preprints.org > physical sciences > theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v37

Preprint Article Version 37 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

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Today’s physics describes nature from the perspective of one observer at a time. In special (SR) and general relativity (GR), his proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and his proper time τ are set equal to coordinate space x₁, x₂, x₃ and coordinate time t, respectively. These x₁, x₂, x₃, t span “coordinate spacetime”. Here I show: There is a physical issue in SR/GR, and there is a more powerful concept of spacetime. (1) Rulers and clocks measure d_i and τ. They are not aware of an observer’s constructs x_i and t. Thus, they cannot display x_i' and t', which are calculated in SR/GR. (2) SR/GR work well in many respects, but we can describe nature also from the perspective of each observed object. Its d₁, d₂, d₃ and τ span “proper spacetime”, which is equal to 4D Euclidean space (ES) if we interpret cτ as d₄. In Euclidean relativity (ER), all energy is moving through ES at the speed of light c. Each observer’s reality is created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper space d₁, d₂, d₃ and to his proper time τ=d₄/c. These four axes are set equal to x₁, x₂, x₃, t in SR/GR and reassembled to a non-Euclidean spacetime. However, the SO(4) symmetry of ES is not compatible with the formation of waves. This is not an issue because waves are a special feature of coordinate spacetime. Only the SO(4) symmetry tells us: What I deem wave, deems itself matter. ER solves 15 fundamental mysteries, such as time’s arrow, the Hubble tension, dark energy, the wave–particle duality, and non-locality. I conclude that proper spacetime improves our understanding of cosmology and quantum mechanics.

spacetime; cosmology; Hubble constant; Hubble diagram; quantum mechanics

Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics

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