Physical Sciences

Abstract: Space travel is hazardous because its environment contains higher amounts of radiation compared to the Earth. For this reason, materials must be optimized for radiation shielding to protect organic life forms and electrical equipment. This project focuses on creating effective shielding for protection against space radiation. The Stopping Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) is a software used to simulate the electronic stopping power of protons in materials and can assist in optimizing them for shielding. SRIM was used to simulate diamond (D), graphite (G), carbon nanotubes (CNT) and combinations of material layer ordering consisting of the three allotropes with 145 MeV Protons. Results showed that diamond, graphite and carbon nanotube (D_G_CNT) were the optimal order of layering for minimum penetration depth amongst these multi-layered materials. The multi-layered material CNT_G_D having the least effective stopping power reordered to D_G_CNT, the travel depth reduces by 28.14%, showing how layer ordering effects the stopping power of a material.

Abstract: Bell statistics characterize setting-conditioned one-trial behavior. They do not generally determine the joint law of an ordered record. We define exact one-trial fibers that contain processes with identical marginal Bell behavior and different cross-trial dependence. We then separate three components of the acquisition architecture. These components are sampling geometry, trial admission, and programmed measurement context. The distinction determines which mathematical and causal assumptions apply. For equatorial GHZ measurements, we construct explicit temporally distinct models in the same one-trial fiber and derive the sharp one-direction hiding cap. A second-order schedule map shows how periodic sampling can suppress informative lags or create exact aliases. Outcome involutions yield an anytime-valid e-process under predictable conditional symmetry. Source-gated analyses of NIST, Delft, Weihs, AlmostDI, and ETH records illustrate exclusion, anomaly routing, event-ready admission, pairing sensitivity, cross-talk localization, and model comparison. Controlled experiments on one IBM Marrakesh QPU test the analysis under internally committed ground truth. IBM-1 recovers all 180 injected telegraph blocks up to a global label and recovers an injected line frequency to 1.13 × 10−5 cycles per tick. IBM-2 recovers twelve programmed phases with mean circular error 0.043 rad. A training phase-orbit model predicts held-out co-located CHSH witnesses. The aligned witness is 2.8086, while a full phase sweep gives 0.0306. Matched separable controls remain below a simultaneous upper bound of 1.113. These experiments demonstrate identifiability and aggregation procedures under the programmed models. They do not establish a spontaneous hardware clock or a spacelike Bell test on the QPU.

Abstract: Atmospheric-pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a promising technique for rapid, and label-free characterization of particulate materials because of its ability to generate material-dependent optical emission signatures under ambient conditions. In this work, an enhanced plasma-induced ionization fluorescence spectroscopy (PIFS) platform based on an open atmospheric-pressure discharge configuration is presented for the characterization of representative organic and inorganic particulate materials. The PIFS system uses two porous nickel electrodes separated by a dielectric (glass) spacer to generate a stable DC plasma discharge while simultaneously providing a large effective discharge nanotextured surface for plasma-particle interactions. Unlike our previously reported PIFS platforms, the porous-electrode architecture enhances plasma stability and promotes localized electrostatic particle accumulation, thereby improving plasma-particle interactions and measurement reproducibility. Optical emission generated during particle excitation was collected using a fiber-optic probe coupled to an Ocean Insight QE Pro spectrometer with approximately 1 nm spectral resolution. Representative organic materials, consisting of bee pollen, cellulose, and lactate, together with inorganic materials such as rust particles (iron oxide), sodium chloride, and blowing dust, were investigated at particle loadings of 1, 3, and 6 mg. The measured spectra revealed distinct emission fingerprints over the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. Bee pollen and iron oxide showed the largest spectral modifications, whereas cellulose, sodium chloride, and blowing dust produced comparatively smaller perturbations of the plasma emission profile. Quantitative comparison of characteristic emission wavelengths at 590, 660, 775, and 950 nm further indicated that each material possesses a unique normalized intensity distribution suitable for spectral discrimination. Analysis of the influence of particle loading showed increasing emission intensity for bee pollen, relatively stable responses for cellulose, lactate, and sodium chloride, and a decreasing response for blowing dust, due to particle deposition, optical attenuation and insulation of electrode surfaces. The proposed experimental platform provides a simple, reproducible, and cost-effective approach for plasma-based particulate characterization and demonstrates considerable potential for environmental monitoring, aerosol identification, and industrial process diagnostics.

