Physical Sciences

Abstract: The original Bell inequalities were derived with four terms of channel-to-channel correlations of paired photons but are violated with sixteen terms of channel-to-channel correlations. The same correlation function can be derived for non-entangled photons as it was for entangled ones. The correlation probability for independent photons and qubits exceeds that of the entangled photons. Entanglement reduces the detection probability of the first measurement to 1/2 but does not affect the second photon’s maximal probability of detection. For one channel-to-one channel correlation, the quantum probability of entangled photons can be factorized, which should enable a local determination of a quantum nonlocal effect. A single photon is scattered by the quantum Rayleigh scattering making it impossible to synchronize the detections of an original pair of photons. All experimental results can be explained by means of the intrinsic field of photons as confirmed by independently published experimental results involving independent photons.

Abstract: Two foundational problems afflict our description of gravity: ultraviolet divergences in its quantum formulation and a curvature singularity at the Big Bang in its classical one. Both are addressed here by imposing a single kinematic restriction — a Planck-scale mode cutoff on the temporal frequency in conformal time, |k| ≤ ℓₚ⁻¹, on a massless spin-2 field propagating in a structureless void — and deriving its consequences. For the radiation-dominated FLRW case this is equivalent to restricting the spatial momentum magnitude to sub-Planckian values in the comoving frame. The band-limited projection of the singular scale factor a(η) = |η|/ℓₚ yields the closed-form entire function aᴿᵉᶢ(η) = (2/π)[(η/ℓₚ) Si(η/ℓₚ) + cos(η/ℓₚ)], with strictly positive global minimum aᴿᵉᶢ(0) = 2/π and Kretschmann scalar Kᴿᵉᶢ(0) = (3/4)π⁴ℓₚ⁻⁴ ≈ 73.06 ℓₚ⁻⁴; both are parameter-free. The classical Big Bang singularity is replaced by a smooth bounce whose properties are fixed by ℓₚ alone. Two formal results follow from the same restriction: the Deser bootstrap produces the Einstein–Hilbert action within the restricted field space, and all graviton loop integrals are finite by power counting. Both are conditional on the open problem of nonlinear gauge consistency, discussed explicitly in the paper. The regulated metric satisfies the projected Einstein equations with a geometry-derived effective stress-energy that recovers radiation asymptotically; the consistency check is given in Section 5.5.

Abstract: We propose a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics in which microscopic particles possess definite positions, momenta, and spins at every moment, independent of measurement. These physical quantities are not determined by hidden variables but are randomly realized according to the wave function’s probability distribution. Measurement outcomes reflect the particle’s actual state rather than a wave-function collapse. By treating the measured and measuring systems as a single composite system, we introduce a conditional probability decomposition of the wave function that preserves interference without invoking instantaneous collapse. Potential experimental tests of the conditional probability decomposition are discussed. This framework provides a coherent understanding of quantum measurement, nonlocal correlations, and the EPR paradox, while remaining consistent with all standard quantum predictions including Bell inequality violations and GHZ state.

Abstract: We demonstrate optomechanical spatial projection of azimuthally structured optical beams. The system is based on an ultra-low loss circular membrane integrated into an interferometric setup, that exploits the spatial analogies between the mechanical modes and the structured optical fields. A weak anisotropy lifts the degeneracy of the membrane modes, producing a spectrally resolved mechanical doublet composed of two orthogonal eigenmodes. Petal-shaped optical intensity distributions, formed by coherent superpositions of orbital-angular-momentum eigenstates with opposite topological charges and generated via a q-plate, are used to probe the membrane in a readout-only regime, where the motion is thermally excited. By rotating the azimuthal orientation of the optical pattern, we observe a controlled redistribution of spectral weight between the two members of the mechanical doublet. The split doublet, therefore, acts as a two-channel mechanical spatial analyzer for azimuthal quadratures, providing a wavelength-independent platform for the projection and processing of structured optical fields. Since the analyzer relies on spatial mode matching rather than optical spectral properties, the platform can interface with a wide range of optical sources and channels, making it an ideal candidate for optical and quantum communication applications.

