The incidence of venous thromboembolism is estimated at around 3% of cancer patients. However, a majority of incidental pulmonary embolism (iPE) can be overlooked by radiologists in asymptomatic patients, performing CT scans for disease surveillance, which may significantly impact the patient's health and management. Routine imaging in oncology is usually reviewed with delayed hours after the acquisition of images. Nevertheless, the advent of AI in radiology could reduce the risk of diagnostic delay of iPE by an optimal triage immediately at the acquisition console. This study aimed to determine the accuracy rate of an AI algorithm (CIN A-iPE) in detecting iPE and the duration until the management of cancer patients in our center in addition to describing the characteristics of patients with a confirmed pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of the role of Avicenna's CE-certified and FDA-cleared CINA-iPE algorithm in oncology patients treated at Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus. The results obtained from the AI algorithm were compared with the attending radiologist's report and analyzed by both a radiology resident and a senior radiologist. In case of any discordant results, the reason for this discrepancy was further investigated. The duration between the exact time of the CT scan and analysis was assessed as well as the duration from the result’s reporting and the start of active management. RESULTS Out of 3047 patients, 104 alerts were detected for iPE (prevalence of 1.3%) while 2942 had negative findings. 36 of the 104 patients had confirmed PE while 68 alerts were false positives. Only one patient reported as negative by the AI tool was deemed to have a PE by the radiologist. The sensitivity and specificity of the AI model were 97.3% and 97.74% while the PPV and NPV were 34.62% and 99.97% respectively. Most causes of FP were artifacts (22 cases, 32.3%) and lymph nodes (11 cases, 16.2%). Seven patients experienced delayed diagnosis, requiring them to return to the ER for treatment after being sent home following their scan. The remaining patients received prompt care immediately after their testing with a mean delay time of 8.13 hours. CONCLUSION The addition of an AI system for the detection of unsuspected PEs on chest CT scans in routine oncology care demonstrated a promising efficacy in comparison to human performance. Despite a low prevalence, the sensitivity and specificity of the AI tool reached 97.3% and 97.7% respectively with detection of all the reported clinical PEs except one single case. This study describes the potential synergy between AI and radiologists for an optimal diagnosis of iPE in routine clinical cancer care.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment that elicits tumor apoptosis using laser light exclusively applied to the tumor site. IR-783, an HMC dye, impedes the proliferation of breast cancer cells, even without light. However, the mechanism by which IR-783 exerts its antiproliferative effects remains unclear. We aimed to determine the efficacy of PDT using IR-783 liposomes. A heptamethine cyanine (HMC) dye excited by long-wavelength infrared light and with high tissue permeability was used for PDT after liposomization to enhance tumor tissue accumulation. PDT was performed using IR-783 in two patients with tongue and breast cancers. IR-783 liposomes similarly inhibited cell proliferation in lung cancer cells even when not excited by light. Tumor size was markedly reduced in both cases, with no significant adverse events. Furthermore, the patient with tongue cancer exhibited improved respiratory, swallowing, and speech functions, which were attributed not only to the shrinkage of the tumor, but also to the improvement of airway narrowing. In conclusion, PDT using IR-783 liposomes effectively reduces tumor size in tongue and breast cancers.

Recognizing the need to enhance immune cells' ability to target and eliminate tumor cells by focusing on tumor-associated antigens is crucial for the success of immunotherapy. Numerous cell-based therapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, CAR-NK cell therapy, and T-cell receptor (TCR)-based therapies, are currently undergoing clinical and pre-clinical evaluation across various cancer types. However, a significant challenge lies in managing the inflammatory responses that are harmful to cancer patients. To overcome this, developing advanced strategies to target tumor cells precisely while preserving immune balance in cancer patients is imperative. One promising approach involves using modified tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which constitute approximately 50% of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a pivotal role in tumor progression. CAR-Macrophage (CAR-M) therapy is an emerging potential asset of immunotherapy for a wide range of tumors.

Background: Obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) promote inflammation, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity plays a key role in these diseases through biological mechanisms. This study examined the effect of genetic background on the multimorbidity of intestinal cancer, T2D, and inflammation due to HFD-induced obesity. Methods: A cohort of 357 Collaborative Cross (CC) mice from 15 lines was fed either a control chow diet (CHD) or HFD for 12 weeks. Body weight was tracked biweekly, and blood glucose was assessed at weeks 6 and 12 via intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT). At the study's endpoint, intestinal polyps were counted, and cytokine profiles were analyzed to evaluate the inflammatory response. Results: HFD significantly increased blood glucose levels and body weight, with males showing higher susceptibility to T2D and obesity. Genetic variation across CC lines influenced glucose metabolism, body weight, and polyp development. Mice on HFD developed more intestinal polyps, with males showing higher counts than females. Cytokine analysis revealed diet-induced variations in pro-inflammatory markers like IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α, differing by genetic background and sex. Conclusions: Host genetics plays a crucial role in susceptibility to HFD-induced obesity, T2D, CRC, and inflammation. Genetic differences across CC lines contributed to variability in disease outcomes, providing insight into the genetic underpinnings of multimorbidity. This study supports gene-mapping efforts to develop personalized prevention and treatment strategies for these diseases.

T-cell redirecting therapies, which include chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BSAs), have revolutionized the treatment of relapsed\refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). Expanding clinical experience with these advanced therapies shows the potential for optimization of their use with combination or consolidation strategies, which necessitates prognostic stratification of patients. While traditional clinical prognostic factors identified in the era of chemotherapy are characterized by limited value, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is becoming a new prognostic cluster. We examine how the heterogeneity of LBCL, characterized by variations in tumor parameters and differences in TME immune cell composition, immune checkpoint expression, and cytokine milieu, correlates with both positive responses and resistance to treatment. While classical parameters such as histological subtype, cell of origin, and target antigen expression lack proven prognostic value for T-cell redirecting therapies, the density and functional state of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor-associated macrophages, and immune checkpoint molecules are shown to be critical determinants of therapeutic success, particularly in CAR-T therapy. We identify several gaps in current knowledge and suggest that insights gained from CAR-T experience could be instrumental in refining BSA applications. This report also highlights limitations in current knowledge, as TME data derive from a limited number of registrational trials with varying methodologies, complicating cross-study comparisons and often focusing on immediate response metrics rather than long-term outcomes. By dissecting the complex interactions within the TME, this review aims to identify new prognostic factors and targets, ultimately fostering more effective and tailored treatment strategies for LBCL patients.

Background: We explored the potential value of serum MUC5AC (sMUC5AC) as a biomarker to guide perioperative management of early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). Methods: We performed enzyme-linked immunoassays using a human MUC5AC kit (NBP2-76703) in serum samples obtained from The Ohio State Uni-versity biorepository (between January 2010 and June 2021). Univariate (UV) and multivariate (MV) Cox regression models were used to quantify progression-free survival (PFS); clinical and pathological variables were adjusted in the MV models. UV logistic regression analysis was utilized to examine the association of sMUC5AC with pathological features and survival. Results: Overall, 23 samples (19 FOLFIRINOX, 3 gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel, 1 FOLFOX) were available for analysis. The median age was 66 years, and 52% were females. sMUC5AC was associated with a) treatment response, margin status, and residual disease (R0 vs. R1/R2) (all P

Cervical cancer is 4th the most common cancer in women worldwide. Due to the prevalence of HPV in the population (80-90%), the scientists are likely to discover even more associations of this pathogen with other diseases in the future. In recent years, ISH assays that use automated signal-detecting methods in ormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cervical tissue, such as the enzyme-categorized signal-detecting system, have shown a higher sensitivity. To evaluate automatic signal detection of in situ hybridization (ISH) assay for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, we compared the ability of an ISH probe, Inform HPV II and III (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ), to that of PCR assays to detect HPV DNA in cervical tissue specimens with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; CIN 1, 28 cases; CIN 2, 22 cases; and CIN 3, 20 cases) and normal cervix (2 cases). Our findings showed significant relation was confirmed between ISH III level and HPV outcome (positive/negative). Patients with positive HPV outcomes had significantly lower ISH III levels, MD = -7961.82 CI95 [-17230.00; -199.21], p = 0.005. Automatic signal detection of ISH assay is not particularly applicable to cervical tissue material. A more useful method of confirming the presence of HPV in the cervix is ​​the HPV test with genotyping, as it allows for collecting a larger amount of material from the cervical disc and canal. The interpretation of a positive or negative ISH test must be guided in the context of clinical history and morphology.

Recently concluded, large-scale cancer genomics studies involving multiregion sequencing of primary tumors and paired metastases appear to indicate that many or most cancer patients have one or more “clonal" mutations in their tumors. Clonal mutations are those that are present in all of a patient’s cancer cells. Clonally mutated proteins can potentially be targeted by inhibitors or E3 ligase small molecule glues, but developing new small molecule drugs for each patient is not feasible currently. Achilles Therapeutics is currently the only company specifically targeting clonal mutations. However, they are doing so with tumor-derived T cells. To address the potential limitations of immunotherapy, I have devised another approach for exploiting clonal mutations, which I call “Oncolytic Vector Efficient Replication Contingent on Omnipresent Mutation Engagement” (OVERCOME). The ideal version of OVERCOME would likely employ a bioengineered facultative intracellular bacterium. The bacterium would initially be attenuated, but (transiently) reverse its attenuation upon clonal mutation detection.

CTC numbers in the blood of cancer patients can indicate the progression and invasiveness of tumors and their prognostic and predictive value has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, the standard baseline CTC count at the beginning of treatment, while informative, is not completely reliable and may not adequately reflect the state of the disease. The growing number of studies indicate that long-term monitoring of CTC numbers in the same patient provides more comprehensive prognostic data and should be incorporated into clinical practice, as a factor that contributes to therapeutic decisions. This Review describes the current status of CTC enumeration as a prognostic and predictive factor, highlights the shortcomings of current solutions and advocates for longitudinal CTC analysis as a more effective method of the evaluation of developing disease, treatment efficacy, and long term-monitoring of the minimal residual disease.

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, predo-minantly affecting older individuals. Despite the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the efficacy and safety in elderly pa-tients, particularly those aged 65 and above, remain underexplored due to their underrepresenta-tion in clinical trials. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 60 elderly patients (≥65 years) with metastatic NSCLC who received nivolumab as second-line or later therapy between January 2020 and May 2023. Results: The median age was 67 years, with a predominance of males (78%). Nivolumab was administered for a median of 8 cycles, with 33.3% of patients recei-ving 15 or more cycles. The median OS was 23 months, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 93.3%, 54.1%, and 18.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified adenocarcinoma histology, fewer than 15 cycles of nivolumab, and non-response to prior therapies as independent predictors of poor OS. Nivolumab treatment was generally well-tolerated, with 45% of patients experiencing at least grade 1 toxicity. Conclusion: Nivolumab is effective and well-tolerated in elderly patients with metastatic NSCLC, providing survival benefits comparable to those observed in younger populations. The number of treatment cycles and initial response to therapy are key determinants of survival, underscoring the importance of continued treatment in this age group.

Background: Several trace minerals have been shown to be associated with thyroid cancer. However, there is a paucity of data on the characteristics of thyroid nodules in different mineral rich regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The objective of this study is to establish the spectrum of thyroid nodules in different regions of the most mineral wealthy country in the world. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study, performing descriptive statistics and logistic regression with a p value < 0.05 deemed of statistical significance. We enrolled 529 patients diagnosed with thyroid nodules between 2005 and 2019 in two of the richest provinces in minerals (Katanga and South Kivu) and the capital city, Kinshasa. Results: The mean age was 44.2±14.6 years with a female predominance, with a female to male ratio of 5.4. 66.5% of patients had a family history of thyroid disease. 74 patients had simple nodules, whereas 455 had multiple nodules. 87.7% of patients with nodules were euthyroid. The nodules mostly presented a solid structure (72.2%), hypoechogenicity (84.5%), a macronodule (59.8%), calcification (14.4%) and lymphadenopathy (15.5%). 22.3% of these nodules had a malignant character. The independent factors associated with this malignancy were age ≥60 years (aOR=2.81), Katanga as province of origin (aOR=8.19), solid echostructure (aOR=7.69), hypoechogenicity (aOR=14.19), macronodule (aOR=9.13), calcification (aOR=2.6) and the presence of adenopathy (aOR=6.94). Conclusion: By the way of this first of its kind study, we demonstrated that thyroid nodules were more likely to be malignant if found in patients originating from mineral rich region of Katanga. This high frequency of malignancy in mineral rich regions requires measures aimed at early detection in this population, lower threshold for suspicion of malignancy and adequate training of doctors involved in the management of these patients. This study paves the way for future, more extensive and well-funded studies to better understand the relationship of heavy metals and thyroid cancer incidence in the richest country in heavy metals in the world.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for a large percentage of cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex structure and contributes significantly to tumor development, progression, and invasion. The TME is particularly pronounced in HPV-related cancers and HPV is known to influence the TME. In cancer research, there is an urgent need for new models to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and to facilitate the development of innovative therapies. In this context, 3D cell culture has emerged as a promising method in cancer research, that offers significant potential compared to conventional approaches. 3D modelling can produce results that are more consistent with clinical outcomes without the ethical concerns and problems of animal models. In this review, our aim is to discuss the tumor microenvironment in HPV-related cancers and demonstrate the importance of advancing 3D cell culture models for this purpose.

High-grade advanced ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal (HGAOC) cancer are malignancies in which, apart from surgical treatment, systemic treatment plays an important role. The improvement in treatment results is associated with the introduction of polyADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPis). The aim of this study is to present a cross-section of patients treated for HGAOC, in one center, including the distribution of treatment principles following the most up-to-date guidelines. We observed patients who reported to the Department of Gyneacological Oncology between January 2018 and December 2023. We analyzed 437 women with a first diagnosis of HGAOC, who had not been treated before. The introduction of combined treatment with bevacizumab and PARPi into the first line of treatment, regardless of any remnants left during cytoreductive surgery, was introduced in November 2022. Since then, 30% (18/60) of patients (14 with olaparib and 4 with niraparib) have used the above regimen. Previously, in May 2021 - October 2022, it was 27% of patients (13/81 with olaparib and 9/81 with niraparib). Among patients starting treatment in January 2018 - April 2021, only 4.7% (5/106) received the platinum + paclitaxel + olaparib regimen. In both groups – with and without BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely- pathogenic variant, significantly more patients used PC + PARPi or PC + BEV + PARPi in periods II and III than in period I (p<0.01). The introduction of modern treatment in our center very quickly changed the structure of patient treatment. Carriers of BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variant had previously received only chemotherapy, disappeared after the introduction of PARPi, in favor of new therapies. Most patients with no BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely-pathogenic variant, who used PARPi in therapy in our center – received niraparib and therefore they are beneficiaries of molecular diagnostics in the field of HRD.

