Abstract: Based on the complexification of the modular flow parameter in the Tomita-Takesaki theorem and the thermal time hypothesis, we propose a complex-time picture: as a system approaches absolute zero, real time freezes while imaginary time emerges. Mathematically, this is equivalent to a Wick rotation. In this picture, applying the heat diffusion equation at absolute zero forces this rotation, transforming the diffusion equation into the Schrödinger equation and ensuring entropy invariance as required by the third law of thermodynamics. This complex-time picture thus offers a unified, temperature-based origin for two fundamental facts: why microscopic particles obey the Schrödinger equation, and why an arrow of time emerges in macroscopic systems.

Abstract: Conventional tests of Bell’s inequality rely on entangled photon pairs. Here, we replace entangled pairs with two independent photons of orthogonal polarization, and demonstrate that Bell’s inequality is still violated. Given the inherent local realism of independent photons, this experiment proves that Bell’s inequality cannot falsify the local realism of photons. We thus conjecture that the violation of Bell’s inequality by entangled photon pairs originates from their orthogonal polarizations, rather than the breakdown of local realism. To interpret this unexpected violation with independent photons, we further substitute the two photons with two monochromatic light beams, and calculate the transmittance correlation through polarizers via Malus’s law and Karl Pearson’s correlation formula. We show that this correlation also defies Bell’s inequality. Retracing the derivation of Bell’s inequality reveals its validity is restricted to binary events, which accounts for the observed violation with light beams. Finally, we propose a thought experiment involving gradual attenuation of light intensity down to the single-photon regime, and hypothesize that single-photon transmission through a polarizer does not constitute a binary event. This hypothesis provides a unified interpretation for both our experimental findings and all canonical Bell inequality tests reported to date.

Abstract: While complex numbers form the foundational number system of quantum mechanics, the theoretical possibility of higher-dimensional hypercomplex alternatives persists. In this paper, we present a test protocol designed to distinguish between complex and quaternionic quantum mechanics. The protocol is founded upon the quantum superdense coding scheme and functions by detecting the presence of multiple distinct quantum phase gates. We also provide the corresponding quantum circuit required to perform this test.

Abstract: The Mpemba effect refers to the counterintuitive situation in which a system initially farther from equilibrium can relax faster than one that starts closer to it. In quantum systems, the effect is enriched by the presence of coherent dynamics, dissipation, and metastable manifolds associated with long-lived Liouvillian modes. Here we demonstrate a giant Mpemba effect in open quantum systems, where relaxation can be either hyper-accelerated or dramatically slowed depending on the initial state. We focus on weakly-coupled particle-conserving bosonic networks, each of which independently relaxes rapidly to a unique stationary state. When a weak coherent interaction is introduced, the composite system typically develops slow metastable modes and a hierarchy of relaxation timescales. We show that by tailoring the interaction Hamiltonian, these slow modes can be effectively suppressed for a broad class of initial states satisfying a minimal global requirement, enabling ultrafast relaxation even when the system starts far from equilibrium. Conversely, other initial states -- sometimes arbitrarily close to the stationary state -- may remain trapped in the metastable manifold and decay anomalously slowly. This mechanism provides a general route to engineer giant Mpemba effects, offering new possibilities for controlling dissipative dynamics, accelerating state preparation, and manipulating relaxation processes in complex quantum devices.

Abstract:

