The effect of filling velocity on positive macrosegregations in large size steel ingots was studied. Macrosegregation and macro-/micro-structure were characterized on the hot-tops and a portion of the upper section of two ingots. The measurements revealed that segregation features in the two ingots varied as a function of the alloying elements, and that the severity of positive macrosegregation in the casting body was reduced when the filling rate was increased. It was also found that at the higher filling rate, grain morphologies in the first solidified zones of the ingot changed from columnar to equiaxe, and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) became slightly smaller in the intermediate and final solidified zones. The experimental findings were analyzed in the framework of diffusion and convection controlled solidification, as well as liquid metal flow theories. The solute dependence of segregation features was related to the difference in solid-liquid partition coefficient and diffusion capability of each element in the liquid iron. Calculation of Reynolds numbers (Re) during the filling process, for both ingots, showed that higher filling velocity caused more instable movement of the liquid metal in the initial solidification stage, resulting in the modification of grain morphology, as well as accelerated solidification rate.

This article investigates the vibration analysis of the mast on the bridge top of a 28-meter tugboat, in the quasi-static regime. The study aims to determine the natural frequencies using an equivalent dynamic model of the mast and considers the accelerations of different degrees of freedom of the vessel. Practical design and reinforcement strategies for the local bridge top structure are proposed, utilizing numerical and analytical tools. The investigation explores various alternatives to optimize the structural arrangement. By analyzing the modal behavior, insights are provided for efficient design and reinforcement. The results contribute to understand the mast's vibration characteristics, offering guidance for similar structures. The study employs numerical and analytical methods, enhancing the optimization of the mast's behavior. It determines natural frequencies, proposes practical design strategies, and explores alternatives for structural optimization. The findings provide insights for shipbuilding and mast design applications in other vessels and industries such as radar mast, compass deck and guyed mast.

At the LHC, the process of a Higgs boson decaying into bottom or charm quarks produced in association with a pair of top quarks, tt¯H, allows for an empirical exploration of the heavy-flavor quark Yukawa couplings to the Higgs boson. Accordingly, the cross sections for the tt¯ + heavy-flavor production without the appearance of the Higgs boson have been measured at the LHC in various phase spaces using data samples collected in pp collisions at s = 7, 8 and 13 TeV with the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Flavor ratios of cross sections of tt¯ + additional jets processes with different flavors are also measured. In this paper, the measured cross sections and ratios are reviewed and the prospects with more data are presented.

We study the propagation of a particular field that we call Gaussian-top-hat that presents self-focusing and maintains its shape for some propagation distances.

We have revised the problem of the motion of a heavy symmetric top. When formulating equations of motion of the Lagrange top with the diagonal inertia tensor, the potential energy has more complicated form as compared with that assumed in the literature on dynamics of a rigid body. Using the Liouville's theorem, we solve the improved equations in quadratures and present the explicit expressions for the resulting elliptic integrals.

Based on tests results, the possibility of using this solution in the technique of industrial hot forging was evaluated. The results of laboratory tests have confirmed that lubrication of metal pieces is sufficient as well as proved it to be effective in reducing decarburization of the surface layer. Research works conducted in an induction heater showed differences in decarburization depending on a substance and concentration of lubricants that were used. These differences become more apparent when observing the surface layer of the forged parts. Results indicate that decarburization may be reduced to a minimum when we use Bonderite product in a concentration of 66% and 50%. Another lubricant, Berulit 913, may also be used. However, due to burning graphite in high temperatures, reduction of decarburization goes only as far as half of the thickness of the decarbonized layer. Condursal has no significant effect; nevertheless, it protects over the induction heating stage.

In this review we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. At the beginning we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteome. Three sections are dedicated to the description of the glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C- terminal PTMs and a miscellaneous of other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed along the sections of manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.

The issue of women’s participation in top management and boardroom positions has received increasing attention in the academic literature and the press. However, the pace of advancement for women managers and directors continues to be slow and uneven. The novel framework of this study organizes the factors at the individual, organizational and public policy level that affect both career persistence and the advancement of women in top management positions; namely, factors affecting 1) career persistence (staying at the organization) and 2) career advancement or mobility (getting promoted within the organization). In the study location, Chile, only 32 percent of women “persist”, or have a career without interruptions, mainly due to issues with work–family integration and organizational environments with opaque and challenging working conditions. Women who “advanced” in their professional careers represent 30 percent of high management positions in the public sector and 18 percent in the private sector. Only 3 percent of general managers in Chile are women. Women in Chile have limited access and are still not integrated into business power networks. Our findings will enlighten business leaders and public policy-makers interested in designing organizations that retain and promote talented women in top positions.

In order to study the thermal deformation behavior of uranium-50wt.%zirconium, used Gleeble 3800 thermal simulation testing machine to carry out compression deformation experiments at different temperatures for this material. The effects of deformation temperature and strain rate on the alloy were studied. The results show that the peak stress of U-50wt.%Zr metallic fuel decreases with the increase of deformation temperature after thermal deformation at 500°C~600°C, especially at 600°C compared with that at 500°C and 550°C. At the same temperature, the peak stress increases with the increase of strain rate, especially the peak stress at strain rate 0.1s-1 and 1s-1 is significantly higher than that at strain rate 0.01s^-1, and then the microstructure and diffraction results of U-50wt.%Zr metal-type fuel after thermal deformation are compared and analyzed, and the Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and thermal proces550℃,έ=1s^-1 diagram of U-50wt.%Zr metal-type fuel are established based on the peak stress.

The hot wire anemometer is a commonly used device for measuring air speed in laboratories. In this paper, the relationship between air speed and the hot wire temperature in different air speed ranges was analyzed based on the theory of thermal equilibrium. A measurement circuit and hot wire shape were designed based on the principle of the hot wire anemometer, and the linear relationship between current and temperature in the hot wire at different air speeds was verified in an adjustable air speed field. The measured current was used to represent air speed. The designed hot wire anemometer was experimentally validated to provide measurement results that match the theoretical values in different air speed ranges. Finally, the sensitivity of the anemometer in different measurement ranges was determined based on the uncertainty of the instrument's sensitivity and the measurement formula.

This paper presents a new method of preparing a coating on the Ti65 titanium alloy by a two-step procedure comprising hot-dipped aluminum and solid carburization. The effects of the carburization in the presence of NaCl deposit at 810oC have been systematically studied. In this article, the microstructure, morphology, phase composition of the coating, and the corrosion products were investigated by SEM, EDS, and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated that the corrosion resistance of hot dip aluminum/carburizing composite coating was not significantly enhanced by hot dip aluminum coating. This can be attributed to the formation of TiC and Ti3AlC after carburization, which promoted the formation of loose and unprotected TiO2 in the coating during molten salt corrosion. In addition, the oxidation of the carbon atom into CO2 /CO leaded to a high concentration of vacancy in the coating, creating channels for NaCl to penetrate the coating and accelerated the corrosion rate.

The convective hot air drying technology can cause physicochemical, nutritional, and organoleptic losses in mango (Mangifera indica). Therefore, mango dehydration technologies were compared through a Systematic Literature Review to identify the effects on mango’s physicochemical, nutritional, and organoleptic properties. The bibliographic and theoretical results were analyzed. Of the 76 resulting articles, it was found that the countries with authors who participated most in the scientific production were those related to mango production or importation. Furthermore, the freeze-drying technology allows operating at lower temperatures than convective hot air drying, contributing to the preservation of ascorbic acid, among other compounds. The refractance window has the shortest operation time to obtain moisture values between 10 and 20%. The dehydrated samples using the refractance window are smooth, homogeneous, non-porous, and comparable to the color obtained with freeze-drying, which is acceptable for industrial applications.

The microstructure of the coating during hot-dip galvanizing under industrial conditions of two structural steels, a low-silicon ASTM A36 steel and a high-silicon Q345B steel, both of commercial quality, have been characterized for industrial-relevant times. For both cases it is noted that the formation of the Fe-Zn phases begins in early stages during the heating of the steel, a situation in which all the phases are in the solid state. The characterization was carried out through traditional metallographic techniques including SEM-EDS and DRX equipment. The evolution in time of the microstructure of both steels is examined, being able to observe that the mechanism by which silicon accelerates the formation of Fe-Zn phases in galvanizing is related to the change in the energy of the interfaces caused by a silicon accumulation in the liquid phase in contact with the ζ layer. These results provided us with a deeper understanding of the phase evolution in the hot-dip galvanizing of high silicon steels.

This article is devoted to the issues of thermal softening of materials in the surface layer of forging tools. The research covers numerical modeling of the forging process, laboratory tests of tempering of nitrided layers and the analysis of tempering of the surface layer of tools in the actual forging process. Numerical modeling was supported by measuring the temperature inside the tools with a thermocouple inserted into the tool to measure the temperature as close to the surface as possible. The modeling results confirmed the possibility of tempering the die material. The results of laboratory tests made it possible to determine the influence of temperature on tempering at different surface layer depths. Numerical analysis and measurement of surface layer microhardness of tools revealed the destructive effect of temperature during forging on the tempering of the nitrided layer and on the material layers located deeper below the nitrided layer.

The use of biodegradable materials has a growing field of application due to environmental concerns, however, scientific research on incremental forming using biomaterials is scarce. Thus, this study focuses on the single point incremental forming (SPIF) process applied to a composite sheet that combines a biodegradable thermoplastic matrix (Solanyl) reinforced with natural fibres (flax). The influence of the process parameters on the final geometry is determined, evaluating the effect of the following factors: step depth, wall angle and temperature reached during the process. Additionally, a heated aqueous medium is incorporated which facilitates the formability of the composite sheets. This method is especially useful for materials that have poor formability at room temperature. The benefits of using controlled heat include the reduction of formation forces applied to the plate, improved accuracy due to the reduction of elastic recovery, and the manipulation of the samples remarkably close to the glass transition temperatures. Through this experimental study with the variables analysed, a maximum shaping depth of 310 mm is obtained. These results confirm that the single point shaping used with bioplastic materials is possible and has positive outcomes for incremental forming.

The high volume of water in molasses has made this study serious. The reason is that using molasses as a partial replacement without treatment significantly affects the rheological properties of the neat bitumen and increases the likelihood of moisture susceptibility of the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement structure and create fractures of aggregate particles. Therefore, to use molasses as a partial replacement without affecting the structural integrity of the pavement, this study proposed a treatment method before blending it with petroleum-based bitumen. A series of experiment was conducted to accomplish the objective of this paper, including convectional tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) test, amplitude and frequency sweep test, performance grade (PG) determination test, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. The IR spectra show that carbonyl index decreased with increasing molasses percent. There was PG improvement from the control grade to PG64 and PG70 when the base binder modified with 5-20% molasses and aged with rollingl thin film oven (RTFO) respectively. At the temperature 58oC nonrecoverable creep compliance at 3.2 kPa (Jnr3.2kPa) was decreased for each percent replacement. This led to improving the rutting potential. As well, at a temperature of 64oC the Jnr value was decreased only for 5% replacement, and then the Jnr value was gradually increased for the remaining percent replacement. Overall, this study revealed that treated molasses can be used as a partial replacement to enhance the rheological properties of the base bitumen and thus it can potentially be used to produce a sustainable bio-asphalt binder.

This study examines the unique circumstances surrounding state-owned equity participation in non-state-controlled enterprises in China. Specifically, this study examines the impact of state-owned equity participation on the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance of non-state-controlled enterprises. Focusing on A-share listed firms on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges and using data from 2013 to 2021, empirical testing shows that state-owned equity participation can significantly improve the ESG performance of non-state-controlled enterprises, with this conclusion remaining reliable after a series of robustness tests. Top management incentives is a mediating mechanism for state-owned equity participation in enhancing ESG performance. This study also finds that when state-owned equity participates in large enterprises or companies with a high degree of digital transformation, the effect on ESG performance is greater than that of small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or enterprises with a low level of digital transformation. The findings of this study add to the current body of the existing field of research on the factors influencing corporate ESG performance and the impact of state-owned equity on corporate non-financial performance.