Late-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) involves widespread dissemination of malignant disease throughout the peritoneal cavity, often accompanied by ascites. EOC metastasis relies on the formation of multicellular aggregates, called spheroids. Given that Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) is required for EOC spheroid viability and LKB1 loss in EOC cells decreases tumor burden in mice, we investigated whether the LKB1 complex controls invasive properties of human EOC spheroids. LKB1 signalling was antagonized through CRISPR/Cas9 genetic knockout of LKB1 and/or RNAi-dependent targeting of STE20-related kinase adaptor protein (STRAD; an LKB1 activator). EOC spheroids expressing nuclear GFP (green) or mKate2 (red) constructs were embedded in Matrigel for real-time live-cell invasion monitoring. Migration and invasion were also assessed in spheroid culture using Transwell chambers, spheroid reattachment, and mesothelial clearance assays. The loss of LKB1 and STRAD signalling decreased cell invasion through Matrigel and Transwell membranes, as well as mesothelial cell clearance. In the absence of LKB1, zymographic assays identified a loss of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, whereas spheroid reattachment assays found that coating plates with fibronectin restored the invasive potential. A three-dimensional EOC organoid model demonstrated that organoid area was greatly reduced by LKB1 loss. Overall, our data indicated that LKB1 and STRAD facilitated EOC metastasis by promoting MMP activity and fibronectin expression. Given that LKB1 and STRAD are crucial for EOC metastasis, targeting LKB1 and/or STRAD could disrupt the dissemination of EOC, making inhibitors of the LKB1 pathway an alternative therapeutic strategy for EOC patients.

Background/Objectives: To test the hypothesis that clinical tumor response after a single cycle of induction chemotherapy (ICT) can reliably differentiate between chemo-/radiosensitive and resistant tumors in the larynx preservation setting. Methods: Treatment consisted of docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (TPF) ICT followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) with weekly cisplatin. The response of the primary tumor was assessed by transnasal endoscopy after the first ICT cycle. Results: 37/39 (95%) patients with laryngeal (46%) or hypopharyngeal (54%) carcinoma responded to one cycle of ICT, and two patients were referred for salvage surgery. Laryngectomy-free survival at 2 and 5 years was 87% and 75%, respectively. The corresponding rates for locoregional control (and also for disease-free survival) were 79% and 70% and for overall survival 92% and 82%. Conclusions: Clinical assessment of tumor response to one cycle of TPF ICT serves as a valid and easy-to-use predictor of tumor sensitivity to platinum-based cCRT.

Background/Objectives: The global burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is projected to increase by 2040, highlighting the need for prevention strategies, early detection and adequate follow. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the progress in personalized medicine of CRC in Serbia, with results and insights from the Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia (IORS), and to propose guidance for tackling observed challenges in the future. Methods: Epidemiological data was derived from official global and national cancer registries and IORS electronic medical records. Germline genetic testing for Lynch syndrome was performed by Next Generation Sequencing. RAS and BRAF mutation analyses were performed using qPCR diagnostic kits. Results: Epidemiology and risk factors, prevention and early detection programs, as well as treatment options and scientific advances have been described in detail. Out of 103 patients who underwent germline testing for Lynch syndrome, 19 (18.4%) had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutation in one of the MMR genes, and 8 (7.8%) in other CRC-associated genes (APC, CHEK2, MUTYH). Of 6369 tested patients, 50.43% had a mutation in KRAS or NRAS genes, while 9.54% had the V600 mutation in the BRAF gene. Conclusions: Although significant improvements in CRC management have occurred globally in recent years, the high incidence of young-onset CRC and the growing elderly population due to a rise in life expectancy require a strategic approach leading to population-based systemic solutions, especially important for countries with limited health care resources as Serbia.

Malignant lymphomas, encompassing Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), represent a significant category of hematological malignancies with diverse presentations and prognoses. This review synthesizes current understanding of malignant lymphomas, focusing on their classification, incidence, epidemiology, staging, histopathology, and evolving treatment strategies. Malignant lymphomas are broadly classified into HL and NHL, with NHL further subdivided into B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell neoplasms. The emergence of grey zone lymphomas, which exhibit overlapping features and heightened aggressiveness, underscores the complexity of diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiologically, HL predominantly affects younger individuals, while NHL incidence increases with age, reflecting a global rise in both incidence and mortality rates. Advances in diagnostic techniques and treatments have led to improved outcomes, yet challenges persist, particularly in distinguishing between overlapping lymphoma types and managing increasing incidence rates. The management of HL and NHL involves a variety of treatment options tailored to the disease stage and individual patient characteristics. After diagnosis and staging, treatment regimens may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy (either alone or in combination), and immunotherapy. Monitoring patient response is crucial, with adjustments made in cases of therapeutic failure. Achieving remission—either partial or complete—depends on the normalization of biomarkers and imaging results, reduction of lymphoid organ size, and resolution of symptoms. Despite therapeutic advances, treatment complications, including short-term effects like myelosuppression and long-term issues such as cardiomyopathy and secondary cancers, remain significant. The future of HL and NHL treatment lies in refining these approaches, minimizing adverse effects, and enhancing efficacy through innovative therapies and personalized medicine strategies.

Nasal tumors are one of the most common tumors in aged golden retrievers. Adenocarcinomas or carcinomas are diagnosed in the majority of nasal tumors. Radiation therapy is the first option to decrease the size of tumor, and oral or intravenous chemotherapy is administered depending on the prognosis. Therefore, it is important to select the most appropriate drug for chemotherapy considering the price and the presence of concurrent disease. Anticancer drugs include first-generation chemotherapies, second-generation targeted anticancer drugs, and third-generation immunotherapy drugs. Considering their price and effectiveness, first- or second-generation anticancer drugs are mainly used.We report a first case in which a retriever with a nasal tumor was successfully treated and managed using a metronomic combination of chlorambucil (4mg/day, SID) and prednisolone (10mg/day) orally for 9 months at a general practice. A 35 kg spayed female golden retriever aged 8 years and 8 months visited the Bundang New York Animal Hospital in July 2023. A protocol of 4 weeks of chemotherapy followed by 1 week of rest was repeated, and the nasal exudate was significantly reduced. The size of the nasal tumor was monitored using Computed Tomography (CT) imaging at a referral hospital, and the images were taken in the following order: 1. before radiation therapy at the referral hospital and before chemotherapy; 2. after radiation therapy and before chemotherapy; and 3. after radiation therapy and after chemotherapy. Since the first occurrence of epistaxis, 12 months have passed (as of July 24). The nasal exudate is barely visible, and the retriever’s vital signs and weight remain stable. The size of the nasal tumor significantly decreased after 9 months of chemotherapy without moderate side effects. This study demonstrates that a prednisolone/chlorambucil metronomic combination can be an alternative to kinase inhibitor drugs as it is the cheapest and most effective way to manage tumors along with conventional radiation therapy.

Introduction: Situated within the broad spectrum of lymphoproliferative diseases, Hodgkin (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are neoplasms renowned for their complexity and heterogeneity, insidious onset, and frequent detectability at advanced, even terminal, stages worldwide.Objectives: The study aimed to compile conclusive statistics, identify genetic factors, and establish correlations with environmental carcinogens, while simultaneously highlighting the importance of developing preventive informational programs for the population.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study encompassed individuals admitted to the Hematology Clinic of "Sfântul Spiridon" Hospital in Iași between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. Out of 1916 patients hospitalized with hematologic neoplasms, 392 were diagnosed with lymphoma. Eighty-four cases exhibiting genetic predisposition (21.42%) were selected, among which 20 displayed a heightened genetic burden (5.1%). These cases were thoroughly analyzed based on medical records.Results and discussion: The study underscores/highlights/emphasizes the significant position of malignant lymphomas among hematologic neoplasms (20.45%). Although the majority do not present malignant heredocolateral antecedents(78.58%), with an estimated empirical recurrence risk(2-4%), predisposing diseases, along with exposure to environmental carcinogens, as well as the region of residence, play fundamental roles in the determinism. It is observed that older individuals from urban agglomerations, especially males (54-70%), have a higher probability of developing these conditions and are therefore recommended to undergo regular check-ups.Conclusion: Unequivocally characterized by a vast etiology, multifactorial diseases result from the bilateral interaction between environmental and hereditary factors.

Control of oxidation/antioxidation homeostasis is important for cellular protective functions, and disruption of the antioxidation balance by exogenous and endogenous ligands can lead to profound pathological consequences of cancerous commitment within cells. Although cancers are sensitive to antioxidation drugs, these drugs are sometimes associated with problems including tumor resistance or dose-limiting toxicity in host animals and patients. These problems are often caused by the imbalance between the levels of oxidative stress induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the redox efficacy of antioxidants. Increased ROS levels, because of abnormal function, including metabolic abnormality and signaling aberrations, can promote tumorigenesis and the progression of malignancy, which are generated by genome mutations and activation of pro-oncogene signaling. This hypothesis is supported by various experiments to show that the balance of oxidative stress and redox control is important for cancer therapy. Although many antioxidant drugs exhibit therapeutic potential, there is a heterogeneity of antioxidation functions, including cell growth, cell survival, invasion abilities, and tumor formation, as well as the expression of marker genes including tumor suppressor proteins, cell cycle regulators, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and Jun dimerization protein 2; and their effectiveness in cancer remains unproven. Here, we summarize the rationale for the use of antioxidative drugs in preclinical and clinical antioxidant therapy of cancer, and recent advances in this area using cancer cells and their organoids, including the targeting of ROS homeostasis.

Background and Objectives: Most of the research of the BRCA1 inactivation is focused on monoallelic germline alterations and loss of heterozygosity in tumour. The aim of this study was to identify characteristic transcriptomic pattern of monoallelic somatic BRCA1 inactivation and estimate its impact to the event-free breast cancer survival prognosis. Materials and Methods: We conducted global transcriptome sequencing of breast cancer tissue samples to identify differentially expressed genes and signalling pathways associated with monoallelic somatic BRCA1 inactivation. The study group involved 36 patient samples categorized based on BRCA1 inactivation status. Subsequently, the differential gene expression and Kaplan-Meier analyses in the groups with and without monoallelic somatic BRCA1 inactivation were performed. Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis showed tendency for longer event-free survival in patients with monoallelic somatic BRCA1 inactivation, suggesting somatic BRCA1 inactivation is favourable prognostic. Differential gene expression analysis followed by the STRING tool enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of proteins in the extracellular region and extracellular space. Conclusion: In this study we identified transcriptomic profile of differentially expressed genes TPSD1, FABP4, CARTPT and MMP9 as indicative for homologous recombination impaired tumours with tendency for better therapy results.

Background The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing various systemic cancers. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients is unknown. Further, there have been contradictory reports about how the metabolic syndrome affects clinical outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the metabolic syndrome is associ-ated with increased prevalence of glioblastoma and worsened survival outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study examines seventy-three patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild type glioblastoma as it provides for a relatively homogeneous population to examine. Patient characteristics, vital signs, lab results, tumor molecular markers, and overall survival were analyzed. Patients with the metabolic syndrome and individual risk factors were identified and survival outcomes were examined. Results Our results demonstrate that there is a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in our cohort of patients with glioblastoma than the general population (41% vs 33%). We also demonstrate that after correction for confounding variables, the metabolic syndrome is not significantly asso-ciated with overall survival (p = 0.1). When analyzing individual metabolic risk factors, we demonstrate that there is a significant association between the accumulation of metabolic risk factors and decreased survival (p = 0.03), and hyperglycemia emerges as a significant independent risk factor for decreased survival (p = 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that metabolic risk factors can affect survival in patients with glioblastoma, which can have significant implications for clinical practice. These findings need to be further ex-plored through further clinical and mechanistic studies.

Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a large multidomain protein that deacetylates lysine residues on cytoplasmic proteins, influencing a wide range of cellular processes. Both the catalytic and non-catalytic functions of HDAC6 are implicated in cancer development and progression. Over a decade of clinical trials with catalytic domain inhibitors, such as Ricolinostat (ACY1215), has shown that these drugs are well tolerated and can alleviate chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies. However, their effectiveness in treating solid tumors remains uncertain due to the limited number of clinical trials and the small size of patient cohorts, leading to inconclusive results. HDAC6 activity is regulated by protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications, which may allosterically influence its catalytic domains. Therefore, targeting HDAC6 in cancer therapy with small molecule inhibitors requires a more sophisticated understanding of its role within the tumor microenvironment, including whether its expression correlates with deacetylase activity. A comprehensive evaluation of both its enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions could be crucial in developing more effective strategies for targeting HDAC6 in cancer.

