preprints.org > physical sciences > general & theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v25

Preprint Article Version 25 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Today’s concept of time is based on Einstein’s theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue since it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: Predictions made by SR and GR are correct, but “Einstein time” (Einstein’s concept of time, proper time of one observer) has an issue. SR and GR work well for one observer describing his reality and for another observer describing his reality. Yet Einstein time distracts from a master reference frame (birthplace of each observer’s unique reality) that is beyond SR and GR. In Euclidean relativity (ER), we replace Einstein time with “Euclidean time” (proper time of all objects/observers). In Euclidean spacetime (ES), all energy is moving radially away from “an origin” (the Big Bang) at the speed of light. For each object, time flows in a unique 4D direction related to its position. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer’s reality is only created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. ER gives us the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR, but now we learn that they stem from a projection. ER outperforms SR in explaining time’s arrow and mc². ER outperforms a GR-based cosmology in solving competing Hubble constants and declaring cosmic inflation, expansion of space, and dark energy redundant. Most important, ER is compatible with quantum mechanics: It solves the wave–particle duality and quantum entanglement while declaring non-locality redundant.

cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, General & Theoretical Physics