Abstract: Why does a quantum measurement yield one definite outcome rather than another? Decoherence theory explains the disappearance of interference, yet it leaves the selection of a particular result unexplained—and says nothing about what role, if any, the observer plays. This paper confronts both gaps head-on. We construct an Extended Hilbert Space HTotal=HPhys⊗HHigher in which information-processing agents carry their own quantum degrees of freedom, coupled to the physical sector through an explicit interaction Hamiltonian. The resulting Intention Field Theory (IFT) draws on von Neumann’s two-process picture and Stapp’s arguments for mental causation, but goes further by deriving—rather than postulating—a Lindblad-form master equation from the coupling term. Four results follow: agent-dependent decoherence rates that scale with intentional coherence; observer-dependent corrections to Born-rule probabilities; preferred-basis selection fixed by the measurement interaction; and an entropic quantification theorem linking intentional coupling to entropy production, physical–higher mutual information, and a Landauer heat-dissipation bound per measurement event. We test these predictions against eleven landmark experiments—quantum Zeno, which-path, delayed-choice, Bell-inequality, and matter-wave platforms among them—and find per-event entropy increases spanning 10−14 to 10−1 bits, depending on coupling strength and interaction time. When the intentional coupling is switched off, every prediction collapses back to standard quantum mechanics, so the framework is conservative by construction. We compare IFT with nine major interpretations and several dynamical-collapse models, map out the theory’s current limitations, and design specific falsification protocols. The mathematical development is deductive: axioms first, then lemmas, propositions with full proofs, and finally testable corollaries whose numerical signatures differ from those of all existing frameworks.

Abstract: Bose’s original derivation of the photon occupation statistics employs a counting procedure in which identical quanta are distributed among distinct phase-space cells. In this paper, we present an alternative interpretive derivation of the Bose–Einstein distribution for photons, in which the suppression of permutations arises from causal ordering constraints associated with relativistic propagation and detector geometry, complementing the standard formulation based on particle identity. The derivation is mathematically equivalent to the standard approach and leaves all quantum predictions unchanged. The analysis is confined to the source–detector rest frame relevant to the measurement. A thought experiment demonstrates that introducing dispersive media preserves both the causal-ordering mechanism and its mathematical equivalence to Bose's indistinguishability approach. This work offers a complementary perspective to the conventional formulism by clarifying the interpretive foundations of photon statistics.

Abstract: This paper shows how to treat quantum field theory as a modern, locally Lorentz covariant quantum version of the classical, mechanical universe suggested by Laplace over 200 years ago. The result is a fairly common-sense single-history, single-world alternative to decoherent histories (Gell-Mann and Hartle) and many-worlds interpretations (Everett, DeWitt). From the assumption that there is a single universal Heisenberg state whose N-point functions uniquely describe all physical details of our universe, everything is rigorously deduced in a way showing that the mathematical formalism is capable of yielding its own interpretation. Probabilities arise from the neglect of the environment in approximate models. By giving the collapse of the wave function at a double slit a natural unitary explanation, new light is shed on the quantum measurement problem and the origin of the Born rule.

Abstract: Entanglement swapping can connect segmented quantum channels to form long-distance quantum channels, which is a key mechanism for realizing large-scale quantum networks and remote quantum communication. In this paper, we show the basic principles of entanglement swapping and propose a new calculation method to derive entanglement swapping results, which is demonstrated through the entanglement swapping between two bipartite entangled states. In addition, we propose an infinitely scalable star-shaped quantum network, which is composed of quantum computers connected through quantum channels. These computers interact with an observable universe: obtaining observational information from it and automatically providing feedback after processing the information.