Introduction Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) has been used less frequently as a treatment modality in patients with MM. Allo-SCT may have the potential of long-term survival or even cure due to graft versus myeloma effect, however, its use continues to remain controversial given the toxicity profile related to infectious complications and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Concern for exacerbation of GVHD has been raised following re-infusion of CAR-T cells in patients with prior Allo-SCT. Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Cilta-cel) and Idecabtagene vicleucel (Ide-cel) are two engineered CAR-T products targeting specific B-cell receptors that are approved by the FDA for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) MM. A recent retrospective study conducted by Htut et al, using data from CARTITUDE-1 trial, showed favorable efficacy and safety in patients who received Cilta-Cel with prior allo-SCT. We report our experience for patients with prior Allo-SCT who underwent therapy with CAR-T in the real world setting. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CAR-T therapy in patients with R/R MM with a history of allo-SCT. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients (age 18-70 years old) with R/R MM who had received CAR-T on an institutional IRB approved protocol. We collected data for the eligible patients from our institution's database. Safety outcomes included the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs). AEs were graded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 (NCI-CTCAE 5.0). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) were graded as per the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy criteria. Efficacy outcomes included overall response rates (ORR), progression free survival (PFS). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meir method including PFS. PFS was defined as time from initiation of treatment to progression of disease or death whichever occurred first. The IMW response criteria were utilized for response assessment. Results 8 out of 56 patients who received CAR-T (Cilta-cel or Ide-cel) had a prior allo-SCT. Pts with prior allo-SCT had received a median of 7 prior lines of therapy(LOT) compared with 5 prior LOT for pts who did not(non-Allo)(p=0.04). Median time of CAR-T infusion was 98.8 months following allo-SCT. 7 of 8 (85.7%) pts experienced CRS (any grade) in Allo-SCT vs. 37 of 48 pts (77.1%) in non-Allo (p=0.48); 1 pt with prior allo-SCT experienced HLH requiring intervention with anakinra. At a median follow-up of 4.8 months, 7 of 8 patients had a response (ORR= 87.5%) in allo-SCT vs. 75%(36 of 48) in non-Allo (p=0.4), mPFS was not reached in allo-SCT vs. 11.9-months in non-Allo (p=0.5), although f/u for our cohort was short. No TRM was observed in either group. None of the patients with prior allo-SCT experienced acute GVHD following CAR-T therapy. Baseline characteristics, safety and efficacy data are summarized in Table 1. Conclusion Our findings support the conclusion that prior Allo-SCT does not impact the safety and efficacy of CAR-T therapy in patients with R/R MM. More clinical studies with a higher number of subjects and longer duration of follow-up are warranted to further evaluate the impact of Allo-SCT on CAR-T therapy's safety and clinical outcome in patients with MM.

The unravelling of the human genome created new perceptions on the origin and evolution of diseases and for cancer in particular, it established the notion that neoplasia has been a companion of life since its ap-pearance on earth. It is not surprising that neoplasms, in various forms, develop in numerous species of animals and even in plants. Unmistakable accounts of cancer with clinical features as are understood today, begin in the 5th c. B.C. The principles and practice of the Hippocratic and Galenic tradition dominated cancer care virtually into the 20th century. Advanced sequencing technologies at the dawn of the 21st century, generate new ther-apeutic opportunities with immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy and gene transfer, the latter especially in cases of hereditary cancer.

Recent epidemiologic studies have revealed an upward trend in young-onset colorectal cancer (YOCRC) overall, whereas specific data on young-onset colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (YONEN) remain limited. This study investigates demographic characteristics and survival trends in YONEN and compares these with those of young-onset colorectal adenocarcinoma (YOADC), the most common histologic subtype of YOCRC. A retrospective analysis was conducted from 2000 to 2019 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Survival outcomes were assessed using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional models, with demographic differences evaluated via Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Chi-square tests. Out of 61,705 patients aged 20-49 with colorectal cancer, 8% had NEN, and 92% had adenocarcinoma. The YONEN cohort had a higher proportion of Black patients and a lower proportion of White patients than the YOADC cohort (21% vs. 13% and 44% vs. 57%, respectively). NEN was more commonly found in the rectum (79%), and adenocarcinoma was mostly colonic (57%) in origin. YONEN patients had better survival than YOADC patients. Multivariate analysis in YONEN patients revealed that Hispanic patients had better overall survival compared to White patients (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.95, p=0.024). Racial disparities should be investigated further to aid in policymaking and targeted interventions.

Almost one fifth of breast cancer cases express Human Epidermal Growth Factor-2 (HER2), and such expression is associated with highly proliferative tumor and poor prognosis. The introduction of anti-HER2 therapies has dramatically changed the natural course of this aggressive subtype of breast cancer. However, anti-HER2 therapy can be associated with substantial toxicities, mostly cardiac, and high cost. Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in de-escalation of anti-HER2 therapies to minimize adverse events and healthcare costs, while maintaining the efficacy of treatment. Data from clinical observations and single-arm studies have eluted to the minimal impact of anti-HER2 therapy in low-risk patients, like those with node-negative and small tumors. Though single-arm, the APT trial, in which patients with node-negative, small tumors received single-agent paclitaxel for 12 cycles plus trastuzumab for 1 year, was a practice-changing study. Several other recently published studies, like the PERSEPHONE trial, have shown more convincing data that 6 months of trastuzumab is not inferior to 12 months, in terms of disease-free survival (DFS), suggesting that de-escalating strategies with shorter treatment may be appropriate for some low-risk patients. Other de-escalating strategies involved adaptive, response-directed approach, and personalized therapy that depends on tumor genomic profiling.

Salivary gland cancers (SGC) are rare tumours with limited availability of systemic therapies. Some SGC subtypes overexpress HER2 and this represents a potential therapeutic target, but the evidence base is limited. This study sought to analyse real-world data on efficacy of HER2-directed therapies in SGC. This is a retrospective observational study using anonymised data from commercial compassionate-use access registrations and a privately funded pharmacy prescribing register. Treatment duration was defined as time from drug initiation to treatment discontinuation. Kaplan-Meier analysis of treatment duration was performed using R for windows (v4.3.2). A case report is also provided of an exceptional responder. Eighteen patients were identified who received HER2-directed therapies for HER2-positive recurrent/metastatic SGC, and complete data on treatment duration was available for 15/18. Histology was salivary duct carcinoma in 13/18 patients, adenocarcinoma NOS in 4/18, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in 1/18. Median treatment duration was 8.3 months (95% CI: 6.41-not reached) and the range was 1.0-47.0 months. Choice of HER2-directed therapy varied, with ado-trastuzumab emtasine being most common (9/18). At time of analysis, HER2-directed therapy was ongoing for 9/15, discontinued due to disease progression for 4/15, discontinued due to toxicity for 1/15, and 1/15 was discontinued for an unspecified reason. An exceptional responder experienced a complete response with a treatment duration of 47.0 months. This real-world data is comparable to the median PFS observed with HER2-directed therapies in phase II trials and supports the use of HER2-directed therapies in this group.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare yet aggressive form of thyroid cancer, comprising a disproportionate share of thyroid cancer-related mortalities despite its low prevalence. MTC differs from other differentiated thyroid malignancies due to its heterogeneous nature, presenting complexities in both hereditary and sporadic cases. Traditional management guidelines, designed primarily for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), fall short in providing the individualized care required for MTC patients. In recent years, the sheer volume of data generated from clinical evaluations, radiological imaging, pathological assessments, genetic mutations, and immunological profiles has made it humanly impossible for clinicians to simultaneously analyze and integrate these diverse data streams effectively. This data deluge necessitates the adoption of advanced technologies to assist in decision-making processes. Holomics, an integrated approach that combines various omics technologies, along with artificial intelligence (AI), emerges as a powerful solution to address these challenges. AI-driven precision oncology can significantly enhance the diagnostic work-up, staging, risk stratification, management, and follow-up care of MTC patients by processing vast amounts of complex data quickly and accurately. AI algorithms can identify patterns and correlations that may not be apparent to human clinicians, thereby improving the precision of personalized treatment plans. Moreover, the implementation of AI in MTC management enables the collation and synthesis of clinical experiences from across the globe, facilitating a more comprehensive understanding of the disease and its treatment outcomes. This global approach aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. By leveraging AI and holomics, we can strive towards making personalized healthcare accessible to every individual, regardless of their economic status, thereby improving overall survival rates and quality of life for MTC patients worldwide. In conclusion, the integration of holomics and AI in the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma represents a significant advancement in precision oncology. This innovative approach not only addresses the complexities of a rare and aggressive disease but also paves the way for global collaboration and equitable healthcare solutions, ultimately transforming the landscape of MTC treatment and care.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a prevalent type of malignancy within the central nervous system (CNS), associated with a poor prognosis. The standard treatment for GBM includes surgical resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy; yet despite these interventions, overall treatment outcomes remain suboptimal. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of brain tissue under normal physiological conditions of the CNS,also poses a significant obstacle to the effective delivery of therapeutic agents to GBM. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that nanomedicine delivery systems (NDDS) offer promising results, demonstrating both effective GBM targeting and safety, thereby presenting a potential solution for targeted drug delivery. This review explores the various strategies employed in preclinical studies to overcome the BBB for drug delivery. Subsequently, the results of clinical translation of NDDS has been summarized, highlighting the progress made. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for advancing NDDS development and accelerating their translational research through well-designed clinical trials in GBM therapy.

Compared to agonists, radiolabeled somatostatin receptor (SSTR) antagonists have advantages in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Articles on radiolabeled somatostatin receptor agonists or antagonists in NETs were included by searching the Web of Science (WoS) database. The included literature has been subjected to data collection and bibliometric study. A detailed analysis of the included clinical articles was also performed. 123 publications were identified for biblio-metric analysis. The number of publications on radiolabeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists in the theranostics of NETs has increased significantly after 2014, with Germany publishing the most papers (39), followed by the United States (33) and Switzerland (28). The Swiss paper was cited the most, with 1783 quotations, followed by the USA (1338) and Germany (1330). The most common keywords were NETs (89), Peptide receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy (PRRT) (62), and antagonists (53). Antagonists had lower uptake in normal tissue and higher uptake in tumor tissue compared to agonists, with a high tumor-to-liver ratio. Research on radiolabeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists in theranostics of NETs is increasing, with significant contributions from Europe and the United States. Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are likely to be a hot topic in NETs theranostics.

Background: The development of new technologies, interpretation of amputations as therapeutic failures by society, and high morbidity and mortality associated with external hemipelvectomies make these mutilating surgical procedures appear obsolete. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the topic and present two cases of high-grade ulcerated soft tissue sarcomas in the gluteal region showing exceptional behavior and different outcomes. Methods: We performed a literature review of the PubMed databases from 2022 to April 2024. Additionally, we present two cases of soft tissue sarcomas in 18- and 71-years old female patients, which were treated with extended external hemipelvectomies with anterior flap and in combination with abdomino-perineal amputation and colostomy in one case. Results: At 4 years of follow-up, case one is living a relatively normal life. She had an uncomplicated pregnancy and a cesarean section delivery. Case two underwent emergency surgery for intestinal perforation and sepsis. She died 2.5 months following the surgery. Conclusion: External hemipelvectomy for soft tissue sarcoma treatment is a demanding surgical procedure with purpose in selected cases after review by multidisciplinary committees and with informed patient consent. This should be similarly individualized and extended to other pathologies when possible

According to evolutionary cancer cell biology ECCB, cancer stem cells do not arise from normal stem cells, but rather from the functional ACD phenotype of the germline. This phenotype proliferates through asymmetric cell division, producing self-renewing cells and non-proliferating daughter cells with cancer stem cell qualities (CSCs). ECCB posits that cancer stem cells themselves do not proliferate. Similar to protists, there is a close reciprocal relationship between both sister cells that collectively form a germ and stem cell lineage. These sister cells share functional roles: the proliferating cancer germline cells generate stem cells, while the non-proliferating cancer stem cells accumulate progenitor cells for new germline clones. ECCB distinguishes between primary CSCs, which are associated with carcinogenesis and primary tumors, and secondary CSCs, which are linked to metastases. This unicellular stem cell system is homologous to that of parasitic protists, such as amoebae. Both cancer stem cells and amoebae stem cells are generated by an oxygen-sensitive germline and are vulnerable to damage when oxygen levels exceed 6.0% (germline hyperoxia). Oxygen concentrations above this threshold can damage the germline genome. Dysfunctional germline cells do not undergo senescence; instead, they continue to cycle through defective symmetric cell cycles However, to regain functionality, the germline genome requires repair by hyperpolyploid giant cells known as native PGCCs, which are homologous to the multinucleated genome repair structures MGRS found in protists. Native PGCCs differ in some respects from genotoxic-induced PGCCs

This thesis presents a comprehensive review of cancer, with a particular focus on its physical and biochemical basis. Cancer, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Understanding the fundamental differences between cancerous and normal cells is essential for developing effective diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The review begins by exploring the physical anomalies of cancer cells, including their irregular shape, size, and structural organization. These cells often exhibit altered cell membranes, disrupted cytoskeletal architecture, and irregularities in cell adhesion and communication, which contribute to their invasive and metastatic potential. The biochemical basis of cancer is examined in detail, with an emphasis on the dysregulation of key metabolic pathways. Cancer cells undergo profound metabolic reprogramming, often referred to as the Warburg effect, where they preferentially utilize glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen. This metabolic shift supports the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and their survival in hypoxic conditions. Additionally, cancer cells produce abnormal proteins that contribute to tumor progression, such as mutant p53, and fail to produce critical tumor suppressor proteins like RB1, leading to unchecked cell division and evasion of apoptosis. Furthermore, the thesis reviews the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development, highlighting how mutations and epigenetic alterations drive the transformation of normal cells into malignant ones. The complex interplay between these genetic changes and the tumor microenvironment is also discussed, emphasizing the importance of signaling pathways, immune evasion, and angiogenesis in cancer progression. This detailed review synthesizes current research and insights from authoritative sources, including peer-reviewed journals and foundational medical texts, to provide a thorough understanding of the physical and biochemical underpinnings of cancer. The findings underscore the importance of continued research in these areas to advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer.

Purpose: Testicular cancer (TC) is a rare cancer but due to early age at diagnosis and excellent cure rates, there is a big cohort of survivors. Recent studies have highlighted the late side effects of treatments of TC especially cisplatin based chemotherapy. These complications make the survivorship care challenging with detrimental effects on health and prognosis of TC survivors. In this study we provide a snapshot of common late side effects in TCS and a possible care pathway with nurse-led specialised clinic. Methods: We invited TCS in one of the cancer centre in Ireland for a comprehensive screening using questionnaires, examination and blood tests. Further investigations were performed as indicated. Mortality was assessed through retrospective chart reviews. Results: We recruited 78 TCS to participate in study. 3 patients who had died in survivorship phase were assessed through retrospective chart review. Second malignant neoplasms accounted for all three mortalities. Most common conditions in TCS after 5 years of diagnosis were hypertension (40%), dyslipidaemia (55.6%), hypogonadism (~45%) and high body mass index (52%). Majority of underlying conditions were diagnosed during screening in our clinic including two cases of coronary artery disease and one case of transient ischaemic attacks. Chemotherapy and age more than 30 years at the time of TC diagnosis were associated with a higher incidence of the late side effects. Conclusions: TC is a highly curable cancer but survivorship phase is marred by a range of late side effects. As we lack clear guidelines and care pathways for survivorship, this remains a challenge for patients and healthcare workers. A nurse-led, specialised, screening clinic can improve the care and prognosis of TC survivors.

