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Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time
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How to cite: Niemz, M. H.; Stein, S. W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v30 Niemz, M. H.; Stein, S. W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v30
Abstract
Today’s concept of time is based on Einstein’s theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue since it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: SR and GR work well for each observer describing his unique reality, but “Einstein time” (Einstein’s concept of time) has an issue. It arranges all events in the universe in a 1D line on my watch, yet neither cosmology nor quantum mechanics care about my watch. Einstein time hides the big picture! In Euclidean relativity (ER), we replace egocentric Einstein time (coordinate time of an observer) with universal Euclidean time (proper time of each object). In Euclidean spacetime (ES), all energy is moving at the speed of light c. Euclidean time is distance covered in ES, divided by c. For each object, Euclidean time flows in a unique 4D direction equal to its current direction of motion. Clocks project this 4D flow to a 1D flow of time. So, each clock displays Einstein time. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer’s reality is only created by projecting ES orthogonally to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. ER gives us the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR, but now we learn that they stem from a projection. ER outperforms SR in explaining time’s arrow and mc2. ER outperforms a GR-based cosmology in solving competing Hubble constants and declaring cosmic inflation, expansion of space, and dark energy redundant. Most important, ER is compatible with quantum mechanics: It solves the wave–particle duality and quantum entanglement while declaring non-locality redundant.
Keywords
cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement
Subject
Physical Sciences, Theoretical Physics
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Commenter: Markolf Niemz
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
(1) We now use the common term “coordinate time” rather than “proper time of the observer”.
(2) We fixed one statement about whether or not “all energy is moving radially in Euclidean spacetime”.
(3) We now also explain “Earth revolving around the sun” in our new Fig. 4.
(4) We now explain the CMB in the projection to 3D space in our new Fig. 5.
(5) We reduced the total number of pages from 20 to 19.