preprints.org > physical sciences > theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v51

Preprint Article Version 51 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Special and general relativity (SR/GR) describe nature “subjectively”, that is, from the perspective of just one observer at a time (one group of observers, to be exact). Mathematically, SR/GR are correct. I show: (1) Physically, SR/GR have an issue. Despite the covariance of SR/GR, there is always just one active perspective. Because of this constraint, there is no holistic view of nature. The issue shows itself in unsolved mysteries. Still, the Lorentz factor and gravitational time dilation are correct. This is why the concepts of spacetime in SR/GR work well except for cosmology and quantum mechanics. (2) Euclidean relativity (ER) describes nature “objectively”, that is, from the perspectives of all objects at once. Any (!) object’s proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and proper time τ span natural spacetime, which is 4D Euclidean space (ES) if we interpret cτ as d₄. All energy moves through ES at the speed c. An observer’s reality is created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper space and to his proper time. In SR, these concepts are considered coordinate space and coordinate time. Neither their reassembly to a non-Euclidean spacetime nor the parameterization in SR/GR provides a holistic view. The scalar τ, in particular, cannot factor in an object’s 4D vector “flow of proper time” τ. However, the SO(4) symmetry of ES is incompatible with waves. This is fine because waves and particles are subjective concepts. We must learn to distinguish between an observer’s reality (described by SR/GR) and the master reality ES (described by ER). ER solves 15 mysteries at once.

time; cosmology; Hubble tension; dark energy; quantum mechanics; non-locality

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

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