PARP inhibitors are used in tumor therapy exploiting their inhibitory role in DNA repair. Radiation therapy leads to DNA damage in the affected region comprising both tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue. In addition, radiotherapy has long-standing effects on DNA integrity. The mechanisms for this are not well understood. We studied normal tissue damage of the lung after application of ionizing radiation (IR) in two well established rat models comprising both external (eIR) and internal (iIR) ionizing radiation. We found a nearly complete (~350-fold) loss of PARP-1 in the irradiated tissue in both models but no change in PARylated protein. This may be explained by the strong decrease in both ARH3 and PARG, both deparylating enzymes. We demonstrate, that of all these proteins are expressed in type II pneumocytes, but also in type I pneumocytes and the bronchiolar epithelium. The data suggest a severe disturbance of PARylation in these cells which may affect their major functions such as maintenance of the integrity of the alveolar wall. It is likely that the application of PARP inhibitors could have cumulative effects in radiation-damaged normal tissue.

It is known that Radon gas within the air could reach lung cells and cause cancer. We suggest a technique to absorb alpha particles radiated by Radon decay near DNAs within human cells. In this technique, we create some non-paired negative electrons on graphene sheets and build some negative graphene tubes. Alpha particles are attracted and negative beta particles are repelled by the graphene tubes.

Background/Objectives: The management of early breast cancer (BC) includes surgery, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy. However, the influence of these interventions in metabolic reprogramming remains unknown. This study explored alterations in the plasma metabolome of BC patients following distinct treatments to deepen our understanding of BC pathophysiology, outcomes, and the identification of potential biomarkers. Methods: We included 52 women diagnosed with BC and candidates for surgery as primary oncological treatment. Blood samples were collected at diagnosis, two weeks post-surgery, and one month post-radiotherapy. Plasma samples from 49 healthy women served as controls. Targeted metabolomics assessed 74 metabolites spanning carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleotide pathways, energy metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation. Results: Before treatment, BC patients exhibited notable changes in carbohydrate, nucleotide, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. We noticed a gradual restoration of specific metabolite levels (hypoxanthine, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, xylonic acid, and maltose) throughout different treatments, suggesting a normalization of nucleotide and carbohydrate metabolic pathways. Moreover, we observed increased dodecanoic acid concentrations, a metabolite associated with cancer protection. These variations distinguished patients from controls with high specificity and sensitivity. Conclusion: Oncological treatments modified the metabolism of patients towards a favorable profile with a decrease in the pathways that favor cell proliferation and an increase in the levels of anticancer molecules. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of metabolomics in recognizing the biological pathways influenced by each cancer treatment and the resulting metabolic consequences. Furthermore, it aids in identifying potential biomarkers for disease onset and progression.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intermediates in oxidation-reduction reactions with the capacity to modify biomolecules and temporarily or permanently alter cell behaviour through signalling pathways under physiological and pathophysiological conditions where there is an imbalance between oxidative factors and the antioxidant response of the organism, a phenomenon known as oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that differential modulation of ROS-mediated oxidative stress occurs in the pathogenesis and progression of melanoma, and that this imbalance in redox homeostasis appears to be functionally linked to microRNA-mediated non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming involving genes and transcription factors. The relationship between ROS-mediated stress control, tumour microenvironment and microRNAs expression in melanoma is not fully understood. The aim of this review is to analyze the involvement of miRNAs in the modulation of signalling pathways involved in ROS-mediated oxidative stress in melanoma. It is hoped that these considerations will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms associated with a potential epigenetic network regulation, where the modulation of oxidative stress is consolidated as a common factor in melanoma and therefore a potential footprint poorly documented.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are used to treat various malignancies. They block the inhibitory signals of tumor cells and enhance the inflammatory cascade which results in tumor killing. However, this can lead to unchecked inflammation throughout the body, leading to various adverse effects. A rare gastrointestinal adverse effect of ICI therapy is the development of immune-mediated celiac disease. This entity has a similar clinical presentation to the more common ICI-induced enterocolitis. Our study aims to determine the clinical characteristics and optimal treatment strategies for this rare ICI toxicity, and differentiate it from ICI-induced enterocolitis. Methods and Material: We conducted a retrospective analysis of eight cases of ICI-induced celiac disease and 24 cases of ICI-induced enterocolitis from the literature. Data on patient demographics, clinical history, therapeutic interventions and outcomes were collected. Comparative analysis was performed to identify the key differences between the two groups. Results: Patients with ICI-induced celiac disease were more likely to have a pre-existing autoimmune condition and HLA-DQ2 positivity. Significant differences in clinical manifestations, histological findings, and treatment outcomes were observed. Notably, weight loss, nutritional deficiencies and electrolyte abnormalities were more commonly associated with ICI-CD. On pathology, duodenal villous blunting was noted more commonly with ICI-induced celiac disease. Initiating a gluten-free diet led to rapid improvement in patients with ICI-induced celiac disease, while immunosuppressive therapy did not have an impact. Conclusion: ICI-induced celiac disease is a rare and underrecognized gastrointestinal adverse effect of ICI therapy, often misdiagnosed as ICI-induced enterocolitis. Early recognition and treatment with a gluten-free diet can lead to rapid symptom resolution, sparing patients from unnecessary systemic immunosuppression and discontinuation of antineoplastic immunotherapy.

Novel ZNF proteins such as ZNF671 that are located on chromosome 19q13 are known to be hypermethylated at a high frequency in HNSCC as well as in other epithelial solid tumors. Their function is largely unknown. Here, we show that ZNF671 is epigenetically silenced in HNSCC primary tumors compared to matched adjacent normal tissue. Moreover, low expression of ZNF671 is significantly associated with decreased survival in HNSCC patients. Over-expression of ZNF671 in UM-SCC-1 oral cancer cells resulted in a significant reduction in tumor cell mobility and invasion compared to the empty-vector control cells. Transcriptomic analysis showed that ZNF671 re-expression resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of a major oncogenic long non-coding RNA LINC00665. Together, these results suggest that epigenetic silencing of ZNF671 may activate multiple oncogenic signaling pathways via the resulting up-regulation of LINC00665.

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) accounts for about 1% of pancreatic cancers. The molecular and clinical features of ACC are less characterized than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and molecular features of ACC patients who underwent germline and/or somatic molecular testing at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2008 to 2022. Patient information was extracted from our institutional database with the approval of Institutional Review Board. We identified 16 patients with available molecular testing results. Fourteen patients had metastatic disease, 1 had borderline resectable disease, and 1 had localized resectable disease at diagnosis. Fifteen patients were wild type for KRAS (1 patient had unknown KRAS status). Somatic/germline mutations of DNA damage repair genes (BRCA1/2, PALB2, and ATM) were present in 5 of 12 patients tested for these genes. One patient was found to have RET fusion and responded favorably to selpercatinib for over 42 months. The median overall survival (OS) was 24 months for patients with metastatic disease. One of the additional two cases which had BostonGene tests was found to have NTRK1 fusion. RNA and TME analysis by BostonGene of the two cases reported immune desert features and relatively lower RNA levels of CEACAM5, CD47, CD74 and MMP1 and higher CDH6 compared with PDAC.

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains a global health concern, with substantial variation in patient survival. Despite advances in detection and treatment, the genetic basis for the divergent outcomes is not understood. We investigated germline polymorphisms that modulate overall survival in 1,464 surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma patients. Methods: A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the association of more than 7 million polymorphisms with overall survival at the 60-month follow-up, considering age, sex, pathological stage, decade of surgery and principal components as covariates. Genes in which variants were identified were studied in silico to investigate functional roles. Results: Six germline variants passed the genome-wide significance threshold. These single nucleotide polymorphisms mapped to non-coding (intronic) regions on chromosomes 2, 3, and 5. The minor alleles of rs13000315, rs151212827, and rs190923216 (chr. 2, 3 and 5, respectively) were found to be independent negative prognostic factors. All six variants have been reported to regulate the expression of nine genes, seven of which are protein-coding, in different tissues. Survival-associated variants on chromosomes 2 and 3 were already reported to regulate the expression of NT5DC2 and NAGK, with high expression associated with the minor alleles. High NT5DC2 and NAGK expression in lung adenocarcinoma tissue were already shown to correlate with poor overall survival. Conclusions: This study highlights a potential regulatory role of the identified polymorphisms in influencing outcome and suggests a mechanistic link between these variants, gene expression regulation, and lung adenocarcinoma prognosis. Validation and functional studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations.

Simple Summary (148 words) There is increasing evidence, that cannabinoids may play an important and dual role in tumour therapy. On one hand, they are cytotoxic against cancer cells with a low toxicity against normal, healthy tissues, and on the other, they may reduce typical side effects of chemotherapy. Publications on the main motive for use of cannabis (cannabinoids) by cancer patients show that patients' expectations exceed scientific facts. This article briefly describes results of combinations of cannabinoids with standard antineoplastic drugs on tumours and on side effects of tumour therapy. Although observations are still limited to animal studies with very few experiences in patients, preliminary data suggest that adjuvant cannabinoids may improve the survival of glioblastoma and perhaps of patients with other tumours. Benefits have also been reported about chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain, loss of appetite and anxiety. Although results are promising, much more research is necessary. Abstract (192 words) Cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is on the rise. The high toxicity of conventional chemotherapy, often applied as drug cocktails, and resistance development limits the use of anti-neoplastic drugs and reduces the quality of life. With an easier access, a growing number of patients are using cannabis (cannabinoids) for alleviation of their symptoms, and in the hope of improving survival. This narrative article summarizes results observed with combinations of phytocannabinoids and standard chemotherapeutic agents in animal tumour models and in patients. Preliminary data suggest that standard antineoplastic agents combined with cannabinoids exert increased anti-cancer actions, reduce resistance development and improve survival. Respective experiences in patients are still scarce and concern small numbers with glioblastoma, and pancreatic carcinoma. Further benefits of combinations with cannabinoids have also been reported for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite (dronabinol), chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain and anxiety (cannabidiol). In addition, phytocannabinoids, in particular cannabidiol, may play a role in the protection of organs such as heart, lung or kidney against chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Although results are promising, much more research is needed to determine whether positive experiences of adjuvant cannabinoids outweigh eventual risks.

A Clinical Prognostic Index (CPI) for improved patient selection for stereotactic liver-directed radiotherapy (SBRT) was developed. Using a large single-center database, 195 patients treated with SBRT for local control, including 66 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 129 with metastatic liver disease, were analyzed. Only patients ineligible for alternative treatments were included. Overall survival was 11.9 months and 9.4 months in the HCC group and metastatic groups, respectively. In the combined dataset, Child-Pugh Score (CPS) (p=0.002), serum albumin (p=0.039) and presence of extrahepatic disease (p=0.012) were significant predictors of early death on multivariable analysis and were included in the CPI (total score 0 to 5). Median survival was 23.8, 9.1, 4.5 and 2.6 months for patients with 0, 1-2, 3 and 4-5 points, respectively. In the HCC dataset, CPS (p&lt;0.001) and gross tumor volume (p=0.013) were predictive of early death. In the metastatic dataset, serum albumin (p&lt;0.001) and primary disease site (p=0.003) were predictive of early death. The AUC for the combined, HCC, and metastatic datasets are 0.78, 0.84, 0.80 respectively. Poor liver function (defined by CPS and serum albumin) and extrahepatic disease were most predictive of early death, providing clinically important expected survival information for patients and caregivers.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during cellular metabolism and in response to environmental stress. While low levels of ROS play essential physiological roles, excess ROS can damage cellular components, leading to cell death or transformation. ROS can also regulate protein interactions in cancer cells, thereby affecting processes such as cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulated interactions occur via various mechanisms, including amino acid modifications, conformational changes, and alterations in complex stability. Understanding ROS-mediated changes in protein interactions is crucial for targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we examine the role that ROS mechanisms in regulating pathways through protein-protein interactions.

Lung cancer remains the most common cancer worldwide with a limited prognosis despite personalized treatment regimens. Low-dose computed tomography (CT) scanning as a means to early diagnosis has been disappointing due to the high false positive rate. Other non-invasive means of testing need to be developed that offer both timely diagnosis and predict prognosis. Methods: In the course of stool testing in a large-scale testing of 2,922 patients at increased risk of CRC we were able to ascertain 112 patients documented to have prospectively been diagnosed with lung cancer. Stool and colonic effluents were tested for p87 with anti-adenoma antibody (Adnab-9) reactivity by ELISA and western blot. Survival data were obtained where available. Results: Of 112 cancers, approximately 27.6% were squamous (SSC), 17.9% were adenocarcinoma, 8% small, 6.25% large cell and 3.57% were designated non-small cell cancer (NSCLC), 0.89% indeterminate, 0.89% lepidic spread (1), 3.57% had metastasis and in 31.25% data was unavailable. 49.1% of the lung cancer patients had fecal Adnab-9 testing. Overall, 60% had positive testing compared to 38%, which was significant (OR2.19[1/06-4.53];p=0.045). Cancers with higher lethality were less likely to test positive (approximately, 8.5% each for both small and large cell lung cancers), and higher, 56% with SCC and 25% for adenocarcinoma. 0% NSCLC). In the larger groups overall survival was worse in those testing positive: 474 testing positive versus 844 days in SCC and 54 testing positive versus 749 days in adenocarcinoma patients. Most importantly, the time from a positive test to the clinical diagnosis ranged from 2.72 years for small cell, 3.13 for adenocarcinoma, 5.07 for NSCLC, 6.07 for SSC, and 6.24 for large cell cancer. In excluded cases where cancer in the lung was believed to be metastatic,83.3% of cancers were positive. Conclusions: At a projected real-world sensitivity of 0.60 and specificity of 0.60 and the ability to predate diagnosis by up to 4.7 years overall, this test could help direct lung cancer screening. In addition, the Adnab-9 testing selectively detects worse tumor types (87.5%) and those with worse prognosis amongst the more common, favorable phenotypes thus making early diagnosis possible in those patients who stand to benefit most from this strategy. Metastatic lung cancer also detected by the test should be identified by the follow-up imaging studies and therefore would not be considered to be a major pitfall.

Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between tuberculosis and lung cancer. The al-tered tumor microenvironment after tuberculosis infection appears to contribute to cancer pro-gression. Pleural effusions are enriched in exosomes, which act as mediators of intercellular communication. We hypothesized that tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE)-derived exosomes mediate intercellular communication. Then we examined the interaction between TPE-derived exosomes and cancer cells. Exosomal miRNA profiling of TPE was performed using a microRNA array. An in vitro lung cancer cell experiment and an in vivo mouse xenograft tumor model were used to evaluate the effects of select exosomal microRNAs. TPE-derived exosome treatment en-hanced the growth of A549 cells both in vitro and in a nude mouse xenograft model. Neighboring cancer cells were observed to take up TPE-derived exosomes, which promoted cancer cell inva-sion. Exosome-mediated transfer of select microRNAs, including miR-130b-3p and miR-423-5p, to A549 lung cancer cells activated cyclin D1 signaling and increased the expression of phos-phorylated p65, a cyclin D1 transcription factor. Inhibitors of miR-130b and miR-423-5p sup-pressed the promotion of lung cancer by TPE derived exosomes and reduced the expression of p65 and cyclin D1. These results suggest that TBE-derived exosomal miRNAs can serve as a novel therapeutic target in tuberculous fibrosis-induced lung cancer.

Gastroesophageal cancers, are among the most prevalent cancers globally and represent the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Surgical resection remains the primary curative approach for localized and locally advanced stages, but its effectiveness is limited for locally advanced diseases, evidenced by a low 5-year survival rate of around 25%. High relapse rates post-surgery, particularly in western populations, necessitate the use of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or perioperative strategies involving chemotherapy and radiation to improve surgical outcomes. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy has demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival. Recent advances have identified several target genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis and progression of these cancers, leading to the development of targeted drugs, including immunotherapy, anti-HER-2 antibodies, and anti-VEGFR antibodies. These targeted therapies are emerging as promising interventions for better patient outcomes and personalized treatment approaches and therefore could eventually evolve into a novel therapeutic regimen for gastroesophageal cancer.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, such as colorectal and gastric cancers, pose significant global health challenges due to their high rates of incidence and mortality. Even with advancements in treatment and early detection, many patients still face poor outcomes, highlighting the critical need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Telomere length (TL) and telomerase activity (TA) have gained attention in this context. Telomeres, protective nucleotide sequences at chromo-some ends, shorten with each cell division, leading to cellular aging. Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme, counteracts this shortening by adding telomeric repeats, a process tightly regulated in normal cells but often dysregulated in cancer. This review critically evaluates the role of TL and TA in the pathogenesis of GI cancers, examining their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. It explores how alterations in telomere biology contribute to the initiation and progression of GI tumors and assesses the therapeutic implications of targeting telomerase. By integrating findings from diverse studies, this review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between telomere dynamics and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, offering in-sights into how TL and TA could be leveraged to enhance the early detection, treatment, and prognosis of GI cancers.

Multiple Myeloma (MM), is a hematological malignancy and poses significant therapeutic challenges. This review synthesizes evidence from pivotal clinical trials to guide induction treatment for transplant-eligible (TE), newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients. Emphasizing the evolution from three-drug to four-drug induction therapies, we highlight the integration of monoclonal antibodies, particularly CD38 recombinant monoclonal antibody agents, into treatment regimens. Our analysis includes a comprehensive literature review of research from major databases and conferences conducted between 2010 and 2024, culminating in the detailed evaluation of 47 studies. The findings underscore the superiority of quadruple regimens in TE NDMM, notably those incorporating daratumumab, in achieving superior responses including progression-free survival (PFS), minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity, overall response rate (ORR), and overall survival (OS) when compared to triple-drug regimens. As treatment regimens evolve with additional agents, the improved outcomes with treatment-related adverse events should be carefully balanced. This review advocates for a paradigm shift towards quadruple induction therapies for TE NDMM, offers a detailed insight into the current landscape of MM treatment, and reinforces a new standard of care.

A major reason for failure of the immune system to detect tumor antigens (TA) is the insufficient uptake, processing, and presentation of TA by antigen-presenting-cells (APC). Immunogenicity of public and private TA of the individual patient can be markedly increased by in situ targeting of tumor cells for uptake by APC, without the need to identify and characterize the TA. This is feasible by intra-tumoral administration of alpha-gal micelles comprised of glycolipids presenting the carbohydrate-antigen “alpha-gal epitope” (Galalpha1-3Gal beta1-4GlcNAc-R). Humans produce a natural antibody called “anti-Gal” (constituting ~1% of immunoglobulins) which binds alpha-gal epitopes. Tumor injected alpha-gal micelles spontaneously insert into tumor cell membranes, so that multiple alpha-gal epitopes present on tumor cells. Anti-Gal binding to these epitopes activates the complement system, resulting in killing of tumor cells, and recruitment of multiple APC (dendritic cells and macrophages) into treated tumors by chemotactic complement cleavage peptides C5a and C3a. In this process of converting the treated tumor into personalized TA vaccine, recruited APC internalize anti-Gal opsonized tumor cells and cell membranes, process the internalized TA and transport them to regional lymph-nodes. TA peptides presented on APC activate TA specific T and B cells to proliferate and destroy metastatic tumor cells presenting the TA. Studies in anti-Gal producing mice demonstrated induction of effective protection against distant metastases of the highly tumorigenic B16 melanoma following injection of natural and synthetic alpha-gal micelles into primary tumors. This treatment was further found to synergize with anti-PD1 antibody. Phase-1 clinical-trials indicated that this immunotherapy is safe and can induce infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into untreated distant metastases. It is suggested that in addition to converting treated metastases into autologous TA vaccine, this treatment should be considered as neo-adjuvant therapy administering alpha-gal micelles into primary tumors immediately following their detection. Such immunotherapy will convert tumors into personalized anti-TA vaccine for the period prior to their resection.

99mTc is a well-known radionuclide widely used and readily available for medical imaging. Despite this, the 99mTc isotope is rarely utilized for tumour imaging due to the lack of agents that can selectively deliver it to tumours. However, the use of immunologically compatible recombinant proteins, which combine metal-binding sites and tumour-specific ligands, shows promise for utilizing 99mTc in the early detection of tumours. To illustrate this, a protein called E1b, containing a metal binding center with ELP repeats, tumour-specific ligands recognizing integrin αvβ3 and nucleolin, as well as a short Cys-rich sequence, was artificially designed. This protein was produced in E. coli and purified to homogeneity using metal-chelate chromatography. In experiments, C57Bl/6 and Balb/C mice with subcutaneously grafted lung carcinoma (LLC) or mammary gland adenocarcinoma (Ca755, EMT6, or 4T1) were used to test 99mTc-E1b selectivity and the kinetics of isotope retention. The mice were intravenously injected with approximately 80 MBq of 99mTc in complex with E1b, which had been freshly purified using gel-chromatography. The biodistribution of the labeled protein was then studied using the SPECT/CT imaging method within 24 h. The ratio of radionuclide distribution in the tumour versus the adjacent normal tissue (T/N) steadily increased over the 24-h period, reaching 15.7±4.2 for EMT6, 16.5±3.8 for Ca755, 6.7±4.2 for LLC, and 7.5±3.1 for 4T1.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing head and neck cancer (HNC) care by providing innovative tools that enhance diagnostic accuracy and personalize treatment strategies. This review highlights the advancements in AI technologies, including deep learning and natural language processing, and their applications in HNC. The integration of AI with imaging techniques, genomics, and electronic health records is explored, emphasizing its role in early detection, biomarker discovery, and treatment planning. Despite noticeable progress, challenges such as data quality, algorithmic bias, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration remain. Emerging innovations like explainable AI, AI-powered robotics, and real-time monitoring systems are poised to further advance the field. Addressing these challenges and fostering collaboration among AI experts, clinicians, and researchers is crucial for developing equitable and effective AI applications. The future of AI in HNC holds significant promise, offering potential breakthroughs in diagnostics, personalized therapies, and improved patient outcomes.

Previous studies found that corilagin inhibits the growth of many cancer cells. Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, but research on the effects of corilagin on ovarian cancer is limited. This experiment aims to explore the impact of corilagin on ovarian cancer A2780 cell apoptosis and its mechanism of action to evaluate the prospects of corilagin in treating ovarian cancer. Corilagin significantly affects the A2780 cell cycle, reducing the proportion of G0/G1 and G2/M phase cells and blocking them in the S phase. Corilagin at low concentrations can cause A2780 cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, and calcium influx. After the cells were stained with Acridine Orange, autophagosomes were observed under a fluorescence microscope and increased with the increase in concentration. The results of transcriptome sequencing showed that the effect of corilagin could cause differential expression of apoptosis-related genes in A2780 cells and concentrated on the PI3K-AKT pathway. The qPCR results showed that the expression of genes P53 and Bax in cells increased while the expression of BCL-2 decreased. The expressions of apoptotic factors caspase-9, caspase-3, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and cytochrome C increased after the action of corilagin, indicating that corilagin can induce cell apoptosis. Corilagin can effectively inhibit the proliferation of A2780 cells, cause cell cycle arrest, and induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, it can trigger autophagy and has in vitro antitumor effects. It is a promising drug for treating ovarian cancer through the PI3K/P53 pathway.

A superparamagnetic graphene oxide based drug carrier Fe3O4@SiO2/N–rGO was prepared through surface modification, material doping, and composite methods. This carrier has a large number of active sites, suitable for loading anticancer drugs, It can increase the drug load. Currently, the widely used drug in clinical use is epirubicin hydrochloride (EPI). The graphene based complex has a pH sensitive property and exhibits a pH sensitive property at pH=4.3. The release efficiency (RE) is 77.4%, making it suitable for drug release in cancerous acidic liquids. The physicochemical properties of drug carriers were studied using X–ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical signals confirm that the anticancer drug EPI acts on the graphene plane through hydrogen bond interactions and π – π stacking.

A Tamoxifen (TAM) response varies significantly among individuals due to genetic variations in cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), as well as other TAM pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic proteins. In this study, 40 ER+ breast cancer patients who received at least 6 months of TAM treatment were prospectively recruited. The study aimed to evaluate, using HPLC-MS/MS, plasma concentrations of TAM and its metabolites, and to study the association with genetic polymorphisms (CYP2D6*4, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3, UGT2B7*2, UGT2B15*2, SULT1A1*2, and ESR1V364E) and adverse reactions. Bivariable linear regression analyses showed that CYP3A4*1/*1B is significantly associated with an increase of 4-hydroxyTAM plasmatic concentration, a decrease of endoxifen/4-hydroxyTAM ratio and the elimination of 17β estradiol. It was found that the CYP3A4*1/1B genotype alone could explain part of the variability in [4OHTAM], [endoxifen]/[4OHTAM], and 17β-estradiol plasma levels. Similarly, SULT1A1*1/*2 genotype affects the [endoxifen]/[4OHTAM] plasma ratio. Multivariable predictive models, incorporating both polymorphisms and non-genetic variables, are proposed to explain [NdesMeTAM]/[TAM], [4OHTAM]/[TAM], [endoxifen]/[NdesMeTAM], [endoxifen]/[4OHTAM], and 17β-estradiol plasma levels, as well as for predicting hot flashes and cramps. This preliminary study suggests that the genetic variants studied may influence the bioactivation and elimination of TAM, the clinically observed adverse reactions, and potentially the treatment efficacy.

Very few studies, often with very small cohortes, tended to prove chemotherapy efficiency against canine agressive mammary carcinomas, either on the metastasis or on the median survival of dogs after surgery and chemo, and this was not confirmed by other studies. As a result, we lack standardized efficient protocols that exist in human cases according to their grade and stage. In this case report of a relapsing grade III solid mammary carcinoma evolving into prominent lymphatic intravascular invasion with mutifocal nodal extension (stage 4), we applied an intensive treatment combining high dose surgery and intensive adjuvant chemotherapy. This adjuvant chemo combined a carboplatin maximal-tolerated-dose chemotherapy, with doses adjusted as necessary and a metronomic chemotherapy with firocoxib, toceranib and chloraminophen, progressively added together and carefully monitored. Adapting the doses allowed to avoid adverse events and to obtain 237 days of survival with good quality of life. To our knowledge, it is the first description of such a combination of treatment. That result should be confirmed by a prospective large-scale study.

There is currently no effective treatment strategy for the recurrent/metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma (R/M ACC). Furthermore, recent single-agent and combination immunotherapy trials have failed in unselected ACC cohorts unlike non-ACC salivary gland cancers. Genomic profiling revealed no actionable targets but NOTCH1 and KDM6A frameshift and CTCF splice site mutations (no MYB/L fusion) with a low TMB, MSS and negative PD-L1. We recommended anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA-4 combination based on TMB 2-fold greater than median TMB in ACC, tumor harboring multiple immunogenic frameshift or splice site mutations, and PD-L1 negativity. Accordingly, we achieved a complete response in a radiotherapy and chemotherapy-refractory patient with locally recurrent lacrimal gland ACC and lung metastasis following personalized immunotherapy in combination with integrative therapeutics. Therefore, it is crucial to assess not only conventional immune biomarkers but also patient-specific parameters.

Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Despite advances in surgical techniques and treatment regimens, the therapeutic effects remain unsatisfactory. Immunotherapy has brought new hope to glioma patients, but the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has limited the therapeutic outcomes. This study aims to reveal the subpopulations and functional characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), to explore the regulatory effects of chlorogenic acid on the immune microenvironment, and investigate its potential for clinical application. In this study, Chlorogenic acid slowed tumor growth in the mouse model and extended the survival time of the mice. ScRNA-seq analysis elucidated the differentiation trajectories and functional characteristics of BMDMs and microglia, revealing the regulatory effects of chlorogenic acid on these two populations. It enhanced the antigen-presenting function of macrophages and the gene expression related to T-cell immune activation, activated microglia through the JAK-STAT pathway, and improved antitumor functions. Using the target prediction database, a PPI and molecular docking model were constructed, confirming the good affinity of chlorogenic acid with STAT1. A case of a patient treated with chlorogenic acid was reviewed, who survived for 5 years and 6 months, achieved partial remission (PR) after 9 months of treatment, and remains alive with no new symptoms or toxic side effects. Our study revealed the subtypes and differentiation trajectories of tumor-associated macrophages. Chlorogenic acid significantly improved the immune microenvironment of glioma by modulating the function of bone marrow-derived mono-macrophages (BMDMs) and microglia, demonstrating good antitumor effects. This study provides new insights for targeting the regulation of the TME and offers theoretical and practical support for the clinical application of chlorogenic acid.

