Physical Sciences

Abstract: Laser-ignited particle combustion is critical to energy, aerospace, and defense applications, yet understanding its physicochemical mechanisms is hindered by poor reproducibility in combustion data from randomly packed samples. While classical theory attributes data inconsistency to variations in packing density, we propose instead that consistency of the surface layer morphology—given the nanoscale laser penetration depth—is the dominant factor. A two-dimensional Discrete Element Model showed that increasing particle layers markedly reduces surface topography conformity, while gravitational settling maintains packing density near its theoretical maximum. An innovative constrained droplet method was developed for sample preparation, integrating multi-stage sieving, equal-circle packing in a circle theory, alongside droplet deposition to build multilayer samples mirroring computational models. In-situ laser ignition diagnostics revealed that key combustion metrics—spectral profiles, temporal evolution, ignition delay, and combustion duration—exhibit a rapid decline in consistency with increasing layers, closely matching the simulated decay in surface morphology conformity. Contrary to long-held assumptions, this work robustly shows that surface morphology governs laser-ignition experimental reproducibility. This paradigm-shifting finding redefines the controlling mechanism in laser-ignited combustion of random particle packings, thereby provides a method for refining sample preparation and enables the accurate determination of key parameters that remain elusive with conventional approaches.

Abstract: This manuscript develops a timelike-boundary reading of locality and reality within the established Lorentzian causal structure of special relativity and the standard record language of quantum measurement. The central object is a timelike boundary equipped with a boundary observer field and observer-adapted cuts. Such a cut is treated as the local comparison surface on which selected quantities are read relative to a coarse-grained reference structure. A local record appears when a boundary-relative deviation becomes resolvable on that cut. The framework separates two roles that are often compressed into one event statement. Lorentzian geometry supplies causal admissibility: it determines which prior data or contextual contributions may be relevant for a candidate event. The boundary comparison supplies record content: it identifies the deviation that becomes locally manifest. Thus the causal cone constrains the admissible domain, but it does not by itself provide a microscopic route or a measurement record. The proposed reading therefore assigns locality to cut-local record formation under Lorentzian causal admissibility. Reality is associated with stable, record-accessible deviations rather than with direct exposure of the underlying reference structure. The result is a compact assignment framework in which causal structure, reference structure, resolved deviation, and local record formation are organized on the same timelike boundary without replacing the established mathematical content of special relativity or quantum mechanics.

Abstract: The topological properties of planetary fluids are typically analyzed by mapping classical fluidequations onto complex quantum mechanical models. Here we present a purely real, six-dimensional Stueckelberg quantum mechanical formulation of the rotating shallow water equations to demonstrate that these topological features are intrinsic to the classical kinematics itself. Operating entirely within R^6, we decouple the complex quantum geometric tensor into an independent, real Fubini-Study metric and a real antisymmetric Berry curvature. Our real-variable approach explicitly derives a topological magnetic monopole of charge C=2 and captures the inherentscale invariance of the fluid's geometry without the need for complexification. We suggest that continuous variations in the Coriolis parameter may dynamically model the deep-time planetary evolution of the Archean Earth, and we propose a laboratory rotating-tank experiment to physically measure this topological phase transition. Finally, we show that our real 6D formulation naturally maps to unbroken supersymmetric quantum mechanics. By identifying a purely real supercharge and calculating a fluid Witten index of W = -2, we advance a mathematically supported viewpoint that steady-state geostrophic weather patterns represent the unbroken, zero-energy supersymmetric ground states of the rotating fluid system. Consequently, the topological isolation of this vacuum naturally restricts the spectral flow across the equator, providing a theoretical explanation for the unidirectional eastward motion of equatorial boundary waves.

Abstract:

Dixit et al. proposed an asymptotic drag scaling for zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layers based on the approximation $M\sim U_{\tau}^2\delta$, where $M$ is the kinematic momentum rate through the boundary layer, $U_{\tau}$ is the friction velocity, and $\delta$ is the boundary-layer thickness. In the present paper, an explicit Reynolds-number-dependent correction to this approximation is derived from the logarithmic mean-velocity profile. Integration of the log law across the layer yields $M\sim U_{\tau}^2\delta\,f(Re_{\tau})$, where $Re_{\tau}=\delta U_{\tau}/\nu$ is the friction Reynolds number and $f(Re_{\tau})$ is given analytically. Application of the correction to the dataset compiled by Dixit et al. shows that the corrected scaling gives an exponent consistent with the asymptotic value $-1/2$ within bootstrap confidence intervals, whereas the uncorrected formulation does not. The correction should be viewed as a leading-order amendment, since the derivation uses the logarithmic law outside its strict range of validity.

