Abstract: Accurate characterization and structured interpretation of qubit errors are essential for advancing scalable quantum computation. In this work, we introduce a Category-Based Error Budgeting ($CBEB$) framework for systematic analysis of qubit calibration data in noisy intermediate-scale quantum ($NISQ$) processors. The proposed methodology decomposes the total error budget into physically and statistically meaningful categories, enabling quantitative evaluation of their relative contributions through two core metrics: the relative contribution rate ( $R_A$ ) and the disproportionality factor ( $D_A$).Beyond static categorization, the framework incorporates correlation-aware analysis by constructing covariance structures derived from two-qubit gate errors, allowing error interdependencies to be explicitly modeled. We further integrate the budgeting formalism into decoder weight assignment strategies and compare three decoding models: uniform weighting, individual error-based weighting, and a category-correlation-aware model. Logical error rates are estimated under each scheme to evaluate performance impact.The framework is implemented as an interactive graphical analysis tool and validated using real calibration datasets from contemporary superconducting quantum processors. Results demonstrate that category-level decomposition reveals structurally dominant error sources that are not evident from aggregate statistics alone, and that correlation-aware weighting provides improved logical error rate estimation.This work establishes a principled and operational bridge between calibration diagnostics and decoder optimization, offering a scalable methodology for structured error analysis in near-term quantum hardware.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carry quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: By systematically introducing small symmetry-violating terms into quantum gates, we examine whether such perturbations can reproduce the tomographic noise patterns observed on actual quantum hardware. This study fits into the broader context of quantum computing and quantum information processing, where realistic noise modeling remains essential for understanding device behavior.Our analytical framework mirrors Qiskit’s tomography procedures and shot model, using transparent noise control. Our results show that weak generator perturbations can reproduce average deviations in Pauli Transfer Matrices with high fidelity (given the recorded hardware noise characteristics). These findings suggest that symmetry-violating generators provide a phenomenological model for relevant classes of hardware noise. This approach offers a reproducible analytic baseline for testing noise hypotheses and calibrating simplified models against experimental data.Beyond this descriptive role, the appearance of stable symmetry-violating perturbations in the fitted models supports their physical relevance: they indicate that real devices operate slightly outside the symmetry-preserving regime assumed in standard noise models, and that these deviations leave identifiable signatures in tomographic reconstructions. Because the analytical framework isolates these violations at the generator level, it enables principled diagnosis of non-unitality and related effects. As a result, the model not only reproduces experimental process tomography data but also identifies which symmetry assumptions fail and by what magnitude, providing actionable information for calibration, simulation, and the development of symmetry-sensitive mitigation and error-correction strategies.

Abstract: We propose that the transition from reversible quantum correlation to an objective classical record is a thermodynamically irreversible process with a quantifiable heat signature. We formulate a three-stage taxonomy separating reversible premeasurement, irreversible record formation, and memory reset, and derive a conditional record-formation heat bound: under explicit operational conditions (C1 to C6) in the uncontrolled-decoherence regime (no work extraction/coherence-recovery channel), the irreversible record-formation channel must dissipate at least kB·T·ln(2) of heat per bit of classical information created, quantified by the mutual information I(X;Y) between a prepared classical label X and the recorded outcome Y. Using an explicit system/pointer/bath model, we identify the precise stage at which this Landauer cost is paid: not during unitary premeasurement coupling, but during irreversible environmental coupling, when the pointer becomes entangled with N ≫ 1 environmental degrees of freedom and the record is stabilized. We design a circuit-QED differential microcalorimetry experiment using superconducting qubits and nanocalorimeters (TES or SNS nanobolometer class). The protocol employs matched ON/OFF branches that share identical premeasurement pulses and routing losses, differing only in whether an objective record is stabilized. The measurand is the per-shot differential deposited energy ΔQ ≡ Q_ON − Q_OFF, which isolates the record-formation contribution. Four primary controls (ground-state baseline, measurement-strength scaling, reversal-delay timing sweep, and prior-variation) discriminate from systematic effects. Sensitivity analysis using demonstrated nanobolometer performance shows detection is feasible with N ~ 2×10⁹ to 8×10⁹ ON/OFF pairs at 10 mK for Landauer-scale residual tests at SNR ~ 10 (for σ_Q ≈ 0.32 to 0.6 zJ and ΔQ_target ≈ 9.57×10^-5 zJ). The bound is falsified if the observed residual ΔQ − k_B·T·ln(2)·I(X;Y) falls statistically below zero.