CD44 regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, and stemness and has been considered a tumor therapy target. CD44 possesses the shortest CD44 standard (CD44s) and a variety of CD44 variant (CD44v) isoforms. Since the expression of CD44v is restricted in epithelial cells and carcinomas compared to CD44s, CD44v has been considered a promising target for monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy. We previously developed an anti‐CD44v10 mAb, C44Mab-18 (IgM, kappa) to recognize the variant exon 10-encoded region. In the present study, a mouse IgG2a version of C44Mab-18 (C44Mab-18-mG2a) was generated to evaluate the antitumor activities against CD44-positive cells compared with previously established anti-pan CD44 mAb, C44Mab-46-mG2a. C44Mab-18-mG2a exhibited higher reactivity compared with C44Mab-46-mG2a to CD44v3–10-overexpressed CHO-K1 (CHO/CD44v3–10) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2 and SAS) in flow cytometry. C44Mab-18-mG2a exerted a superior antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CD44v3–10. In contrast, C44Mab-46-mG2a showed a superior complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against CD44v3–10. A similar tendency was observed in ADCC and CDC against HSC-2 and SAS. Furthermore, administering C44Mab-18-mG2a or C44Mab-46-mG2a significantly suppressed CD44v3–10, HSC-2, and SAS xenograft tumor growth compared with the control mouse IgG2a. These results indicate that C44Mab-18-mG2a could be a promising therapeutic regimen for CD44v10-positive tumors.

Cacalol (C), a sesquiterpene isolated from Psacalium decompositum, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Its cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and pro-apoptotic effects have been previously shown in an in vitro breast cancer model. A derivative, Cacalol Acetate (CA), shows potential in regulating these processes, which had not been previously reported. This study focused on an in vitro cervical cancer model, assessing CA's anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytostatic, and anti-migratory activities using the HeLa cell line. The natural anticancer agent I3C was used as a control for comparison. CA demonstrated significant antitumor activities, including inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis, arresting cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and inhibiting cell migration. These effects were notably greater compared to I3C. I3C, while following a similar trend, did not induce Cas-3 expression, suggesting a different apoptotic pathway. Neither CA nor I3C increased p62 and LC3B levels, indicating they do not stimulate autophagy marker expression. Both compounds inhibited HeLa cell migrate on and induced cell cycle arrest. Despite both holding promise as anticancer agents for cervical cancer, CA's lower cytotoxicity and stronger regulation of tumor phenotypes make it a more promising agent compared to I3C.

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most malignant and intractable of all cancers, with an unfavourable clinical prognosis for affected patients. The objective was analysis the sensitivity of GBM cells to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) cathelicidin (LL-37) and protegrin-1 (PG-1), both alone and in combination with chemotherapy, to predict overall survival (OS) in the patients. The study was conducted on 27 GBM patients treated in the neurosurgical departments of the Almazov Medical Research Centre (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) from 2021 to 2024. The cytotoxic effects of chemo-therapy, AMPs and their combinations on brain tumor cells were assessed by MTT assay using 50%-inhibitory concentration (IC50). In GBM cells from the patients, LL-37 and PG-1 exhibited strong anticancer effects, surpassing those of chemotherapy drugs. These LL-37 and PG-1 anti-cancer effects were associated with a statistically significant increase in life expectancy and OS in GBM patients. These findings were confirmed by the experiments on rats with C6 glioma, where intranasal administration of LL-37 (300 μM) and PG-1 (600 μM) increased the life expectancy of the animals to 69 and 55 days, respectively, compared to 24 days in the control group (HR=4.139, p=0.0005; HR=2.542, p=0.0759). Additionally, the combination of LL-37 and PG-1 with chemo-therapy drugs showed that a high IC50 of LL-37 with cisplatin (cutoff >800 μM) in GBM cells was associated with increased life expectancy (19 vs 5 months, HR=4.708, p=0.0101) and OS in GBM patients. These combinations could be used in future GBM treatments.

Background: Gliomas, including the most severe form known as glioblastomas, are primary brain tumors arising from glial cells, with significant impact on adults, particularly men aged 45 to 70. Recent advancements in the WHO classification now correlate genetic markers with glioma phenotypes, enhancing diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies. Aims and Methods: This scoping review aims to evaluate the current state of deep learning (DL) applications in the genetic characterization of adult gliomas, addressing the potential of these technologies for a reliable virtual biopsy. Results: We reviewed 17 studies, analyzing the evolution of DL algorithms from fully convolutional networks to more advanced architectures (ResNet and DenseNet). The methods involved various validation techniques, including k-fold cross-validation and external dataset validation. Conclusions: Our findings highlight significant variability in reported performance, largely due to small, homogeneous datasets and inconsistent validation methods. Despite promising results, particularly in predicting individual genetic traits, the lack of robust external validation limits the generalizability of these models. Future efforts should focus on developing larger, more diverse datasets and integrating multidisciplinary collaboration to enhance model reliability. This review underscores the potential of DL in advancing glioma characterization, paving the way for more precise, non-invasive diagnostic tools.

This review explores the challenges and emerging trends in pancreatic cancer therapy. In particular, we focus on the tumor microenvironment and the potential of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. We discuss novel strategies targeting the desmoplastic barrier and immunosuppressive cells to enhance immune cell infiltration and activation. Recent clinical trials, particularly those involving novel immunotherapeutic agents and tumor vaccines, are examined to understand their efficacy and limitations. This review aims to highlight the ongoing efforts to refine immunotherapy approaches for better patient outcomes.

Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is increasingly recognized as a vital biomarker for predicting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer treatment. Despite its growing importance, the effectiveness of TMB as a predictive marker are well established in lung cancer and melanoma but remain ambiguous for breast and prostate cancers. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the role of TMB in predicting response to ICIs across four major cancer types—lung, melanoma, breast, and prostate—and to address the variability in TMB's predictive value in different cancers. Methods: A comprehensive review of the current literature was performed, analysing studies that investigated TMB and its association with ICI therapy outcomes in the specified cancer types. Results: The analysis reveals a strong consensus on the predictive value of TMB in lung cancer and melanoma, where high TMB levels are associated with improved clinical outcomes and better responses to ICIs. In contrast, the evidence for breast and prostate cancers is less conclusive, with variability in results highlighting the need for further research. Specifically, high TMB in these cancers does not consistently predict better responses to ICIs, suggesting that additional biomarkers or refined criteria might be necessary. Conclusion: TMB is a promising biomarker for predicting responses to ICI therapy, particularly in lung cancer and melanoma. However, its predictive value in breast and prostate cancers remains uncertain, underscoring the need for more extensive studies. Future research should focus on standardizing TMB evaluation methods and exploring additional biomarkers to improve treatment personalization and outcomes in these cancer types.

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, and hormone receptor (HR)-positive subtype makes up majority of all cases. The standard-of-care (SOC) in HR+/HER2- metastatic BC (MBC) is endocrine therapy (ET) plus a CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i). ESR1 mutations could impair clinical efficacy of the ETs. Similarly, PIK3CA mutations may serve as a negative prognostic marker. Furthermore, MBC is challenging to treat despite new drug approvals. Our patient received multiple lines of ET ± CDK4/6i and chemotherapy but persistently progressed after each or stopped the treatment due to adverse events. Here we showed for the first time that all-oral combination of elacestrant plus alpelisib was feasible, tolerable and clinically active in an ESR1 and PIK3CA co-mutated and heavily pretreated patient. We achieved a remarkable response in the metastatic lesions with minor toxicity issues. This case highlights the importance of utilizing up-to-date therapeutic agents and reactive decision-making during personalized cancer treatment.

This review critically evaluates the role of Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in the treatment of urothelial cancer, exploring their therapeutic potential and addressing the scientific and clinical challenges encountered in the development of these agents. It also discusses the recent approvals and clinical trials that are shaping the future of ADC therapy in this field. Through a detailed examination of the mechanism of action of ADCs, including the bystander effect, this paper aims to highlight both the successes and the limitations of these drugs in clinical settings. The main objective of this work is to provide a thorough overview of the current state of ADCs in urothelial cancer treatment, elucidating how these drugs can offer improved outcomes for patients. By discussing the broader implications of ADC technology and its integration into existing treatment paradigms, this review outlines the next steps in research and application necessary to overcome the existing challenges and harness the full potential of ADCs in cancer therapy.

Locally advanced rectal cancer requires multimodal treatment. Radiotherapy is being explored for intensification to improve rates of pathological complete responses (ypCR-rates) that correlates with better outcomes. This study reports a comparison between standard versus escalated dose in preoperative scenario. YpCR-rates, toxicity, postoperative complications, disease-free and overall survival at 5 years have been described. From 2012 to 2019, 99 patients were analyzed retrospectively: standard arm (mean 47.5Gy) vs. dose-escalated arm (mean 54.3Gy). All patients were treated with 3DRT in 25 fractions, concomitantly capecitabine and surgery performed according to total mesorectal excision principles in both arms. YpCR was reported by “College of American Pathologist grades”; gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity using the “Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events” (CTCAE 4.0). YpCR-rates were higher in the dose-escalated group (25% vs. 10.64%; p = 0.07) with a lower rate of non-treatment response (61.36% vs. 38.64%; p = 0.11). No statistical differences between arms were found in terms of oncological outcomes, all postoperative complications (p = 0.15), second surgeries (p = 0.62), or deaths (p = 0.62). CTCAE acute-GI and GU toxicity were grade I or II in both arms. Our study shows that the dose-escalated scheme is safer and obtains higher ypCR-rates.

The causes of pediatric cancers often remain unknown; however, due to the development of medicine and technology, genetic disorders may play a crucial role in the genesis of neoplasms. Over time, the number of cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) and awareness of them are increasing, providing the possibility of cancer prevention and early detection. In this study, we presented data concerning the number and type of oncological cases and their correlation with CPS occurrence in a cohort of Central and Eastern European pediatric population. The data were collected between 2000 and 2019 at the Karol Jonscher Clinical Hospital of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, resulting in a cohort of 2,190 cases in total, of which 193 children (8.81%) were confirmed to have CPS. CPS occurred most frequently in infancy (22.90% of all children suffering from any diagnosed cancer during the first year of life, p &lt; 0.0001), accounting for more than a quarter of all CPS cases in our cohort. CPS were least likely to be observed in patients aged 14 and 15 years (2.17% and 2.44% of children diagnosed with any of the listed cancers at the exact age, respectively, p &lt; 0.05). Among CPS, the most common were neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), and Down syndrome (DS). To conclude, it is important to emphasize the need for personalized treatment for each patient affected by both CPS and subsequent cancer in order to reduce the toxicity of therapy and improve quality of life by reducing the risk of side effect.

Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide representing 18% of the total cancer deaths in 2020. Many patients are identified already at an advanced stage with metastatic disease and have a worsening prognosis. Recent advances in the genetic understanding of lung cancer have opened new avenues for personalized treatments and targeted therapies. This review examines the latest discoveries in the genetics of lung cancer, discusses key biomarkers, and analyzes current clinical therapies based on this genetic information. It will conclude with a discussion of future prospects and potential research directions.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome have been investigated in relation to breast cancer. Certain variants could be associated with an increased risk of this malignant disease. These associations underline the importance of mitochondrial function in cancer biology and highlight the potential for mtDNA-based biomarkers and future therapies. The general objective of this research was to develop a model which is capable of identifying nonlinear patterns in breast cancer mitochondrial sequences. Association rules were used to explore mtDNA variant positions. The analysis included 41 breast cancer patients and 28 control samples. An a priori algorithm identified significant association rules with lift > 1 and confidence > 0.5. A total of 5562 rules for cancer and 157,140 for control sequences were refined after redundancy removal. A total of 150 associations were identified, of which only 78 showed significant support and confidence, while 315 and 1438 positions showed strong associations with breast cancer. Association rules analysis revealed significant patterns, especially in sequences associated with the control region and a specific locus around genes coding for tRNAs and NADH dehydrogenase subunits. However, further research is necessary to establish causality, clinical relevance, and to confirm these findings.

Epigenetic changes regulate gene expression through histone modifications, chromatin remod-eling and proteins interpreter of these modifications. The PRC1 and PRC2 complexes shape gene repression via histone modifications. Specifically, the CBX protein family aids PRC1 recruitment to chromatin, impacting the progressive multistep process driving chromatin silencing. Among family members, CBX3 is a complex protein involved in aberrant epigenetic mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression. CBX3 promotes lung tumorigenesis by interacting with key pathways such as PI3K/AKT, Ras/KRAS, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, Notch, and p53, leading to in-creased proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhanced resistance to therapy. Given our current lack of knowledge, additional research is required to uncover the intricate mechanisms underlying CBX3 activity, as well as its involvement in molecular pathways and its potential biomarker evaluation. Specifically, the dissimilar roles of CBX3 could be reexamined in order to gain a greater insight into lung cancer pathogenesis. This review aims to provide a clear overview of the context-related molecular profile of CBX3, which could be useful for addressing clinical challenges and developing novel targeted therapies based on personalized medicine.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death despite advancements in research and treatment, with traditional therapies often causing significant side effects and resistance. Oxyhydrogen gas, a mixture of 66% molecular hydrogen (H₂) and 33% molecular oxygen (O₂) has shown exceptional promise as a novel therapeutic agent due to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. H2, a key component of oxy-hydrogen gas, neutralises reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, enhancing existing treatments and reducing harmful oxidative states in cancer cells. H₂ also lowers pro-inflammatory mediators including chemokines, cytokines and interleukins, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and boosting the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Additionally, hydrogen can induce apoptosis in cancer cells by modulating pathways such as MAPK and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt phosphorylation cascade. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports oxyhydrogen gas's potential in treating various cancers. In lung cancer models, it inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity. Similar results have been observed in breast cancer, where patients reported improved quality of life. In colorectal cancer, oxyhydrogen gas suppresses tumour growth, induces apoptosis and improves intestinal microflora dysbiosis. The unique properties of oxyhydrogen gas make it a promising adjunctive or standalone cancer treatment. However, further research is needed to understand H₂'s mechanisms, optimise treatment protocols, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy in human patients.