We develop a quantitative framework in which black holes function as erasure channels for exterior classical records at the horizon-side Landauer bound. At asymptotic infinity, greybody scattering turns the full radiation channel into a thermodynamically dissipative filter (in the sense of excess entropy production, not energy loss) whose entropy efficiency \( \eta_\infty \equiv |dS_{BH}|/dS_{\mathrm{rad}} \) is field-content dependent; for the spin-2 (graviton) channel in Schwarzschild evaporation, \( \eta_\infty \approx 0.74 \) (quoted here as the closest-to-saturation channel, not the dominant total-flux channel; Page [1]). Starting from the Cortês-Liddle result that Hawking evaporation saturates the Landauer principle, we make three contributions. First, we define a Landauer saturation ratio \( \mathcal{R}_L \) as a bookkeeping diagnostic for horizon thermodynamics, using exact-first-law black holes as the saturating benchmark and non-unity cases as the main diagnostic payoff: Schwarzschild black holes yield \( \mathcal{R}_L = 1 \) exactly, while the cosmological apparent horizon yields \( \mathcal{R}_L = 1/2 \) in Trivedi’s quasi-local energy accounting. Second, we show that within the standard Bekenstein-Hawking area law and the discrete transition model of Bagchi, Ghosh, and Sen, one-step Landauer-saturating area transitions select the Bekenstein-Mukhanov spacing \( \Delta A = 4\ln 2\, l_P^2 \); this discrete compatibility result complements, rather than derives, the continuous holographic scaling \( S \propto M^2 \). Third, we argue that the black hole scrambling time \( t_* \sim (\hbar/2\pi k_B T_H)\ln (S_{BH}/k_B) \) provides a partial gravitational analogue of the reversibility time \( \tau_c \) in quantum measurement: for an old black hole it sets the delay after which newly injected information can begin to reappear in Hawking radiation. We formalize the horizon as an effective coarse-grained erasure channel within fixed-charge sectors via a semiclassical proposition that combines a strict exterior coarse-graining definition with GSL-compatible entropy bookkeeping and horizon-side first-law accounting. Within a fixed-charge sector, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy increase supplies the erased-record capacity \( \Delta S_{BH}/(k_B \ln 2) \), with exact Landauer saturation when that capacity is filled. We check the supporting identities numerically across the Schwarzschild, Kerr, and Reissner-Nordström parameter spaces, and analyze robustness to the memory burden effect. The framework positions black holes as the thermodynamic counterpart to quantum measurement: measurement creates classical records by paying Landauer costs; horizons erase exterior access to those records at the quasi-static Landauer limit, while the asymptotic Hawking channel is greybody-dissipative. The manuscript is intentionally synthetic and classificatory: rather than proposing a new gravitational field equation or a single isolated theorem, it organizes several horizon regimes within one Landauer-based bookkeeping framework.

Abstract: A classical fluid splitter produces the same patterns of energy redistribution as a Stern-Gerlach quantum device, with rotationally invariant coefficients of correlation between molecular paths. Alternative settings obey a cosine squared rule, leading to Tsirelson-type Bell violations with outcome independence. This is a confirmation of the Correspondence Principle of quantum mechanics, where individual quanta express system-level properties according to Born’s Rule. Kochen-Specker contextuality and Bell Locality are not contradicted by this result, but their interpretation is in question. The formal definition of “Local Realism” is limited to intrinsic particle properties. In contrast, quantum-like correlations require the acknowledgement of ensemble effects on dynamically inseparable propagating entities, even when they appear to operate one at a time.

Abstract: Smooth window functions that restrict field actions to finite spacetime domains appear throughout quantum field theory, quantum optics, and open quantum systems, wherever interactions are switched on and off, detectors couple for finite durations, or systems decohere within bounded regions. When such a window function ⋄(x) is introduced into the matter action of a covariant field theory, two structural consequences are unavoidable: the windowed Ward identities acquire boundary-layer corrections confined to the decoherence transition region, and the contracted Bianchi identity requires a compensating stress-energy contribution at the window boundary. Both consequences follow from the product rule of covariant differentiation and are independent of any specific physical motivation for the window. The present paper develops these consequences systematically for each sector of the Standard Model in curved spacetime. The windowed action prescription is applied to Dirac fermions, complex scalar fields, Maxwell theory, and the complete SU(3)c×SU(2)L×U(1)Y gauge Lagrangian. Each sector is shown to recover standard curved-spacetime quantum field theory exactly within the localization window, with all deviations confined to a boundary layer of thickness set by the decoherence timescale. A Noether analysis yields windowed Ward identities of the form ∇μ(⋄Jμ)=0: gauge invariance and Lorentz symmetry are preserved exactly within the window, and apparent non-conservation is a kinematic boundary effect mathematically identical to open-system flux terms from decoherence theory , . The non-local boundary term Tμνnl required by the Bianchi identity decomposes as Tμνnl=Tμνcomp+TμνRem, where Tμνcomp is the boundary-layer compensator and TμνRem is its macroscopic coarse-grained remnant in the high-localization-density regime. A formal Lemma establishes that for any regular quantum field, Tμνcomp vanishes upon coarse-graining, so standard field evolution leaves no macroscopic stress-energy remnant. The sharp-window limit recovers the Israel junction conditions exactly, and the smooth-window generalization is structurally identical to the Ashtekar–Krishnan dynamical horizon flux balance laws.