Abstract: A four-dimensional anisotropic metric branch is defined for traceless gauge-side stress tensors of non-null Rainich type. The construction is motivated by the Alena Tensor correspondence between flat force-density and curvilinear geometric descriptions, but the branch data are fixed locally. The branch has a 2+2 form with one anisotropy field. This field is obtained both from the gauge stress and from a normalized vorticity-flux closure, while the remaining tensor-force term is represented by the Levi-Civita geometry only when a trace-adjusted branch tensor satisfies the Codazzi condition. Under these restrictions, the closed branch gives a common geometric language for elementary-mode data. Mass is read as scalar curvature response, electric charge as transverse-frame holonomy, and color as a three-dimensional multiplicity space of equivalent self-dual branch modes. After a two-dimensional weak space is adjoined, preservation of the top form gives S(U(3) \times U(2)), and the even exterior algebra gives the anomaly-free representation content of one Standard Model generation, including \nu_L^c. The same branch normalization fixes a primitive coupling $g_B$; with G_F and one intermediate scale E_B=2.64\times10^{14}\,\mathrm{GeV} as inputs, the resulting branch-level one-loop evaluation gives a consistency check for m_W, m_Z, m_h, and \alpha_s(m_Z). The numerical Yukawa matrices, confinement energy, and global family spectrum are left as dynamical problems.

Abstract: Nanoscale conductors and interfaces frequently exhibit anomalous AC transport behavior and enhanced superconducting critical temperatures that are not fully captured by conventional electron-phonon descriptions. In this exploratory work, we consider a complementary mechanism based on the possible inertial response of a Z₃-graded vacuum sector to time-varying electromagnetic fields. Within this speculative phenomenological framework, surface criticality is tentatively proposed as a mechanism that may drive high-energy vacuum modes toward low-energy collective excitations at surfaces and interfaces, giving rise to an approximate coherence length ξ_vac∼70 nm. This geometric length scale, if physically meaningful, could influence effective conductivity in the non-local regime and might contribute to observed features such as high-frequency skin depth saturation and interface-driven T_c enhancement. Preliminary evaluations based on the algebraic structure suggest qualitative consistency with certain experimental observations in high-purity metals and nanowire systems, although we emphasize that these consistencies may be coincidental. The framework is offered as a tentative, exploratory perspective on mesoscopic anomalies, with the aim of stimulating further discussion and investigation into possible connections between algebraic high-energy structures and low-energy quantum materials phenomena.

Abstract: A relativistic stress-energy configuration is identified in which halo-like scaling in galaxies can arise from the rotational sector of matter without modifying the Einstein equations. In stationary axisymmetric systems, the mixed stress-energy components associated with vorticity define a conserved Killing current describing angular-momentum transport. The corresponding stream potential admits a multipole structure in which the dominant odd mode controls the radial flux and fixes its asymptotic amplitude. If this transport channel approaches a finite large-radius flux, the leading mode scales as r^-2. With the Alena Tensor closure, the same rotational sector that carries this transport mode contributes to the active weak-field source through the rotational part of the stress-energy tensor, giving an effective density with the same radial scaling and therefore approximately flat rotation curves. The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is treated here as a constraint on the asymptotic transport amplitude, not as a first-principles derivation. The resulting framework gives testable predictions for disk-aligned lensing anisotropy, residual correlations with baryonic angular momentum, and suppressed halo-like scaling in systems without coherent rotation.

Abstract: The solution theory of Sylvester-type equations finds wide applications in control theory, robotics, and image processing. This paper systematically surveys, classifies and summarizes the existing research results of three classes of Sylvester-type equations: matrix equations, tensor equations, and operator equations. It extracts nine mainstream research methods and clarifies the internal correlations among these methods as well as their applicable equation types. This work establishes a complete framework for solving Sylvester-type equations and, together with four prior review articles, forms a comprehensive framework for linear equations. It not only provides a systematic theoretical foundation and a clear research thread for subsequent researchers, but also offers valuable methodological insights for further investigations in related fields.

Abstract: We construct electromagnetic Kantowski–Sachs (KS) solutions in covariant teleparallel F(T) gravity using the coframe/spin–connection (CSC) formalism. In the restricted branch considered here, the Maxwell conservation laws (CLs) impose strong restrictions on the anisotropic scale factors and lead to the scaling ρ_{em} A_3^{−4}. We derive the corresponding symmetric and antisymmetric field equations (SFEs and AFEs) and formulate a reconstruction scheme in which F(T) is determined from the KS dynamics rather than imposed a priori. Power-law (PL) and exponential (EXP) coframe ansätze generate distinct invariant reconstruction branches, including scaling cosmologies, teleparallel de Sitter (TdS) regimes, and KS black-hole-interior-like reconstruction branches. The resulting models are organized using the Coley–Landry invariant classification and analyzed through leading-order stability conditions F_T>0 and F_{TT}>0.