Wildlife conservation is an important component of environmental sustainability and can be improved by reviewing the performance of its three major models – common pool, top-down regulatory, and private resource -- under varying environmental and socioeconomic conditions. Generally, the private resource model is the most sustainable because it provides the best incentives to balance the needs of humans and wildlife, to maintain general wildlife habitat, and to adapt quickly to changing environmental and/or socioeconomic conditions. Top-down or “command and control” regulation, however, can be employed as a model of last resort if the private resource model shows signs of failing to protect specific species from local extirpation or extinction, which it is most likely to do for migratory species, species with close commercial substitutes, and species with no direct commercial value. Top-down regulators may also be needed to enforce property rights arrangements like catch shares and to monitor resources that remain in the common pool in the event that socioeconomic or environmental conditions change sufficiently to trigger the tragedy of the commons.

Protein translational modifications (PTMs) generate an enormous, but as yet undetermined, expansion of the expressed proteoforms. In this Viewpoint, we firstly differentiate the concepts of proteoform and peptidoform by reviewing and discussing previous literature. We show that the current PTM biological investigation and annotation largely follow a PTM site-specific rather than proteoform-specific approach. We further illustrate a potentially useful matching strategy in which a particular “modified peptidoform” is matched to the corresponding “unmodified peptidoform” as a reference for the quantitative analysis between samples and conditions. We suggest this strategy could provide directly relevant information for learning the PTM site-specific biological functions. Accordingly, we advocate for the wider use of the nomenclature “peptidoform” in the future bottom-up proteomic studies.

This paper aims to explore the effect of humble leadership on project success by integrating the mediating role of employee creativity. Top management support moderates the direct relationship (humble leadership and project management effectiveness) and indirect relationships through employee creativity. Time-lagged data were obtained from 332 persons working in the matrix organization across the information technology. The results showed that humble leadership enhance project management effectiveness by mediating and moderating processes. This study provides a solution to an underlying research question that has gone unanswered in prior studies. What are the strategies proposed for humble leadership in fostering the effectiveness of the project?

A deep review of the existing literature on the culpeo ecology is carried out, using scientific articles, book chapters and web resources. For information published before 1988, the synthesis made by a previous report was used. For subsequent information, bibliographic searches were carried out through the main servers, considering all of the generic names used to define the species so far. From this update, new general patterns on ecology, behavior and conservation concerns about culpeos are described. Gaps in current knowledge have been identified and new lines of research are proposed.Most of the studies focused on diet, conflicts with the species in livestock areas, and on the use of space and habitat. We found an incomplete, poor justification for all of the proposed subspecies and their supposed geographical distribution, as well as a scarcity of studies on genetic issues, population dynamics and conservation concerns. It is remarkable that vast regions in South America holding culpeos lacked basic information on the species.Diet studies describe a marked trend towards resources selection at the local level, which supports the view of the culpeo as a facultative trophic specialist. In addition, it has been confirmed that in the high Andes the culpeo is also a top predator that may regulate carnivorous communities, as well as that in arid environments culpeos can act as important seed dispersers. The assessment of the conservation status of the species differs among regions, although there is no sufficient information to reach clear conclusions in most cases. Even so, in Ecuador and Colombia the species has been listed as ‘Vulnerable’. Direct persecution and habitat alteration are considered to be the most important threats that the species is facing in many countries, although other risk factors such as climate change could also have serious consequences for the canid at the global scale.

Citation frequencies represent the most significant contributions in any respective field. This bibliometric analysis aimed to identify and analyze the 100 most-cited publications in the field of antibiotics and to highlight the trends of research in this field. “All databases” of Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science was used to identify and analyze the 100 publications. The articles were then cross-matched with Scopus and Google Scholar. The frequency of citation ranged from 940 to 11051 for the Web of Science, 1053 to 10740 for Scopus, and 1162 to 20041 for Google Scholar. Five hundred thirteen authors made contributions to the ranked list, and Robert E.W. Hancock contributed in six articles, which made it to the ranked list. Sixty-six scientific contributions originated from the United States of America. In contrast, five publications were linked to the University of Manitoba, Canada, that was identified as the educational organization, which made the most contributions (n=5). According to the methodological design, 26 of the most cited works were review-type closely followed by 23 expert opinions/perspectives. Eight articles were published in Nature journal, making it the journal with the most scientific contribution in this field. Correlation analysis between the publication age and citation frequency was found statistically significant (P = .012).

Recent progress in the fabricating flexible electronics has been developed significantly due to the increased interest of the flexible electronics which can be applied to enormous fields not only to conventional electronic devices but to bio/eco electronic devices. Flexible electronics can be applied to wide range of fields such as flexible display, flexible power storage, flexible solar cells, wearable electronics and healthcare monitoring devices. Recently, flexible electronics are being attached on the skin and even implanted into human body to monitor the bio-signals and for treatment purpose. To improve the electrical characteristic and the mechanical properties of flexible electronics, nanoscale fabrications using novel nano-materials are required. Advanced in nanoscale fabrication methods allow construction of the active materials that can combine with the ultra-thin soft substrate to form flexible electronics with high performances and reliability. In this review, wide range of nanoscale fabrication methods for flexible electronics classified in either top-down or bottom-up approaches such as conventional photolithography, soft lithography, nanoimprint lithography, growth, assembly and chemical vapor deposition(CVD) will be reported with specific fabrication processes and results. Here, our aim is to introduce various fabrication methods that can be used to fabricate the flexible electronics.

In the era of information explosion in e-commerce, users face an overload problem. Recommender systems alleviate this by filtering target products based on user preferences. Collaborative Filtering (CF) is a popular method but struggles with high-quality recommendations due to data sparsity. Utilizing review texts to capture user preferences has improved CF recommendations. This paper proposes a deep learning-based recommendation framework leveraging bidirectional gated recurrent units (Bi-GRUs) and an attention-based Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) structure. This framework addresses insufficient user rating data by utilizing user reviews to infer preferences. Experimental results on three datasets show that the proposed Bi-GRUCF model outperforms other state-of-the-art methods, achieving a 55.4% improvement in Mean Absolute Error (MAE) over traditional methods and a 77.8% improvement over other deep learning approaches. This demonstrates the framework's superior recommendation quality, particularly in sparse data scenarios.

Trees, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," hold immense significance for both the natural world and human society. Their contributions span a multitude of ecological, environmental, economic, and social domains, making them essential components of a healthy and thriving planet. Phytoplasma association not only compromise tree aesthetics but also reduce photosynthetic capacity and overall vigour. Phytoplasma diseases also lead to increased tree mortality, altering ecosystem dynamics.This review article provides an in-depth exploration of phytoplasma diseases affecting trees worldwide, encompassing their epidemiology, symptomatology, impact and management strategies.

Effects of plastic deformation on the indentation feature of hot-rolled commercial pure titanium alloy were detected using microindentation. It was found that the most deformed sample experienced the largest indentation resistance and had the maximum dislocation density and the indentation size influenced the CP-Ti indentation feature. The Vicker hardness and energy dissipated demonstrated the significant influence of the dislocation motion and size effects on the indentation in the indentation deformation. The linear relation of the energy ratio which is related to the microstructures and the indentation depth ratio was obtained for hcp materials Titanium alloys.

Titanium boride (TiB2) is a material classified as ultra-high temperature ceramics. The TiB2 structure is dominated by covalent bonds, which gives materials based on TiB2 very good mechanical and thermal properties, but also makes them difficult to sinter. Obtaining dense TiB2 polycrystals requires chemical or physical sintering activation. Carbon and molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) were chosen as sintering activation additives. Three series of samples were made, the first with carbon additives: 0 to 4 wt.%; the second with 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.%. MoSi2 and the third with both additions of 2 wt.% carbon and 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.% MoSi2. MoSi2. On the basis of dilatometric sintering analysis, all additives were found to have a favourable effect on sinterability of TiB2, and it was determined that sintering of TiB2 with carbon addition can be carried at 2100°C and with MoSi2 and both additives at 1800°C. The polycrystals were sintered using the hot pressing technique. On the basis of the studies conducted in this work, it was found that addition of 1 wt.% of carbon allows to obtain single-phase TiB2 polycrystals of high density (>90%). The minimum MoSi2 addition required to obtain dense sinters with a cermet-like microstructure was 5 wt.%. High density was also achieved by materials containing both additives. Samples with higher MoSi2 content, i.e. 5 and 10% showed densities close to 100%. Mechanical properties such; as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness (KIc) of the polycrystals and composites were similar for samples with densities exceeding 95%. The Vickers hardness was 23 to 27 GPa, the fracture toughness (KIC) was 4 to 6 MPa·m0.5 and the Young's modulus was 480 to 540 GPa. The resulting TiB2-based materials showed potential in high-temperature applications.

Coffee is one of the world’s most popular beverages. Coffee is enjoyed for a variety of reasons, including its sensory characteristics among which flavor is the most important. Some sensory characteristics of coffee, such as acidity, are attributed to the levels of various organic acids (OAs) and chlorogenic acids (CGAs) present in the brew. The amount and composition of these organic acids are considered key factors that influence the acidity of the coffee. Many roasted coffee products on the market claim to be low in acid or even acid-free altogether. In the present study, we evaluated the acidity of different packaged coffee products. All coffee samples were brewed using the drip method per preparation instructions for each product, and pH values for all samples were measured and recorded. Our results revealed a wide range of pH values among the tested products, with the highest pH value (pH 5.72) in sample XL96 and the lowest value (pH 4.97) in sample XL10. The pH values for the remainder of the samples ranged between (pH 5.0-5.29). The results thus support the importance of creating a standard for the accurate representation of acidity level information on coffee labels.

Hot air frying is a new method of frying food, where the use of a small amount of oil is optional but recommended. The objective of this review was to know the state of the art of hot air frying technology, focusing on trends, and thus obtain new ideas for future work in this area of food. In conclusion, the availability of advanced devices will increase the demand for hot air fryers as demonstrated by the trend generating a great economic and social impact. This new technology not only provides health benefits, but also has environmental advantages. In addition, work focusing on food (i.e. tortilla chips, plantain chips, eggs and meats) is recommended, since there are not enough studies on the subject. Currently, research is being conducted on home fryers, so the use of fryers and their impact at the industrial level is a developing area that will require further research.

We evaluated progress towards animal biodiversity research in Georgia, a key area in the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot. By reviewing recently (1990-2018) published articles in all areas of animal diversity research, we unmasked the trends in biodiversity inventory, ecological and biogeographical studies, and conservation issues in Georgia. We concluded that species inventory and biodiversity research in Georgia has significantly increased during the last ten years, however the rate and extent of investigation is far from satisfactory. Major gaps remain in all branches of animal diversity research in Georgia, and consequently existing knowledge is inadequate to address modern challenges related to species and ecosystem conservation. We urge local governmental authorities and international scientific societies to support development of stronger research facilities and cultivate interest in biodiversity inventory and research in Georgia as an important step towards maintaining globally important biodiversity in the Caucasus.

The fatigue strength of the hot work steel depends on various factors, including the mechanical, properties and behavior and bulk and the surface under layer, the microstructural features as well as heat treatments. The influence of a series of heat treatments on the fatigue strength of H13 hot work steel was investigated. Different preheating, quenching and tempering treatments were applied to four sets of specimens and fatigue tests were conducted at room temperature using a rotating bending test machine. All heat treatments resulted in a certain improvement of the fatigue strength. Highest fatigue strength obtained by applying a double tempering heat treatment (first tempering at 550 °C for two hours and second tempering at 610 °C for two hours) after initial preheating and quenching. One tempering treatment (550 °C for two hours after preheating and quenching) did not significantly improve the fatigue strength.

Researches on flexible thermoelectric (TE) materials usually focus on conducting polymers (CPs) and CP-based composites; however, it is a great challenge to obtain high TE properties comparable to inorganic counterparts. Here, we report an n-type Ag₂Se film on flexible nylon membrane with an ultrahigh power factor ~987.4 ± 104.1 μWm⁻¹K⁻² at 300 K and an excellent flexibility (93% of the original electrical conductivity retention after 1000 bending cycles around a 8-mm diameter rod). The flexibility is attributed to a synergetic effect of the nylon membrane and the Ag₂Se film intertwined with numerous high-aspect-ratio Ag₂Se grains. A TE prototype composed of 4-leg of the hybrid film generates a voltage and a maximum power of 19 mV and 460 nW, respectively, at a temperature difference of 30 K. This work opens opportunities of searching for high performance TE film for flexible TE devices.