Abstract: We simulate the propagation of a W states through an optical fiber in the presence of mode coupling. We illustrate the propagating quantum state graphically on a group of higher order Poincaré spheres. The spheres show the propagation of the light in time and in distance as the transmission proceeds. Thus, the amplitudes and the relative phases of the modal propagation can be visualized throughout the transmission, which is novel and very useful to understand the propagation. At the fiber output we show how to recover the input quantum state using the simulated quantum state information displayed on the multiple spheres. The geometry of these states is an SU(N) quantum geometry. Applications include higher dimensional quantum communications, quantum cryptography, and quantum networks, and longer-term quantum optical computing.

Abstract: We prove a conditional uniqueness theorem for projective measurements on pure states: given the \( L^2 \) Hilbert space structure of quantum mechanics, the Born rule \( P = |\psi|^2 \) is the only outcome-local probability assignment compatible with five operational postulates (outcome-locality, normalization, phase independence of the classical record, tensor product factorization, and continuity), with interference consistency used only as a post-hoc check. Physically, the theorem addresses a boundary problem: amplitudes support interference and cancellation before measurement, whereas a stabilized classical record cannot retain the full relative-phase distinction structure in accessible form. Irreversible record formation motivates this phase-insensitivity requirement, although no thermodynamic quantity enters the formal proof. Mathematically, phase independence reduces the map to a function of modulus, factorization and continuity force a power law, and consistency with \( L^2 \) normalization fixes the exponent to \( 2 \). Within this framework, the squared modulus is the unique classicalization map from phase-sensitive amplitudes to accessible record weights. The result is complementary in physical motivation to Gleason-type derivations but narrower in scope: it is confined to the pure-state projective setting and does not derive the general trace rule for mixed states and POVMs.

Abstract: We propose that quantum measurement can be analyzed as an operational irreversibility transition, or boundary event in the limited operational sense used here: the protocol stage at which a reversible system/pointer correlation is driven across a practical irreversibility threshold into an operationally stable record-bearing channel. We formulate a three-stage taxonomy separating reversible premeasurement (Stage 1), irreversible record stabilization (Stage 2), and memory reset (Stage 3), and identify the stage at which known information-thermodynamic bounds become experimentally testable. Under explicit operational conditions (C1 to C6) in the uncontrolled-decoherence regime, known information-thermodynamic second-law bookkeeping specializes to a conditional prediction: the record-formation channel must dissipate at least kBT ln 2 of heat per bit of classical mutual information I(X;Y).We propose a circuit-QED differential microcalorimetry experiment with matched ON/OFF branches that share identical premeasurement pulses and routing losses, differing only in whether the irreversible Stage 2 channel is opened. The measurand is the differential deposited energy ΔQ ≡ QON − QOFF, which isolates the branch-differential dissipative load associated with opening the Stage 2 channel from common-mode backgrounds. In the deep-quantum regime this signal is expected to be dominated by pointer-energy thermalization rather than by an isolated Landauer floor. The primary deep-quantum demonstration targets the temporal coincidence of heat onset and reversibility loss via a reversal-delay sweep (Control 3), providing a timing diagnostic of irreversibility onset even when ΔQ ≫ kBT ln 2. This timing test is not, by itself, a device-independent proof of objective classicality. Near-floor residual tests (r ≡ ΔQ − kBT ln 2 · I(X;Y)) require lower-energy pointer implementations or elevated operating temperatures and are presented as a roadmap. The bound is falsified if r is negative at high statistical significance under verified conditions.

Abstract: We investigate a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate as a platform for quantum metrology and characterize the dynamical evolution of the quantum state using two complementary metrics: the quantum Fisher information and the normalized Shannon entropy. With time-dependent control, metrological resources can be prepared and stabilized over a finite time window. These schemes provide a comprehensive assessment of the quantum dynamics in terms of phase sensitivity and the concentration of the state distribution, thereby offering a theoretical basis for designing robust quantum metrology protocols.