Abstract: Fourier Neural Operators have become a central tool for learning solution operators of partial differential equations, but their spectral layers remain entirely classical and rely on digital Fourier processing. In this work, we introduce the Continuous-Variable Quantum Fourier Neural Operator (CV-QFNO), a Gaussian photonic formulation of the FNO spectral layer. The proposed architecture maps the essential operations of Fourier-domain operator learning, Fourier transformation, mode selection, and channel mixing, onto native continuous-variable optical primitives. In this way, CV-QFNO provides a photonic quantum analogue of the truncated spectral mechanism underlying the classical FNO, while avoiding the compilation overhead and spectral mismatch that arise in qubit-based Quantum FNO constructions. We extend the framework to both one- and two-dimensional operator learning and validate it on standard PDE benchmarks, including Burgers’ equation, heat equation, Navier–Stokes dynamics, and Darcy flow. The results show that the proposed model preserves the predictive accuracy, resolution generalisation, and spectral inductive bias of Fourier neural operators while using a structurally constrained photonic parameterisation. Since all experiments are performed as classical simulations, the contribution should be understood as an architectural and algorithmic blueprint for photonic neural operators, rather than as a demonstration of quantum computational advantage.

Abstract: Quantum-like models of cognition account for order effects, conjunction and disjunction fallacies, and contextuality in human decision data using the Hilbert-space formalism without claiming literal quantum processes in the brain. Two decades of theoretical development have produced a mature mathematical apparatus, but its empirical foundation rests almost entirely on human-subject paradigms that are subject to linguistic priming confounds, demand characteristics, and replication concerns. This paper proposes that engineered brain-organoid preparations on multielectrode arrays—specifically the Cortical Labs CL1 and DishBrain-class systems—constitute the first substrate on which the structural commitments of quantum-like cognition can be tested without these confounds. I specify four operational signatures (sequential-stimulation order effects, Contextuality-by-Default cyclic-system inequalities, response replicability under non-invasive measurement, and interference effects in combined stimulation), and characterize, for each, the formal observable, the discriminating prediction against classical adaptive-learning baselines, and the substrate-level constraints imposed by current commercial wetware. The paper is offered as a theoretical specification, not an experimental protocol, and is calibrated for falsifiability rather than confirmation: a positive result on any signature would constrain classical models of organoid learning without confirming quantum-like dynamics; a fully negative result would narrow—though not conclusively delimit—the empirical scope of the quantum-like cognition program, with one natural reading being that these signatures depend more strongly on linguistic, pragmatic, or task-structured features of human-subject paradigms than on generic neural substrate dynamics.

Abstract: Deutsch's influential argument holds that the exponential speedup of quantum algorithms such as Shor's is best explained by computation distributed across ontologically real parallel branches of the wavefunction. This paper interrogates that claim by asking what minimal ontological commitments are actually required to underwrite observed quantum computational advantages. Drawing on the framework of final-state constraints and informational pruning developed in prior work, we argue that Deutsch's computational argument depends on an unpruned Everettian ontology in which all branches persist as computational substrates. We show that pruned-histories interpretations—in which boundary conditions or decoherence-based selection mechanisms restrict the space of ontologically realized branches—can preserve the empirical predictions of quantum computation while denying the parallel-universes inference. The argument requires three positive commitments: a records-based criterion for ontological commitment, a thermodynamically graded boundary between unitary computation and outcome-stabilization, and a positive account of computational speedup grounded in global Hilbert-space structure and entanglement rather than in a population of parallel worlds. We situate this result within the ontological models framework and recent observer-dependence theorems—including Frauchiger-Renner, Bong et al., and Walleghem et al.—and engage directly with Hewitt-Horsman's functionalist defense of computational branch realism. We conclude that the Deutsch argument, while rhetorically powerful, is interpretation-laden rather than interpretation-neutral.