Abstract: The effect of atom size on the shock wave structure in a binary monatomic gas mix with Rydberg atoms has been investigated. The problem was solved numerically using the system of hydrodynamic equations in Argon gas, for the atom size ratios between 2 and 100, T = 1500 K, and the density between 10¹⁷ and 10²⁰ m^-3. It was found that the presence of larger size atoms in the mix results in the shock front splitting that is on the order of mean free path for this component. The results can be of interest in supersonic plasma dynamics and in astrophysics studying shock waves in the environments where high-n Rydberg states are present.

Abstract: We introduce a new method of dimensional analysis based on complete systems of units, such as the metric and Planck systems, in which fundamental dimensionless constants arise naturally. In fact, it is the reformulated Planck system that communicates its dimensionless constants to the metric or any other system. The method reveals additional complex dynamical scales and physical effects beyond those amenable to conventional dimensional analysis. We formulate our strategy in simple settings involving pairs of seemingly unrelated constants, and then we extend the analysis to more complicated cases involving combinations of three to five well-known universal constants. In constructions involving several unrelated constants, the method captures increasingly complex effects and places two or more disparate physics areas into a single framework connecting them by never-before-seen combinations of fundamental dimensionless constants, such as the fine-structure constant and the gravitational coupling constant. Thus, this method provides an alternative pathway to unified descriptions of fundamental interactions that have so far eluded a consistent theoretical formulation.

Abstract: The QBist and Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) informational readings of quantum theory have been developed across two decades without a clear position on what kind of physical system qualifies as an "agent" or "observer" for the formalism. Fuchs, Mermin, and Schack write as if the agent is a human physicist or a generic Bayesian; Rovelli writes as if any physical system can play the relational-observer role; Healey deflates the agent into an abstract Bayesian without specifying its substrate; the recent Khrennikov-Schack-Zwirn intersubjectivity exchange sharpens the question without resolving it. This paper argues that the QBism/RQM informational reading is substrate-flexible: any physical system whose input-output statistics admit characterization through quantum-probability structure with non-trivial Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) signatures resistant to simplex-embeddable ontological models is a candidate epistemic agent for the formalism. Substrate flexibility is the most coherent reading of the shared formal commitments of QBism and RQM once the agent role is separated from historically human-centered examples; the non-triviality requirement is necessary but not sufficient for agency, which additionally requires an input-output architecture capable of state-sensitive updating across measurement contexts. The thesis preserves the QBist objection to view-from-nowhere framings while removing the requirement that agents be human or conscious; it disciplines Rovelli's "any physical system" claim by indexing it to the non-triviality requirement; and it specifies what would count as evidence for or against. Engineered cortical wetware preparations (Cortical Labs CL1, DishBrain) provide a non-human, non-conscious-in-any-unambiguous-sense, controllable testbed on which the question can be empirically pursued; nothing in the argument requires attributing phenomenal consciousness or quantum-coherent biological dynamics to such systems. The paper distinguishes substrate flexibility from Pienaar's prior extension of the QBist agent (which extends the agent's senses, not its substrate), engages the neo-Everettian opposition (Wallace 2012, 2023) directly, and rejects the recent attempts (Edwards 2024, 2025) to fold classical large language models into a QBism-grounded formalism. Classical AI architectures admit simplex-embeddable models for their token-generation processes and therefore fail the non-triviality requirement; substrate flexibility is narrower, not wider, than such proposals.

Abstract: Microtubules contain ordered aromatic amino-acid networks whose optical excitations have been proposed to support non-trivial energy-transfer dynamics. Here, we examined whether bound tryptamine ligands can perturb the excitonic structure of the tubulin tryptophan network. A virtual screen of 294 tryptamines was performed across seven known binding regions of the tubulin heterodimer using AutoDock Vina. From this screen, top-ranked tryptamine ligands were carried forward for excited-state analysis. Geometry optimization and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were used to obtain vertical excitation energies and transition dipole moments for the ligand-bound states in the ultraviolet range. These ligand properties were then incorporated into a tight-binding Hamiltonian describing the tubulin tryptophan excitation network in order to evaluate changes in exciton energies and eigenvector delocalization. The calculations indicate that tryptamine binding can modify the excitonic landscape of tubulin in a ligand-dependent manner, with the magnitude of the perturbation governed by excitation wavelength, transition dipole strength, and spatial orientation relative to the intrinsic tryptophan network. These results support the possibility that aromatic ligands may provide a chemically tunable route to altering the optical response of tubulin and motivate future experimental tests of ligand-dependent modulation of microtubule photophysics.