Abstract: The main aim in this paper is to present a temperature-dependent version of the Englert-Schwinger functional, within the quantum statistical model, for computing the finite temperature equation of state of electrons in plasmas. Schwinger and co-workers originally derived the functional for the case of isolated atoms at zero temperature, and applied it to compute the electronic properties. After deriving the extension to finite temperatures, a new algorithm is developed to solve the finite temperature Englert-Schwinger model. With the introduction of corrections to the density of strongly bound electrons, the model automatically takes into account the effects of these electrons in all the thermodynamic properties. Furthermore, the approach reduces the order of the nonlinear differential equation to two, in lieu of four in the quantum statistical model. Thus, at much less computing efforts, the model would be useful in high-energy-density physics applications of equation of state theory. Numerical results obtained for Cu and Al are compared with those of the original quantum statistical model. Good agreement is found for pressure and energy of electrons. The Appendix provides a derivation of the stationary property of the finite temperature free energy functional, and details of the new algorithm.

Abstract: We present a fully self-contained derivation of the Standard Modelgauge structure from operational axioms on a quantum-informationreceiver. A receiver that must distinguish two source preparationsmodulo a fixed-point-free involutive opposition is shown to requirea minimal contour graph. Requiring a faithful three-class endpointquotient—motivated by the three observed colors of QCD and thethree generations of fermions—forces the minimal contour to be thecycle C₆ = Z/6Z. The six orientations of C6 induce six candidatespectral projections onto Z3. Four explicit admissibility conditions(opposition separation, forward transport, receiver faithfulness, andnon-degenerate flavour lifting) reduce these to the arithmetic towerq = 2(6n+ 1). The smallest non-degenerate value, q = 14 (r= 7), isselected by a minimality principle on the boundary carrier dimension.This primitive projection yields the finite algebra C⊕H⊕M3(C), whichcoincides with the noncommutative-geometry Standard Model algebra.We write the explicit Standard Model Lagrangian derived from thespectral action on this algebra. The five non-primitive projectionscorrespond to dormant sectors: a left–right symmetric extension, aU(1)-stripped sector, and a Pati–Salam SU(4) sector. The SU(4)sector necessarily contains a sequential fourth generation of quarksand leptons together with vector leptoquarks. We estimate their massrange from perturbative unitarity and electroweak naturalness, andformulate precise, quantitative falsification conditions for the FCC-hh.All assumptions are stated explicitly; no prior knowledge of the QICTprogramme is required.

Abstract: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) plays pivotal roles in plant growth, abiotic stress responses, detoxification of xenobiotics, and maintenance of redox homeostasis. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pea of DX27 under low temperature stress(-4°C) at 3, 6, and 12 h. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of global transcriptomic data further revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in oxidation-reduction processes, stress responses, glutathione metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis—functional categories. A total of 52 PsatGST genes were identified and classified into nine subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships. Chromosomal localization revealed a non-random distribution across seven chromosomes. Promoter cis-element analysis indicated that PsatGST genes harbor diverse regulatory elements associated with light responsiveness, hormone signaling (auxin, abscisic acid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, and MeJA), and abiotic/biotic stress responses (low-temperature, wounding, and anaerobic induction). PsatGSTU18 and PsatGSTF2 expression analysis showing pronounced up-regulation at 12 h under low temperature stress (-4°C) at 3, 6, and 12 h. These findings provide a foundational framework for understanding the evolutionary history and functional diversification of the PsatGSTs gene family and offer valuable candidate genes for breeding stress-tolerant pea varieties.