Tumor entities of the Central Nervous System (CNS) are defined by the WHO classification and range from benign neoplasms to highly malignant tumors, making histopathological classification challenging. This diverse spectrum complicates clinical decision-making and the interpretation and validation of clinical trial results. The methodology based on DNA methylation profiling of CNS tumors offers greater diagnostic precision compared to traditional morphological methods. In this study, we analyzed 16 DNA samples from medulloblastomas and ependymomas, obtained from paraffin-embedded blocks from the Pathology Division archives of HCFMUSP, and with prior histological analysis. The samples were processed using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (Illumina®) and methylation data analysis tools in R Studio. The data were submitted to the MolecularNeuropathology.org platform for methylation based classification and CNV chart generation. The classifier was consistent with the previous diagnosis in all cases, refining the diagnosis in 54% of cases to subclass, 38% to subtype, and 8% to family. The platform also provided CNV estimates for 87% of cases, revealing crucial information on genetic alterations such as gains, losses, amplifications, and gene fusions. Despite the challenges of implementation within the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), the results demonstrate the method's robustness and reproducibility, promising invaluable support for precise diagnoses and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein involved in mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis. LETM1 is highly expressed in many human solid cancers and correlates with poor prognosis possibly due to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the functional role of LETM1 in the progression of hematological malignancies remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that higher LETM1 expression was associated with a short overall survival in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and in Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML) patients. The transcriptomic analysis showed that LETM1 expression is positively correlated with oncogenic pathways (e.g., glucose transport, stem cell maintenance, mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways, mitotic G2/M phase transition, and cell proliferation) and negatively correlated with autophagy-related processes and apoptosis. In contrast, low expression of LETM1 associated with upregulation of BECLIN-1-dependent mitophagy, which in turn improves the prognosis in both DLBCL and AML patients. Our data suggest that LETM1 is a valuable prognostic marker and a possible therapeutic target for improving the clinical outcome in hematological malignancies.

Colorectal cancer is third most common malignancy. For metastasis of rectal cancer, metastasis to skeletal muscle tissue is rare. In this case report, we describe a 51-year-old male patient with rectal cancer with neoadjuvant concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy followed by transanal total mesorectal excision with ileostomy. However, he had deep venous thrombosis of left leg after operation and skeletal muscle metastasis was diagnosed via tissue proof. Therefore, less possibility of metastasis increased included brain, duodenum, bone, and nervous system. The prognosis of metastasis to skeletal muscle is poor in contrast to liver or lung metastasis.

Renal cancer is a common and serious malignant tumor of the urinary system. While surgery effectively treats early-stage renal cancer, advanced cases pose a significant challenge due to poor treatment outcomes and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Ferroptosis is a newly defined form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, which plays a critical role in tumor progression and drug resistance. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is involved in the occurrence and development of renal cancer, ferroptosis related genes can induce cell apoptosis, and can be used as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of renal cancer and participate in drug resistance of renal cancer chemotherapy. With the continuous improvement of the mechanism of ferroptosis, drugs targeting ferroptosis for the treatment of renal cancer are emerging in an endless stream, Based on the theoretical basis of the occurrence of ferroptosis, this paper reviewed drug-induced ferroptosis in renal cancer cells from the aspects of herbal medicine, natural compounds, drug resistance mechanisms, and nanomaterials, hoping to provide a new strategy for the treatment of renal cancer with ferroptosis related drugs.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of cancer, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Despite advances in treatment modalities, the prognosis for pancreatic cancer patients remains poor, highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches for early diagnosis and targeted therapies. In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer development and progression. This paper reviews the current knowledge of molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Luminal breast cancer has a high incidence worldwide and is a severe health threat. Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) is activated by 17β-estradiol (E2), and its overexpression promotes cancerous characteristics. Luminal breast cancer is an epithelial type; however, the cytokine IL-6 secreted by cells from the tumor microenvironment stimulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastasis. Also, IL-6 decreases ER-α levels, favoring the tamoxifen (TMX) resistance development. However, genes under E2 regulation continue expressing even though this receptor is absent. GPR30 is an alternative E2 receptor present in both luminal and aggressive triple-negative breast cancer and is related to TMX resistance and cancer progression. The roles of GPR30 and IL-6 on metastasis have been individually established; however, their interplay remains unexplored. This study aims to elucidate the role of GPR30 in IL-6-induced metastatic properties in MCF-7 luminal breast cancer cells. Results showed that GPR30 contributes to the E2-induced MCF-7 proliferation because its inhibition with the antagonist G15 and the Pertussis toxin (PTX) diminished it. Besides, GPR30 upregulated vimentin and downregulated E-cadherin levels in MCF-7 and in TMX-resistant (R-TMX) cells and is also involved in the IL-6-induced migration, invasion, and TMX resistance in MCF-7 cells. In addition, in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative cells, both basal and IL-6-induced metastatic properties were related to GPR30 activity. These results indicate that the GPR30 receptor regulates the EMT induced by IL-6 in breast cancer cells.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique has enabled detailed analysis of gene expression at the single cell level, enhancing the understanding of subtle mechanisms that underly pathologies and drug resistance. To derive such biological meaning from sequencing data in oncology, some critical processing must be performed, including identification of the tumor cells by markers and algorithms that infer copy number variations (CNVs). We compared the performance of sciCNV, InferCNV, CopyKAT and SCEVAN tools that identify tumour cells by inferring CNVs from scRNA-seq data. Sequencing data from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, adjacent and healthy tissues were analysed, and the predicted tumor cells were compared to those identified by well-assessed PDAC markers. Results from InferCNV, CopyKAT and SCEVAN overlapped by less than 30% with InferCNV showing the highest sensitivity (0.72) and SCEVAN the highest specificity (0.75). We show that the predictions are highly dependent on the sample and the software used, and that they return so many false positives hence are of little use in verifying or filtering predictions made via tumor biomarkers. We highlight how critical this processing can be, warn against the blind use of these software and point out the great need for more reliable algorithms.

Background: Breast cancer incidence and mortality exhibit a rising trend globally among both premenopausal and postmenopausal women suggesting that there are serious errors in our preventive and therapeutic measures.Purpose: Providing a series of valuable, but misunderstood inventions highlighting the role of increasing estrogen signaling in prevention and therapy of breast cancer instead of its inhibition. Results: 1. Breast cells and breast cancer cells with germline BRCA1/2 mutations similarly show defect in liganded estrogen receptor (ER) signaling demonstrating its role in genomic instability and cancer initiation. 2. In breast cancers, the increased expression of certain receptor family is an effort for self directed improvement of genomic defects, while the weakness or loss of receptors indicates a defect requiring medical repair. 3. ER overexpression in breast cancer cells is capable of strengthening estrogen signaling and DNA repair, while in ER negative tumors, HER2 overexpression tries to upregulate unliganded ER activation and genome stabilization. 4. ER positive breast cancers responsive to endocrine therapy may show a compensatory ER overexpression resulting in a transient tumor response. Breast tumors, non responsive to endocrine therapy, show HER2 overexpression for compensation the complete blockade of liganded ER activation. 5. In breast tumors, somatic mutations serve upregulation of liganded or unliganded activation of ERs helping genome stabilization and apoptotic death. 6. The dynamic communication between breast cancer and its microenvironment is a wonderful collaboration among molecular players fighting for genomic repair and apoptosis in the tumor. 7. In breast cancers, there is no resistance to genotoxic or immune blocker therapies, but rather the non responsive tumor cells exhausted all compensatory possibilities against therapeutic damages. Conclusion: Understanding the behavior and ambition of breast cancer cells may achieve a turn in therapy via applying a supportive care instead of genotoxic measures.

Backround: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of different radiotherapy techniques used in routine clinical practice for the radical treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer and to assess improvements over the last few decades. Methods: We compared the outcomes of patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with curative radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy between January 1992 and December 2020, using 2D-RT, 3D-CRT/IMRT, and VMAT techniques. A retrospective analysis was conducted on eighty-one patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. Results: The median follow-up time was 26 months (range: 6-290). In multivariate analysis, radiotherapy technique, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), nodal stage, and clinical stage were identified as statistically significant factors affecting overall survival and local-regional relapse-free survival. Grade 2-4 early and late side effects were significantly more frequent in Group I patients (treated with 2D Conventional Radiotherapy) (20.3%) compared to Group II patients (treated with 3DCRT/IMRT and VMAT techniques) (3.1%) Conclusion: KPS, stage, and advanced RT techniques independently significantly affected outcomes. Moreover, advanced RT techniques were associated with a significant reduction in side effects.

Within the field of nanomedicine, which is revolutionizing cancer treatment, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have shown advantages over conventional chemotherapy when tested on cancer cells in preclinical studies. SLNs have proven to be an innovative strategy for the treatment of tri-ple-negative breast cancer cells, providing greater efficiency than existing treatments in various studies. The encapsulation of antineoplastic drugs in SLNs has facilitated a sustained, controlled, and targeted release, which enhances therapeutic efficiency and reduces adverse effects. Moreover, the surface of SLNs can be modified to increase efficiency. For instance, the coating of these particles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) decreases their opsonization, resulting in a longer life in the circulatory system. The creation of positively charged cationic SLNs (cSLNs), achieved by the utilization of surfactants or ionic lipids with positively charged structural groups, increases their affinity for cell membranes and plasma proteins. Hyaluronic acid has been added to SLNs, so that the distinct pH of tumor cells, would stimulate the release of the drug and/or genetic materi-al. The current revision summarizes the recent research on SLNs, focusing on the encapsulation and transport of therapeutic agents with a cytotoxic effect on triple-negative breast cancer.

Liver cancer imposes a pervasive global health challenge, ranking among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Its prevalence and mortality rates are on a concerning upward trajectory and exacerbated by the dearth efficacious treatment options. The Hippo signaling pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, comprises four core components: MST1/2, WW45, MOB1A/B, and LATS1/2. This pathway regulates the cellular localization of the transcriptional coactivator YAP/TAZ (Yes-associated protein/PDZ-binding motif) through a series of enzymatic reactions. The Hippo/YAP/TAZZ pathway maintains a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, regu-lates tissue and organ sizes, and stabilizes the internal environment. Abnormalities of any genes within the Hippo signaling pathway, such as deletion or mutation, disturb the delicate balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, creating a favorable condition for tumor initiation and progression. Mutations or epigenetic alterations in the Hippo signaling pathway components can lead to its inactivation. Consequently, YAP/TAZ becomes overexpressed and activated, promoting excessive cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. This dysregulation is closely associated with the development of liver cancer. This review discusses the pivotal role of the Hippo signaling pathway in the pathogenesis and progression of liver cancer. By elucidating its mechanisms, we aim to offer new insights into potential therapeutic targets for effectively combating liver cancer.

Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer, and its incidence has been steadily increasing over the past few decades, particularly in the Caucasian population [1]. Current treatment strategies, the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAF/MEKi) in BRAFV600 mutant melanoma, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have changed the clinical evolution of this disease [2]. However, a significant percentage of patients do not benefit from these therapies. Therefore, to improve patient selection, it is imperative to look for novel biomarkers. Immune subsets, particularly the quantification of lymphoid populations, could contribute to the identification of ICI responders. The aim of this review is to thoroughly examine significant published data on this topic in melanoma patients and to evaluate the potential role of lymphoid subsets as prognostic and predictive response biomarkers.

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) have shown a remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies, but limited responses in solid tumors. Among solid tumors, CAR-T cell therapy was particularly explored in brain tumors. CAR-T cells have shown a limited clinical efficacy in various types of brain tumors due to several factors that have hampered their activity, including tumor antigen heterogeneity (not all tumor cells express the target antigen), the limited access of CAR-T cells to brain tumor cells, limited CAR-T cell trafficking and in vivo persistence and the presence of a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Despite these considerations, some recent studies have shown promising anti-tumor activity of GD2-CAR-T cells on diffuse midline gliomas and neuroblastomas and of CARv3-TEAM-E cells in glioblastomas. However, strategies are required to improve the effect of CAR-T cells in brain tumors, including advanced CAR-T cell design with multiple antigenic targeting and incorporation of combination therapies.

Background: Interleukins play dual roles in breast cancer, acting as both promoters and 11 inhibitors of tumorigenesis within the tumor microenvironment, which is shaped by their 12 inflammatory functions. This study analyzed the subtype-specific prognostic significance 13 of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory signatures using microarray-based gene ex- 14 pression analysis. Correlations between these interleukin signatures and immune cell 15 markers (CD8, IgKC, CD20) and immune checkpoints (PD-1) were also evaluated. 16 Materials and Methods: The study investigated the prognostic significance of an anti- 17 inflammatory interleukin signature (IL-12, IL-21, IFN-γ) and a pro-inflammatory interleu- 18 kin signature (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, CXCL1) for metastasis-free survival (MFS) 19 using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses in a cohort of 461 patients with 20 early breast cancer. Correlations were analyzed using the Spearman-Rho correlation coef- 21 ficient. 22 Results: Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that the prognostic significance of the anti-inflam- 23 matory signature was specifically pronounced in the basal-like subtype (p=0.004, Log 24 Rank). This signature retained independent prognostic significance in multivariate Cox 25 regression analysis (HR 0.463, 95% CI 0.290-0.741; p=0.001). Higher expression of the anti- 26 inflammatory interleukin signature was associated with longer MFS. The pro-inflamma- 27 tory interleukin signature showed a significant prognostic effect in the whole cohort, with 28 higher expression associated with shorter MFS (p=0.034). Strong correlations were found 29 between the anti-inflammatory signature and CD8 expression (ρ=0.391; p<0.001) and be- 30 tween the pro-inflammatory signature and PD-1 expression (ρ=0.627; p<0.001).

