preprints.org > physical sciences > theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v42

Preprint Article Version 42 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Special and general relativity (SR/GR) describe nature from a subjective perspective. Mathematically, they are correct. Here I show: (1) Physically, SR and GR have an issue. Spacetime in either theory is not natural, but construed by observers. Rulers and clocks measure proper distance d_i and proper time τ. Period. They are not aware of coordinate distance (x_i or x_i') nor of coordinate time (t or t') in SR. Nor are they aware of how an observer parameterizes spacetime in GR. Rulers and clocks are thus not able to measure what is calculated in SR/GR. Still, the Lorentz factor and gravitational time dilation are correct. This is why SR/GR work so well in an observer’s reality. (2) Euclidean relativity (ER) describes nature from an objective perspective. In ER, proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and proper time τ of any (!) object span “natural spacetime”, which is 4D Euclidean space (ES) if we take cτ as d₄. All energy is moving through ES at the speed of light c. Each observer’s reality is created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper space and to his proper time. These axes are reassembled in SR/GR to a non-Euclidean spacetime. But the SO(4) symmetry of ES is not compatible with waves. This is fine because ER tells us that wave and particle are subjective concepts: What I deem wave packet, deems itself particle at rest. We must distinguish between an observer’s reality (subjectively described by SR/GR) and the “master reality” ES (objectively described by ER). ER revolutionizes cosmology and quantum mechanics by solving the Hubble tension, dark energy, and non-locality.

spacetime; cosmology; Hubble constant; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

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