Abstract: Elementary particles exhibit intrinsic phase recurrences, so each can serve as a reference clock. From this perspective, Rovelli's ``timeless'' viewpoint is best read not as denying time, but as denying the fundamentality of any preferred external time coordinate: time persists as internal cyclic variables carried by particles, covariantly modulated by energy exchange and relativistic transformations. Macroscopic flow arises from records and thermodynamic coarse-graining. Intrinsic temporal periodicity, supported by theoretical and phenomenological results published in previous works, constitutes the fundamental principle at the base of Elementary Cycles Theory, which may be regarded as a minimal, purely four-dimensional string-like framework.

Abstract: We present a theoretical framework in which the interference pattern of the double-slit experiment emerges from a variational principle defined on an informational manifold rather than from postulated wave–particle duality. Within the Viscous Time Theory (VTT) framework, physical systems are described by identity-preserving trajectories that minimize an informational latency functional. The competition between two permissible trajectories under finite latency produces a coherent term analogous to an interference phase, without assuming a physical wave or pre-existing superposition. The resulting probability distribution reduces to the standard double-slit formula in the limit of uniform latency and recovers the disappearance of interference under which-way detection as a breakdown of coherent identity. The model introduces a gradient of informational awareness that predicts a localized collapse event associated with a tensor activation reflecting the transition to a single-path regime. We propose an experimental protocol combining single-photon interference with EEG recordings to test whether early variations in the awareness gradient correlate with the collapse of coherence. We further report a model-based validation using a synchronized double-slit and EEG-inspired signal protocol, in which analytically constructed waveforms—consistent with published spectral properties—are used to illustrate threshold-driven collapse behavior, finite-time collapse dynamics, and improved predictive performance of the VTT model compared to standard decoherence-based descriptions. The framework thus provides a testable and experimentally supported informational interpretation of quantum interference, suggesting that wave–particle transitions correspond to a reorganization of identity in viscous informational time rather than a change in physical ontology.

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract: This paper critiques the established loss of simultaneity in special relativity which comes from Minkowski spacetime, and proposes a return to simultaneity through Lorentz transformation. Einstein's original thought experiment with a train (observer M’), an embankment (observer M) and lightning is shown, at first, to be inadequate for a test on simultaneity, and a new scenario is proposed. The new scenario posits that both observers M and M’ should be in the middle when the waves arrive (when waves leave is the original scenario). Despite time dilation and length contraction, simultaneity can be observed, suggesting that motion does not preclude simultaneity. But there is more; by using Lorentz invariance (therefore pure calculation), the conclusion of simultaneity will be reached with both the original and the new scenarios for both observers. This paper argues that Minkowski's oblique coordinates are probably unnecessary. Lorentz transformation maintains a consistent scale between observers, suggesting a shared background that supports simultaneity.

Abstract: We develop a comprehensive quantum--mechanical and field--theoretic framework for a complex scalar field whose modulus encodes a local time density and whose internal phase carries a \(U(1)\) structure. This field, which we call the timeon, admits a potential with two thermodynamically distinct minima: a null--stress vacuum phase and a deeper condensed atomic phase. We show that localized, finite--energy atomic--phase domains embedded within the vacuum couple naturally to a conventional matter wavefunction psi(x, t), giving rise to a new class of composite eigenstates-Baryon Partner States (BPS). These states are elements of the composite Hilbert space (H_psi tensor H_Phi) and function as the fundamental excitations of the theory. We derive the complete Lagrangian and Hamiltonian governing the timeon field, obtain the coupled Euler--Lagrange equations for the composite system, and construct static, spherically symmetric BPS configurations satisfying regularity and finite--energy boundary conditions. Each BPS exhibits a topologically constrained core, a nontrivial radial profile, and a quantized \(U(1)\) phase winding. These structures endow the states with emergent mass, charge, and confinement properties. Baryonic mass arises entirely from spatial gradients and potential energy of the field configuration; charge originates from the internal phase winding; and confinement emerges as an energetic and geometric necessity---continuous unwinding of the phase is forbidden without traversal of infinite--energy configurations, preventing fractional excitations from existing in isolation. Vacuum--to--atomic tunneling and bubble nucleation processes are analyzed in detail, including energy barriers, critical radii, and transition amplitudes for metastable decay. The local matter density \(|\psi|^2\) acts as a compression parameter that dynamically lowers nucleation thresholds and drives the formation of atomic--phase regions. Linearization about both homogeneous phases and static BPS configurations yields the complete small--oscillation spectrum of the theory; these internal modes form a predictive excitation tower and correspond directly to resonances in scattering processes. By promoting the translational degree of freedom of a BPS to a dynamical modulus, we derive its effective nonrelativistic Lagrangian and identify a renormalized inertial mass. Pairwise interactions between BPSs generate an effective potential consisting of strong short--range repulsion, an intermediate--range attractive well, and Yukawa--like long--range decay. This structure supports two--body bound states, determines low--energy scattering phase shifts, and produces resonances when collision energies match internal excitation frequencies. Extending to many--body systems, we show that BPSs form stable clusters analogous to small nuclei. A systematic low--energy effective field theory is obtained by integrating out internal BPS modes. Together, these results demonstrate that mass, charge, confinement, excitation spectra, scattering behavior, and nuclear--like structure can emerge from the dynamics of a single complex field coupled to a matter wavefunction.