Abstract: We propose \emph{least surprisal} as a variational principle for recovering physical laws by inference. Just as least action selects a history given a Lagrangian, least surprisal selects the Lagrangian given a \emph{displacement} from a \emph{reference}. Given \(\psi\), a covariant exterior derivative \(\mathbb D\) with curvature \(\mathbb D^2\) and Clifford contraction \(D\), we form displacement and reference jets: \(\mathfrak J_\epsilon\psi:=\bigl(\psi+i\epsilon D\psi,\ \sqrt\epsilon\,\mathbb D^2\bigr),\mathfrak J_r\psi:=\bigl(\psi, 0 \bigr), (1)\) We then calculate the surprisal between them, a complex-valued transition amplitude: \(\mathcal K( \mathfrak J_\epsilon \psi, \mathfrak J_r \psi):=-\ln\frac{\langle \mathfrak J_\epsilon \psi \mid \mathfrak J_r \psi \rangle_\mathfrak J} {\sqrt{\langle \mathfrak J_\epsilon \psi \mid \mathfrak J_\epsilon \psi \rangle _\mathfrak J \, \langle \mathfrak J_r \psi \mid \mathfrak J_r \psi \rangle _\mathfrak J}} . (2) \) Accumulation of surprisal captures the first order, \(\lim_{\epsilon\to0}\frac{1}{\epsilon} \mathcal K\bigl(\mathfrak J_\epsilon\psi,\mathfrak J_r\psi\bigr) =-i\int_X\dd^dx\,\sqrt{|g|} \left[\operatorname{Re}\braket{\psi}{D\psi}_x -\frac{1 {4}\operatorname{tr}\bigl(F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}\bigr)\right], (3)\)which is the action. The least surprising displacement of \(\psi\) is therefore given by the Dirac equation along with the quadratic Yang--Mills term. Our main result introduces the \emph{intrinsic carrier}: an amplitude that uses only (and all of) the structures spacetime supplies of itself. It is parametrized over the pointwise metric bundle as \(\Psi=\Psi(x,g_x)\), and valued in\(\Cl^+(T_xX,g_x)\otimes\Sigma\bigl(\Sym^2(T_x^*X),G_{g_x}\bigr), (4)\) with \(G_{g_x}\) the DeWitt form on metric variations. In Lorentzian \(3+1\) spacetime, surprisal reduces the fibre symmetry from \(\Spin(6,4)\) to $U(3)\times U(2)$, whose Lie algebra is that of the Standard Model gauge group enlarged by one abelian factor \(U(1)_X\). On the gravity side, surprisal furnishes \(\Lambda\), \(R\), \(R^2\), and \(C_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}C^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}\) to the action, yielding perturbatively renormalizable quadratic gravity. Its familiar negative-norm objection to probability measurements is addressed in Section~\ref{sec:measurement} by an intensity-positive measurement theory. Thus, \emph{the least surprising theory spacetime supplies of itself} accumulates to perturbatively renormalizable and intensity-measurable gravity coupled to the (\(U(1)_X\) enlarged) Standard Model---a unified matter-gravity theory.

Abstract: We present a comprehensive theoretical and computational formulation of the Dead Universe Theory (DUT), a thermodynamic theory of gravitation in which the observed late-time cosmic acceleration, the suppression of large-scale structure growth, and the background expansion emerge from irreversible entropic gravitational dynamics rather than from a positive cosmological constant. Starting from the DUT action, we derive the corresponding autonomous cosmological system and its perturbative sector, demonstrating that the cosmological growth index is a theoretical prediction rather than an observationally calibrated quantity. The asymptotic perturbative dynamics leads uniquely to the characteristic equation γ² + γ − 1 = 0, yielding the fixed solution γ = (√5 − 1)/2 ≈ 0.6180339887 without phenomenological fitting or adjustable parameters.The theoretical framework is implemented through three independent scientific software platforms developed by ExtractoDAO Labs: the TON618 RK4 Engine, the DUT Calibration Engine, and the DUT CMB Scientific Engine. Together, these independent implementations provide computational verification of the theoretical predictions and enable a unified comparison with measurements of the local Hubble constant, the growth-rate observable fσ₈, Pantheon+ Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations, and Planck 2018 CMB distance priors.The DUT framework predicts H₀(local) = 73.88 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹, H₀(CMB) = 67.39 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹, w_eff(z = 0) = −0.9918, and fσ₈(z = 0) = 0.4224. Relative to the reference ΛCDM cosmology, the present implementation yields improvements of Δχ² = −41.09 in the growth sector, Δχ² = −28.76 for the local Hubble constraint, and Δχ² = −211.60 for the combined Pantheon+, BAO, and Planck 2018 CMB distance-prior analysis, corresponding to an overall improvement of Δχ² = −281.45 under the observational datasets analyzed in this work.The DUT framework predicts a unique, fixed value of the cosmological growth index, γA = (√5 − 1)/2 ≈ 0.6180339887, where γA denotes the DUT growth index. This prediction is fully falsifiable: a statistically significant and reproducible measurement inconsistent with γA = 0.6180339887 would refute the perturbative DUT framework without introducing additional parameters or phenomenological recalibration. Unlike cosmological frameworks whose growth predictions are obtained through parameter estimation within a global fit, the DUT prediction constitutes an a priori theoretical result derived directly from first principles. The DUT growth index therefore establishes a quantitative observational benchmark against which competing cosmological theories can be objectively tested.