The metabolomics of Newhall navel oranges with geographical indication (GI) was measured by LC-MS/MS from three areas Ganzhou, Fengjie, and Zigui in China. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis was performed for samples classification and important metabolites identification. This approach identified the best markers (i.e. tricarboxylic acid, amino acids, and phenolics) of the geographical origin able to discriminated Fengjie, Ganzhou, and Zigui organge samples. The results showed that peeled-samples from Zigui were richest and those from Fengjie lowest in all of the top ten most important markers. In whole samples, the highest levels of seven important markers occurred in those from Zigui, and the other three important markers appeared the highest levels in those from Ganzhou. According to the variation of the best markers, and the highest value of titratable acidity in those from Zigui, the samples planted in Ganzhou have the best balance between taste and nutrition. This work confirms the approach of metabolomics combined with OPLS-DA is an effective way for origin tracing and overall quality evaluation.

In the educational process, quality has long been considered a critical component. It may get impacted due to different factors especially when talking about the COVID19 pandemic. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the impact and relationship between COVID-19 and the quality of education using bibliometric analysis. As face-to-face learning shifts to online learning, this research investigates how the COVID-19 epidemic has affected education quality, concentrating on Programme Educational Outcomes (PEOs), Programme Learning Outcomes (PLOs), and Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs). The research covers pandemic online education, literature, and trends. There are two important steps in any bibliometric analysis selecting keywords and databases. The initial set of keywords was selected by the authors' experience and then an online survey study through Google Forms was conducted among experts in the research area. This was followed by a search of the selected keywords in the databases consisting of PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), and SCOPUS. Therefore, the final data was collected from the SCOPUS database on August 24, 2021. Hence, 182 documents were considered for the current study. The document's data were analysed by using the “visualization of similarities” (VOS) Viewer software and the R-Tool of the Bibliometrix-package that was specifically designed for quantitative Bibliometrics research. Based on the obtained data, the results showed the quality of education that may get impacted by the changing of the education delivery from face-to-face to online-based learning. In conclusion, this study showed the importance of studying the correlation and impact of COVID-19 on the quality of education.

T cell function is determined by transcriptional networks that are regulated by epigenetic programming via posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histone proteins and DNA. Bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS) can identify histone PTMs, whereas intact protein analysis with high-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS (FTICR-MS) can detect species missed by bottom-up approaches. We used high-resolution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) FTICR-MS, alternating electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) on precursor ions to maximize fragmentation of uniquely modified species. First online RPLC separation sorted histone families then weak cation exchange hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (WCX-HILIC) separated species heavily clad in PTMs. Tentative PTM identifications were assigned by matching peptide masses to predicted theoretical masses that were verified with tandem MS. We used this innovative approach for Histone-intact protein PTM mapping (HiPTMap) and to quantify PTMs on core histones purified from CD8+ T cells directly isolated ex vivo post-influenza infection. Activation significantly reduced PTMs in vivo following influenza infection, histone maps changed as T cells migrated to infections, and T cells responding to secondary heterologous infections had significantly more PTMs enhancing transcriptional activation. Thus, HiPTMap identifies and quantifies PTMs on CD8+ T cell histones and determines their combinations in T cell states.

Bi1-xSbx crystal is one of the best n-type thermoelectric materials below 200 K, but its weak mechanical strength hinders practical applications for deep refrigeration. Herein, we adopted the mechanical enhancement method of hot extrusion to investigate the comprehensive mechanical and thermoelectric properties of Bi0.905Sb0.095. It revealed that reducing the grain size of the matrix and increasing the extrusion ratio can improve the gain size uniformity and mechanical properties. While the thermoelectric performance depends on the texture, grain size, and local composition. The extruded sample prepared by ingot with the high extrusion ratio of 9:1 generated a high texture degree of (001) plane and small grain sizes between ~4-40 mm, which resulted in the high bending strength of Bi1-xSbx ~130 Mpa and a high-power factor of ~ 68 μW·cm-1·K-2@173 K, as well as the relative high figure of merit of 0.25@173K. This work highlights the importance of the uniform distribution of the grain size and the compositions for Bi1-xSbx, as well as the required universal key parameter for the hot-extrusion method.

Multilayered metallic sheets fabricated by hot metal forming processes are attractive structural components in the aerospace and automobile industry. The strength of the mechanical bond between the different layers is critical to the applicability of such components in load bearing applications. While it is well understood that the process conditions such as temperature, deformation and rate of deformation influence the bond strength, a clear functional relationship between these conditions and the bond strength has yet to be established. The objective of the current study is to investigate the joining of Aluminum-6061 alloy specimens by hot compression bonding. Hot compression tests of beam specimen pairs were conducted at different temperatures (300-500℃), with different strains and strain rates (10-2-10-1 [1sec]). Coupled thermo-mechanical finite element models were utilized to compute the time dependent thermo-mechanical fields that develop along the specimen interface. The computed values were used to map the spatial distribution of a scalar parameter J which is hypothesized to govern bond formation. Mechanical tensile tests were used to determine the bond strength and expose the bonded surfaces. It is demonstrated that the computed J distribution can be correlated well with SEM observations of the debonded surface. It is also shown that the actual bonded area can be predicted from the computations for a certain range of critical J values.

The lengthy maturation period is the key cause of the reduced hot pepper market value. An experiment was performed to assess the effects of R/B/W light qualities on reducing the maturation period. The maturation period was shortened by 16 days under 4R:1B:5W compared to the control. The appearance of the first flower is a limiting factor affecting the maturation period. It exhibited a dark purple color and an abnormal petal under 4R:1B:5W compared to the control, which was associated with increased contents of flavonoids, total organic acids, and phenolics and decreased total amino acid and carbohydrate contents. Plant hormone, flavonoid, ABC transporters, key metabolites (such as amino acid, carbohydrate, organic acid) was associated with first flower development. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) mediated by light, especially ERF021, were identified as potential hub regulators during the development of the first flower due to their involvement in all the associated metabolic pathways.

The hot rolling in the process chain of the aluminium rolled products present the critical element of material quality and influence on productivity. The desire to increase the letter demand modifications of hot rolling, consequential changes of microstructure, crystallographic texture, mechanical and formability properties must be knowledge and consistently considered in planning the rolling process and rolled product. Achieving lower thicknesses of the hot-rolled band would enable fewer passes with cold rolling; consequently, hot rolling with the same number of passes will complete with lower temperatures. Microstructural and texture characterization with the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope for the hot-rolled band 3.25 mm the smaller grains appeared in the center of the cross-section, unlike for the hot-rolled band 6 mm, the smaller grains were detected on the upper and bottom position of the cross-section. Furthermore, the comparison shows also that the hot-rolled band 6 mm has 64 % of random texture components and 83 % of recrystallized grains, and the proportional adjustment for the hot-rolled band 3.25 mm has the 42 % of random texture components and 55 % of recrystallized grains. For the mechanical testing results, the elongation values in rolling and transverse directions significantly differ just in the case of a hot rolled band of 3.25 mm. Consequently, the earing results are more than 1.5 % higher for the hot-rolled band, 3.25 mm, than the hot-rolled band, 6 mm.

Situbondo is one of the best mango producer city with a distinctive mango taste compared to other regions in East Java. Mango production in Situbondo in 2015 reached 222,471 quintals. One of the damage to post-harvest mango products is due to anthracnose disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hot water treatment in inhibiting anthracnose disease and maintaining the quality of mangoes. The study was conducted at the Plant Clinical Laboratory in January 2019 at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember. The study design used was a completely randomized design with two factors, namely washing temperature (59 ± 1 ° C, 53 ± 1 °C, normal water temperature) and storage temperature (15.1 ± 1 ° C and 18.1 ± 1 ° C). Washing with a temperature of 53 ± 1 ° C can be used to clean fruit. Treatment with low temperature (15.1 ± 1 ° C and 18.1 ± 1 ° C) resulted in inhibiting changes in weight loss, fruit hardness, acid content (total titrated acid), and total dissolved solids while another treatment, 53 ± 1 ° C washing temperature with storage temperature 15.1 ± 1 ° C gives a good appearance that suppress the development of anthracnose, and inhibit fruit discoloration.

We developed an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of the poorly water-soluble molecule niclosamide that achieved more than a 2-fold increase in bioavailability. Notably, this niclosamide ASD formulation increased the apparent drug solubility about 60-fold relative to the crystalline material due to the generation of nanoparticles. Niclosamide is a weakly acidic drug, BCS class II, and a poor glass former with low bioavailability in vivo. Hot-melt extrusion is a high-throughput manufacturing method commonly used in the development of ASDs for increasing the apparent solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds. We utilized the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone–vinyl acetate (PVP–VA) to manufacture niclosamide ASDs by extrusion. Samples were analyzed based on their microscopic and macroscopic behavior and their intermolecular interactions, using DSC, XRD, NMR, FTIR, and DLS. The niclosamide ASD generated nanoparticles with a mean particle size of about 100 nm in FaSSIF media. In a side-by-side diffusion test, these nanoparticles produced a 4-fold increase in niclosamide diffusion. We successfully manufactured amorphous extrudates of the poor glass former niclosamide that showed remarkable in vitro dissolution and diffusion performance. These in vitro tests were translated to a rat model that also showed an increase in oral bioavailability.

We analyze the Covid-19 mortality scenario in India and compare it with those in other large-population regions such as Asia-excluding-China, Africa, European Union, South America, and USA. We compare existing fatality data and offer an interpretation for low fatality based on immunity due to endemic malaria and TB. We identify the hot climate in the past summer as a possible cause for low death count in southern-hemisphere countries without endemic malaria and TB. We also make India-specific observations for easing the lockdown and estimations for the time required to attain herd immunity. Whatever optimism we present should be viewed as a guarded optimism. There should not be room for complacency.

CO2 has characteristic properties and reactions at converter smelting temperature, and the chemical reaction between CO2 and elements such as C and Si in the molten pool has bubble proliferation and cooling effects, which can effectively improve the kinetic and thermodynamic conditions of converter smelting. Here, an experimental study and industrial test on the application of CO2 in converter smelting were carried out. The smelting effects of Mode-1 and Mode-2 with total CO₂ injection amounts of 229 Nm³ and 196 Nm³, respectively, were compared, and the changes in molten steel and slag compositions, dust removal, and gas are analyzed. The test results show that converter top and bottom blowing CO₂ technology (COMI-B)technology had significant metallurgical advantages over the N-Mode; the dephosphorization rate increased by 4.2%, slag (FeO) content was reduced by 2.04%, end point nitrogen content of molten steel was reduced by 20%, gas recovery increased by 8.29 Nm³/t, and soot production reduced by 14.7%. The results of the study provide reference for the application of COMI-B technology in converters in the iron and steel industry and develop a new path for resource utilization of CO₂.

Numerous studies on evaporative cooling systems have been conducted globally, but there is a scarcity of investigations in eastern Africa. The few studies undertaken in this region have primarily focused on their application in food storage and preservation, rather than for building purpose. The goal of this study is to review the most recent advancements in evaporative cooling technology, which would be relevant in eastern Ethiopia and could provide adequate cooling, give adequate thermal comfort, use less energy, and minimize environmental effect in hot and dry areas. There aren't many studies on evaporative cooling systems for building applications in Eastern Africa as a whole, thus this review has taken into account studies conducted in regions with climates similar to eastern Ethiopia. This study covers the classification, operation, and performance of evaporative cooling systems in hot and dry climate. Evaporative cooling systems work well in hot and dry climates, as revealed by this review study.