Abstract: In this work, we develop a deterministic physical model of force, gravitation, and weight based on microscopic imbalances between positive (+) and negative (—) charge units. Within the proposed framework, energy deficiency in negative charge units generates a fundamental attractive interaction with positive charge units, leading to an effective microscopic force that scales approximately as r −3 with distance. Through statistical averaging of this microscopic interaction in many-body systems, the emergence of gravitation at macroscopic scales is obtained. The model further demonstrates that the mutual attraction between a material object and a celestial body, in which both bodies exert equal and opposite forces on each other, manifests as weight through their combined effect. Accordingly, weight is interpreted as the resultant of reciprocal gravitational responses between interacting bodies. The proposed theory treats force, gravitation, and weight not as independent phenomena, but as different manifestations of a single underlying microscopic mechanism. The mathematical framework preserves dimensional consistency and predicts measurable deviations in high-density systems and microscopic structures. These predictions are experimentally testable and provide an alternative perspective on the microscopic origin of gravitational interactions.

Abstract: We propose a foundational reinterpretation of geometry, based on the informational framework of the Viscous Time Theory (VTT). At the heart of this approach lies the hypothesis that geometry is not a precondition for information, but rather the natural response of the vacuum to structured informational pressure (ΔC). We demonstrate that the Planck length (l_P) is not a minimal spatial unit, but rather a threshold of informational coherence, below which no Φα tunnel—a stable conduit of structured logic in VTT—can persist. From this principle, we derive the existence of the Unità Elementare Coerente (UEC-it means Elementary Unit of Coherence) — a minimum pair (ΔI_0, l_P^2) — representing the smallest area capable of hosting an irreducible coherent information unit. We propose a correspondence between this construct and the Hodge Conjecture, by showing that only within such coherent regions can harmonic forms emerge and persist. This leads to a unified view of topological information, where space, time, and geometry are not primary, but emergent from the self-organization of information via ΔC gradients. This work extends our previous VTT reinterpretations of Casimir effect, Euler–Mascheroni persistence, and Minkowski fields, by anchoring all structures to a Planck-scale field of informational response. We conclude by outlining implications for quantum gravity, a novel interpretation of curvature as an informational phenomenon, and a testable experimental setup to detect ΔC-induced micro-geometric structures in photonic environments.