Abstract: The objectless, phase sector of quantum dynamics is exhibited complete on the smallest non-trivial finite holographic substrate determined by a pair of finite fields: the Carrier \(\mathbb F_{233}\) and the Subject \(\mathbb F_{13}\). The total state of physical space-time is the wave function, realised as the register on the holographic encoding of the observer's sky. Schrödinger unitary evolution is the rigid rotation of that encoding. The Dirac flow is a gauge deformation forced by the finiteness itself: the Carrier is a torsor, a field only once the frame of reference is selected by the Subject, and no bounded observer embeds without deficit. The deficit carries a finite rate, one Carrier tick per chronon, which no infinite substrate can host; its two faces, apsidal advance and clock dilation, support the gravitational realisation: gravity as the finite-substrate correction to the rotation, standing with its strong-field falsifier, the double cover supplying exactly the factor that relates the faces. The observable sky is the past light cone, realized event by event as a section of a finite Hopf fibration. Every structural theorem is proven at general cardinality p, drawn at the instance in a live interactive laboratory, and machine-verified in integer arithmetic end to end; the continuum enters only as labelled charts. The paper is the laboratory's certificate.

Abstract: Counter-diabatic Shortcut to Adiabaticity (CDSTA) has been explored in implementing qudit quantum Fourier transforms (QFT) via stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) to suppress non-adiabatic leakage. While direct CD driving may introduce unwanted global microwave couplings, seeking an approach without explicit CD fields is highly desirable. By employing rotating-frame absorption, we implement an all-optical STA strategy to synthesize the QFT. Our systematic comparison of qubit and quartit encodings across Average Gate Fidelity, peak amplitude, and energy cost elucidates the practical advantages brought by qudit architecture and CD driving, demonstrating an acceleration factor of at least 7. Furthermore, we extend our evaluation to open quantum systems. Based on the trade-off analysis, optimized parameters are selected, revealing that the all-optical strategy maintains significant advantages against amplitude noise, pure dephasing, and spontaneous emission, improving robustness against infidelity by an order of magnitude.

Abstract: A general model of superconductivity mechanism based on the separation of overlapping subbands near the Fermi level in highly degenerate materials is presented. Despite some unconventional properties, high-temperature superconductors exhibit fundamental behaviors common to low-temperature superconductors. In accordance with Fermi-Dirac statistics, the Landau-Ginzburg second-order phase transition and thermodynamic relations for superconductors, the fundamental characteristics, such as the Gibbs free energy, the total system energy, the electron density of states, the energy gap, and the entropy dependences on temperature are presented. It is shown that a main error in the BCS model is the concept that any free electron passing through the lattice polarizes the lattice ions along its path, because almost all metal atoms are neutral. Below the energy gap, there are no separate electrons; free randomly moving electrons are only above the energy gap. The proposed model is applicable to both low- and high-temperature superconductors. It is shown that the main thermodynamic equations describe both the normal and superconducting phases: the free energy, the total electron energy, the energy gap, and the entropy of a highly degenerate electron gas.