Abstract: In 1865, Maxwell characterized a magnetic field line as an axis of angular momentum. It is shown why this cannot provide an explanation for the migration of charge and the generation of an emf in a conductor moving perpendicularly through these lines. The Lorentz force deflection is instead derived from the photonic toroidal vortex (PTV) model developed by Clarke (2025). The model defines a mass in terms of optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) with a specific beam waist, and here it is shown how motion towards a magnetic momentum field line with a gradient creates a change in momentum perpendicular to it, resulting in an excess or deficit of action in the mass’s OAM circuit. This is redistributed into motion along the OAM axis. The mean value of these redistributions, averaged over all OAM positions in the PTV rotation, results in the Lorentz force deflection. In the process, a geometrical nature of electric charge is suggested in terms of a combination of OAM and toroidal rotation senses.

Abstract: We introduce a new notion, that of a contextuality profile of a system of random variables. Rather than characterizing a system's contextuality by a single number, its overall degree of contextuality, we show how it can be characterized by a curve relating degree of contextuality to level at which the system is considered, \( \begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c} \textnormal{level} & 1 & \cdots & n-1 & n>1 & n+1 & \cdots & N\\ \hline \textnormal{degree} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & d_{n}>0 & d_{n+1}\geq d_{n} & \cdots & d_{N}\geq d_{N-1} \end{array} \), where N is the maximum number of variables per system's context. A system is represented at level n if one only considers the joint distributions with \( k\leq n \) variables, ignoring higher-order joint distributions. We show that the level-wise contextuality analysis can be used in conjunction with any well-constructed measure of contextuality. We present a method of concatenated systems to explore contextuality profiles systematically, and we apply it to the contextuality profiles for three major measures of contextuality proposed in the literature.

Abstract: This paper represents a further academic deepening and upgrading of the authors' 2019 publication A Hypothesis on the Spatial Motion Mode of Photons. It should be explicitly stated that this paper falls within the category of natural philosophical thought experiments—its core value lies in constructing a unified physical image of the nature of light through rigorous logical deduction, and proposing verifiable theoretical hypotheses and experimental schemes; the validity of all conclusions must ultimately be verified by rigorous and extensive scientific experiments before being incorporated into the theoretical system of physics. As a foundational concept of quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality of light has been accompanied by profound philosophical perplexities and theoretical tensions since its proposal, becoming a core bottleneck in the integration of classical and quantum physics. This paper systematically sorts out the logical incompleteness in the current quantum interpretation system—including the self-negation of the complementarity concept, the problem of photon localization, the fundamental opposition between the statistical and non-statistical interpretations of the wave function, and the philosophical controversy over the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, revealing the inherent contradictions of the traditional wave-particle duality framework. On this basis, adopting classical physical images and the logic of reduction to absurdity, and based on six axioms and six preparatory propositions, this paper puts forward a natural philosophical hypothesis on the essence of photons: a photon is an energetic mass point with a diameter smaller than the Planck length, moving in a uniform spiral linear motion in space. The paper deduces the core characteristics such as velocity, frequency, and wavelength of the photon's uniform spiral linear motion, and designs three operable, repeatable, and quantifiable physical experimental schemes to provide specific paths for the empirical verification of the hypothesis. The research deduces that the angular momentum of photon spatial motion (excluding photon spin motion) is always the reduced Planck constant ℏ, the energy E=mc² is naturally unified with E=hν (the standard formula for wave energy), and the standard expression of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ΔxΔpₓ≥ℏ/2 can be given a classical physical interpretation from the perspective of superposition of measurement deviations. This paper systematically responds to potential questions regarding the origin of photon particle nature, wave nature, and compatibility with relativity, arguing that the hypothesis provides a logically consistent and clearly visualized path for understanding the nature of light, builds a new natural philosophical framework for the integration of quantum and classical theories of light, and also offers a new thinking perspective for the paradigm shift in the study of the nature of light.

Abstract: If the Standard Model of particle physics is correct, there is only one possible candidate for the dark matter: the oscillation of the Standard Model Higgs field around its universal minimum. It has been known since the 1980’s that a rapidly oscillating scalar field with a quadratic potential in a Friedman universe would have matter density ρ ∝ R−3, the behavior of zero pressure matter. The Standard Model Higgs field would interact only gravitationally and weakly with normal matter, so a rapidly oscillating SM Higgs field would have all the essential properties of the observed Dark Matter. But the SM Higgs field has, in addition to the quadratic term, cubic and quartic terms. This results in a slight modification of ρ ∝ R−3, and I show that this change resolves the Hubble Tension. I also show how to test this SM solution to the Hubble Tension by astronomical and CERN observations. Finally, I show that this slight modification forces the Dark Matter to have a slight negative pressure, and so early universe galaxy formation will be enhanced above that expected from cold (zero pressure) Dark Matter. The SM naturally couples to general relativity in only one way, and I show this coupling generates an effective cosmological constant, i.e., the Dark Energy.