Abstract: Motivated by the work of Matsas et al. (2024), which demonstrates that time can serve as the fundamental unit for physical quantities—obviating the need for traditional Length-Mass-Time (LMT) dimensions—this research evaluates the operational resolution of velocity within relativistic frameworks. Utilizing a Lorentz transformation matrix approach, we first validate the Matsas three-clock protocol, confirming the derivation of distance as a function of three proper clock times in Minkowski spacetime and uncovering two novel velocity expressions derived solely from these temporal intervals. The investigation was extended to Tangherlini’s 4D spacetime framework (1958) to test the hypothesis that absolute velocity could be resolved through subluminal signaling. While the initial three-clock scenario resulted in the systematic cancellation of the Base system's absolute velocity, a breakthrough was achieved by applying the Relativistic Doppler Effect within the Tangherlini metric. This approach effectively circumvents the mathematical cancellations prevalent in standard relativistic "null" experiments. The findings reveal that the Tangherlini and Minkowski frameworks are intimately related; the former serves as a necessary complement to the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) rather than an antagonist. This theoretical advancement suggests a plausible methodology for the measurement of absolute velocity without the requirement of instantaneous signals. By resolving the longitudinal Doppler shift within a preferred-frame geometry, this research provides fresh impetus for the historical debate on absolute motion initiated by Poincaré and Einstein.

Abstract: We present an artefact-driven simulation study of calibration-first deterministic standing-wave qubit control derived from the calibrated scalar sector of the Refined Space–Time Membrane (STM) model. Starting from the STM governing equation written in SI force-density form, we show that coherence scales, gate-timing windows, stability margins, and spectral constraints can be derived directly from the calibrated elastic operator together with a single empirically extracted damping parameter, without invoking additional quantum postulates or phenomenological tuning. These quantities are treated operationally as stability and timing proxies that define an explicit admissible operating envelope for a given measured embodiment.A paired simulation pipeline is employed. Full-field spectral integration of the STM partial differential equation is used to extract the carrier frequency and coherence scales from a no-pump ring-down response while simultaneously verifying operator positivity. A reduced two-mode envelope model, calibrated directly against the governing equation, is then used to synthesise single- and two-qubit operations and to evaluate timing, slew, stability, and spectral hygiene under a uniform, windows-first acceptance policy. Interferometric, region-coupled, and sub-threshold parametric control routes are exercised within the same framework.Parametric operations are certified by exact Floquet analysis, demonstrating strictly below-threshold stability with explicit margin rather than heuristic thresholding. Robustness is assessed via multi-mode leakage tests and closed-loop noise injection, with all accepted operations satisfying the declared coherence, stability, and read-out constraints simultaneously. All reported quantities are populated exclusively from machine-readable artefacts generated by the build pipeline.The results establish a reproducible operating envelope for deterministic standing-wave qubit control in silico, conditional on the empirically measured damping rate and carrier response of the embodiment under test. In this role, the envelope may be interpreted operationally as a device-level acceptance boundary that distinguishes admissible from non-admissible regimes for deterministic execution. Within its declared scope, this study provides a concrete and falsifiable bridge between continuum STM dynamics and qubit-level control metrics, offering an extensible and platform-agnostic framework for resonant or wave-based qubit implementations.

Abstract: We present a causal, falsifiable law of observer-indexed entropy retrieval dynamics whose growth rate of retrievable entropy is proportional to the remaining entropy gap, modulated by a hyperbolic-tangent regulator that switches on at a characteristic proper time \( \tau_{\mathrm{char}} \). Unlike ensemble-averaged, non-causal Page-curve phenomenology, this law follows directly from bounded Tomita--Takesaki modular flow and is fully invertible from simulated or empirical retrieval curves. The framework converts global entropy conservation into a Lorentzian-causal, observer-specific retrieval process, without invoking global reconstruction or post hoc averaging. It predicts distinct retrieval trajectories for stationary, freely falling, and accelerated observers, and yields an acceleration-indexed \( g^{(2)}(t_{1}, t_{2}) \) envelope that Bose--Einstein--condensate analog black holes can measure on 10–100 ms timescales. Recent laboratory observations of universal coherence-spreading bounds in ultracold quantum gases provide independent empirical support for access-limited saturation dynamics. Numerical validation on a 48-qubit MERA lattice (bond dimension~8) confirms robustness. A modified Ryu–Takayanagi prescription embeds the retrieval dynamics in \( \mathrm{AdS/CFT} \) without replica-wormhole or island constructions. By replacing ensemble-averaged Page curves with a causal, testable retrieval mechanism, the model reframes the black-hole information paradox as an experimentally accessible dynamical question. Here \( S_{\max} \) denotes the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy, \( \gamma(\tau) \) the modular-flow retrieval rate, and \( \tau_{\mathrm{char}} \) the characteristic proper-time scale.