Abstract: The fine-structure constant is usually treated as an empirical dimensionless coupling of quantum electrodynamics. This paper proposes a different interpretation: \(\alpha^{-1}\) is a universal geometric capacity of the neutral-parent structure from which electromagnetic read-out becomes possible. In this view, branch-level electric charge is not primitive; it is an oriented read-out of a resolved defect, while magnetic response is a loop-level holonomy read-out of the completed neutral parent. A neutral object may therefore have no net electric charge while still possessing magnetic holonomy capacity. The leading neutral-parent capacity is formulated as the stratified Haar capacity \[ \Omega_{P_0} = (2\pi)(2\pi^2)+\frac12(2\pi^2)+\frac12(2\pi) = 4\pi^3+\pi^2+\pi , \] with the product term representing the coupled \(U(1)\)-phase and \(SU(2)\)-spinorial interior and the half-weight terms representing marginal boundary strata of the unresolved parent. The novelty of the proposal is not the isolated leading expression, but its interpretation as a neutral-parent magnetic capacity and its embedding into a constrained carrier-interface correction hierarchy. The first self-exposure correction from the ordered Z₃ → Z₄ interface contributes \(-1/(24\Omega_{P_0})\), and the reduced magnetic Z₄ → Z₅ cross-interface transfer contributes \(-7/(5\Omega_{P_0}^{3})\). Thus \[ \alpha^{-1}_{geom} = \Omega_{P_0} - \frac{1}{24\Omega_{P_0}} - \frac{7}{5\Omega_{P_0}^{3}} = 137.0359991761696 . \] This differs from the CODATA 2022 value \(\alpha^{-1}_{\rm CODATA}=137.035999177(21)\) by approximately \(-8.3\times 10^{-10}\), corresponding to about \(-0.04\sigma\). The same adjacent-interface logic gives a rule-defined higher-order continuation, with successively suppressed terms at orders \(\Omega_{P_0}^{-5},\Omega_{P_0}^{-7},\ldots\). These terms are not introduced as fitted improvements, but as a conditional consistency check and as quantitative targets for future higher-precision measurements of \(\alpha^{-1}\). The result is presented as a structural conjecture: the leading capacity is formulated as a stratified Haar capacity, while a complete carrier-defect theorem for the interface corrections and their all-order persistence remains an open task.

Abstract: The finite ring cosmology framework consumes one quantitative input, the de Sitter entropy S; every capacity-layer statement inherits its standing from how S is measured. We fix the estimation methodology and price its evidence on two declared registers: metrology, governed by a circularity criterion (a confrontation measures S only if channel-disjoint from the fitting channel), and explanation, priced by zero-freedom derivation on disclosed premises. Four instrument classes read the totality on its two faces, returning S to ±17% half-range on the count face S (conventional channels alone: ±14%). The realisation-conditional channels derive the two standing late-universe coincidences: the octant lemma fixes the temporal reading at (π/4)rH/c=13.8 Gyr, making the fitted dark-energy fraction an output (ΩΛ=tanh2⁡(3π/8)=0.684 against 0.685±0.007, 0.19σ --- same-channel, a derivation, not a measurement), and the floor a0=cH/2π closes with zero remaining freedom. Three falsifiable claims stand under live confrontation: the floor runs as a0(z)∝H(z); the (Λ,H0) locus gives H0=67.4±0.7 km/s/Mpc, siding with CMB/TRGB in the Hubble tension; and w=−1 exactly, against the DESI-preferred drift. A registrable triangle between the Compton and Schwarzschild walls closes the account at object level. The numeral of S is the prototypical Ω-hard residue --- import is its permanent status, this metrology the complete epistemic access to it - and every numeral reproduces by the accompanying scripts.

Abstract: Accurate atomic data for heavy ions are required for spectroscopic diagnostics and impurity transport modeling in magnetic-confinement fusion devices, particularly for tungsten and its neutron-induced transmutation products. In the present work, we investigate the ytterbium-like ions Ta IV, W V, Re VI, Os VII, Ir VIII, and Pt IX using complementary pseudo-relativistic Hartree–Fock (HFR) and fully relativistic multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock (MCDHF) approaches. Semi-empirical calculations were first performed using the HFR method including core polarization corrections (HFR+CPOL). The evolution of correlation effects along the isoelectronic sequence was then analyzed through an alternative HFR(CV) model in which the most important core-excited configurations were introduced explicitly to account for core–valence interactions. Extensive least-squares fits to the available experimental energy levels were carried out for all ions considered. The results reveal that the HFR+CPOL approach provides an adequate description of Ta IV and W V, while explicit treatment of core–valence correlations becomes increasingly important from Re VI onwards owing to the growing interaction between the 5d5f and 5p⁵5d³ configurations. New energy level classifications, level compositions, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities are reported and critically assessed through comparisons between HFR and MCDHF calculations. The resulting dataset extends previous investigations of rhenium and osmium ions and provides benchmark atomic data for heavy-ion spectroscopy and future fusion-plasma applications.