Leukocyte migration is an essential function of innate and adaptive immune responses. Chemokines and their receptors control the migration system. The abundance of chemokines is controlled by atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs), chemokine receptor-like molecules that do not couple to the G protein signaling pathways. Among them, ACKR4 regulates dendritic cell migration by controlling the ligands and is involved in tumor development in mouse models. Because no anti-mACKR4 mAb for flow cytometry has been reported, this study aimed to develop a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) for mouse ACKR4 (mACKR4). Among the established anti-mACKR4 mAbs, A₄Mab-1 (rat IgG_2b, kappa), A₄Mab-2 (rat IgG_2b, kappa), and A₄Mab-3 (rat IgG_2b, kappa) recognized mACKR4-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/mACKR4) by flow cytometry. The dissociation constant (K_D) values of A₄Mab-1, A₄Mab-2, and A₄Mab-3 for CHO/mACKR4 were determined as 3.5 × 10⁻⁹ M, 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ M, and 1.6 × 10⁻⁹ M, respectively. Furthermore, A₄Mab-1 and A₄Mab-2 could detect mACKR4 by western blotting. These results indicated that A₄Mab-1, A₄Mab-2, and A₄Mab-3 help to detect mACKR4 by flow cytometry and western blotting and obtain the proof of concept in preclinical models.

Abstract: Background: Gender dimorphism and marital status on colorectal cancer mortality have 9 been previously documented, but the relationship between these factors and DNA mismatch repair 10 protein (MMRP) expression status is unknown. Methods: Colectomy specimens were reviewed ret- 11 rospectively for patients between 2018 to 2023 with demographics including race/ethnicity, gender, 12 marital status, faith, body mass index, pathologic staging, and MMRP expression status. Statistical 13 analyses were performed by using baseline characteristics tables and various programs in R-pack- 14 age. Results: A total 1018 colectomies were reviewed, and the tumor stages were significantly higher 15 in right colon (stage 3 and 4) than those in left colon and rectosigmoid colon (p<0.01). Marital status 16 was significantly associated with patients’ gender, age, tumor size and tumor stages (all p<0.01). 17 MMRP status were available in 775 cases, and 139 (17.9%) were MMRP deficient, and 636 (82%) 18 MMRP proficient. MMRP deficiency was significantly associated with older female patients, larger 19 tumor in size, higher tumor stages, higher histologic grade and more common in right colon (all 20 p<0.01). In addition, MMRP deficiency was statistically associated with higher percentage of di- 21 vorced and widowed patients (p<0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed persistent 22 association of MMRP deficiency with tumor size, tumor grade, tumor stage and nodal metastasis, 23 but the associations with gender and marital status no longer existed. Conclusion: The differences 24 in prevalence of CRC by gender and marital status and tumor MMRP status illustrate the im- 25 portance of these factors on tumor stages and nodal metastasis but these associations were more 26 complex with other confounding factors.

CGP do not substantially differ between initial tumor vs tumor recurrence and recurrent thymomas vs non-recurrent thymomas. Cell-cycle control genes alterations are associated with an early recurrence after thymectomy. Multiple target therapies are potentially available by performing a comprehensive CGP, suggesting that a precision medicine approach on these patients could be further explored.

Dysbiosis, as reflected by the altered composition of the microbiome favoring pathogenic species, is a major contributor to colorectal cancer (CRC) development, which could lead to bacterial translocation into the bloodstream. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of circulated bacterial DNA (cbDNA) in CRC patients, with or without surgical removal of the primary tumor. In total, 100 participants enrolled in this prospective clinicolaboratory study, equally divided into four groups; healthy controls (Group 1), patients with non-metastatic CRC with surgical removal of the primary tumor (Group 2), patients with metastatic CRC with surgically excised (Group 3) or non-excised (Group 4) primary tumor. DNA extracted from peripheral blood was analyzed using PCR with specific primers targeting 16S rRNA, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). Only the detection of F. nucleatum in the blood was significantly higher in Group 4 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p = 0.023) and Group 3 (p = 0.023). The association of cbDNA with other clinical parameters or co-morbidities was also evaluated. These results highlighted the importance of bacterial translocation in CRC patients and the role of F. nucleatum as an intratumoral oncomicrobe associated with metastatic CRC.

Testicular cancer accounts for approximately 1% of adult cancers and 5% of all urologic cancers. The most common histopathological diagnosis of testicular neoplastic lesions are germ cell tumors (90-95% of cases), among which the majority of cases are seminomas, the most common malignant tumors among men aged 15-44. For better clinical diagnosis and treatment, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of tumor formation. In this study, the expression of the CacyBP/SIP protein and ERK1/2 and p38 kinases was analyzed for the first time in seminomas and normal testicular tissues. The research was carried out using archival tissue material from 30 patients undergoing surgery due to testicular seminoma, whereas the comparative material consisted of the adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to identify the expression of CacyBP/SIP, ERK1/2, and p38. A very clear weakening of both immunoreactivity and gene expression of all tested parameters was demonstrated in seminomas compared to healthy tissues. Our findings suggest the involvement of the CacyBP/SIP protein in the ERK1/2 and p38 signalling pathways, which may be involved in the processes of testicular seminoma carcinogenesis. The results of our research provide the basis for further research in this area.

In solid cancer surgery, oxidative stress (OS) is of particular interest because both the malignancy itself and the surgical intervention are major contributors to the modulation of OS levels. This study aimed to investigate the effects of solid cancer surgery on OS levels. Because solid cancer is often accompanied by intense cell death, the study specifically focused on the pathway leading to uric acid formation, (i.e. adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO). Ische-mia-modified albumin (IMA), a recognized marker of oxidative stress, and plasma redox poten-tial (RP) were also measured. Thirty-six patients undergoing major solid cancer surgery (median age 68 years (58-76), 23 men and 13 women) and thirty controls (62 years (51-80)) were included. During the surgical procedure, serum ADA levels did not change significantly (10.4 International Units (IU) (6.9 – 13.7) vs. 8 IU (6 – 12); p = 0.47). In contrast, XO (IU), IMA (Arbitrary Units(AU)) and redox potential (mV) decreased significantly (22.5 IU (11 – 63) vs. 8.4 IU (5 – 27); p = 0.0041, 89 AU (69 – 105) vs. 74 AU (66 – 80); p = 0.01 and 98 mV (78 – 118) vs. 79 mV (65 – 101); p = 0.033). The correlation between XO and IMA or redox potential was positive (Spearman’s r = 0.32 ; p = 0.007, and r = 0.58; p < 0.001, respectively). XO was negatively correlated with ADA (r = -0.26; p = 0.03). Redox potential was positively correlated with IMA (r = 0.26; p = 0.04) and nega-tively correlated with ADA (r = -0.25 ;p = 0.04). We found that a major source of OS in solid cancer could be the result of an increase in xanthine oxidase activity and that the global effect of solid cancer surgery is a significant decrease in OS levels. We also found that ADA and XO were inversely correlate, suggesting the existence of a negative retrocontrol between the production of free radicals and the production of their sub-strate. Finally, our study highlights the potential value of XO inhibitors as adjuvant therapy in solid tumor surgery.

Purpose: Inflammation and neutrophils play a central role in both Covid-19 disease and cancer. We aimed to assess the impact of pre-existing tumor-related inflammation on Covid-19 outcomes in patients with cancer and to elucidate the role of circulating neutrophil subpopulations. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 524 patients with cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection, assessing the relationship between clinical outcomes and circulating inflammatory biomarkers collected before and during Covid-19 infection. Additionally, a unicenter prospective cohort provided data for an exploratory analysis, assessing the immunophenotype of circulating neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines. The primary endpoints were 30-day mortality and severity of Covid-19 disease. Results: Prior to Covid-19, 25% of patients with cancer exhibited elevated dNLR, which increase to 55% at the time of Covid-19 diagnosis. We developed the FLARE score, incorporating both tumor and infection-induced inflammation, which categorized patients into four prognostic groups. The poor prognostic group had a 30-day mortality rate of 68%, significantly higher than the 23% in the favorable group (p<0.0001). The score proved to be an independent predictor of early mortality. The prospective analysis revealed a shift towards immature forms of neutrophils and higher IL-6 levels in patients with cancer and severe Covid-19 infection. Conclusions: A pre-existing tumor-induced pro-inflammatory state significantly impacts Covid-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. The FLARE score serves as an easy-to-use and worldwide accessible effective tool to predict outcomes in this population, while circulating neutrophil subpopulations might provide additional information and could help refine outcome prediction.

Our study aimed to identify predictors for the effectiveness of tumor regression in lung cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment and cancer resections. Patients admitted between 2016 and 2022 were included in the study. Based on the histology of the tumor, patients were categorized into lung adenocarcinoma group (LUAD), and squamous cell carcinoma group (SQCA). Ninety-five patients with non-small cell lung cancer were included in the study. Fifty-eight (61.1%) and 37 (38.9%) patients were included in the LUAD and SQCA groups, respectively. Nine (9.5%), 56 (58.9%), and 30 (31.6%) patients were categorized with a tumor regression score of I, II, and III respectively. In multivariable analyses, histology of the primary tumor (SQCA), lymph node size in the preoperative CT scan (>1.7cm) and absolute tumor size reduction after neoadjuvant treatment (>2.6 cm) independently predict effectiveness of tumor regression (OR, [95% Confidence interval, p-value] of 6.88 [2.40-19.77, p70 years, extended resection >one lobe, and tumor recurrence or metastasis were identified as significant independent predictors of reduced overall survival. Assessment of tumor size before and after neoadjuvant treatment might help to identify high-risk patients with decreased survival and to improve patient management and care.

Purpose: We aimed to develop a nomogram able to predict treatment failure, skeletal events and overall survival (OS) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases (CRPC-BM) treated with Radium-223 dichloride (223Ra). Patients and Methods: Patients from Castilla-La Mancha Spanish region was prospectively included in ChoPET-Rad multicenter study, from January 2015 to December 2022. Patients underwent baseline, interim, and end-of-treatment bone scintigraphy (BS) and 18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT (FCH PET/CT) scans, obtaining multiple imaging radiomics as well as clinical and biochemical variables during follow-up and studying their association with the previously defined end-points. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression models were calculated, and these models were depicted by means of nomograms. Results: Median progression-free survival (PFS) and OS for our population were 4 and 14 months (mo), respectively. The variables that showed the most robust independent significant association with therapeutic failure were baseline alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels (p=0.022) and the characteristics of BM on CT portion of PET/CT (p=0.017). In the case of OS, the significant variables were therapeutic failure (p=0.038), the number of lines received after 223Ra (p

Abstract: Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States and globally, posing a significant health threat. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as critical factors in the pathophysiology of this malignancy. ROS, characterized by their instability due to an unpaired electron, are involved in essential cellular functions and play a crucial role in the immune response under normal physiological conditions. However, an imbalance in ROS homeostasis, leading to excessive ROS production, results in oxidative stress (OS), which can cause indiscriminate damage to cellular structures and contribute to the pathogenesis of specific diseases, including OC. OC is primarily classified based on the originating cell type into epithelial, stromal, and germinal tumors, with epithelial tumors being the most prevalent. Despite advancements in medical technology, early detection of OC remains challenging, often leading to delayed treatment initiation. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical excision of tumor tissue, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While these treatments are effective in early-stage OC, high mortality rates and frequent relapse underscore the urgent need for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review aims to elucidate the role of ROS in OC, emphasizing the potential for developing innovative diagnostic tools and treatments that target ROS-mediated pathways. Given the critical impact of early detection and effective treatment, advancing our understanding of ROS in the context of OC could significantly enhance patient outcomes.

Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most common malignant pediatric brain tumors. Current therapy results in poor prognosis for high-risk SHH/p53-mutated MB, emphasizing the importance of more effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we investigated potential radiosensitizing effects of checkpoint kinase inhibitors (Chk-i) prexasertib (Chk1/2) and SAR-020106 (Chk1) in human SHH/p53-mutated MB in vitro and in vivo. UW228 and DAOY cells were treated with Chk-i and irradiation (RT). Metabolic activity, proliferation, and apoptosis was determined at d3, long-term clonogenicity at d14. DNA damage was assessed after 1, 24, and 72 h. Patient-derived SHH/p53-mutated, luciferase-transfected MB cells were implanted orthotopically into NSG mice (d0). Fractionated therapy (daily, d7-11) was applied. Body weight (BW) was documented daily, tumor growth weekly, and proliferation at d42. In vitro, Chk-i exhibited dose-dependent reduction of metabolic activity, proliferation, and clonogenicity, and enhancement of apoptosis. Combination with RT showed additive antitumor effects and enhanced residual DNA damage. In vivo, tumor growth was delayed by Chk-i alone. Low-dose prexasertib enhanced RT-induced tumor growth inhibition (37-fold) and reduced proliferating cells, high-dose prexasertib and SAR-020106 showed opposite effects (n=3, n.s.). BW assessments revealed that the treatment was well tolerated. Our data indicate a benefit of Chk-i in combination with RT in SHH/p53-mutated MB. However, high-dose Chk-i may compromise the RT effect, possibly by its anti-proliferative activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time the antitumor activity of the Chk1-specific inhibitor SAR-020106 in the murine brain.

Cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies (CasMabs) that recognize cancer-specific antigens with in vivo antitumor efficacy are innovative therapeutic strategies for minimizing the adverse effects. We previously established a cancer-specific anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)monoclonal antibody (mAb), H₂Mab-250/H₂CasMab-2. In flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, H₂Mab-250 reacted with HER2-positive breast cancer cells but did not show the reactivity to normal epithelial cells. In contrast, a clinically approved anti-HER2 mAb, trastuzumab, strongly recognizes both breast cancer and normal epithelial cells in flow cytometry. The human IgG₁ version of H₂Mab-250 (H₂Mab-250-hG₁) possesses compatible in vivo antitumor effects against breast cancer xenografts with trastuzumab despite the lower affinity and effector activation than trastuzumab in vitro. This study compared the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (CDC) between H₂Mab-250-hG₁ and trastuzumab. Both H₂Mab-250-hG₁ and trastuzumab showed ADCC activity against CHO/HER2 and breast cancer cell lines (BT-474 and SK-BR-3) in the presence of human natural killer cells. Some tendency was observed that trastuzumab showed a more significant ADCC effect compared to H₂Mab-250-hG₁. Importantly, H₂Mab-250-hG₁ exhibited superior CDC activity in these cells compared to trastuzumab. Similar results were obtained in mouse IgG_2a types of both H₂Mab-250 and trastuzumab. These results suggest the different contributions of ADCC and CDC activities to the antitumor effects of H₂Mab-250-hG₁ and trastuzumab and indicate the future direction for the clinical development of H₂Mab-250-hG₁ against HER2-positive tumors.