11:50:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0171.v3

Clinical Relevance of Genome-Wide Polygenic Score may Be Less than Claimed

David Curtis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: genome-wide polygenic score; coronary artery disease; AUC

Online: 6 December 2018 (07:06:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0158.v1

UAV-Based High-Throughput Approach for Fast Growing Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Cultivar Screening by Machine Learning

Xiaodan Zou, Anjie Liang, Bizhi Wu, Jun Su, Renhua Zheng, Jian Li

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: Cunninghamia lanceolate; UAVs; hyperspectral camera; machine learning; random forests; XGBoost

Online: 11 July 2019 (11:41:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0242.v1

A Putative Prophylactic Solution for COVID-19: Development of Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate against SARS‐COV‐2 by Comprehensive Immunoinformatic and Molecular Modelling Approach

Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman, Muhammad Usman Mirza, Mahjabeen Saleem, Matheus Froeyen, Sarfraz Ahmad, Roquyya Gul, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Muhammad Sajjad, Munir Ahmad Bhinder

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; spike protein; multiepitope vaccine; molecular modeling

Online: 15 March 2020 (12:45:54 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0359.v1

Entry of SARS-CoV2 through the Basal Surface of Alveolar Endothelial Cells – A Proposed Mechanism Mediated by CD147 in COVID-19

Francia Acosta Saltos, Alejandro David Acosta Saltos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid-19; Endothelial; CD147; SARS-CoV2

Online: 23 May 2020 (05:26:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0201.v2

Detecting the Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Pravin Pokhrel, Changpeng Hu, Hanbin Mao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Detection, SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test, SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test, False Negative, False Positive, Sensitivity, Specificity, Point-of-care testing (POCT), SARS-CoV-2 Mutants

Online: 25 March 2021 (15:33:14 CET)

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created huge damage to society and brought panics around the world. Such panics can be ascribed to the seemingly deceptive features of the COVID-19: compared to other deadly viral outspreads, it has medium transmission and mortality rates. As a result, the severity of the causative coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was deeply underestimated by the society at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Based on this, in this review, we define the viruses with features similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 as the Panic Zone viruses. To contain those viruses, accurate and fast diagnosis followed by effective isolation and treatment of patients are pivotal at the early stage of virus breakouts. This is especially true when there is no cure or vaccine available for a transmissible disease, which is the case for current COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 2021, more than two hundred kits for the COVID-19 diagnosis on the market are surveyed in this review, while emerging sensing techniques for SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. It is of critical importance to rationally use these kits for the efficient management and control of the Panic Zone viruses. Therefore, we discuss guidelines to select diagnostic kits at different outbreak stages of the Panic Zone viruses, SARS-CoV-2 in particular. While it is of utmost importance to use nucleic acid-based detection kits with low false negativity (high sensitivity) at the early stage of an outbreak, the low false positivity (high specificity) gains its importance at later stages of the outbreak. When a society is set to reopen from the lock-down stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it becomes critical to have antibody based immunoassay kits with high specificity to identify people who can safely return to the society after their recovery of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Given that the emergence of mutant viruses at the beginning of 2021 has complicated current battle against the COVID-19, we also discussed approaches and guidelines to detect viral mutants in the middle of the second wave of the pandemic that started at the end of 2020. Finally, since a massive attack from a viral pandemic requires a massive defense from the whole society, we urge both government and private sectors to research and develop more affordable and reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) kits, which can be used massively by the general public (and therefore called as massive POCT) to contain Panic Zone viruses in future.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0558.v1

Recombinant Protein Vaccines, a Proven Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemics

Jeroen Pollet, Wen-Hsiang Chen, Ulrich Strych

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Adjuvants; Vaccine Production; Vaccine Delivery; Clinical Trials; Neutralizing Antibodies; Th1

Online: 22 November 2020 (11:57:51 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0302.v1