Abstract: Physics describes evolution, causal structure, and measurement outcomes, but lacks an accepted physical account of why one outcome-conditioned quantum situation is actual as the present. This article develops a conditional account within the reconstruction program, which places a premetric selection layer prior to spacetime dynamics. The Indefinite Reconstruction Stability Principle requires identities and readable relations to survive admissible continuation and to ignore unobservable distinctions. A present is proposed to be the outcome-conditioned quantum read-out of an IRSP-stable, history-bearing reconstruction boundary. Because the underlying relational record need not factorize, its read-out is generally entangled rather than a classical instantaneous configuration. Admissible successors are represented by a quantum instrument; present actualization postulates that one stable record sector becomes definite with its conditional probability, without an external observer. An explicit event-identity bridge identifies operationally equivalent realizations of the same descended event, and observable descent then makes its weight independent of reconstruction representative and unread embedding context. Given positivity, normalization, exclusive additivity, and a Hilbert-space read-out, Gleason representation fixes the Born form. Linear history composition implies no genuine third-order successor interference. Proper inheritance of the complete ancestry class supplies a conditional acyclic reconstruction order, stable small-step channels recover standard effective dynamics, and spacelike confluence replaces a preferred global simultaneity surface. The result is a conditional quantum architecture of present actuality and becoming, with explicit premises and failure conditions but no fitted collapse rate.

Abstract: We present a derivation of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and color confinement emerging from a 7+1-dimensional microscopic theory. In this theory quarks are excitations of fundamental 7+1D fermions (the Tetrons) which are condensed into a 3+1D monolayer vacuum structure, and gluons arise as collective topological link excitations. The \( SU(3)_C \) gauge symmetry is not postulated ad hoc, but emerges dynamically as an effective macroscopic description of the topological transport on a discrete 3-dimensional `monolayer'. Furthermore, we show that color confinement arises naturally via a modified dual Meissner effect. Unlike standard phenomenological models that rely on the explicit condensation of magnetic monopoles, the confining medium in this framework is dynamically generated by the geometric frustration and chiral topology of the Tetron lattice. The discrete isomagnetic nature of the vacuum forces emergent chromoelectric flux lines into one-dimensional tubes, yielding a rigorous microscopic origin for the linear confining potential.

Abstract: Finite-distance light-time calculations sometimes subtract physical and reference radial integrals at the same turning radius, even though the two rays then reach different angular endpoints. We formulate the problem for static, spherically symmetric spacetimes and separate this common-turning-point excess from the time-transfer delay between the same source and receiver events. The radial Hamilton--Jacobi characteristic gives \(T=W+b\Phi\) and \(\dd T/\dd\Phi=b\). It follows that endpoint matching is exactly a one dimensional integral in ray space; at first order, δTend=δTr0−brefδΦr0. We derive the corresponding quadratic correction and first-order sensitivity kernels for arbitrary perturbations of the metric functions \(A\), \(B\), and \(C\). Turning-point-regular primitives are then obtained for Schwarzschild, Reissner--Nordstr\"om, and Kottler geometries. Endpoint matching changes the finite Schwarzschild term and halves the far-field coefficient of the leading charge contribution. In Kottler spacetime an exact de~Sitter reference separates background propagation from the static-coordinate lens term; the resulting mixed $M\Lambda$ contribution is a reference-dependent time-transfer building block, not by itself an independent cosmological observable.

Abstract: The black-hole information paradox presupposes a causal boundary that permanently prevents information carried by infalling matter from returning to the exterior. We examine an alternative based on the squared factor \(f(r)=\left(1-GM/(c^2r)\right)^2\), which appears in extremal Reissner–Nordström geometry and in the minimal Haug–Spavieri metric, together with an equal-factor geometry for which radial null characteristics satisfy |dr/dt|=c wherever the metric is nondegenerate. For the associated escape-velocity expression, the value reaches but does not exceed \(c\). Following a nested-sphere construction, an interior mass profile \(M(r)=c^2r/G\) gives \(v_{\rm esc}=c\) at every interior radius. This profile is interpreted as a saturation condition rather than an independent demonstration of outward causal escape. Haug's Planck-quantization program gives \(GM/c^2=N\ell_P\) and \(r_s=2N\ell_P\) for \(M=Nm_P\). We extend this idea by treating invariant areal radius as a discrete observable and replacing continuum evolution near the nominal horizon with unitary transitions between neighboring radial states. The classical zero of f(r) then need not correspond to a physical state that permanently divides the Hilbert space. Outgoing massless excitations may pass from interior to exterior states without occupying the degenerate continuum radius, while a minimum radius removes \(r=0\) from the physical state space. Infalling matter is consequently proposed to be transformed into highly scrambled, information-bearing radiation rather than permanently lost. The framework permits a nonzero intrinsic luminosity in addition to conventional disk and jet emission and suggests observational tests involving delayed radiation, photon-ring structure, polarization correlations, and late-time emission. A complete resolution of the information paradox requires a quantitative transition law, backreaction, entropy evolution, and radiation spectrum, which remain to be developed.