Abstract: With the increasing importance of securing quantum communication networks, practical and robust entity authentication is a critical requirement. Accordingly, we propose and experimentally validate a quantum entity authentication protocol specifically designed for integration with BB84-type QKD workflows and existing terminal architectures. We analyze the protocol's security against intercept–resend man-in-the-middle impersonation, showing that an unauthenticated adversary induces a characteristic 25% correlation error and that the rejection probability approaches unity as the number of detected authentication events increases. For practical realization, the protocol is deployed using weak coherent pulses with decoy-state estimation to bound single-photon contributions and mitigate photon-number-splitting–enabled leakage. The system is demonstrated over a field-deployed fiber link of approximately 20 km with ~8 dB optical loss using signal/decoy intensities of ~0.5/~0.15 and sending probabilities 0.88/0.10/0.02 (signal/decoy/vacuum). Across both verification directions, stable operation is observed with QBER typically fluctuating between 1% and 4% while the sifted key rate remains constant over time. These results provide an experimental basis for integrating physical-layer entity authentication into deployed quantum communication networks.

Abstract: We develop a geometric framework in which physical time is represented as a complex variable T=t−iτ. The imaginary component τ encodes the attenuation of coherence, while the real component t retains its usual causal role. Motivated by recent delayed-choice implementations [1–4], we show that the experimental configuration acts as an internal rotation θ of the complex time, modifying the imaginary-time difference between interferometric paths and therefore the visibility. This mechanism alters coherence without affecting causal evolution in t and does not require retrocausality. The model remains fully compatible with standard quantum mechanics, preserving unitary evolution, the Born rule, and completely positive trace-preserving maps. It provides a minimal geometric reparametrisation of the dynamical phase and yields experimentally testable predictions for visibility and temporal correlations.

Abstract: The quantum Mpemba effect (QME) describes the counterintuitive phenomenon where a system initially further from equilibrium relaxes faster than one closer to it. Specifically, the QME associated with symmetry restoration has been extensively investigated across integrable, ergodic, and disordered localized systems. However, its fate in disorder-free ergodicity-breaking settings, such as the Stark many-body localized (Stark-MBL) phase, remains an open question. Here, we explore the dynamics of local U(1) symmetry restoration in a Stark-MBL XXZ spin- 1/2 chain, using the Rényi-2 entanglement asymmetry (EA) as a probe. Using an analytical operator-string expansion supported by numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the QME transitions from an initial-state-dependent anomaly in the ergodic phase to a universal feature in the Stark-MBL regime. Moreover, the Mpemba time scales exponentially with the subsystem size even in the absence of global transport, governed by high-order off-resonant processes. We attribute this robust inversion to a Stark-induced hierarchy of relaxation channels that fundamentally constrains the effective Hilbert space dimension. The findings pave the way for utilizing tunable potentials to engineer and control anomalous relaxation timescales in quantum technologies without reliance on quenched disorder.

Abstract: The Stueckelberg wave equation is solved for unitary solutions, which links the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian directly to the oscillation frequency. As it has been showed previously that this PDE relates to the Dirac operator, and on the other hand it is a linearized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman PDE, from which the Schrödinger equation can be deduced in a nonrelativistic limit, it is clear that it is the key equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. We give a stationary solution for the quantum telegraph equation and a Bayesian interpretation for the measurement problem. The stationary solution is understood as a maximum entropy prior distribution and measurement is understood as Bayesian update. We discuss the interpretation of the single electron experiments in the light of finite speed propagation of the transition probability field and how it relates the interpretation of quantum mechanics more broadly.

Abstract: Objective collapse models are often implemented so that collapse acts only on the fermionic (matter) sector, while bosonic fields do not undergo fundamental collapse. In generalized trace dynamics (GTD), spontaneous localization is expected to arise when the trace Hamiltonian has a significant anti-self-adjoint component. In this note we show, starting from the STM-atom (spacetime-matter atom) trace Lagrangian written in terms of two inequivalent matrix velocities Q̇₁ and Q̇₂, that the purely bosonic subsector admits a self-adjoint Hamiltonian, whereas the fermionic sector carries an intrinsic anti-self-adjoint contribution. The key structural input is that making the trace Lagrangian bosonic requires insertion of two unequal odd-grade Grassmann elements β₁ ≠ β₂. Assuming natural adjoint properties for these elements, we compute the trace Hamiltonian explicitly via trace-derivative canonical momenta (with bosonic and fermionic variations treated separately) and isolate the resulting anti-self-adjoint term. This provides a first-principles mechanism, within GTD, for why only fermionic degrees of freedom act as collapse channels.

Abstract: Quantum Sensing (QS) is a sub-category of Quantum Technologies (QT). Within defence and military domains, QT is considered an Emerging Disrupting Technology (EDT). QS leverages the properties of Quantum mechanics (QM) to develop and introduce a new family of sensors that are unmatched in performance compared with classical sensors. As such, QS might have the ability to break current stealth technologies and detect avionics, underground facilities, or undersea objects such as submarines and man-made structures, which are key capabilities of a Nuclear Deterrence (NT) strategy. This paper examines the current development in QS and the potential impact of this EDT on military operations with a focus on nuclear deterrence.