The Single-Celled Ancestors of Animals: A History of Hypotheses

Thibaut Brunet, Nicole King

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: evolutionary cell biology; evo-devo; animal origins; choanoflagellates; history of science; Haeckel; Metchnikoff; Blastaea; origin of multicellularity

Online: 10 November 2020 (11:18:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0216.v2

Detection and Survival of SARS-coronavirus in Human Stool, Urine, Wastewater and Sludge

Andrew Singer, Rachel Wray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-coronavirus; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; COVID-19; Stool; Urine; Wastewater; Wastewater-based epidemiology

Online: 18 June 2020 (09:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0397.v1

Genetic Uniformity of a Specific Region in SARS-CoV-2 Genome and In-Silico Target-Oriented Repurposing of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine

Omur Baysal, Ragip Soner Silme, Cagatay Karaaslan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Drug repurposing; N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; ORF1ab; Biodata mining; Protein modelling

Online: 24 May 2020 (18:49:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0284.v1

Building Consensus around the Assessment and Interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae Diversity

Sarah Davies, Matthew H. Gamache, Lauren I. Howe-Kerr, Nicola G. Kriefall, Andrew C. Baker, Anastazia T. Banaszak, Line K. Bay, Anthony J. Bellantuono, Debashish Bhattacharya, Cheong Xin Chan, Danielle C. Claar, Mary Alice Coffroth, Ross Cunning, Simon K. Davy, Javier del Campo, Erika M. Diaz-Almeyda, Jorg C. Frommlet, Lauren E. Fuess, Raul A. Gonzalez-Pech, Tamar L. Goulet, Kenneth D. Hoadley, Emily J. Howells, Benjamin C. C. Hume, Dustin W. Kemp, Carly, D. Kenkel, Sheila A. Kitchen, Todd C. LaJeunesse, Senjie Lin, Shelby McIlroy, Ryan McMinds, Matthew R. Nitschke, Clinton A. Oakley, Raquel S. Peixoto, Carlos Prada, Hollie M. Putnam, Kate Quigley, Hannah G. Reich, James Davis Reimer, Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty, Stephanie Rosalas, Osama S. Saad, Eugenia M. Sampayo, Scott Santos, Eiichi Shoguchi, Edward G. Smith, Michael Stat, Timothy G. Stephens, Marie E. Strader, David J. Suggett, Timothy D. Swain, Cawa Tran, Nikki Traylor-Knowles, Christian R. Voolstra, Mark E. Warner, Virginia M. Weis, Rachel Wright, Tingting Xiang, Hiroshi Yamashita, Maren Ziegler, Adrienne M.S. Correa, John Everett Parkinson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Symbiodinaceae; genetic diversity; coral symbiosis

Online: 21 June 2022 (04:49:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0006.v1

Salmonella Typhimurium Induces Cloacitis-Like Symptoms in Zebrafish Larvae

Macarena Varas, Javiera Ortíz-Severín, Andrés E. Marcoleta, Francisco Díaz-Pascual, Miguel L. Allende, Carlos A. Santiviago, Francisco P. Chávez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Deformed cloacal region; Danio rerio; Live-Cell imaging; Salmonella infection; Immune response; Cloacitis

Online: 3 February 2017 (04:18:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0417.v1

High Light Intensities Can Be Used to Grow Healthy and Robust Cannabis Plants During the Vegetative Stage of Indoor Production

Melissa Moher, David Llewellyn, Max Jones, Youbin Zheng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Light-emitting diodes; PPFD; DLI; growth; morphology

Online: 15 April 2021 (13:12:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0325.v1

A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak

Md. Arifur Rahman, Md. Golzar Hossain, Atul Chandra Singha, Md Sayeedul Islam, Md Ariful Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; infectivity; temperature; humidity

Online: 23 March 2020 (01:30:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0310.v1

DNA Barcoding in Plants and Animals: A Critical Review

Sheikh Sunzid Ahmed

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: DNA barcoding; metabarcoding; BOLD; taxonomy; biodiversity; molecular marker.