Abstract: This paper first proposed the Yan Zijie's principle. Through further in-depth research on the new gravitational field theory and the grand unified theory (GUT), it is demonstrated that the force field mutual action points of the four fundamental forces (gravitation, electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force) are all located on the middle position of the line connecting the two object particles via the logical reasoning method, and are described by a concise mathematical expression. Combined with the gravitational mechanism formula proposed in the early stage and the research on the GUT, the understanding of the nature and laws of the four known fundamental forces in nature is further improved, providing new ideas and directions for the development of theoretical physics.

Abstract: The fundamental nature of gravitational fields and the common laws governing the four fundamental interactions remain among the most cutting-edge research challenges in physics. To address these two major scientific problems, this paper establishes a physical model of a gravitational field on the basis of an "expanding balloon" analogy. Through the study of this single model, it is deduced that a gravitational field is a form of massless, intangible, spherical field substance that extends uniformly and infinitely outward at the speed of light from the center of mass of an object with mass. This model also elucidates the physical mechanism underlying the equivalence of the gravitational mass and inertial mass. Furthermore, by simulating and analyzing a dual-model framework, the study derives key conclusions regarding the physical mechanism of gravity, the conditions for its generation, the mediator of gravitational interaction, the speed of gravitational propagation, and the mathematical formulation of the gravitational mechanism. Given that all four fundamental interactions arise from field-field interactions, further investigation not only yields mathematical expressions for the electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces but also reveals five universal laws governing all four fundamental forces: the zero-distance contact principle, the inverse-square law, the Yan Zijie's middle principle, the field divergence principle, and the field mutual noninterference principle. These principles are described using mathematical formulations.

Abstract: We present the Theory of Informational Spin (TGU) as a coherence-based, phenomenological extension of General Relativity designed to operate consistently across gravitational regimes. Rather than replacing relativistic gravity, the framework preserves full convergence with General Relativity in weakand intermediate-field domains while allowing for controlled, scale-dependent deviations in systems characterized by high orbital strain or structural asymmetry. In the TGU formalism, gravitational dynamics acquire an effective contribution associated with gradients of informational coherence, encoded through a dimensionless coherence efficiency factor—the Matuchaki parameter—derived from geometric normalization arguments rather than empirical fitting. This construction introduces no additional particle species and does not increase the number of freely tunable degrees of freedom once fixed. We demonstrate cross-regime consistency by applying the same coherence parameter to both orbital and galactic-scale phenomena. At Solar System and Galactic Center scales, including the S2 star orbit around Sagittarius A*, the theory reproduces General Relativity to observational accuracy, consistent with current high-precision astrometric constraints. At galactic scales, flat rotation curves can emerge as effective consequences of coherence geometry alone, without invoking dark matter components. The framework further yields clear, falsifiable predictions for high-eccentricity or compact systems, strong-field orbital configurations, gravitational-wave polarization, and coherence-sensitive laboratory experiments. Together, these results position the Theory of Informational Spin as a conservative, testable extension of relativistic gravity, offering a unified phenomenological description of gravitational dynamics across multiple physical scales while remaining fully compatible with existing observational data.

Abstract: The cross sections of the Schwarzschild soliton is analytically written as a section of the lightcone for each initial condition. The Penrose description of the tipping lightcones is used. For the investigation, the cross section of the Schwarzschild spacetime is characterized as a surface with vanishing Ricciscalar, with vanishing Ricci tensor, with vanishing Riemann tensor: moreover, its metric has vanishing time derivative. The cross section of the Schwarzschild spacetime is proven to be a section of the Penrose lightcones; the Perelmann diffeomorphism is written. To achieve this result, the convergence of the Yamabe flow on an \( \mathbb{S}^2 \) sphere is also proven when the sphere is submersed from a Schwarzschild spacetime; here, the geodesic spheres are considered: the weights are newly introduced as well for the new definition of cross-section manifold. As a result, the complete classifications of steady, expanding and shrinking Schwarzschild solitons is established with the analytical expressions of the weights. The results apply also to gradient Kaehler-Ricci solitons. The results select new steady gradient Kaehler-Ricci Schwarzschild solitons from rotationally-symmetric gradient Kaehler-Ricci solitons. The results complete the diverse classifications of gradient Ricci solitons analytically. A new impetus is found for applications to the generalizations of the two-dimensional cases.

