preprints.org > physical sciences > theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v44

Preprint Article Version 44 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Special and general relativity (SR/GR) describe nature subjectively. Mathematically, they are correct. Here I show: (1) Physically, SR/GR have an issue. Both theories describe nature from the perspective of just one observer each (one group of observers, to be exact). After a transformation, there is again just one active perspective. Because of this constraint, there is no holistic view of nature. The issue manifests itself in the fact that SR/GR have not solved several mysteries, such as the Hubble tension, dark energy, and non-locality. Still, SR/GR work well for each observer because the Lorentz factor and gravitational time dilation are correct. (2) Euclidean relativity (ER) describes nature objectively. Any (!) object’s proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and its proper time τ span “natural spacetime”, which is 4D Euclidean space (ES) if we interpret cτ as d₄. All energy moves through ES at the speed of light c. Each observer’s reality is created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper space and to his proper time. These two concepts are reassembled in SR/GR to a non-Euclidean spacetime. Since information is lost in each projection, the performance of SR/GR is limited. However, the SO(4) symmetry of ES is not compatible with waves. This is fine because ER tells us that wave and particle are subjective concepts: What I deem wave, deems itself particle at rest. We must distinguish between the master reality ES (without waves) and an observer’s reality (with waves). I conclude: A holistic view of nature is a necessary requirement for solving the Hubble tension, dark energy, and non-locality.

spacetime; cosmology; Hubble constant; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

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