The ever-increasing demand for seafood-containing diets, especially fish, primarily due to their superior nutritional value, has impacted the availability of wild stocks, necessitating the focus on other underutilised aquaculture species. In this study, the proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of the indigenous black South African mussel (Choromytilus meridionalis) was investigated. The effects of the hot-smoking as preservation method on the proximate composition for mussels were assessed using the standard AOAC protocols; while gas chromatography-flame ionised detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the FA content. The moisture level in hot-smoked mussels significantly (P

Traditional graphene-based films normally possess high thermal conductivity (TC) only along single direction, which is not suitable for thermal interface materials (TIMs). Here, a graphene film with excellent bidirectional TC and mechanical properties was prepared by hot-pressing super-elastic graphene aerogel (SEGA). Thermal annealing at 1800℃ improves the further restacking of graphene sheets, bring the SEGA high structure stability for enduring the hot-pressing process. The junctions and nodes between the graphene layers in the hot-pressed SEGA (HPSEGA) film provide bidirectional heat transport paths. The in-plane TC and through-plane TC of HPSEGA film with thickness of 101μm reach 740 Wm-1K-1 and 42.5 Wm-1K-1, respectively. In addition, HPSEGA film with higher thickness still maintains excellent thermal transport properties due to the interconnected structure reducing the effect of the defects. The infrared thermal images visually manifest the excellent thermal-transfer capability and thermal dissipation efficiency of the HPSEGA films, indicating the great potential as advanced bidirectional TIMs.

On the aero-engine combustor liner, a phenomenon of overheating resembling a hot spot exists, accompanied by a preferential peeling of the YSZ thermal barrier coating that will negatively affect the service life of the component. The temperature gradient of the hot spot may affect the YSZ fracture pattern.In this paper, the morphological and property changes of YSZ sintering is investigated experimentally, and a coupled analysis of the YSZ Crack Propagation Mode under the hot spot is performed using ABAQUS. The results show that the pore fractal size D of YSZ increases by 15%. Inside the hot spot region, the coating has a shear stress of 75MPa. By inserting Cohesive units globally in the model to simulate the random crack initiation and propagation, unlike the thinning of YSZ layered peeling caused by uniform superheating, hot spot will cause the crack initiation at the tip of the pores inside the coating and the oblique propagation, eventually forming an oblique crack connection through the pores. When the temperature gradient reaches 30K/mm, the crack propagation is 40% greater than in a uniform temperature field; consequently, the YSZ in the hot spot boundary region with a greater temperature gradient results in more severe bulk peeling.

Hot spring is a hot water that is naturally occurring on the surface from the underground and typically heated by subterranean volcanic activity and local underground geothermal gradient. There are four main hot springs in Rwanda such as: Kalisimbi, Bugarama, Kinigi and Nyamyumba former name Gisenyi hot springs. It is often believed that soaking in hot springs is a great way which naturally detox human skin. This research focused on the geochemical analysis of Nyamyumba hot springs located near the fresh water of Lake Kivu for the purpose of understanding its healing capacity and safety. Nyamyumba hot springs are located in the western branch of the East African Rift System and they are located near Virunga volcanic complex, explaining the rising and heating mechanism of water. The concentrations of Sulfate, Iron, Ammonia, Alkalinity, Silica, Phosphate, Salinity, Alkalinity, and Conductivity using standard procedures were measured. The results showed that hot spring water has higher concentrations of chemicals compared to Lake Kivu water and the geochemistry of these hot springs maybe associated with rock dissolution by hot water. The measured parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for recreational waters and it has been identified that Nyamyumba hot springs are safe to use in swimming and therapeutic activities.

Eco-friendly and low-cost water-based nanolubricants containing rutile TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were developed for accelerating their applications in industrial-scale hot steel rolling. The lubrication performance of developed nanolubricants was evaluated in a 2-high Hille 100 experimental rolling mill at a rolling temperature of 850 ℃ in comparison to that of pure water. The results indicate that the use of nanolubricant enables to decrease the rolling force, reduce the surface roughness and the oxide scale thickness, and enhance the surface hardness. In particular, the nanolubricant consisting of 4 wt% TiO2, 10 wt% glycerol, 0.2 wt% sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and 1 wt% Snailcool exhibits the best lubrication performance by lowering the rolling force, surface roughness and oxide scale thickness up to 8.1%, 53.7% and 50%, respectively. The surface hardness is increased by 4.4%. The corresponding lubrication mechanisms are attributed to its superior wettability and thermal conductivity associated with the synergistic effect of rolling, mending and laminae forming that are contributed by TiO2 NPs.

Very hot (> 65 °C) beverages such as espresso were evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans. For this reason, research into lowering beverage temperature without compromising its quality or taste is important. For espresso, one obvious possibility consists in lowering the brewing temperature. In two sensory trials using ISO 4120:2004 triangle test methodology, brewing temperatures of 80°C vs. 128°C and 80° vs. 93°C were compared. From the tested levels, espresso brewed at the lowest temperature had the highest acceptance. However, most tasters were unable to distinguish between 80°C and 93°C. The results of these pilot experiments proof the possibility to decrease the health hazard of very hot beverages by lower brewing temperatures.

Hot rolling tests of a low-alloy steel were conducted at a rolling temperature of 850 ℃ under different lubrication conditions, including benchmarks (dry condition and water) and water-based nanolubricants containing different concentrations of nano-TiO₂ from 1.0 to 8.0 wt%. The effects of nanolubricants on rolling force, surface roughness, thickness of oxide scale and microstructure were systematically investigated through varying nano-TiO₂ concentrations. The results show that the application of nanolubricants can decrease the rolling force, surface roughness and oxide scale thickness of rolled steels, and refine ferrite grains. In particular, the nanolubricant containing an optimal concentration (4.0 wt%) of nano-TiO₂ demonstrates the best lubrication performance, owing to the synergistic effect of lubricating film, rolling, polishing and mending generated by nano-TiO₂.

It is important to realize the transformation behavior of wüstite because it greatly affects the final structure of the oxide layer and the surface quality of the steel products. In the present study, the transformation behaviors of the wüstite layer are examined under nearly-oxygen-free conditions, to simulate the cooling processes after the hot rolled strip is coiled. As the single phase wüstite was prepared at 950˚C, the 460˚C transformed oxide layer was composed of a mixture of iron and magnetite formed through eutectoid reactions. For the 750˚C-fabricated wüstite, only magnetite was observed after transformation, without iron precipitates and residual wüstite. It is speculated that the unusual transformation behavior of the low-temperature-made wüstite results from the pseudo-structural intermediate phase transformation between wüstite and magnetite. This pseudo-structure is a pre-transformed wüstite and of various concentration of ferrous ion, which is determined by the fabrication conditions. During the hot strip mill process, the so-called wet scale, wüstite, is produced continuously from finish mill to laminar flow sections and ended at 570˚C. Consequently, the final eutectoid transformation below 570˚C is dominantly controlled by the surface temperature ranged from 750˚C to 950˚C for low carbon steel.

Top-down models are defined by hardware architects to provide information on the utilization of the different hardware components. The target is to isolate the users from the complexity of the hardware architecture while giving them insight into how efficiently the code is using the resources. In this paper, we explore the applicability of 4 top-down models defined for different hardware architectures powering state-of-the-art HPC clusters (Intel Skylake, Fujitsu A64FX, IBM Power9, and Huawei Kunpeng 920) and propose a model for AMD Zen 2. We study a parallel CFD code used for scientific production to compare these 5 Top-Down models. We evaluate the level of insight achieved, the clarity of the information, the ease of use, and the conclusions that each one allows us to reach.

We present a study of hybrid neutron stars with color superconducting quark matter cores at finite temperature that results in sequences of stars with constant entropy per baryon, s/nB=const. For the quark matter equation of state, we employ a recently developed nonlocal chiral quark model while nuclear matter is described with a relativistic density functional model of the DD2 class. The phase transition is obtained by a Maxwell construction under isothermal conditions. We find that traversing the mixed phase on a trajectory at low s/nB≲2 in the phase diagram shows a heating effect while at larger s/nB the temperature drops. This behavior may be attributed to the presence of a color superconducting quark matter phase at low temperatures and the melting of the diquark condensate which restores the normal quark matter phase at higher temperatures. While the isentropic hybrid star branch at low s/nB≲2 is connected to the neutron star branch, it gets disconnected at higher entropy per baryon so that the "thermal twin" phenomenon is observed. We find that the transition from connected to disconnected hybrid star sequences may be estimated with the Seidov criterion for the difference in energy densities. The radii and masses at the onset of deconfinement exhibit a linear relationship and thus define a critical compactness of the isentropic star configuration for which the transition occurs which for large enough s/nB≳2 is accompanied by an instability. The results of this study may be of relevance for uncovering the conditions for the supernova explodability of massive blue supergiant stars by the quark deconfinement mechanism. The accretion-induced deconfinement transition with thermal twin formation may contribute to explaining the origin of eccentric orbits in some binary systems and the origin of isolated millisecond pulsars.

Aiming at the classification identification problem of aeroengines, this paper adopts telemetry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer to collect aeroengine hot jet infrared spectrum data, and proposes an aeroengine classification identification method based on spectral feature vectors. First, aeroengine hot jet infrared spectrum data are acquired and measured, meanwhile, the spectral feature vectors based on CO2 are constructed. Then, the feature vectors are combined with the seven mainstream classification algorithms to complete the training and prediction of the classification model. In the experiment, two Fourier transform infrared spectrometers, EM27 developed by Bruker and a self-developed telemetry FTIR, were used to telemeter the hot jet of three aeroengines to obtain infrared spectral data. The training data set and test data set were randomly divided in a ratio of 3:1. The model training of the training data set and the label prediction of the test data set were carried out by combining spectral feature vectors and classification algorithms. The classification evaluation indicators were accuracy, precision, recall, confusion matrix, and F1-score. The classification recognition accuracy of the algorithm was approximately 98%. This paper has great significance for the fault diagnosis of aeroengines and classification recognition of aircrafts.

The quasi-beta processing was considered as a promising processing technology to obtain a component with an excellent mechanical properties. To achieve an optimized quasi-beta processing parameter of TC21 alloy, the hot deformation behavior in near β phase region for the alloy with a forged structure was investigated by the thermal compression test and finite element (FEM) simulation. The obtained results indicated that the flow behavior of the samples was significantly influenced by the hot deformation parameters and it exhibited a flow hardening behavior at the start stage of deformation. Based on the experimental data, the constitutive equation and processing maps were obtained. The optimum hot processing parameters was 986℃/10^-3s^-1. Based on the FEM simulation results, the evolution of temperature field, strain field and stress field in the deformed samples at different strains exhibited a similar trend in the unstable region, which distributed symmetrically along the center line of the samples, and the center area of the samples was the highest and the center area of the section was the lowest.

This paper describes methods for evaluating the thermal properties of textile materials, clothing composites, and clothing using an integrated measurement system that includes a hot plate, a multi-purpose differential conductometer, a thermal manikin, a temperature gradient measurement device, and a device for measuring the physiological parameters of the human body during the exact evaluation of garment thermal comfort. In practice, measurements were taken on four types of materials widely used in the production of conventional and protective clothing. The measurements were carried out using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, determining the thermal resistances of the material in its uncompressed form and a force that was ten times greater than that needed to determine its thickness. Using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, thermal resistances of textile materials were assessed at different levels of material compression. On hot plates, both conduction and convection had an impact on thermal resistance, but in multi-purpose differential conductometer, only conduction did. Moreover, the reduction of thermal resistance was observed while compressing textile materials.

This study is an attempt to create a framework, using the best available inventory data, to perform lifecycle assessment (LCA) on asphalt pavement production. In particular, the use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as an end-of-life product of deteriorated pavements is under consideration. Following ISO 14000 series standards, the framework constitutes the four major LCA steps in defining goal and scope, lifecycle inventory analysis, environmental impact assessment, and results interpretation. Three different scenarios in which varying portions of RAP are incorporated into hot mix asphalt production are to be compared. The system boundary of this study is limited to the construction and rehabilitation phases and ignores the vehicular use phase. It was found under this study that since high RAP mixtures require more frequent and aggressive maintenance activities, the overall footprint of asphalt pavements constructed with higher RAP contents is also higher. This would necessitate more efficient design procedures and protocols for mixtures produced with high RAP contents to compensate for their lack of long-term performance.

