preprints.org > physical sciences > general & theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v20

Preprint Article Version 20 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Today's concept of time traces back to Albert Einstein's theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). In SR, uniformly moving clocks are slow with respect to my clocks. In GR, clocks in a more curved spacetime are slow with respect to my clocks. Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue as it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: Einstein's concept of time has an issue because the proper time of some observer is taken as the fourth coordinate of all objects in the universe. We choose "Euclidean time" (proper time of an object), which is the absolute value of a 4D vector "flow of time" divided by the speed of light. This vector is pointing from the Big Bang in Euclidean spacetime (ES) to the object. In Euclidean relativity (ER), each clock has a unique flow of time related to its position in ES and is thus slow with respect to an observer's clock. It is not slow in its, but in his proper flow of time. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer's reality is formed by projecting ES to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. GR misinterprets this projection as a curved spacetime. We derive the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR. Predictions made by SR are correct because the Lorentz transformation is equivalent to one 4D rotation of an object's flow of time. A cosmology that is based on GR needs additional concepts, such as dark energy, to compensate for the ignored 4D vectors "flow of time". ER is superior to SR and GR as it solves 13 fundamental mysteries, such as time, time's arrow, mc², two competing Hubble constants, the wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement.

cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; quantum entanglement

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, General & Theoretical Physics