preprints.org > physical sciences > theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v38

Preprint Article Version 38 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Einstein’s special (SR) and general relativity (GR) provide only a subjective description of nature. All equations are true for just one observer. It is always possible to transform the equations for a second observer. But then again, they are true for just one observer. Here I show: (1) SR/GR have an issue. Rulers and clocks measure proper distance d_i and proper time τ. They are not aware of coordinate space x₁, x₂, x₃ and coordinate time t in SR. They are also not aware of those x_i that parameterize spacetime in GR. Thus, they cannot display what is calculated in SR/GR. SR/GR work well for each observer, but they do miss the big picture in cosmology/quantum mechanics. (2) Euclidean relativity (ER) provides an objective description of nature. In ER, the proper coordinates d₁, d₂, d₃, τ of any (!) object span “natural spacetime”, which is 4D Euclidean space (ES) if we take cτ as d₄. All energy is moving through ES at the speed c. Each observer’s reality is created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper space and to his proper time. These axes are reassembled in SR/GR to a non-Euclidean spacetime. However, the SO(4) symmetry of ES is not compatible with waves. This is fine because waves are observer-related features: What I deem wave, deems itself matter. We must distinguish between an observer’s reality (with waves) and the master reality (without waves). SR/GR describe an observer’s reality. ER describes the master reality. ER improves our understanding of cosmology and quantum mechanics: It solves the Hubble tension, dark energy, and non-locality.

spacetime; cosmology; Hubble constant; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

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