Abstract: The microscopic pairing mechanism in unconventional superconductors remains elusive, largely because the extreme flatness of the superconducting band often obscures key energy-momentum dispersion features observed in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. In this work, we re-examine high-resolution dispersion data from cuprates (Bi2212 and Bi2201) and iron-based superconductors (monolayer FeSe) to test the predictions of a newly proposed chiral electron-hole (CEH) pairing mechanism. Unlike Cooper pairs in BCS-like theories that form a single quasiparticle band with a smooth back-bending dispersion, CEH pairs exhibit a distinct two-band structure in quasiparticle dispersion with sharp cusps at the back-bending points. Our analysis identifies clear empirical signatures of these CEH-predicted features, concluding that quasiparticle dispersions in these strongly correlated materials deviate significantly from BCS-like behavior. Further comprehensive and targeted experimental strategies are proposed to definitively resolve the subtle dispersion features and rigorously test the CEH model for unconventional superconductivity.

Abstract: Soluble solid content (SSC) is a critical indicator of ‘Red Fuji’ apple quality, directly governing fruit grading and maturity assessment processes. Conventional SSC measurement by refractometry is destructive and time-consuming, rendering near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIR-DRS) a promising nondestructive alternative. In this study, a low-cost and compact embedded spectrometer named as DLP NIR-scan Nano EVM was used to acquire NIR-DRS spectra of ‘Red Fuji’ apples for SSC prediction. To improve prediction accuracy, we combined spectral preprocessing with machine learning methods. The dataset was cleaned using Monte Carlo outlier detection, and samples were divided into calibration and validation sets via Kennard–Stone (KS) and joint X-Y distance (SPXY) algorithms. Among preprocessing methods tested, a 12-point second derivative performed best when paired with KS partitioning. For feature-wavelength selection on the preprocessed KS data, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination, and Random Frog were applied to the second-derivative spectra. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were then built using both full-spectrum data and four sets of selected wavelengths. The best preprocessed PLSR model achieved R2c = 0.916, RMSEC = 0.4093%, R2p = 0.8632, and RMSEP = 0.537%. These results demonstrate that NIR-DRS, combined with appropriate preprocessing and modeling strategies, offers a reliable, rapid, and nondestructive method for apple SSC quantification, paving the way for portable, cost-effective instruments for commercial fruit quality monitoring.

Abstract: Ant navigation is widely explained through pheromone-mediated trail formation and reinforcement, which accounts for efficient shortest-path selection in two-dimensional environments. However, certain three-dimensional foraging behaviors—such as navigation toward suspended food sources or the rapid use of newly established material paths—raise questions about whether chemical gradients alone fully explain route detection and selection. This paper examines experimental observations that appear difficult to reconcile with purely diffusion-based pheromone models and proposes an expanded framework incorporating the concept of Intrinsic Energy Spin (IESpin) fields. According to this hypothesis, all entities possess an intrinsic spin (ISpin) that encodes their fundamental intrinsic properties. The ISpin field propagates through space and interacts with other entities in the universe, giving rise to an IESpin field. These fields are proposed to propagate preferentially through continuous matter, potentially allowing organisms to detect spatial pathways and resource signatures via field gradients. The hypothesis generates experimentally testable predictions concerning material-dependent transmission, pheromone-independent navigation, and the possible existence of non-chemical sensory mechanisms in ants.

Abstract: The dynamic interaction between self-propelled constant-speed motion and surface topology is a fundamental problem in active matter physics and the control of surface-climbing robotics. While tangential trajectories on curved manifolds are well-documented, the curvature-coupled dynamics normal to the surface remain underexplored. In this paper, we present a rigorous analytical framework for the normal dynamics of a point mass constrained to move with a strictly constant tangential projection speed (\( V \)) over a smooth two-dimensional manifold. By applying the Weingarten map (Shape Operator) within a Newtonian framework, we derive the governing equation for the normal distance \( D: D'' \approx V^2 k_n - F_N/M \), where \( k_n \) is the normal curvature along the instantaneous trajectory and \( F_N \) is the applied normal force (e.g., gravity or adhesion). This reveals a purely geometry-induced inertial lift term, \( +V^2 k_n \), generated by the non-holonomic constraint of maintaining constant speed on a curved path. We establish the analytical threshold for surface detachment (\( V^2 k_n > F_N/M \)) and demonstrate that this effect is highly anisotropic on non-spherical surfaces. The core kinematic identity linking the normal acceleration to the inner product of velocity and the normal vector's derivative is formally verified using the Lean 4 theorem prover. Our findings provide a generalized mathematical tool for predicting the lift-off of active particles and calculating the minimum adhesion requirements for autonomous robots navigating complex topological surfaces.