Online: 20 January 2022 (15:15:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0719.v1

Long-term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility

Meilin Jin, Xingyu Wang, Haini Jiang, Lijuan Hua, Weiwei Yu, dan ding, ke wang, Xiaopan Li, Kun Huang, Zhong zou, Shuyun Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-term; neutralization antibody; lymphocyte functionality; viral pathogenicity.

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:16:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0119.v1

Resistance to Rose Rosette Virus and Transmission Attributes

Patrick L. Di Bello, Thanuja Thekke-Veetil, Tobiasz Druciarek, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: transmission; resistance; detection, Emaravirus

Online: 27 October 2016 (11:50:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0351.v1

BCG Vaccination Strategy for Preventaion against COVID-19: Hype or Hope?

Keshav Rajarshi, Aroni Chatterjee, Shashikant Ray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; BCG immunization; SARS-CoV-2; immunity and tuberculosis

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:55:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0597.v1

A Review of Published and Unpublished Findings from 20 Long-term Monitoring Studies of Eastern Monarch Butterflies: the Population was Never in Danger, Despite Recent Winter Colony Declines

Andrew Davis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: monarch butterflies; Danaus plexippus; population status; conservation; long-term studies; milkweed limitation

Online: 28 October 2020 (15:32:14 CET)

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There are a large number of wildlife and insect species that are in trouble on this planet, and most believe that monarch butterflies in eastern North America are too, because of the well-publicized declines of their winter colonies in central Mexico in the last 25 years. A small number of studies over the last decade have cast doubt on this claim by showing declines are not evident at other stages of the annual cycle. To determine how extensive this pattern is, I conducted an exhaustive review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on (eastern) monarch population censuses and studies, conducted across all seasons, and extracted data from these sources to evaluate how monarch abundance has or has not changed over time. I identified 20 collections of data that included butterfly club reports, compilations of citizen-science observations, migration roost censuses, long-term studies of isotopic signatures, and even museum records. These datasets range in duration from 15 years to over 100 years, and I endeavored to also update each with information from the most current years. I also re-examined the winter colony data after incorporating historical records of colony measurements dating back to 1976. This represents the most complete and up-to-date synthesis of information regarding this population. When I examined the long-term trajectory within each dataset a distinct pattern emerged. Modest declines are evident within the winter colonies (over the full 45 year dataset), and, within three censuses conducted during the spring recolonization. Meanwhile, 16 completely separate monitoring studies conducted during the summer and fall (and from varying locations) revealed either no trend at all or in fact an increase in abundance. While each of these long-term studies has inherent limitations, the fact that all 16 sources of data show the same pattern is undeniable. Moreover, this evidence is consistent with recently-conducted genetic work that shows a lack of decline. Collectively, these results indicate that despite diminishing winter colonies and spring migrations, monarchs in eastern North America are capable of rebounding fully each year, implying that milkweed is not limiting within their collective range. Moreover, there is no indication from these data that the summer population was ever truly diminished by changing agricultural practices in the Midwest that reduced milkweed in crop fields within that region. It is possible that the larger population is not as dependent on Midwestern agricultural milkweed as once thought, and/or that monarchs are adapting to increasingly human-altered landscapes. These results are timely and should bear on the upcoming USFWS decision on whether the monarch requires federal protection in the United States. Importantly, they argue that despite losses of many insects globally, the eastern North American monarch population is not in the same situation.

Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0047.v1

phylotaR: An automated pipeline for retrieving orthologous DNA sequences from GenBank in R

Dominic J. Bennett, Hannes Hettling, Daniele Silvestro, Alexander Zizka, Christine D. Bacon, Søren Faurby, Rutger A. Vos, Alexandre Antonelli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: BLAST; DNA, open source; phylogenetics; R; sequence orthology.