Epidemiological studies indicate an increased risk of cancer from the consumption of very hot foods and beverages. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has already recommended threshold values for the maximum drinking temperature of very hot beverages. The contact time and the contact temperature are decisive for the risk of injury when hot media come into contact with human skin. However, measuring the contact temperature is not easily possible in practice. In the present study, a numerical simulation based on the solution of the heat conduction equation was initially used to investigate whether and for what period of time a constant contact temperature is to be expected under oral conditions. For small circular 3-cm food samples (e.g., cooked potatoes) with 2.5 mm thickness in contact with the tongue, the simulation results in a constant contact temperature of 10 s before cooling. With a thickness of 0.5 mm, the contact temperature is only maintained 1 s. Hot beverages, which spread as a thin film and thereby increase their surface area, can therefore be consumed at higher temperatures than solid foods. Furthermore, a simple test technique with a "measuring spoon" was developed. A hot sample is placed on the tongue. Orientating measurements were used to determine which contact temperature was considered to be just comfortable for any period > 10 s and for which period of less than 10 s it was still just bearable. The contact temperature, which was still perceived as tolerable for periods > 10 s, was 46.5 °C. The time spans for the higher contact temperature 48 °C were between 2 and 4 s and for 49 °C between 1 and 2 s. The course of the contact temperatures determined in the experiment over time allows to calculate the corresponding threshold values of consumption temperatures for various foods. Consumption temperatures of about 56 °C for potatoes and 60 °C for cheese are still perceived as tolerable. In view of the fact that the contact temperature is obviously the determining factor for the risk of injury from burns in the oral cavity in addition to the contact time, it makes sense to reference threshold values to the contact temperature rather than to the surface or consumption temperature of a food product, which is current customary practice. If this contact temperature is defined as a threshold value, the surface or consumption temperature for any other food can be calculated.

Iron powders having average particle sizes of ~40µm are mechanically mixed thoroughly with aluminum powders ranging from 1 to 10 in wt.% with an average particle size of ~10µm. Two different powder metallurgical techniques cold and hot pressing are used to study the effect of the additive element powder on the mechanical properties, wear properties and the microstructure of the iron based alloys. The hot pressing technique was performed at a temperature up to 500°C at 445.6 MPa. The cold pressing technique was performed at 909 MPa in room temperature. By increasing the Al content to 10 wt. % in the base Fe-based matrix, the hardness was decreased from 780 to 690 MPa and the radial strength was decreased from 380 to 202 MPa with reductions of 11.5% and 40%, respectively. Improvement of the wear resistance with the increase addition of the Al powder to the Fe matrix up to 5 times was achieved compared to the alloy without Al addition for different wear parameters namely; wear time and sliding speed.

Sustainable food systems imply the re-use of biowastes and water. In this paper we characterize 30 top soil improvers of anthropogenic, animal and green waste origin, and 11 irrigation waters from rivers, channels, and civil wastewater treatment plants (cWWTPs) for the presence of antimicrobials. Liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was applied to determine 50 different drugs belonging to the classes of sulfonamides (11), tetracyclines (7), fluoroquinolones (10), macrolides (12), amphenicols (3), pleuromutilins (2), diaminopyrimidines (1), rifamycines (1) and lincosamides (1). Biowastes from cWWTPs and animal manure, slurry and litter revealed the highest loads for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides (80, 470, 885, and 4,487 ng/g wet weight, respectively) with nor- and cipro-floxacin as marker of anthropogenic sources. In composts and digestates antimicrobials were almost below the determination limits. Re-used waters for irrigation in open field lettuce production resulted contaminated in the range of 12-221 ng/L for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones, against very few detects in channels and surface waters. Antimicrobials Hazard Index (HI) based on Predicted No Effect Concentration for Antimicrobial Resistance (PNEC_AMR) was largely >100 in contaminated top soil improvers from urban and animal sources. Accounting for worst-case inputs from top soil improvers and irrigation water and dilution factors of amended soil, fluoroquinolones only showed a HI around 1 in open fields for lettuce production. The origin of top soil improvers plays a pivotal role for safe and sustainable leafy vegetable productions, to abate the risk of AMR onset in food-borne diseases, as well the transfer of AMR elements to human gut flora.

Phenotypic plasticity is widely acknowledged as one of the most common solutions for coping with novel environmental conditions following climate change. However, it is less known wheth-er current amounts of trait plasticity, which is sufficient for matching with contemporary climate, will be adequate when global temperatures exceed historical levels. We addressed this issue by ex-ploring the responses of functional and structural leaf traits in Iris pumila clonal individuals to ex-perimentally increased temperature (~1.5°C), using an open top chamber (OTC) design. We de-termined phenotypic values of specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf water con-tent and leaf thickness in leaves sampled from the same clone inside and outside of the OTC de-ployed on it, over seasons and years within two natural populations. We analyzed the data by a repeated multivariate analysis of variance, which is primarily focused on profiles (reaction norms, RNs) of a variable gathered from the same individual at several different time points. We found that the mean RNs of all analyzed traits were parallel regardless of experienced temperatures, but differed in the level and the shape. The populations RNs were similar as well. Since the amount of plasticity in analyzed leaf trait was adequate for coping with elevated temperatures inside the OTCs, we predict that it will be also sufficient for responding to increased temperatures if they exceed the 1.5°C target.

In the extra-thick coal seams and multi-layered hard roofs, the longwall hydraulic support yielding, coal face spalling, strong deformations of goaf-side entry, and severe ground pressure dynamic events typically occur at the longwall top coal caving longwall faces. Based on the Key strata theory an overburden caving model is proposed here to predict the multilayered hard strata behaviour. The proposed model together with the measured stress changes in coal seam and underground observations in Tongxin coal mine provides a new idea to analyse stress changes in coal and help to minimise rock bursts in the multi-layered hard rock ground. Using the proposed primary Key and the sub-Key strata units the model predicts the formation and instability of the overlying strata that leads to abrupt dynamic changes to the surrounding rock stress. The data obtained from the vertical stress monitoring in the 38 m wide coal pillar located adjacent to the longwall face indicates that the Key strata layers have a significant influence on ground behaviour. Sudden dynamically driven unloading of strata was caused by the first caving of the sub-Key strata while reloading of the vertical stress occurred when the goaf overhang of the sub-Key strata failed. Based on this findings several measures were recommended to minimise the undesirable dynamic occurrences including pre-split of the hard Key strata by blasting and using the energy consumption yielding reinforcement to support the damage prone gate road areas. Use of the numerical modelling simulations was suggested to improve the key theory accuracy.

A new type of laminated flooring decorated by resin impregnated paper was designed, with the advantages of high stability, low deformation, natural and beautiful surface texture, comfortable foot feeling, low formaldehyde emission, improved flame retardant, high surface hardness and high wear resistance. The structure of this engineered wood flooring is based on the ordinary laminated flooring, followed by a decorative layer of thin wood pieces, and then the transparent improved flame retardant, wear-resistant paper is added to the top. After main influencing factors analysis, the surface unevenness was seriously affect the flame-retardant performance. The wear-resistant paper pressing technology commonly affects the decorative effect of laminated flooring. The hot-pressing temperature is the most important factor affecting the adhesion of resin impregnated. The optimal hot-pressing parameters are selected as the hot-pressing pressure of 3.5 MPa, hot-pressing temperature of 180 ℃, and hot-pressing time of 40 s. The new laminated flooring was improved with high flame retardant, high wear-resistant, combined with the conventional advantages of both solid wood composite flooring and reinforced wood flooring. The new laminated flooring decorated by resin impregnated paper has broad application prospects.

Continuous casting is the most common method for producing steel into semi-finished shapes like billets or slabs. Throughout this process, steel experiences mechanical and thermal stresses, which influence its mechanical properties. During continuous casting, decreased formability in steel components leads to crack formation and failure. One reason for this phenomenon is the appearance of the soft ferrite phase during cooling. However, it is unclear under which conditions this ferrite is detrimental to the formability. In the present research, we investigated what microstructural changes decrease the formability of microalloyed steels during continuous casting. We studied the hot compression behaviour of microalloyed steel over temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 1100 °C and strain rates of 0.1 s-1 to 0.001 s-1 using a Gleeble 3800® device. We examined microstructural changes at various deformation conditions using microscopy. Furthermore, we implemented a physically-based model to describe the deformation of austenite and ferrite. The model describes the work hardening and dynamic restoration mechanisms, i.e., discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (dDRX) in austenite and dynamic recovery (DRV) in ferrite and austenite. The model considers the stress, strain, and strain rate distribution between phases by describing the dynamic phase transformation during the deformation in iso-work conditions. Increasing the strain rate below the transformation temperature improves hot ductility by reducing DRV and strain concentration in ferrite. Due to limited grain boundary sliding, the hot ductility improves at lower temperatures (<750 °C). In the single-phase domain, DRX improves the hot ductility provided that fracture occurs at strains in which DRX advances. However, at very low strain rates, the ductility decreases due to prolonged time for grain boundary sliding and crack propagation.

Disposable surgical gowns are usually made from petroleum-based synthetic fibers that do not naturally decompose, impacting the environment. A promising approach to diminish the environmental impact of disposable gowns involves utilizing natural fibers and/or bio-based synthetic fibers. In this study, composite web from polylactic bicomponent fiber and natural fibers, cattail and kapok fiber, were prepared by hot-press method. Only the sheath region of the PLA bicomponent fiber melts, acting as an adhesive that enhanced the strength and reduced the thickness of the composite web compared to its state before hot-pressing. Mechanical and physical properties of composite webs were evaluated. Composite webs created from kapok fiber displayed a creamy yellowish-white color, while those made from cattail fiber showed a yellowish-brown color. Composite webs exhibit hydrophobic properties when adding the natural fiber. The maximum natural fiber content, at a ratio of 30, can be incorporated into composite webs while preserving mechanical properties and proper water vapor permeability. This nonwoven material presents an alternative with the potential to replace petroleum-based surgical gowns.

Since the energy sector is the main source of greenhouse gases, it has the highest potential for improvement. Improvements can be achieved by generating energy from renewable sources. Combined with thermal energy storage, concentrating solar power plants represent a promising technology for dispatchable renewable energy, ensuring a stable energy supply even in remote areas without contributing to greenhouse gas emissions during operation. However, it is important to note that greenhouse gases and other polluting emissions may occur during the manufacturing process of concentrating solar power plant components. This work analyses the design of the receiver to produce thermal energy for the existing solar dish CSP plant at the Energy Center of the Politecnico di Torino. The objective of this plant is to produce hot water for a small case study. Considering the average solar irradiance for Turin equal to 800 W/m2, the surface heat flux was obtained from the first part of the analysis, which was used to obtain the maximum internal temperature in the receiver equal to 873.7 °C. The maximum temperature obtained was a constraint for the selection of the material for the solar receiver. Of the various possibilities, copper was chosen. In the second part of the work, a Life Cycle Assessment was carried out to compare the emissions generated during the production of the main components of the CSP plant with the emissions generated by the methane-fuelled water heater that produces the same amount of water as the CSP plant. It can be concluded that the manufacture of the main components of the CSP plant results in lower greenhouse gas emissions than the operational phase of a conventional natural gas-fired water heater (1.6 kg CO2/day).

This study focuses on the increased risk of high heat release and asphyxiation (toxic gas poisoning) in the event of a fire of polyurethane (PU) and MDF-based building materials, which are commonly used in building fires. Among them, polyurethane (PU) building materials are essential for buildings except in Europe and some other countries due to their excellent thermal insulation performance, but problems of short-term heat release and spread of toxic gases in the event of a fire continue to occur. To overcome these problems, researchers are actively working on introducing various flame retardants into building materials. Therefore, in this study, we produced a laboratory-sized (500mm*500mm) plate flame retardant board that can be utilized as a building material with a lower heat release rate and a lower toxicity index by mixing expanded graphite and ceramic binder as flame retardants in a main material based on the cellulose of waste paper by replacing the existing building materials with a hot-press method. According to the ISO-5660-1 test on the heat release rate of the plate flame retardant board, the THR value was 2.9 (MJ/m2) for 10 minutes, showing an effect of reducing the THR value by 36.3 (MJ/m2) compared to the THR value of 39.2 (MJ/m2) of the specimen made using only paper. In addition, the toxicity index of the flame retardant board was checked through the NES 713 test. As a result, the test specimen showed a toxicity index of 0.7, which is 2.4 lower than the toxicity index of 3.1 of MDF, which is utilized as a conventional building material. Based on the results of this study, the cellulose fire retardant board showed the effect of reducing the heat release rate and toxicity index of building materials in a building fire, which reduces the risk of rapid heat spread and smoke toxicity. This has the potential to improve the evacuation time (A-SET) of evacuees in fires. It is also important to show that recycling waste paper and utilizing it as the main material for building materials can be an alternative in terms of sustainable development.