Abstract: A recently proposed CMB temperature relation, obtained from applying the Stefan Boltzmann law to the Hubble sphere and from related Hawking–Planck–Hubble scale arguments, may be written in the compact form T_CMB(t) = T_P/(8π √(N_P(t))). Here N_P is the effective Poisson-shot count. In an R_H = ct cosmology, the normalization consistent with the Stefan–Boltzmann radiation density is N_P(t) = (R_H(t))/2l_P = t/2t_P = (M_c(t))/m_P, where M_c(t) = c²R_H(t)/(2G) is the critical Hubble mass. If instead one defines the doubled Hubble-sphere mass M_u(t) = c²R_H(t)/G, then M_u/m_P = 2N_P. The formula has the mathematical structure of a Poisson relative-fluctuation law, since σ_N/N = 1/√N for a Poisson count, and may equivalently be written T_CMB(t) = T_P/8π σ_NP/N_P.We call this the Poisson-shot CMB formula. Substitution back into the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives u_γ ∝ T_CMB⁴ ∝ R_H^-2, matching the critical-density scaling in R_H = ct and yielding a constant photon radiation density parameter. This provides additional blackbody support for the formula and connects it to the observed near-perfect blackbody spectrum of the CMB. By contrast, in the standard ΛCDM framework the present CMB temperature is normally an observational input: the model predicts the redshift scaling T(z) = T₀(1 + z) once T₀ is supplied, but it does not derive the absolute present value T₀ from the Planck scale and the Hubble scale.

Abstract: Timelike boundaries provide a natural setting for organizing geometric, quasilocal, and coarse-grained information in general relativity. This work develops a cut-level reference framework for finite-radius timelike interfaces in Lorentzian spacetime. Starting from a timelike boundary, a tangent observer field, and observer-adapted spatial cuts, the construction assigns selected boundary quantities, coarse-grained reference structures, channel-specific comparison values, resolved deviations, local event closure, and cut-level response terms to the same geometric surface. The framework is local in its physical reading. The coarse-grained reference structure is not treated as a single resolved boundary record, but as the macroscopic comparison structure relative to which local deviations are defined. A local boundary event is represented by a boundary-relative deviation that becomes resolvable at the candidate event. The causal condition fixes the Lorentzian admissibility domain; it does not by itself define a resolved trajectory or microscopic propagation history between spacetime points. In the classical realization developed here, the selected variables are supplied by the Brown--York cut-level dictionary. Observer-adapted projections of the boundary stress tensor define surface energy density, momentum density, spatial cut stress, and isotropic pressure. A coarse-grained boundary reference package specifies which variables are resolved, on which cut they are evaluated, and which reference structure serves as their comparison level. The corresponding deviation map and channel-dependent resolution norms identify the locally resolved boundary content. The same cut-level variables also enter a classical balance structure in which cut-energy variation separates into normal exchange and tangential mechanical response. In isotropic spherical symmetry, this response reduces to the pressure--area form, linking cut-level stress to the area-response channel of a timelike shell. Timelike thin-shell dynamics and macroscopic shell-balance laws then appear as concrete realizations of the general reference-cut structure. The resulting formulation provides a classical boundary-reference language for finite-radius timelike systems, relating local Lorentzian geometry, quasilocal stress, coarse-grained reference structure, resolved deviations, causal admissibility, and area response within one common cut-level framework.

Abstract: We demonstrate an 80-MHz, 350-mW, 120-fs, 770-nm femtosecond laser, based on a nonlinear compressed 1540-nm femtosecond fiber laser. The home-built 1540-nm fiber laser delivering the 80-MHz, 2.69-W, 269-fs laser pulses, was realized by employing the spectral pre-modulation and pre-chirp management inside the Er/Yb co-doped fiber power amplifier. Subsequent nonlinear fiber pulse compression stage was utilized to further nonlinearly compress the pulse duration to 128 fs, based on the Gaussian assumption. Detailed numerical simulation was also implemented to investigate the optical dynamics of the nonlinear compression process. A 0.5-mm-thick fan-out periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal was finally utilized to generate the frequency-doubled, 350-mW, 770-nm laser pulses with a 120-fs pulse duration, based on the Gaussian assumption.