Online: 4 April 2018 (06:00:40 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0446.v1

Systematic Cell Line-Based Identification of Drugs Modifying ACE2 Expression

Sanju Sinha, Kuoyuan Cheng, Kenneth Aldape, Eyal Schiff, Eytan Ruppin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID19; infectious diseases

Online: 31 March 2020 (05:08:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0127.v1

Sex Determining Mechanisms in Bivalves

Sophie Breton, Charlotte Capt, Davide Guerra, Donald Stewart

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: sex determination; exual systems; bivalvia; mitochondria

Online: 30 June 2017 (07:28:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0163.v1

Cannabis Yield, Potency, and Leaf Photosynthesis Respond Differently to Increasing Light Levels in an Indoor Environment

Victoria Rodriguez Morrison, David Llewellyn, Youbin Zheng

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Cannabis sativa; PPFD; light intensity; light response curve; indoor; sole source; cannabinoid; terpene

Online: 8 January 2021 (14:04:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0273.v2

Disentangling the Amyloid Pathways: A Mechanistic Approach to Etiology

Maja Malmberg, Tarja Malm, Oskar Gustafsson, Anthony Wright, Samir El Andaloussi, Anders Linden, Kariem Ezzat

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: amyloid; virus; nucleation; loss-of-function; Alzheimer's; Parkinson's; prion; protein-only

Online: 19 November 2019 (03:53:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0035.v1

Role of Saponins in Plant Defense against the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Mubasher Hussain, Muhammad Qasim, Bamisope Steve Bamisile, Liande Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: brassica; food odour preference; HIPVs; Plutella xylostella; trap crop

Online: 6 June 2017 (09:00:57 CEST)

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The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is very destructive crucifers specialized pest that has resulted in significant crop losses worldwide. The pest is well attracted to glucosinolate-containing crucifers such as; Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae), and generally to other plants in the genus Barbarea. B. vulgaris on their part, build up resistance against DBM and other herbivorous insects using glucosinolates; that are plant secondary metabolites used in plant defense–contained only in plants of the order Brassicales. Aside glucosinolates, plants in this genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) also contain saponins; which is toxic to insects and act as feeding deterrents for plant herbivores, most importantly, DBM, as it was found to prevent the survival of DBM larvae on the plant. Saponins are plant secondary metabolites have been established in higher concentrations in younger in contrast to older leaves within the same plant. Previous studies have found a relationship between ontogenetical changes in the host plant’s saponin content and attraction/resistance to P. xylostella. The younger leaves recorded higher concentrations of glucosinolates and saponins, which naturally attracts the plant herbivores. DBM was reported to have evolved mechanisms to avoid the toxicity of the former. The plant-herbivore had adapted glucosinolates for host plant recognition, feeding and oviposition stimulants. Despite the adaptation for oviposition by P. xylostella adults, larvae of the insect cannot survive on the same plant. An example is in some varieties of B. vulgaris. The triterpenoid saponins which act as feeding deterrents in larvae are responsible for this direct defense mechanism against P. xylostella. In the future, trials by plant breeders could aim at transferring this insect resistance to other crops. The previous trials had limited because of lack of knowledge on the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory networks of saponins. Herein, we discussed exclusively; saponins mediated plant defense mechanisms against the DBM.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0044.v1

Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration

Margarita Lampo, Juan Vicente Hernández-Villena, Jaime Cascante, María Fernanda Vicenti-González, David A. Forero-Peña, Maikell J. Segovia, Katie Hampson, Julio Castro, Maria Eugenia Grillet

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SEI models; metapoplations; Venezuela; SARS-CoV-2; drivers of transmission; spatial incidence.

Online: 1 June 2021 (15:18:05 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

The Mother of All Battles: Viruses vs. Humans. Can Humans Avoid Extinction in 50-100 Years?