Abstract: The QBist and Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) informational readings of quantum theory have been developed across two decades without a clear position on what kind of physical system qualifies as an "agent" or "observer" for the formalism. Fuchs, Mermin, and Schack write as if the agent is a human physicist or a generic Bayesian; Rovelli writes as if any physical system can play the relational-observer role; Healey deflates the agent into an abstract Bayesian without specifying its substrate; the recent Khrennikov-Schack-Zwirn intersubjectivity exchange sharpens the question without resolving it. This paper argues that the QBism/RQM informational reading is substrate-flexible: any physical system whose input-output statistics admit characterization through quantum-probability structure with non-trivial Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) signatures resistant to simplex-embeddable ontological models is a candidate epistemic agent for the formalism. Substrate flexibility is the most coherent reading of the shared formal commitments of QBism and RQM once the agent role is separated from historically human-centered examples; the non-triviality requirement is necessary but not sufficient for agency, which additionally requires an input-output architecture capable of state-sensitive updating across measurement contexts. The thesis preserves the QBist objection to view-from-nowhere framings while removing the requirement that agents be human or conscious; it disciplines Rovelli's "any physical system" claim by indexing it to the non-triviality requirement; and it specifies what would count as evidence for or against. Engineered cortical wetware preparations (Cortical Labs CL1, DishBrain) provide a non-human, non-conscious-in-any-unambiguous-sense, controllable testbed on which the question can be empirically pursued; nothing in the argument requires attributing phenomenal consciousness or quantum-coherent biological dynamics to such systems. The paper distinguishes substrate flexibility from Pienaar's prior extension of the QBist agent (which extends the agent's senses, not its substrate), engages the neo-Everettian opposition (Wallace 2012, 2023) directly, and rejects the recent attempts (Edwards 2024, 2025) to fold classical large language models into a QBism-grounded formalism. Classical AI architectures admit simplex-embeddable models for their token-generation processes and therefore fail the non-triviality requirement; substrate flexibility is narrower, not wider, than such proposals.

Abstract: We investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of quantum steering in a tripartite photonic system subject to dephasing noise. By developing a theoretical framework based on the single-photon dephasing model extended to three independent photons, we analyze the temporal evolution of steering measures S^A−BC and S^AB−C for two distinct classes of initial states: W-type entangled states and GHZ-type mixed entangled states. The system is studied under various environmental configurations, ranging from fully Markovian to fully non-Markovian regimes, with asymmetric distributions of memory effects across the three photons. Our results reveal that the dynamics of Gaussian steering are highly sensitive to both the number of photons coupled to non-Markovian environments and the specific partition of the system being considered. For W-states, non-Markovian effects induce oscillatory behavior with death-revival cycles, where the intervals of sudden death and revival amplitudes depend critically on the distribution of memory effects. For GHZ-states, we observe multiple death-revival cycles in some configurations and prolonged preservation of steering without complete sudden death in others. Notably, we find that non-Markovian environments can either enhance steering through information backflow or prove detrimental depending on which subsystems they are coupled to relative to the steering and steered parties. These findings demonstrate that non-Markovianity can serve as a resource for protecting specific types of quantum steering, but its effects are highly configuration-dependent, offering insights for quantum information processing tasks requiring the preservation of directional quantum correlations in photonic networks.

Abstract: We introduce a new notion, that of a contextuality profile of a system of random variables. Rather than characterizing a system's contextuality by a single number, its overall degree of contextuality, we show how it can be characterized by a curve relating degree of contextuality to level at which the system is considered, \( \begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c} \textnormal{level} & 1 & \cdots & n-1 & n>1 & n+1 & \cdots & N\\ \hline \textnormal{degree} & 0 & \cdots & 0 & d_{n}>0 & d_{n+1}\geq d_{n} & \cdots & d_{N}\geq d_{N-1} \end{array} \), where N is the maximum number of variables per system's context. A system is represented at level n if one only considers the joint distributions with \( k\leq n \) variables, ignoring higher-order joint distributions. We show that the level-wise contextuality analysis can be used in conjunction with any well-constructed measure of contextuality. We present a method of concatenated systems to explore contextuality profiles systematically, and we apply it to the contextuality profiles for three major measures of contextuality proposed in the literature.

Abstract: We propose an information-geometric, entropic interpretation of wave function collapse based on the finite distinguishability between quantum states. By analyzing the second-order expansion of relative entropy, we show that collapse can be understood as a finite transition in state space governed by the Fisher information metric. This framework naturally assigns an energetic cost to collapse, identified with the canonical energy associated with the perturbation. The resulting picture provides a unified description linking quantum measurement, statistical distinguishability, and geometric structure.