This article reports on the comparative study of the hot deformation behaviour of virgin (steel A) and rejuvenated heat treatment creep-exhausted (steel B) P91 steels. Hot uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the two steels at the deformation temperature range of 900°C-1050°C and a strain rate range of 0.01-10s-1 to 0.6 strain using Gleeble® 3500 equipment. The results showed that the flow stress largely depends on the deformation conditions. The flow stress for the two steels increased with an increase in strain rate at a given deformation temperature and vice versa. The flow stress-strain curves exhibited a dynamic recovery as the softening mechanism. The material constants determined using Arrhenius constitutive equations were: stress exponent was: steel A (5.76) and steel B (6.67), and the apparent activation energy was: steel A (473.1 kJ mol-1) and steel B (564.5 kJmol-1). From these results, steel A exhibited better workability than steel B. Statistical parameters analyses showed that the flow stress for the two steels had a good correlation between the experimental and predicted data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) was: steel A (0.97) and steel B (0.98). The Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) values were: 7.62% (steel A) and 6.54% (steel B). The study shows that the Arrhenius equations can effectively describe the flow stress behaviour of P91 steel, and this method is applicable to the industrial metalworking process.

In this paper, in order to provide proper parameters for the preparation of semi-solid billets, the semi-solid annealing of hot-rolled 2A14 Al alloy was investigated. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). XRD results show that with the increase of temperature, equilibrium θ-Al2Cu gradually dissolved in the matrix. The EDS results of SEM and STEM show that there were coarse θ-Al2Cu phase, ultra-fine precipitate Al(MnFeSi) or (Mn, Fe)Al6 phase and atomic clusters in the microstructure. EBSD results show that the recrystallization mechanism was dominated by continuous static recrystallization (CSRX), the homogeneous nucleation occurred when the sample was heated to near solidus temperature, and CSRX happened in the semi-solid temperature. In the process of recrystallization, the micro-texture changed from preferred orientation to random orientation. A variety of experimental results show that static recrystallization (SRX) occurred at semi-solid temperature due to the blocking effect of atomic clusters on dislocation slip and the Zener drag effect of fine precipitates on low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) disappeared with melting at semi-solid temperature.

This paper evaluates an architectural design using an Energy Consumption consideration of Natural Ventilation in a hot dry climate (Khartoum State), at dwellings design applied. Method was used analysis of Autodesk IEVS software natural ventilation and energy consumption simulation. It resulted that to cooling, by natural ventilation in dwelling design used to get indoor temperature at the comfortable level during the summer. The Best-Case Situation of natural ventilation with consider of energy saving Based on the CFD simulation analysis, the performance of internal air velocity is approximately 0.7m/s. The wind velocity starts to slow down towards the rear of the apartment spaces. Approximately 95% of the internal areas have average air velocity between 0.43 m/s to 0.9 m/s. Internal Air flow pattern single floor house plan at Khartoum (Alazhari City); showing the internal air velocity of 0.7m/s near the window opening positions with the wind directions in the details and pressure of the air as worst-case situation, with velocity and temperature of the air with average 22o as a best-case situation. during a year. Architectural design process in the urban area of Alazhari City for dwelling towards to saving energy was applied and determined into an urban planning neighbourhood at Khartoum.

Nonwovens made of recycled carbon fibers (rCF) and thermoplastic (TP) fibers have excellent economic and ecological potential. In contrast to new fibers, recycled carbon fibers are significantly cheaper and the CO2 footprint is mostly compensated by energy savings in the first product life cycle. The next step for this promising material is its industrial serial use. Therefore the process chain from fiber to composite material is analyzed. Initially rCF length at different positions during the carding process is measured. Thereafter the influence of the TP fibers onto processing, fiber shortening and mechanical properties is evaluated. At last several nonwovens with different TP fibers and fiber volume contents between 15 vol.-% and 30 vol.-% are produced, consolidated by hot pressing and tested by 4-point bending to determine the mechanical values. The fiber length reduction ranges from 20.6 % to 28.4 %. TP fibers cushion the rCF against mechanical stress but hold rCF fragments back due to their crimp. The resulting bending strength varies from 301 MPa to 405 MPa and the stiffness from 16.3 GPa to 30.1 GPa. Design recommendations for reduced fiber shortening are derived as well as material mixtures which offer better homogeneity and higher mechanical properties.

This paper studied the combined influences of the hot streak and swirl on the cooling performances of the NASA C3X guide vane coated with or without TBCs. The results show that: (1) Even under uniform velocity inlet conditions, the hot streak core can be stretched as it impinges the leading edge which causes higher heat load on the suction side of the forward portion. (2) The swirl significantly affects circumferential and radial migration of the hot streak core in the NGV passage. On the passage inlet plane, positive swirl leads to a hotter tip region on the suction side. In comparison, negative swirl leads to a hotter hub region on the pressure side. (3) Under the influence of swirl, migration of coolant improve the coverage of film cooling close to the midspan, while in the regions close to the hub and tip end-wall, the overall cooling performance decrease simultaneously. (4) In the regions with enough internal cooling, the cooling effectiveness increment is always larger than that in other regions. Besides, the overall cooling effectiveness increment decreases on the region covered by film cooling for the coated vane, especially in the region with negative local heat flux.

One of essential procedure nowadays to analyze a dynamic process in Science and Engineering is Computational modeling. Most of dynamic processes are distributed parameter systems, i.e., systems with state variables depend on the number of independent variables (such as space and time) which are expressed by a set of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). Lateral method of lines is a method which used for solving PDEs numerically by solving a set of boundary value problems sequentially. The aim is to report the development of PDE toolbox based on SCILAB. This paper provides users with a method that is very easy to understand in the applications related to dynamic process. The method uses a SCILAB template to develop numerical simulations in the new field. In this paper, a model of tropical fruit heat treatment for decimating insect is presented. The illustration will be given to show how the lateral method of line template works to solve the problem.

Cylindrical Fe-6.5wt.% Si bars with 7.5 mm in diameter were successfully fabricated from as cast ingot through three rolling stages within 10 passes: rough rolling at 850–900 °C and 8–10 m/min, medium rolling at 800–850 °C and 10–15 m/min, and finish rolling at 800–850 °C and 12–18 m/min. The evolution of microstructure, texture and ordered structure, and the mechanical property are investigated. The results showed that the grains were refined by the hot bar rolling. Area fractions of the {100}<011> oriented grains and the {011}<100> oriented grains decreased to 0 during the hot bar rolling. Whereas, the {100}<001> component, the {011}<211> component and the {112}<110> component increased, and γ fiber with {111}<110> component was dominant. DO₃ ordered phase were suppressed, and B2 ordered domains were refined after the hot bar rolling. Ductility of the as rolled bar was higher than that of the rotary swaged bar, due to the absence of the DO₃ ordered phase and the fine grains in the rolled bar. Hence, the hot bar rolling technology is an excellent process to fabricate the Fe-6.5wt.% Si bars.

Isothermal interrupted hot compression tests of 5754 aluminum were conducted on Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator at temperature 350 °C and 450 °C, strain rate 0.1 s-1 and 1s−1. These tests simulated flat rolling to investigate how softening behaviors respond to controlled parameters, such as deformation temperature, strain rate and delay times. This data allowed the parameters for the hot rolling process to be optimized. The delay times during interrupted compression vary between 5s and 60s. The dynamic softening at each pass and metadynamic recrystallization at the intervals of deformation passes were analyzed in detail. 0.2% offset yield strength is applied to calculate the softening fraction undergoing metadynamic recrystallization. A kinetic model was developed to describe metadynamic recrystallization behaviors of the hot deformed 5754 aluminum alloy. Furthermore, the time constant for 50% recrystallization was expressed as functions related to the temperature and the strain rate. The experimental and calculated results were found to be in close agreement, which verified the developed model.

This research aims to develop top-emission OLEDs (Organic Light light-emitting diodes) that exhibit enhanced electro-optical properties regarding color purity, luminance, efficiency, stability, and longer lifetime. To achieve this aim, we have used silicon wafer substrates with a thickness of 675 m. Top-emission OLED fabrication on silicon wafer substrates requires careful material selection and layer configuration. This device structure is described as follows: Silicon/Al (100 nm)/ HATCN (10 nm)/ Dic-TRZ: Ir(mppy)3 (40 nm)/ TPBi (30 nm)/ LiF 1.2 nm / Al 19.9 nm. LiF/Al combination is used as the semi-transparent cathode. Research on top-emission OLEDs has demonstrated the importance of silicon wafer substrates in enhancing electro-optical properties. The optical properties of top-emission OLEDs are significantly influenced by factors such as the semitransparent cathode layer's thickness and the anode layer's surface roughness. Study findings encompass the impact of microcavity on TEOLEDs, dopant concentration on device performance, and device thermal conductivity and lifetime. To create a highly efficient top-emission OLED on a silicon substrate, we meticulously fine-tuned parameters such as the thickness of the cathode Al layer (19.9 nm), the organic layer thickness (HIL - HATCN 10 nm, HTL - NPB 30 nm, ETL - TPBi 30 nm, EML - DIC–TRZ: Ir(mppy)3 40 nm), and the dopant concentration. Electro-optical performance has been significantly improved through optimization, especially in devices with high dopant concentrations. The 38% dopant concentration experiments resulted in a peak current density of 201.97 mA/cm2, a luminance of 4776 cd/m2, and an efficiency of 2.36 cd/A at 9 V. In addition, the high dopant concentration has resulted in a narrow spectral range, indicating a strong microcavity effect. Additionally, Si-TEOLEDs were tested for lifetime under these specific conditions, exhibiting a half-life of 420 hours.

The distribution and variation of top-of-atmosphere longwave cloud radiative forcing (LCRFTOA) has drawn a significant amout of attention due to its importance in understanding the energy budget. Advancements in sensor and data processing technology, as well as a new generation of geostationary satellites, such as the FengYun-4A (FY-4A), allow for high spatial resolutions that are crucial for real-time radiation monitoring. Nevertheless, there is a distinct lack of official top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation products under clear-sky conditions (OLRclear). Consequently, this study addresses the challenge of constructing LCRFTOA data with high spatiotemporal resolution over the full disk region of FY-4A. After simulating the influence of atmospheric parameters on OLRclear based on SBDART radiation transfer model (RTM), we developed a model for estimating OLRclear using infrared channels from the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) onboard the FY-4A satellite. The OLRclear results showed an RMSE of 5.05 W/m2 and MBE of 1.59 W/m2 compared to ERA5. Besides, the calculated LCRFTOA results were validated against instantaneous, daily average, and monthly average ERA5 and CERES LCRFTOA products, supporting the validity of the algorithm proposed in this paper. Finally, the changes in LCRFTOA due to variaty cloud heights (high, medium, and low cloud) were analyzed. This study provides the basis for comprehensive studies on the characteristics of top-of atmosphere radiation.

In the post antimicrobial era, increasing attention is paid towards using bacteriophage (phage in short) therapy to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The first step in phage therapy applications is isolating highly efficient lytic phages or phage cocktails from various sources. When a double-layer- agar with around 0.7% agar in top agar is employed, it results in a low number of phage isolation with a poor resolution, and in many cases, you miss the phage. To address this problem, a low concentration of agar in top agar is examined for better phage isolation. Here, our results proved the efficiency of isolating phage upon formulating a double-layer agar with 0.3% agar in top agar. A sewage sample was collected then phages were isolated, purified, and spotted on a top layer agar with 0.3% agar. The results showed the possibility of isolating a higher number of phages on 0.3% top agar than 0.7%. The finding advocates using 0.3% top agar for the double-layer agar, as it will provide fast, better, and easy phage screening and isolation.