Abstract: "Testing the Large-Scale limits of quantum mechanics". The European Union has launched a call for proposals under the above title, to which a large number of research centres participated between 2018 - 2022, with many valuable results, 134 peer-reviewed papers, coordinated by Universitá degli Studi di Trieste, Italy. The term "large-scale" offered a very wide range of possibilities. Almost all theoretical/practical research looking for answers using quantum mechanics is looking down the dimensional scale, towards more and more 'elementary' components. Perhaps there is an answer to be sought up the dimensional scale as well. The interpretation of the present publication, following Dirac's guidance, shows the universe from a new perspective with the help of quantum mechanics.

Abstract: Quantum entanglement is conventionally characterized as a structural property of tensor-product Hilbert spaces, with limited emphasis on its geometric or gauge-theoretic organization. Within standard quantum field theory on a fixed classical spacetime background, we show that entanglement can be represented as a global compatibility constraint acting on internal degrees of freedom in the gauge-bundle formulation of the Standard Model. This representation is encoded by a vacuum-level internal gauge structure $\Xi(x)$ that is locally pure gauge, dynamically inert, and acts exclusively on internal fibers, leaving all local dynamics and the Standard Model Lagrangian unchanged. We formalize this perspective as a vacuum internal gauge structure (VIGS) and prove a corresponding structural result—the Vacuum Internal Gauge Theorem—which establishes that global compatibility relations associated with $\Xi$ act only on internal Hilbert-space factors and preserve locality and no-signaling within the regime considered here. The framework complements standard Hilbert-space and algebraic descriptions of entanglement by making explicit how global internal correlations can be organized geometrically without invoking nonlocal dynamics. Finally, we identify an experimentally accessible operational signature, based on correlated versus independent internal-frame scrambling, that distinguishes this geometric representation within existing entanglement platforms.

Abstract: Current quantum computing platforms, primarily based on Z₂-graded qubits, suffer from fragility against decoherence and limited error correction thresholds. Here, we propose a topological quantum computing architecture founded on the finite-dimensional 19-dimensional Z₃-graded Lie superalgebra and its emergent discrete 44-vector vacuum lattice—a minimal, closed geometric realization of ternary symmetry in 3D embedding space. The lattice supports stable non-Abelian anyonic excitations encoded as native qutrits, with triality-protected braiding offering intrinsic topological error correction and enhanced coherence times. We derive universal gate operations from graded bracket closure, estimate fault-tolerance thresholds exceeding 1.5% noise (significantly surpassing conventional surface code thresholds of ∼0.7–1%), and outline near-term experimental pathways in photonic lattices, cold atoms, and superconducting circuits. This Z₃ framework provides a promising candidate for scalable, decoherenceresistant quantum computation, potentially resolving current bottlenecks in qubit-based platforms while bridging algebraic unification with practical quantum hardware.

Abstract: We construct a family of positive but not completely positive linear maps acting on $M_4(\mathcal{C})$, obtained as a natural extension of Kye’s indecomposable maps defined for $M_3(\mathcal{C})$. We rigorously prove positivity of these maps on 'X' states and employ them to identify a one-parameter family of bipartite quantum states living in the vicinity of maximally mixed state to be entangled even though states are positive under partial transposition (PPT). This provides an explicit example of a family of quantum states with both bound entangled states and free entangled states in $4 \otimes 4$ systems, a regime that remains less characterized compared to lower-dimensional cases. The proposed maps detect entanglement and reveal new structural features of the PPT entangled region in higher dimensions. Our results extend the applicability of positive-map–based entanglement detection and contribute to the systematic understanding of bound entanglement beyond the $3\otimes 3$ and $2 \otimes 4$ systems. In addition, we show that generalized Choi maps simply can not detect well known PPT entangled states for $2 \otimes 4$ systems.

Abstract: The quantum tunneling phenomenon has long been explained by quantum mechanics using abstract concepts such as probability waves and wave function collapse. However, the essence of its microscopic physical mechanism—how and why a particle can traverse a classically forbidden region—has never been clearly elucidated, leading to a schism between the physical laws governing the micro- and macro-worlds. Based on the Great Tao Model and the Unified Theory of Atomic and Molecular Structure, this paper, for the first time, constructs a complete, self-consistent, and quantifiable framework for a classical physical explanation. The core of this framework clarifies the microscopic physical mechanisms of "local weakening of the Existence Field" and "formation of a directional field channel", reducing the tunneling process to a deterministic sequence of events: "information coupling → field weakening → channel formation → classical penetration". The study rigorously derives the quantitative relationships between the field strength weakening coefficient, the field channel width, and the penetration probability. Its mathematical form is compatible with the empirical formula of quantum mechanics, but its physical connotation is fundamentally different. Case studies demonstrate that this theory can uniformly explain the atomic-scale resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the deterministic energy release in α-decay, and the physical necessity for the impossibility of macroscopic object tunneling. Starting from the first principles of classical physics, this paper provides a new paradigm for understanding tunneling that aligns with physical intuition, has a clear mechanism, and is subject to experimental verification, achieving a logical unification of micro- and macro-physical laws.