Abstract: A bounded planetary stability framework is constructed from the NASA Exoplanet Archive by defining a class-normalized state vector \( (R,H,M,S) \) and a windowed scalar projection, \( \Phi_p \), interpreted as planetary homeostatic potential. Planetary ripeness is defined as a time-weighted residence functional within this bounded stability window, separating instantaneous structural placement from accumulated incubation time. A five-tier pipeline enforces observability discipline and reproducibility. Tier 1 constructs the archive-scale stability space using robust normalization within radius classes. Tier 2 applies strict thermodynamic and temporal gates based on insolation, equilibrium temperature, orbital eccentricity, and stellar age. Tier 3 derives bulk diagnostics including density, surface gravity, and escape-velocity proxies without imputation. Tier 4 incorporates observational follow-up feasibility using distance, broadband photometry, and transit-depth proxies. Tier 5 propagates measurement uncertainties through Monte Carlo sampling (\( N_{\rm MC}=2\times10^4 \)), explicitly merging uncertainty fields from the NASA Planetary Systems table, resolving duplicate catalog entries using a deterministic completeness-aware selection rule, and applying conservative uncertainty floors only where published errors are absent. An initial degenerate Monte Carlo outcome is traced to missing uncertainty columns and resolved, producing non-degenerate credible intervals and a fully documented uncertainty model. Under the strict rocky configuration, the combined Tier 1–Tier 5 cascade reduces \( 39{,}386 \) archive rows to a single surviving candidate: LHS 1140 b. For this planet, the pipeline derives a bulk density of \( 5.95\,\mathrm{g\,cm^{-3}} \), an escape velocity of \( 1.80\,v_{\rm esc,\oplus} \), and a Tier 5 median Ripeness score of \( 0.947 \) with unity pass probability across all gates. These results demonstrate that a bounded, uncertainty-aware homeostatic stability framework can isolate structurally robust terrestrial exoplanet candidates directly from archival data.

Abstract: The Standard Model is a renormalizable chiral Yang–Mills–Higgs quantum field theory defined on a principal fiber bundle over four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime with structure group G_SM = SU(3)_C × SU(2)_L × U(1)_Y. Its Lagrangian is uniquely constrained by local gauge invari-ance, Lorentz symmetry, perturbative renormalizability, and the requirement of gauge and mixed anomaly cancellation. The resulting theory couples non-Abelian gauge connections to chiral fermions transforming in complex representations of su(3) ⊕ su(2) ⊕ u(1), together with a scalar Higgs doublet whose vacuum expectation value induces spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation through the Higgs mechanism. In this review, we present a systematic and geometrically motivated construction of the Standard Model action from symmetry principles. The Yang–Mills sector is derived from the curvature two-form associated with the gauge connection on the principal G_SM-bundle, while the fermionic kinetic terms arise from covariant derivatives in chiral representations. We analyze the Yukawa interactions and scalar potential in representation-theoretic terms and interpret sponta-neous symmetry breaking as a reduction of the gauge symmetry accompanied by a reorganization of physical degrees of freedom. At the quantum level, we discuss BRST quantization, gauge fixing, and the derivation of Slavnov–Taylor identities ensuring perturbative unitarity and renormalizability. The one- and two-loop beta functions for gauge, Yukawa, and scalar couplings are computed, and the renormalization group flow is examined across many orders of magnitude in energy. Special emphasis is placed on the cohomological structure of gauge anomalies and their exact cancellation within each fermion generation. We further consider ultraviolet extensions and effective field-theoretic embeddings, including Grand Unified Theories, supersymmetric completions, right-handed neutrinos and seesaw mechanisms, and string-motivated constructions. Throughout, we emphasize the inter-play between geometric structure, renormalization group dynamics, and experimentally accessible observables. This document aims to provide a technically rigorous and conceptually unified reference for researchers in high-energy theory and mathematical physics.