Abstract: We propose that the dimensionality of spacetime should be treated as a renormalized quantity rather than a fixed kinematical input. Within a unified framework spanning quantum cosmology and string theory, we analyze how effective spacetime dimension can vary with physical scale through mechanisms such as compactification, holographic duality, and geometric coarse-graining. Geometric structures including Calabi - Yau manifolds, Klein bottles, and Möbius strips are employed as illustrative models for dimensional reduction and transition. We derive key relations linking energy scales, characteristic lengths, and fundamental constants, clarifying how dimensional flow emerges in both quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational regimes. The role of time as a dynamical dimension is emphasized, together with implications for cosmic geometry, holography, and the large scale structure of the universe. Our results suggest that dimensionality itself admits a renormalization group like description, with fixed points corresponding to distinct physical regimes.

Abstract: Electromagnetic induction forces produced by moving magnets near conductors are frequently approximated as either conservative stiffness (magnetostatics) or viscous damping (eddy-current loss). Both are controlled limits of a stricter statement: Maxwell--Faraday induction plus finite magnetic energy storage generates a \emph{causal, passive mechanical memory kernel}. This paper develops that kernel viewpoint in a hierarchy of models of increasing physical fidelity. We begin with a dipole--lumped-loop system, where the exact small-signal dynamic stiffness is $K_{\mathrm{em}}(s)=G^2 s/(R+sL)$, mechanically identical to a Maxwell element with stiffness $G^2/L$ and dashpot coefficient $G^2/R$. We then move beyond single-pole phenomenology by treating real conductors as distributed eddy-current continua. For a magnetic dipole oscillating normal to a conducting half-space, we derive an exact quasi-static frequency-domain kernel using Hankel (Sommerfeld) spectral methods. The resulting stiffness is an explicit passive branch-cut (diffusion) function of $s$ governed by the dimensionless parameter $\Omega=s\,\mu\sigma h^2$, where $h$ is the dipole height and $\mu\sigma$ sets magnetic diffusion. Low- and high-frequency asymptotes recover viscous and image-spring limits, while the intermediate regime reflects the continuous relaxation spectrum of diffusion. Finally, for superconducting rings we incorporate fluxoid quantization $Li+\Lambda(x)=n\Phi_0$ and show that flux jumps (phase slips) create discrete-state hysteretic magnetomechanical memory beyond any linear kernel.

Abstract: We present a complete and self-consistent framework for the unification of all fundamental forces, matter, and the cosmological sectors of the universe derived from the symmetry of a 4-dimensional complex spacetime (GL(4,C)). To preserve unitarity and ensure the theory is entirely free of ghosts (negative-norm states), we enforce a physical stratification based on a Cartan decomposition. We demonstrate that the spontaneous symmetry breaking at the Big Bang (GL(4,C) -> U(4)) initiates a "Radiative Waterfall" that deterministically derives all physical constants—including the Higgs mass (125.190 +/- 0.032 GeV) and the top quark mass (172.68 +/- 0.22 GeV)—with sub-percent accuracy. Crucially, the framework provides a zero-parameter resolution to current cosmological tensions through first-principles predictions rather than phenomenological fits. The theory identifies the dark sector as a structural requirement of the GL(4,C) manifold, predicting the existence of Cosmic Threads as 1-dimensional topological solitons of shear that form the macroscopic scaffolding of the universe. These structures are mathematical necessities of the 10-5-1 partition of the coset GL(4,C)/U(4) and align with the structural ordering and "scaffolding" observed in the 2026 COSMOS-Webb high-resolution mapping. The dark sector is further resolved into a dual-natured system that is simultaneously attractive and repulsive, comprising an ultra-light dark scalar (m_phi approx 2.3 meV) and a massive dark vector (m_Omega approx 332 MeV). The scalar mediates long-range attraction for web formation, while the vector’s "geometric stiffness" generates short-range repulsion to resolve the galactic core-cusp problem. Finally, the model analytically derives an interaction constant beta = 3/(128pi) approx 0.00746 (corresponding to xi approx 0.0225) governing energy transfer between dark energy and dark matter. This prediction resolves the 5-sigma Hubble tension (H_0 approx 72.8 +/- 0.7 km/s/Mpc) and the S_8 structure tension (S_8 approx 0.764), providing a rigorous geometric foundation for the evolving dark energy signatures recently reported by the DESI collaboration.