Abstract: Recent work has shown that finite measurement resolution and estimator tolerances can create operational vulnerabilities in quantum integrity verification, enabling adversarial probing strategies that evade static detection criteria [1]. Building on these insights, we examine how analogous adversarial mechanisms arise in continuous-variable quantum communication (CVQC), where security and performance-critical decisions are made directly from finite-resolution phase-space measurements. We develop an operational threat-modeling framework that classifies adversarial interference in CVQC into three regimes: (i) low-amplitude reconnaissance noise engineered to remain within estimator tolerances, (ii) moderate exploratory noise designed to probe stability margins and system sensitivities, and (iii) high-intensity denial-of-service (DoS) interference intended to force operational failure. Using a receiver-centric Gaussian-channel representation, we characterize how each regime perturbs second-order quadrature statistics and induces systematic degradation of state coherence and purity. To quantify adversarial impact in an implementation-relevant manner, we introduce an energy-deviation metric derived from the trace of the covariance matrix, directly linking excess noise accumulation to estimator degradation and operational failure thresholds under finite-sample constraints. The resulting taxonomy and metric establish a structured foundation for analyzing physical-layer adversarial behavior in continuous-variable quantum communication.

Abstract: We propose a reinterpretation of Bohmian mechanics in which the single--particle wave functions defined in ordinary three--dimensional space---usually treated as conditional or derived quantities---are elevated to ontological primitives. In this formulation, particle positions and their associated three--dimensional wave functions jointly constitute the fundamental ontology, while the universal wave function on configuration space is retained as part of the formal structure generating their dynamics. Each particle is associated with a wave function in three--dimensional space, conditioned on the actual positions of the others, yielding an exact reformulation of standard Bohmian dynamics. Within a \( \psi \)--ontic framework supported by the Pusey--Barrett--Rudolph theorem, we argue that the ontological status of the wave function need not be tied to configuration space, but may instead be realized through interacting wave fields defined directly in physical space. This reinterpretation preserves the full empirical and dynamical content of Bohmian mechanics while restoring a spatially grounded ontology. Although no new testable predictions are introduced, the proposed framework secures three conceptual gains: ontological clarity, pedagogical accessibility, and extension potential. The novelty lies in providing an exact, spatially grounded reformulation that clarifies the ontological role of wave functions without committing to configuration space as the fundamental arena of physical reality.

Abstract: Aided by quantum sources, quantum metrology helps enhance measurement precision. Here, we construct a theoretical model for quantum imaging based on squeezed states and present the corresponding numerical results. Through discretization and quantum Fisher information theory, we investigate the two-point resolution and spatial multi-parameter estimation of optical fields with unknown spatial distributions. We calculate and compare imaging results based on squeezed vacuum states, coherent states, and squeezed coherent states; our results show that squeezed coherent states yield greater quantum Fisher information, which can effectively improve imaging quality. In addition, we analyze the influence of imaging basis functions, degree of squeezing, quantum correlations, and other factors on imaging performance. The proposed quantum imaging model and computational method can be extended to more complex scenarios, such as multi-mode squeezed-state imaging schemes and incoherent imaging systems. In the future, it is expected to find applications in practical imaging systems, including Raman microscopy and stimulated Brillouin scattering imaging.

Abstract: This work introduces a rigorous mathematical approach for producing entangled quantum states from classical stochastic dynamics. We show that any density matrix ρAB describing a composite quantum system can be reconstructed from the correlations of two foundational stochastic processes, X(t) and Y(t), which model the random behavior of the individual subsystems. The framework employs a dual temporal scale—micro and macro time—where quantum correlations naturally arise as emergent macro-level correlations derived from fine-grained micro-level interactions. We formulate the Double Covariance Model (DCM), which captures the essential features of quantum mechanics by interpreting the quantum state as a fourth-order statistical structure within an underlying classical probabilistic model.

Abstract: The Born rule governs the probability of outcomes of measurements of quantum systems. Many attempts have been made to derive the Born rule from other postulates. We perform such an analysis in an Everett interpretation without any measurement postulates at all. We explain that probability is an ill defined concept and that an agent who nevertheless wishes to make approximate predictions will have no alternative measure to weigh the alternatives without subjecting herself to a dutch book. Our demonstration is complete for projective measurements of pure states in a finite dimensional Hilbert space and we discuss how it might be applied to generalized measurements. A similar demonstration is impossible for mixed states. Nevertheless, following the standard convention, probability for mixed states has the same validity and issues as it does in classical physics.