Abstract: Modern physics rests on two pillars: general relativity and quantum field theory. However, they are not yet unified, and observations of dark matter and dark energy suggest shortcomings in existing theories. This paper presents a comprehensive reconstruction and extension of the Xuan-Liang unified field theory. Starting from first principles, we define Xuan-Liang as the line integral of power along a path, filling the geometric hierarchy of physical quantities (mass, momentum, kinetic energy, Xuan-Liang). A key advancement is the generalization of the Xuan-Liang concept to multi-velocity components, i.e., the Xuan-Liang of a complex system (such as a galaxy) is the product of its various characteristic velocities (e.g., rotation, revolution, bulk motion). This naturally leads to a modified Newtonian potential of the Yukawa form: Φ(r) = −GM r [1 + δ(1 − e−r/λ)], where the coupling strength δ and characteristic scale λ arise from multi-velocity coupling. Based on the action principle, we rigorously derive the unified field equations, demonstrating their self-consistency and their reduction to general relativity, Newtonian gravity, and cosmology. The theory’s explanatory power is demonstrated through applications: (i) it perfectly fits galaxy rotation curves from dwarf galaxies to the Milky Way and Andromeda, spanning a huge mass range, without requiring dark matter particles; (ii) it provides a dynamical dark energy model whose energy density smoothly transitions from matter-like behavior (w ≈ 0) at high densities to cosmological-constantlike behavior (w ≈ −1) at low densities, consistent with cosmic acceleration; (iii) it predicts testable modifications to black hole thermodynamics and strong-field gravity, including changes in black hole shadows and gravitational wave signals. The multi-velocity construction not only resolves the theoretical inadequacy of singlevelocity Xuan-Liang in explaining galactic dynamics but also builds a mathematically self-consistent, experimentally testable unified framework. Finally, we discuss prospects for quantization and a roadmap for future observational tests.

Abstract: In this study, it is shown that inserting geometric drift vectors within definition on tetrads have direct effects on torsion tensor. This contribution reveals an original point of view on gravitation while still being compatible with standard approaches and recent cosmological observations. The formulation preserves general covariance and reduces to the Einstein field equations in the appropriate limit where the drift contribution vanishes. The geometric drift vector scenario preserves the dynamical structure and the number of degrees of freedom of General Relativity. The model yields an effective geometric contribution whose behavior overlaps with phenomena commonly attributed to dark matter and late-time cosmic acceleration, offering a geometric interpretation of large-scale gravitational effects within a covariant teleparallel framework.

Abstract: An operational meta-model is presented for transitions among quantum, classical, relativis- tic, and thermodynamic descriptions without forcing a single master state space. Unification is performed at the level of observable predictions: each formalism produces an output in a common space Y defined by a feature map Φ (moments, spectra, correlations, or other functionals). Convex weights are assigned via a standard soft selection rule (softmax / Gibbs form) from losses, with entropic regularization and a complexity penalty (AIC/BIC/MDL) to reduce bias toward overly expressive models. Physics-facing priors are encoded through calibrated dimensionless knobs for decoherence/classicality, relativistic severity, and ther- modynamicity, yielding a regime-aware gating layer. A simple out-of-catalog diagnostic (surprise/residual monitoring) is included to flag persistent mismatch that may indicate missing observables or missing models. A minimal case study template (harmonic oscillator with a bath) and an acid test in the NISQ regime (critical decoherence) are outlined as reproducible validation pathways.

Abstract: The rotational evolution of pulsars is governed by torque mechanisms whose mathematical structure encodes fundamental symmetries of the underlying physics. We demonstrate that the standard spin-down equation $\fdot = -s f - r f^3 - g f^5$ derives from a discrete \emph{antisymmetry} requirement, namely invariance of the torque under reversal of rotation sense, which restricts the frequency dependence to odd integer powers. We show that physically motivated plasma processes systematically \emph{break} this symmetry, introducing fractional frequency exponents: viscous Ekman pumping at the crust--superfluid boundary layer ($f^{3/2}$), magnetohydrodynamic turbulent dissipation via Kolmogorov and Sweet--Parker cascades ($f^{10/3}$, $f^{11/3}$), non-linear superfluid vortex dynamics ($f^{5/2}$), and saturated $r$-mode oscillations ($f^{7-2\beta}$). The central result is an \emph{exact} analytical resolution of the long-standing Crab pulsar braking index puzzle: the observed $n = 2.51 \pm 0.01$, which has defied explanation for nearly four decades, emerges naturally from the superposition of magnetic dipole radiation ($\fdot \propto f^3$) and boundary layer Ekman pumping ($\fdot \propto f^{3/2}$), with analytically derived coefficients yielding a dipole-component surface field $B_p = 6.2 \times 10^{12}$~G---lower than the standard spin-down estimate because the boundary layer absorbs $32.7\%$ of the total torque that would otherwise be misattributed to the dipole. We develop the Riemann--Liouville fractional calculus formalism for these equations, showing that fractional derivatives break time-translation symmetry through intrinsic memory effects, with solutions expressed in terms of Mittag-Leffler and Fox $H$-functions that interpolate continuously between exponential (fully symmetric) and power-law (scale-free symmetric) relaxation. Lambert--Tsallis $W_q$ functions with non-extensive parameter $q$ encoding broken statistical symmetry enable equation-of-state-independent inference of neutron star compactness and tidal deformability. Our framework establishes a unified symmetry-based classification of pulsar spin-down mechanisms and predicts frequency-dependent braking indices evolving at rate $\dd n/\dd t \sim 2 \times 10^{-4}$~yr$^{-1}$, yielding $\Delta n \approx 0.01$ over 50~years---testable with current pulsar timing programmes. The formalism provides a coherent theoretical foundation connecting plasma microphysics at the neutron star interior to macroscopic observables in electromagnetic and gravitational wave channels.