Abstract: New quantum spin perspective redefines notion of quantum spin and reduced Planck c onstant h. Other consequences of this perspective are well-known. Here I propose smooth scale transition of quantum domain using auto-correct orauto-balance mechanism of this perspective. Equilibrium governs nature. All universal constants and equations work just to contribute to maintain equilibrium of cosmos. Relation between elementary quantum of action (¯h) and new quantum spin perspective is also established. why matter wave works the way it works? and why simultaneous measurement of two main pair of canonical conjugates ( x and p and E and t) are not possible in nature? are also explained via this perspective. Cause of uncertainty principle of quantum physics is also comprehended. De Broglie hypothesis and uncertainty principle emerge out of novel formula of h.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carries quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: As a motivation, a scenario is considered in which a Weinberg-type nonlinear extension may allow violations of the no-signaling constraint, making entanglement a potential resource for operational signaling. A minimal binary model is introduced: in each run, the sender selects a binary input bit and the receiver locally records a binary output bit. Signaling is defined operationally as a dependence of the local output statistics on the remote input and is summarized by a single channel parameter estimable from data. An estimator and a robust confidence interval are constructed to test the absence of signaling, and transmission reliability is quantified via the minimum decision error. Finally, a conservative criterion is proposed, based on an upper bound on the error and a threshold fixed a priori, to quantify a near-identity channel regime, together with minimal reporting requirements to rule out artifacts and classical leakage.

Abstract: We develop a complete geometric framework in which each quantum particle possesses its own private spacetime—a world-block—constructed from Fermi–Walker coordinates. The intrinsic spatial metric on each proper-time slice is a dynamical field governed by an action with a universal stiffness constant A0. A single world-block exhibits kinematic non-locality: the metric perturbation at a point depends on the entire wavefunction through an integral relation, while maintaining dynamic locality via causal wave equations. This duality captures the essential non-locality of quantum mechanics without violating relativistic causality. When two particles interact, their world-blocks are stitched along a common boundary, forming a single compound world-block in ordinary four-dimensional spacetime. The stitching imposes local matching conditions that yield a non-separable strain field, providing a geometric account of quantum entanglement. Measurements correspond to fixing boundary conditions on one part of the compound block; the correlated outcome on the distant part is automatically determined by the shared global geometry, not by any superluminal signal. Thus, the apparent non-locality of EPR correlations is explained as a manifestation of geometric connectivity within a single 4D manifold, consistent with Bell’s theorem because the geometry itself is non-local. In the continuum limit of many overlapping blocks, coarse-graining restores an effective local description, and Newton’s law of universal gravitation emerges exactly, with Newton’s constant given by G = 3c⁴/(8πA₀). The model offers a unified, deterministic, and fully relativistic foundation for quantum mechanics and gravity, without invoking extra dimensions or stochastic elements. Experimental signatures in ultrafast interferometry and possible connections to dark energy are discussed. The framework aligns with recent developments in emergent gravity and provides a concrete geometric realization of spacetime from quantum entanglement.

Abstract: We propose a unified geometric framework in which each quantum particle is endowed with an intrinsic spatial geometry governed by a universal stiffness constant A₀ and sourced by its wavefunction. This geometry gives rise to a repulsive self-interaction that prevents gravitational collapse. When multiple particles are present, their individual geometries combine through local interactions, forming a collective structure whose dynamics, in the continuum limit, reproduce 4-dimensional GR gravity. Newton’s constant emerges as G = c⁴/(8πA₀). The framework provides a geometric account of quantum interference and entanglement, eliminating the need for a separate configuration space. Extending the formalism to the vacuum, interpreted as a compound of virtual geometric excitations, yields a constant harmonic field ΦH whose scale is set by the Hubble radius, leading to a vacuum energy density ρ_vac ∼ 3c²H²/(8πG) in agreement with observations. This approach offers a deterministic, unified model for quantum mechanics, gravity, and cosmology, with testable predictions for precision measurements.