Eleftherios Diamandis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: pandemics; contagious diseases; human race extinction; viruses; microbiome; COVID-19; blindness

Online: 14 April 2021 (17:53:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0225.v1

Impacts of a Changing Earth on Microbial Dynamics and Human Health Risks in the Continuum between Beach Water and Sand

Chelsea J. Weiskerger, João Brandão, Warish Ahmed, Asli Aslan, Lindsay Avolio, Brian D. Badgley, Alexandria B. Boehm, Thomas A. Edge, Jay M. Fleisher, Christopher D. Heaney, Luisa Jordao, Julie L. Kinzelman, James S. Klaus, Gregory T. Kleinheinz, Päivi Meriläinen, Jean Pierre Nshimyimana, Mantha Phanikumar, Alan M. Piggot, Tarja Pitkänen, Clare Robinson, Michael J. Sadowsky, Christopher Staley, Zachery R. Staley, Erin M. Symonds, Laura J. Vogel, Kevan M. Yamahara, Richard L. Whitman, Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Valerie J. Harwood

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: pathogen, climate change, sand, water quality, modeling

Online: 22 January 2019 (17:28:22 CET)

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Humans may be exposed to microbial pathogens at recreational beaches via environmental sources, such as water, sand, and aerosols. Although infectious disease risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens has been an active area of research for decades, sand is a relatively unexplored reservoir of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Beach sand and water habitats provide unique advantages and challenges to pathogen introduction, growth, and persistence, as well as continuous exchange between habitats. Models of FIB and pathogen fate and transport in sandy beach habitats can help predict the risk of infectious disease from recreational water use, but filling knowledge gaps such as decay rates and potential for microbial growth in beach habitats is necessary for accurate modeling. Climatic variability, whether natural or anthropogenically-induced, adds complexity to predictive modeling, but may increase human exposure to waterborne pathogens via extreme weather events, warming of water bodies and sea level rise in many regions. The popularity of human recreational beach activities, combined with predicted climate change scenarios, could amplify the risk of human exposure to pathogens and related illnesses. Other global change trends such as increased population growth and urbanization are expected to exacerbate contamination events and the predicted impacts of increasing levels of waterborne pathogens on human health. Such changes will alter microbial population dynamics in beach habitats, and will consequently affect the assumptions and relationships used in population models and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Here, we discuss the literature on microbial population and transport dynamics in sand-water continuum habitats at beaches, how these dynamics can be modeled, and how climate change and other anthropogenic influences (e.g., land use, urbanization) should be considered when using and developing more holistic, beachshed-based models.

Working Paper ARTICLE

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Cats and Dogs?

Min Shen, Chao Liu, Run Xu, Zijing Ruan, Shiying Zhao, Huidong Zhang, Wen Wang, Xinhe Huang, Li Yang, Yong Tang, Tai Yang, Xu Jia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); animal reservoir; cross-species transmission; cats

Online: 8 April 2020 (04:43:14 CEST)

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Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0057.v1

An Alternative Method to Niskin Sampling for More Accurate Metatranscriptomic Analysis of the Marine Environment

Jonathan Teague, Thomas B. Scott, Sanjay Sharma, George Graham, Michael J. Allen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Remotely Operated Vehicle; Metatranscriptomics; Niskin

Online: 10 March 2017 (10:50:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0023.v1

Compounds from Terminalia mantaly L. (Combretaceae) Stem Bark Exhibit Potent Inhibition against some Pathogenic Yeasts and Enzymes of Metabolic Significance

Marthe Aimée Tchuente Tchuenmogne, Thierry Kammalac Ngouana, Sebastian Gohlke, Rufin M. T. Kouipou, Abdulselam Aslan, Muslum Kuzu, Veysel Comakli, Ramazan Demirdag, Silvère A. Ngouela, Etienne Tsamo, Norbert Sewald, Bruno N. Lenta, Fabrice F. Boyom

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: anti-yeast; enzyme inhibitors; Terminalia mantaly; Combretaceae

Online: 3 November 2016 (09:35:17 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0363.v2

Neutrophil Involvement in Covid-19

Athanasios Didangelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-Cov-2; inflammation; neutrophil

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:23:01 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0130.v1