Abstract:

We propose a composite model of electroweak unification in which the , , photon, and Higgs boson emerge as bound states of massless Dirac preons. The framework is founded on a relativistic wave equation in the center-of-mass frame, with an effective spin–spin exchange interaction derived from an internal symmetry. This dynamics generates a composite mass matrix for vector and scalar preon–antipreon states. Diagonalization of this matrix, with weak interaction effects treated as perturbative corrections, yields precise predictions for electroweak observables. The model predicts the Weinberg angle as , matching the experimental value to within 0.16%. The W/Z mass ratio is predicted as , versus the measured , a 0.03% deviation. The Higgs boson arises as a scalar preon–antipreon bound state, with a predicted mass of , agreeing within 0.04% of the observed . Unlike the Standard Model, this approach requires no fundamental scalar field or spontaneous symmetry breaking. It provides a unified, minimal, and testable compositional origin for all electroweak bosons and offers a new pathway toward deeper unification of forces.

Abstract: A teleparallel framework is presented in which electromagnetism admits a geometric realization alongside gravitation. In this construction, gravity and electromagnetism arise as complementary dynamical sectors of a single tetrad field, rather than as independent structures. The electromagnetic potential is not introduced as an internal gauge field appended to spacetime, but is identified with the dynamical structure of the temporal tetrad. In this parametrization, the electromagnetic potential arises as part of the geometric decomposition of the temporal coframe, while U(1) gauge symmetry appears as a redundancy in the representation of temporal geometry rather than as an independently postulated internal symmetry. The electromagnetic field strength emerges from temporal torsion, while the U(1) gauge symmetry is realized as a geometric equivalence relation among different representations of temporal geometry. Local Lorentz covariance is preserved throughout.Standard electromagnetic dynamics are recovered without additional assumptions: the homogeneous Maxwell equations follow as geometric identities, while the inhomogeneous equations, charge conservation, and the Lorentz force law arise from a unified action principle. Flat Minkowski spacetime remains a stable vacuum solution, and classical configurations such as the Coulomb field admit a direct interpretation as spatial variations of temporal geometry. Electromagnetic backreaction is understood as an intrinsic change of the underlying geometric structure rather than as an external source.Beyond formal consistency, the framework allows direct contact with observations. In particular, the pulsar braking index problem is revisited from a geometric perspective. A drift component of the tetrad encodes a geometric vorticity of spacetime, leading to an additional torque linear in the angular velocity. Deviations of the braking index from the standart value n=3 then arise as a direct geometric effect, without invoking phenomenological torque corrections or detailed magnetospheric modeling.

Abstract: We present a physically intuitive and mathematically rigorous framework for deriving the relativistic quantum wave equations, dynamics, and topological structures of bosons and fermions in 1+1-dimensional spacetime. Starting from a simple flip-flop dual-component system that models internal oscillations, we show how first-order linear rate equations naturally give rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. For bosons, the system leads to the familiar Klein-Gordon equation, while for spin-½ fermions—augmented by an internal clock degree of freedom—the Dirac equation emerges in 1+1D. The topological distinction between bosons and fermions is revealed through their rotational symmetry: bosons follow a 360° closed loop structure, while fermions are represented by a Möbius band, requiring a 720° rotation to return to their original state. We also introduce two distinct Lorentz transformation structures: hyperbolic (sinh–cosh) for bosons and trigonometric (sin–cos) for fermions. This approach provides a clear, unified, and pedagogical interpretation of relativistic quantum dynamics and internal particle structure.