Abstract: We simulate the propagation of a single photon propagating within a modal group, traversing through a multimode optical fiber in the presence of mode coupling. We illustrate the propagation graphically on a group of higher order Poincare spheres. The spheres display the propagation of the light within the modal group including polarization in time and in distance as the transmission proceeds. Thus, the amplitudes and the relative phases within the group can be visualized throughout the transmission, which is novel and very useful to understand the propagation. At the fiber output we show how to recover the input of a classical state using the simulated propagation information displayed on such multiple spheres. Once a classical - modal path is established from end to end, one can transmit quantum states, for example a spatial – time binned QKD (quantum key distribution) code. A quantum state follows this classical path. This can include binary or qudit information. Accessing a photon output state is important for many quantum network applications including quantum key distribution, routing and entanglement swapping. In addition, one can use other modal groups within the same fiber to multiplex other quantum channels. Further, one can multiplex within a modal group using principal modes, a more complicated communication method. Using the spheres, this situation is also discussed. Applications include higher dimensional quantum communications, quantum cryptography, and quantum networks. It is important to point out that in today’s commercial quantum communications systems, the quantum states are single photon states but not entangled. This includes both discrete and continuous variable quantum key distribution systems. In this report we are also looking at single photon systems but not entangled, unless stated otherwise.

Abstract: This paper proposes the Quantum Enthalpy-Entropy Theory (QEET), establishing a unified framework in which hadron stability and cosmological dark components are governed by the same emergent logic of enthalpy-entropy competition, with the Quantum-Cosmological Emergence Bound (QCEB) serving as the quantitative bridge across scales. The central result is a Quantum-Cosmological Emergence Bound (QCEB): \[ \sigma(t)\cdot \Delta A\cdot \Delta B \leq \hbar \cdot J(\rho)\cdot c^2. \] It reveals a complementarity constraint between quantum uncertainty (the ''geometric inertia'' of quantum state space) and entropy production rate (the irreversible rate of coarse-graining), bounded by the speed of light--quantum order must pay an entropy cost, and the payment rate cannot exceed the information capacity of the light cone. We demonstrate that within the QCEB framework, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) can be understood as an emergent manifestation of the saturation of this bound. On this basis, we introduce the enthalpy-entropy ratio \(\xi_{\max}\) and the quantum driving polarity \(\chi\) as classification tools, partitioning quantum objects into entropy-dominated (diffusive) and enthalpy-dominated (bound) types, and map them to triality-trivial and triality-nontrivial representations in the SU(3)₃ flavor category. The framework predicts that baryons are systematically longer-lived than mesons, a prediction verified by 2024 PDG data (256 pairs, accuracy 67.58%, \(p<10^{-8}\)). Extending the framework to cosmological scales, we propose candidate theories for dark energy and dark matter: dark energy is interpreted as entropy-driven diffusive (bosonic) dynamics, yielding \[ w(z)=-1+\delta\cdot\tanh(z/z_*), \] dark matter is interpreted as enthalpy-driven topologically protected bound states, yielding an exponential scaling law for lifetime lower bounds and scattering cross sections. The coincidence problem \(\Omega_m/\Omega_\Lambda\sim O(1)\) is explained as a non-equilibrium steady state in which the universe approaches the ETH saturation boundary. We list three experimentally falsifiable conditions (F1–F3), achieving a unified description of the structural regularities across hadronic and cosmological scales, with the same emergent enthalpy-entropy logic manifesting in both regimes within well-defined testable boundaries.