In the steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams (SIETCS) mined using the horizontal sublevel top-coal caving (HSTCC) method, the uncertainty of gas emission is a safety threat to the mining operations. In order to reduce the occurrence of accidents, the determination of gas emission is crucial. In this paper, we first proposed a prediction model for workers at the floor coalbed to calculate gas emission on site. We then put forward a finite element numerical simulation for researchers to predict gas emission from the floor coalbed. At last, we measured gas emitted from the floor coalbed of SIETCS in Wudong Coal Mine in a specific mining period and used the data to verify the applicability and accuracy of these two gas-emission prediction methods. The results showed that the gas emission from Wudong Coal Mine was 1.08 m³/min calculated based on the prediction model and 1.07 m³/min obtained using the user-defined integration method. Both methods have their own advantages, disadvantages and applicable objects, and are important in predicting gas emission from SIETCS mined using HSTCC method.

Commercial production of Choromytilus meridionalis (black mussel) and Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) contributes to half of the South African marine aquaculture production per year. However, limited ready-to-eat black mussel products are available. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the effects of storage (15 days at room temperature) on the total viable counts (TVC), coliforms, proximate composition, and fat oxidation (TBARS) of a small-scale kitchen-based ready-to-eat hot smoked black mussel product preserved with vegetable oil. Three batches of black mussel meat were smoked at 80ºC for 15 minutes. Half of each batch were packaged in sterile glass jars with heated (50ºC) vegetable oil and half without oil. Microbiological analyses were done at days 1, 3, 9 and 15. Proximate composition was determined at day 1 and TBARS at days 1 and 15. Coliforms for all samples throughout the storage period were undetected. TVC plates for mussels stored without oil had no growth at days 1 to 5, however, reached TVC > 5 log10.g-1 at day 15. TVC for mussels with oil increased from 0 at day 1 to > 5 log10.g-1 at day 3 and remained at counts > 5 log10.g-1. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in moisture, protein, and ash for mussels stored with oil and those without oil, while significant differences (P < 0.001) in total fat and carbohydrates (10.27 ± 2.10% and 6.80 ± 2.22% with oil, and 5.05 ± 1.49% and 10.59 ± 3.00% without oil) were detected. These differences were due to the presence of additional fats from the vegetable oil. TBARS at day 15 showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between mussels stored with oil and those without oil. There were no significant differences in TBARS from day 1 to 15 for both oil and without oil. Small-scale kitchen-based smoked black mussels preserved without vegetable oil could be stored for up to 9 days at room temperature.

One of the main factors that influence the fertility of cattle in grazing systems in hot tropical climates is heat stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season, breed, hormonal and physiological condition on the quantity and quality of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and embryos produced in vitro, from Romosinuano (RM) and Tropical Milking (TM) donors. Three ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization (OPU-IVF) were performed, one per season; hot dry (HD; 10, 10), hot humid (HH; 9, 9) and fresh dry (FD; 7, 10) in RM and LT donors. Serum levels of cortisol, insulin and glucose were measured, in addition to heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT). Effect of season x genotype interaction (p≤0.05) was observed in all COCs variables and only in cleavage embryos (CLI) (p≤0.05). Body weight (BW) affected all COCs variables (p≤0.01), except unviable (UNV) although affected degenerated embryos (DEG) (p≤0.01) and total blastocysts (BLAST) (p≤0.01). Cow age only affected viable COCs (VIAB) (p ≤ 0.05), code one blastocysts (BC1) and BLAST (p≤0.01). Cortisol affected total COCs (COCsT), VIAB and total matured in vitro (TMIV) (p≤0.01), as well as CLI, BC1 (p≤0.01) and BLAST (p≤0.05). Insulin affected COCsT (p≤0.01), UNV (p≤0.05), denuded oocytes (DE) (p≤0.01), BC1 and code two blastocysts (BC2) (p≤0.01). Glucose affected all COCs variables (p≤0.01), except UNV and all embryo variables except BC2. HR affected COCsT, DE, TMIV (p≤0.01), CLI, BLAST and DEG (p≤0.05). RR affected COCsT, UNV, VIAB, CLI (p≤0.05), BC1, BLAST and DEG (p≤0.01). RT only affected DE, VIAB (p≤0.01) and BLAST (p≤0.05). The seasonal climatic year variation of Veracruz and changes in physiological and hormonal variables have diverse effects on the cumulus-oocyte complexes and embryos produced by RM and TM donors.

In this study, the effect of laser processing (LP) on the thermoelectric (TE) properties of bismuth antimony telluride (BST) alloy pellets is investigated. The stoichiometric alloy used is Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3.0, which was prepared by mechanical alloying techniques (MA) and hot pressed (HP) into pellets under optimal pressing and temperature conditions. An innovative approach to HP was also developed to enhance the yield of BST samples per HP process while maintaining the TE profiles of the samples within a variance of less than 1%. The LP process was executed by employing a metal 3D printer, with a thorough analysis of beam parameters. Notably, the laser power (P) was held constant at 25 W, along with a fixed hatching distance (HD) of 50 μm, while the parameter adjusted was the laser's scanning speed (SS), which spanned from [600 - 1800] mm/s in increments of 200 mm/s. Examination via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed two material states: melted and sintered. The melted state formed the surface crust of "canyon" patterns that were held on the surface of the samples, and which both size and quantity were altered with changes in SS. For thermoelectric characterization, two distinct shapes of LP samples were produced: rectangular (for electrical properties) and disk (for thermal properties). The results demonstrated that the electrical properties are profoundly influenced by SS, with the electrical conductivity peak at SS value of 1600 mm/s, while the Seebeck coefficient reaches a minimum at the same value. Consequently, within the temperature range of interest, a notable 12% increase in electrical conductivity and a 9% decrease in the Seebeck coefficient were observed compared to the non-LP material state. Overall, the ZT value experience an 6.9% decline within the same temperature interval.

Since decades, oxybutynin hydrochloride is prescribed to improve bladder control in cases of incontinence and excessive urination frequency. This review summarizes synthetic methods enabling preparation of the racemic drug and, in a detailed manner, preparation of (S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid, a key intermediate in the synthesis of (S)-oxybutynin. Mode of action and metabolism are briefly commented in order to explain the main adverse effects associated with its use and to justify the evolution observed in the diverse commercial formulations. Repositioning opportunities are discussed in terms of clinical trials for the management of hyperhidrosis, hot flashes, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Cancer is considered nowadays one of the main causes of human death worldwide, being characterized by an alteration of the oxidative metabolism. Many natural compounds with anti-tumor attributes have been described, many of them from plant origin. Among them, capsaicin, which is the molecule responsible for the pungency in hot pepper fruits, has been reported to show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, as well as anti-proliferative properties against cancer. Thus, in this work the potential anti-proliferative activity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits from diverse varieties with different capsaicin content (California < Piquillo < Padrón < Alegría riojana) against several tumor cell lines (lung, melanoma, hepatoma, colon, breast, pancreas, and prostate) has been investigated. The results showed that the capsaicin content in pepper fruits did not correspond with their anti-proliferative activity against tumor cell lines. By contrast, the greatest activity was promoted by the pepper tissues which contained the lowest capsaicin amount. This indicates that other compounds different from capsaicin have this anti-tumor potentiality in pepper fruits. Based on this, green fruits from the variety Alegría riojana, which has negligible capsaicin levels, was used to study the effect on the oxidative and redox metabolism of tumor cell lines from liver (Hep-G2) and pancreas (MIA PaCa-2). Different parameters from both lines treated with pepper fruit crude extracts were determined including, among others, protein nitration and protein S-nitrosation (two post-translational modifications (PTMs) promoted by nitric oxide), the antioxidant capacity, as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Besides, the activity of the NADPH-generating enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH) was followed. Our data revealed that the treatment of both cell lines with pepper fruit extracts altered their antioxidant capacity, enhanced the catalase activity, and considerably reduced the activity of the NADPH-generating enzymes. As a consequence, less H2O2 and NADPH seem to be available to cells, thus avoiding cell proliferation and possibly triggering cell death in both cell lines.

The influence of the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) post-processing step on structural and phase changes, porosity healing and mechanical strength in a powder metallurgy Ti35Nb2Sn alloy was studied. Powders were pressed at room temperature at 750 MPa, and then sintered at 1,350°C in a vacuum for 3 h. The standard HIP process at 1,200°C and 150 MPa for 3 h was performed to study its effect on a Ti35Nb2Sn powder metallurgy alloy. The influence of the HIP process and cold rate on density, microstructure, the quantity of interstitial elements, mechanical strength and Young's modulus was investigated. HIP post-processing for 2 h at 1,200°C and 150 MPa led to greater porosity reduction and a marked retention of the β phase at room temperature. The slow cooling rate during the HIP process affected phase stability, with a large amount of α”-phase precipitate, which decreased the titanium alloy’s yield strength.

In this study, the hot deformation of Cu-0.55Sn-0.08La (wt%) alloy was studied by gleeble-3180 testing machine at deformation temperatures of 400-700oC and various strain rates. The stress-strain curve showed that the hot deformation behavior of Cu-0.55Sn-0.08La (wt%) alloy was greatly affected by work hardening, dynamic recovery, and dynamic recrystallization. The activation energy Q was calculated as 287.141 kJ/mol , and hot compression constitutive equation was determined as ε ̇=[sinh(0.006388σ)]^12.123∙exp⁡(37.7505-287.141/RT). The microstructural evolution of the alloy during deformation at 400oC revealed the presence of both slip and shear bands in the grains. At 700oC, dynamic recrystallization grains were observed but recrystallization was incomplete. In sum, these results provided the theoretical basis for continuous extrusion process of alloys with promising future use.

Due to an increase of the monocrystalline PV systems installations, for a drive towards the sustainable smart cities in the hot arid developing country such as Pakistan, pose challenges of the performance and degradation issues. Monocrystalline PV module efficiencies are declining and damaging under the continuous exposure to higher surface day-time temperatures in the different parts of the country. A MATLAB simulations were performed based on the validated mathematical approach. This paper investigates the hot arid surface temperature impacts on the performance of PV modules during the summer and winter seasons in Pakistan. The investigations are performed examining the power generating efficiency of the PV system. This paper also investigates the influence of installations of PV-system in the North, South, East and West regions of Pakistan. It was examined that the northern areas of Pakistan are more suitable for maintaining the long-term durability of the PV system. Investigations are performed for the peak summer and peak winter days. During summer months, cooling strategies have to be implemented to overcome the heating effects whilst reducing degradation effect on installed PV-system.

In the present study Aprepitant (APT) ternary solid dispersions (SDs) were developed and evaluated for the first time. Specifically, ternary SDs of APT with Poloxamer 188 and Soluplus^® (SOL) were prepared via melt mixing and compared to binary APT/Poloxamer 188 and APT/SOL SDs. Initially, combined thermo-gravimetric and hot-stage polarized light microscopy studies indicated that all tested compounds were thermally stable up to 280 °C, while Poloxamer 188 acted as a plasticizer to SOL by significantly reducing the temperature required to fully solubilize the API during SD preparation. Differential scanning calorimetry combined with wide angle X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystalline API was dispersed in both binary and ternary SDs, while Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopy studies revealed no molecular interactions among the components. Scanning electron microscopy combined with EDAX element analysis showed that the API was dispersed in nano-scale within the polymer matrices, while increasing APT content led to increasing API nano-crystals within the SDs. Finally, dissolution studies showed that the prepared formulations enhanced dissolution of Aprepitant and its mechanism analysis was further studied. A mathematical model was also investigated to evaluate the drug release mechanism

The flow behavior of Fe-6.5wt.%Si alloys during hot compression was investigated at temperatures 650–950 °C and strain rates 0.01–10 s^-1. The results showed that the flow stress depended distinctly on the deformation temperatures and strain rates. The flow stress and work hardening rate increased with the decrease of temperature and the increase of strain rate. The activation energy under all the deformation conditions was calculated to be 410 kJ/mol. The constitutive equation with hyperbolic sine function and Zener–Hollomon parameter was developed. The peak stress, critical stress, and steady-state stress could be represented as σ=A+Bln(Z/A). Dynamic recrystallization occurred under the deformation conditions where the values of Z were lower than 10²⁰. Processing maps were established to optimize the processing parameters. The power dissipation efficiency decreased in the high temperature and low strain rate region, increased in the high temperature and high strain rate region, and remained unchanged in other regions with the increase of true strain. Furthermore, the unstable area expanded. The true strain of 0.7 was the optimum reduction according to the processing map. Based on the analysis of surface quality, microstructures, and ordered structures, the optimized processing parameters for the Fe-6.5wt.%Si alloys were the temperature and strain rate of higher than 900 °C and 0.01–10 s^-1, respectively, or 800–900 °C and lower than 0.4 s^-1, respectively.