Abstract: We are concerned with the Riemann problem for the Aw-Rascle (AR) traffic flow model with variable velocity offset. The model describes the traffic flow under different road conditions. The stationary wave is introduced in the traffic flow, which is determined by an ordinary differential equation. The resonance phenomenon and coalescence of waves are analyzed. Uniqueness of the Riemann solution is also discussed. We further study the interaction of elementary waves case by case, under the framework of the characteristic analysis method. Numerical simulations are also given to verify our analysis.

Abstract: Background: The Gibbs Energy Redistribution Theory (GERT) program established a thermodynamic ontology for cosmology (Paper~I) and later identified the post-relativistic dissolution boundary of the relativistic ruler in the Hyperdilute Regime (Paper~II). The complementary open question is the onset of relativistic metric legibility in the early Universe. Objective: To determine, within GERT, the emergence boundary of the relativistic metric ruler and define the lower limit of validity of the effective relativistic regime. Methods: We define the metric-emergence parameter $\Xi(\alpha)\equiv\lambda_\gamma(\alpha)/d_{\mathrm{ph}}(\alpha)$, where $\lambda_\gamma$ is the photon mean free path and $d_{\mathrm{ph}}$ is the GERT particle horizon. The boundary is set by $\Xi=1$. We compute $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}$ using two recombination treatments (Saha equilibrium and Peebles kinetics) and test robustness against the unknown Primordial Cauldron boundary $\alpha_{\mathrm{PC}}$. Results: We obtain $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}=-3.0\pm0.1$, with uncertainty dominated by recombination kinetics (Saha vs.~Peebles). Varying $\alpha_{\mathrm{PC}}$ over 25 orders of magnitude changes $\alpha_{\mathrm{em}}$ by less than $5\times10^{-4}$, showing strong insensitivity to primordial microphysics. Together with Paper~II ($\alpha_{\mathrm{crit}}=12.88\pm0.12$), the relativistic GERT domain spans $15.9\pm0.2$ decades in $\alpha=\log_{10}(a)$. Conclusions: The relativistic ruler is an emergent operational regime, not an ontologically unlimited one. GERT now provides a complete domain map with pre-relativistic, relativistic, and post-relativistic sectors. The onset and dissolution boundaries are thermodynamically controlled, giving a symmetric validity structure for Layer 3.

Abstract: We develop a unified first-order framework for relativistic fields of different spin, in which the dynamics are governed by a common operator-based equation. This formulation provides a coherent description of scalar, spinor, vector, and tensor fields within a single structure and reproduces the corresponding second-order wave equations in appropriate limits. A central result is the emergence of a consistent spin-2 sector from the same underlying dynamics. By constructing the tensor field as a bilinear combination of internal spacetime degrees of freedom, we obtain a symmetric rank-2 field with the correct number of independent components. In the massless limit, the resulting equation matches the structure of linearized gravity, while source-like terms arise naturally from quadratic combinations of field derivatives, providing an intrinsic origin for an effective energy–momentum tensor. The Lagrangian formulation yields conserved quantities via Noether’s theorem and reproduces derivative structures consistent with the weak-field Einstein–Hilbert action. These results suggest that gravitational dynamics may emerge from a more fundamental first-order field theory.

Abstract: During atmospheric reentry, a spacecraft is enveloped by a turbulent plasma sheath that induces severe signal degradation and communication blackout. Conventional mitigation strategies primarily focus on reducing average attenuation but fail to address the dynamic fluctuations in plasma density (typically 20%–40%), which cause significant group velocity dispersion (GVD), pulse broadening, and intersymbol interference. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes an active decoupling framework that dynamically tunes an external magnetic field to suppress turbulence-induced signal distortion in the reentry plasma sheath. By establishing a wave propagation model for right-hand circularly polarized (RCP) waves in magnetized collisional plasma and introducing a sensitivity analysis of propagation parameters with respect to plasma density fluctuations, we derive the condition under which the first-order sensitivity of GVD vanishes. Under this condition, a dynamic balance between collisional effects and frequency detuning renders the system immune to density perturbations, effectively decoupling signal transmission from plasma turbulence. Numerical simulations demonstrate that, under optimal parameter matching, pulse broadening is suppressed by several orders of magnitude, and the broadening factor remains near unity over extended propagation distances. Furthermore, reentry trajectory analysis reveals that static matching is insufficient in dynamically evolving environments, motivating the necessity of adaptive magnetic field control. This work provides a novel physical-layer paradigm for mitigating reentry blackout by actively decoupling signals from turbulence via dynamically tuned magnetic fields.