Fast Neutron Mutagenesis in Plants: Advances, Applicability and Challenges

Surbhi Kumawat, Nitika Rana, Ruchi Bansal, Gautam Vishwakarma, Sayaji Mehetre, Bikram Kishore Das, Manish Kumar, Satish Yadav, Humira Sonah, Tilak Raj Sharma, Rupesh Deshmukh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: induced mutagenesis; fast neutron irradiation; mutation mapping; deletagene; next-generation sequencing technologies; reverse genetics

Online: 10 May 2019 (14:38:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0061.v3

Online Relinquishments of Dogs and Cats in Australia

Susan J. Hazel, Caitlin J. Jenvey, Jonathan Tuke

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: relinquishment; dog; cat; online; Australia

Online: 2 February 2018 (07:27:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0096.v1

Perspectives from Montiaceae (Portulacineae) Evolution. I. Phylogeny and Phylogeography

Mark A. Hershkovitz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Montiaceae; phylogeny; phylogeography; long-distance dispersal; idiosyncrasy; Principal of Evolutionary Idiosyncraticity

Online: 5 September 2018 (12:02:42 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0016.v1

It Takes Two to Evolve Too. The Hypothesis on Three Primary Communication Transitions in Evolution

Nikolay Kovalev

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: symbiogenesis; eukaryogenesis; RNA world; expensive brain; human evolution; hydrothermal vent

Online: 4 January 2017 (07:34:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0113.v1

Introducing DNA Sequencing to the Next Generation on a Research Vessel Sailing the Bering Sea Through a Storm

Anne-Lise Ducluzeau, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Noah S. Khalsa, Hillary H. Smith, Devin M. Drown

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: education; genomics; nanopore; oceanography; fieldwork

Online: 9 May 2019 (12:57:09 CEST)

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Experiential learning in the field is an opportunity for students to enter the heart of a scientific discipline. Through such experience, they can extract conceptual clues and discover motivational stepping stones that will potentially influence the rest of their education and career choice. Unfortunately, in Biology, the inescapable topic of Next-Generation Sequencing represents a challenge when it comes to create an educational curriculum that aims to provide students with hands-on experience on sequencers. It is an even more difficult task to accomplish if one’s purpose was to set such curriculum in a field situation. However, in recent years, educators have seen possibility to bring Next-Generation Sequencing to the reach of students more easily, with the Oxford Nanopore MinION, a low-budget, user-friendly, hand-held sequencer. Academic researchers have illustrated the performances of this device in the field and are inspirational for curricula aiming to take the next generation of scientists in the outdoors. We designed a modular 5-day workshop, with nanopore sequencing to be performed in field conditions. Here we describe the material and methods that lead the students and instructors from sample collection, DNA extraction and preparation for nanopore sequencing with MinION to real-time analysis of the data collected. This curriculum was implemented for the first-time aboard Research Vessel Sikuliaq during a transit organized by the STEMSEAS program at Columbia University in collaboration with the University of Alaska BLaST program. The line of investigation formulated for the workshop was an open-ended question that led the students to establish a proof of concept in terms of technology deployment at sea: what will show metagenomic results from DNA obtained from sea water and sequenced with Oxford Nanopore MinION? The workshop took place in October 2018 while Research Vessel Sikuliaq sailed the Alaskans seas for 7 days. Students successfully used nanopore sequencing for multiple metagenomic seawater samples. Their introductory analysis was consistent with environmental conditions and they were able to present their results by the end of the workshop.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0080.v2

SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV Share the Furin Site CGG-CGG Genetic Footprint

Antonio R. Romeu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; arginine dimer; polybasic furin cleavage site; aginine codon; Markov model; bioinformatics

Online: 14 October 2021 (13:08:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0196.v1

Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Daniel Missailidis, Sarah Annesley, Paul Fisher

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, ME/CFS, diagnosis, metabolism, mitochondria, inflammation, immune system, signaling, gut microbiota.

Online: 16 July 2019 (12:41:26 CEST)

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