Abstract: We propose a structural framework for understanding quantum computational advantage based on admissible continuation of configurations. Within this framework, quantum computation is interpreted as the organization of admissible histories whose contributions combine through phase coherence, in a manner related to path-integral formulations of quantum mechanics. We identify three fundamental structural resources: the multiplicity of admissible histories, the persistence of phase coherence, and the non-factorizable structure of continuation constraints (entanglement). We introduce the notion of effective coherent multiplicity as a measure of the portion of history space that contributes constructively to computational outcomes, and formulate a structural speedup conjecture relating superpolynomial quantum advantage to its growth under bounded instability. This perspective provides a unified explanation of both the power and the limitations of quantum computation, clarifying why unstructured problems admit limited speedup while problems with strong global structure can exhibit substantial advantage. The framework complements standard circuit-based complexity theory by relating computational power to the organization of admissible-history space.

Abstract: Geometric and topological methods play an increasingly important role in quantum information science and quantum computation. Beyond the conventional Hilbert space formalism, a variety of mathematical frameworks, including group representations, mapping class groups, modular tensor categories, and character varieties, have been proposed to describe quantum states and quantum gates in a structurally robust manner. This review surveys the development of topological and geometric approaches to quantum information, with particular emphasis on representations of fundamental groups into SL(2,C), their associated character varieties, and the algebraic surfaces arising from trace coordinates, such as Fricke and Cayley cubic surfaces. These structures provide a geometric encoding of quantum degrees of freedom and offer alternative perspectives on topological quantum computing beyond anyon-based models. We also examine connections with integrable systems and isomonodromic deformations, where Painlevé equations and monodromy data supply a dynamical viewpoint on quantum state evolution. A critical comparison is provided with other geometric and topological approaches to quantum information, including geometric quantum mechanics, information geometry, tensor network geometry, and category-theoretic formulations. By synthesising results from topology, algebraic geometry, and mathematical physics, this review aims to clarify the conceptual landscape of topological quantum information geometry and to identify open problems and emerging directions in the field.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carries quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. This conclusion contradicts relevant results in the literature. While all relevant results published nowadays support quantum information processing, the present work shows that quantum information processing systems rely on the assumption that qubits exist physically, but the assumption does not hold. Examples are given for illustrating the results reported here. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: Based on the complexification of the modular flow parameter in the Tomita-Takesaki theorem and the thermal time hypothesis, we propose a complex-time picture: as a system approaches absolute zero, real time freezes while imaginary time emerges. Mathematically, this is equivalent to a Wick rotation. In this picture, applying the heat diffusion equation at absolute zero forces this rotation, transforming the diffusion equation into the Schrödinger equation and ensuring entropy invariance as required by the third law of thermodynamics. This complex-time picture thus offers a unified, temperature-based origin for two fundamental facts: why microscopic particles obey the Schrödinger equation, and why an arrow of time emerges in macroscopic systems.

Abstract: Conventional tests of Bell’s inequality rely on entangled photon pairs. Here, we replace entangled pairs with two independent photons of orthogonal polarization, and demonstrate that Bell’s inequality is still violated. Given the inherent local realism of independent photons, this experiment proves that Bell’s inequality cannot falsify the local realism of photons. We thus conjecture that the violation of Bell’s inequality by entangled photon pairs originates from their orthogonal polarizations, rather than the breakdown of local realism. To interpret this unexpected violation with independent photons, we further substitute the two photons with two monochromatic light beams, and calculate the transmittance correlation through polarizers via Malus’s law and Karl Pearson’s correlation formula. We show that this correlation also defies Bell’s inequality. Retracing the derivation of Bell’s inequality reveals its validity is restricted to binary events, which accounts for the observed violation with light beams. Finally, we propose a thought experiment involving gradual attenuation of light intensity down to the single-photon regime, and hypothesize that single-photon transmission through a polarizer does not constitute a binary event. This hypothesis provides a unified interpretation for both our experimental findings and all canonical Bell inequality tests reported to date.