The objective of parsing is to transform a natural language sentence it in to a standard order. and in a same way a sentence is tokenized with an appropriate format. There are certain English grammar evaluation rules and the parsing approach which is to be followed for the proper formation of a particular sentence syntactically and semantically using the parsing approach. A sentence in English language is the main element in the semantic parser, which creates a parse tree with the help of applying semantic dating technique to a number of phrases. A parser divides a token into smaller components by applying sets of guidelines that characterize and a series of the tokens to determine its structure of the language, which specified by grammar. The illustration provides easy records on grammatical connections, which can simply know and put into practice with those who have no prior knowledge of the language, such as those who need to obtain textual family members. The semantic family members represent the relationships of a number of the words in the sentence. We advocate utilizing our parser to acquire the tagged sets as well as a context-free layout grammatical representation for the source form. All pronouns, adverbs, singular, plural, nouns, verbs, people, adjectives, tenses and other words are kept in a database.

The Asian world is home to a multitude of venomous and dangerous snakes, which are attributed to various medical effects used in the preparation of traditional snake tinctures and alcoholics, like the Japanese snake wine, named Habushu. The aim of this work was to perform the first quantitative proteomic analysis of the Protobothrops flavoviridis pit viper venom. Accordingly, the venom was analyzed by complimentary bottom-up and top-down mass spectrometry techniques. The mass spectrometry-based snake venomics approach revealed that more than half of the venom is composed of different phospholipases A2 (PLA2). The combination with an intact mass profiling led to the identification of the three main Habu PLA2s. Furthermore, nearly one-third of the total venom consists of snake venom metalloproteinases and disintegrins, and several minor represented toxins families were detected: CTL, CRISP, svSP, LAAO, PDE and 5’-nucleotidase. Finally, the venom of P. flavoviridis contains certain bradykinin-potentiating peptides and related peptides, like the svMP inhibitors pEKW, pEQW, pEEW and pENW. In preliminary MTT cytotoxicity assays the highest cancerous-cytotoxicity of the crude venom was measured against human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and shows in some fractions disintegrin-like effects.

The decline of conventional oil reserves in Nigeria's Niger Delta region necessitates the exploration of alternative heavy oil recovery methods, particularly given that heavy oil constitutes nearly 20% of the region's estimated crude oil reserves. This study investigates the optimization of enhanced heavy oil recovery through the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and innovative hot chemical flooding techniques. The experimental phase involved the development of a novel chemical mix comprising dissolved liquid soap, scent leaf extract, bitter leaf extract, palm frond ash, xanthan gum, dry gin, and a unique alkali-surfactant mixture (DG + DPFA). These chemicals were tested at varying injection temperatures, and their respective recovery efficiencies were evaluated. For the ANN model development, key reservoir and operational parameters—porosity, permeability, oil specific gravity, and injection temperature—were utilized as input layers, with three hidden layers and one output layer representing the recovery efficiency. The ANN model successfully correlated the input parameters to recovery efficiencies, providing a robust prediction framework for enhanced heavy oil recovery. Software simulations conducted in parallel with the experimental work offered insights into future recovery potential and anticipated water cut profiles. Furthermore, the study presented mathematical correlations for each chemical flooding process, linking the input variables to recovery efficiency. The integration of ANN modelling and experimental validation establishes a comprehensive methodology for optimizing heavy oil recovery in the Niger Delta, suggesting that upstream companies should consider adopting hot chemical flooding strategies to enhance production rates and economic returns. These findings underscore the importance of leveraging advanced technologies and local resources to address the challenges of heavy oil recovery in declining conventional reservoirs.

Structural and functional materials are subjected to harsh oxidizing environments that lead to a rapid decline in their surface chemical stability. At high-temperatures, the diffusion of atoms is erratic; thus, the reactive elements (REs) get a chance to migrate to the surface and look for oxygen-reactive sites. Their migration from the lattice sites creates vacancies in the matrix and thus weakens the bond, making the material prone to environmental degrading factors. Subsequently, the inward diffusion of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon may occupy these vacancies, resulting in undesired precipitation at the grain boundary, which is usually brittle. The solubility and dissociation of attacking species and corrosion products play the most critical role in corrosion in high-temperature water. To evade such situations, Ti, Al, and Cr are added in Ni/Fe-based alloys, forming a dense oxide layer on the surface that impedes further surface migration of ions. The stability of the alloys is then determined by the capability of these oxide layers to heal or reform during spalling/cracking. This review attempts to understand the migration of REs at the interfaces to prepare structural materials in any unexpected set of oxidizing service conditions. This review will also try to establish the interaction mechanism of REs novel/conventionally added in the alloys with the oxidizing elements in the environments to design better degradation-resistant high-temperature alloys.

Artificial intelligence methods, especially artificial neural networks (ANNs), have increasingly been utilized for the mathematical description of physical phenomena in (metallic) material processing. Traditional methods often fall short in explaining the complex, real-world data ob-served in production. While ANN models, typically functioning as "black boxes," improve pro-duction efficiency, a deeper understanding of the phenomena, akin to that provided by explicit mathematical formulas, could enhance this efficiency further. This article proposes a general framework that leverages (CAE) ANNs to explain predicted results alongside their graphical presentation, marking a significant improvement over previous approaches and those relied on expert assessments. Unlike existing Explainable AI (XAI) methods, the proposed framework mimics the standard scientific methodology, utilizing minimal parameters for the mathematical representation of physical phenomena and their derivatives. Additionally, it analyzes the relia-bility and accuracy of the predictions using well-known statistical metrics, transitioning from deterministic to probabilistic descriptions for better handling of real-world phenomena. The proposed approach addresses both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties inherent in the data. The concept is demonstrated through the hot extrusion of aluminum alloy 6082, where CAE ANN models and predicts key parameters, and ChatGPT explains the results, enabling researchers and/or engineers to better understand the phenomena and outcomes obtained by ANNs.

Focusing on the problem of identifying and classifying aero-engine models, this paper measures the infrared spectrum data of aero-engine hot jets using a telemetry Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Simultaneously, infrared spectral data sets with the six different types of aero-engines are created. For the purpose of classifying and identifying infrared spectral data, a CNN architecture based on the continuous wavelet transform peak seeking attention mechanism (CWT-AM-CNN) is suggested. This method calculates the peak value of middle wave band by continuous wavelet transform, and the peak data is extracted by the statistics of the wave number locations with high frequency. Attention mechanism is used for the peak data, and the attention mechanism is weighted to the feature map of the feature extraction block. The training set, vali-dation set and prediction set are divided in the ratio of 8:1:1 for the infrared spectral data sets. For three different data sets, CWT-AM-CNN proposed in this paper is compared with the classical classifier algorithm based on CO2 feature vector and the popular AE, RNN and LSTM spectral processing networks. The prediction accuracy of the proposed algorithm in the three data sets is as high as 97%, and the lightweight network structure design not only guarantees high precision, but also has a fast running speed, which can realize the rapid and high-precision classification of the infrared spectral data of the aero-engine hot jets.

Hypertension (HTN) is the foremost contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which remain a leading cause of death. However, adherence to the properly prescribed dosage form is critical and challenging for patients with chronic diseases such as HTN to prevent illness progression and death. The study’s objective was to develop AMB-loaded subcutaneous implants to reduce the frequency of administration, thus improving patient compliance during HTN management. AMB subcutaneous implants were prepared using continuous hot melt extrusion technology using PCL and PLGA with dimensions of 7.5 cm (length) by 2 mm (diameter). The implants were characterized for thermal characteristics, drug-excipient incompatibilities, surface morphology, fracturability, in vitro release, and stability studies. DSC showed that the drug was in the crystalline state in the fabricated implants. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a smooth surface. The lead formulation presented good drug content, showed an extended drug release profile over 30 days, and followed zero-order release kinetics with a mean dissolution time of 15 days. The formulation was stable over 30 days in accelerated stability conditions (the last time point was tested, 40℃/75% RH), and the release profile was similar to the initial drug release profile. The lead formulation showed good fracturability during textural analysis. Therefore, the hot melt extruded implants could be an alternative management strategy for conventional amlodipine besylate (AMB) formulation.

The menopausal transition often accompanies distressing manifestations, including vasomotor symptoms, sleep disruptions, and depressive syndrome. Omega-3 fatty acids have emerged as a potential intervention to alleviate these symptoms. This review aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of omega-3 supplementation on vasomotor symptoms, sleep quality, and depression among postmenopausal women. We conducted a systematic search focusing on randomized control trials across the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases from inception to August 2023. Among the initial pool of 163 studies, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into this review. Four studies suggested potential benefits of omega-3 intake for improving hot flashes and night sweats. Sleep quality outcomes displayed heterogeneity across the studies. Incorporating diverse scales such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21, the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for depression outcomes, the review found inconclusive evidence on omega-3's impact on depression. Overall, the combined analysis of these studies did not provide substantial evidence to support the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in improving vasomotor symptoms, sleep quality, and depression. Further well-designed RCTs with larger participant groups are crucial to validate and generalize these results.

Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the indicators of the aging-friendly using GIS software in the eight districts of Ahwaz, southwest Iran in 2022. Materials and methods: this descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 317 older adults by stratified random sampling method. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics and aging-friendly city indicators. GIS methods were used for the spatial analysis and SPSS version 28 software was used to analyze descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age of the participants was 66.21±6.99 years. Most of the participants in this study were male (53.9%), illiterate (34.7%), married (84.9%) and residents of district 7 (22.1%). The findings of the present study showed that all 8 districts follow spatial autocorrelation and cluster pattern in all components of the aging-friendly city (urban open spaces, intra-urban transportation system, public and religious places and buildings, safety and ease of traffic, social participation and communication, social respect, culture-recreation, health and treatment). Conclusion: According to the results, the city of Ahwaz is far from the ideal level among the components of an aging-friendly city; therefore, provincial and city officials should pay more attention to these indicators and take more effective steps to increase their quality.

In this paper, through high-temperature tensile tests of 55NiCrMoV7 steel, the high-temperature fracture behavior, microstructure evolution and carbide distribution characteristics of both thermal-mechanical coupling zone (fracture zone) and thermal stress zone (clamping zone) at different temperatures were studied. Intrinsic relationship between high temperature fracture and carbides types, distribution and size were revealed and evolution mechanism of microstructure near cracks in 55NiCrMoV7 hot-working die steel during high temperature deformation was clarified. Samples were stretched at different temperatures from 25 °C to 700 °C, and microscopic examinations were carried out by using SEM and TEM. The results showed that: With the increase of temperature, tensile strength and yield strength decreased, elongation and reduction of area increased, and fracture mode changed from brittle fracture to ductile fracture by transition temperature at about 400℃. During high temperature deformation, the grain dislocation density decreased, the tempered martensite decomposed, recovered, recrystallized, and then grain grew. M7C3 and M23C6 carbides precipitated and grew along the grain boundary, and a small amount of fine granular MC carbides were dispersed in the grain. The work done by the external force on the deformation zone would cause the temperature of it to be higher than tensile temperature, which provides thermodynamic conditions for the re-dissolution of small carbides near the fracture zone and the grain growth of large carbides, resulting in the decrease of small carbides and increase of large carbides in thermal-mechanical coupling zone.