Abstract: In Part I of the Viscous Time Theory (VTT) program, an informational action principle was introduced, leading to an emergent coherence tensor, viscosity-modified covariant dynamics, and an effective metric induced by informational structure. While this framework explains how geometric notions can arise from informational coherence, a central question remains: under what conditions does an autonomous informational stress-energy tensor emerge as a physically meaningful source term?In this work, we address this question by developing a controlled theory for the birth of the VTT tensor as an independent dynamical object. Building on the informational Hessian, coherence gradients, and logical viscosity introduced previously, we identify a critical regime in which accumulation and friction between transduction and memory degrees of freedom can no longer be absorbed into purely geometric terms. In this regime, a non-vanishing tensorial source nucleates. We formulate a precise emergence criterion based on Hessian criticality, derive the leading-order structure of the resulting tensor via a frictional commutator construction, and obtain scaling laws governing its onset near the critical point.We further extract concrete, falsifiable diagnostics that distinguish the purely geometric phase from the source-driven phase, including soft-mode divergence, accumulation thresholds, anisotropic stress patterns, and critical slowing down. Finally, we outline both numerical strategies and an experimentally motivated cavity-QED–inspired protocol to probe this transition. Together, these results extend the VTT framework from emergent geometry to emergent sources, providing a mathematically controlled pathway toward an informational formulation of back-reaction, metric crystallization, and source dynamics.

Abstract: We study a self-interacting scalar field defined in flat spacetime, where the interaction couples the field to its ground state configuration. Using an ansatz for this ground state, the Klein-Gordon equation allows an analytical solution that requires two constraints: one independent of the excitation level and another that depends on it. These constraints organize the accessible configurations and make it possible to describe a process in which the mass evolves until it reaches a stable regime. This leads, at late times, to a residual value whose order of magnitude is similar to that of the lightest neutrinos, although in this framework it is not interpreted as a particle mass but as a geometric remnant of the relaxation process. From these constraints, relations arise between the residual value and the vacuum energy, which in this approach are understood as consequences of the stabilization mechanism itself. In addition, by modeling quantum transitions between adjacent levels of the system, we obtain an effective expansion rate for the scale parameter associated with the field, whose magnitude is compatible with late-time cosmological expansion. The model is presented as an effective framework in flat spacetime, and its scope and limitations are discussed explicitly.

Abstract: The equation of state of crystals under external stress, derived years ago based on the principles of statistical physics, was re-derived in the same way, but for NON-crystals under general external stress and temperature. Its relationship with the macroscopic mechanical equilibrium condition was also discussed.

Abstract: Quantum electrodynamics (QED) provides extraordinarily accurate predictions for charged lepton properties, although its formalism offers limited intuitive insight into the geometrical and energetic scales associated with vacuum effects. In this work, a phenomenological representation is introduced to describe the leading-order contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of charged leptons. By combining characteristic length and energy scales associated with the Compton radius and rest energy with geometric arguments, the Schwinger correction to the electron magnetic moment is recovered. Within this framework, the fine-structure constant acquires the meaning of a characteristic angular scale associated with the effective vacuum dressing of the particle. The construction naturally extends to the muon, indicating the universality of the angular structure underlying anomalous magnetic moments. The model does not replace quantum electrodynamics but tries to provide an effective geometric representation of its lowest-order result, offering an intuitive picture of vacuum dressing and interaction scales.

Abstract: Limited fossil fuels have created a societal energy crisis necessitating the use of renewable energy. However, existing renewable energy sources are problematic and incur high costs. To overcome these issues, we propose a new renewable energy source with a divergent current density and highly symmetric circuits. This circuit comprises two voltage sources and two identical loads that output a few energies. In this circuit, stray capacitors in the vacuum play an important role to generate a divergent current density. This divergent current generates large electric power. This paper verified this fact theoretically and experimentally. In the theory, a simple Hamiltonian of Schrodinger equation results in a unique current–voltage characteristic, allowing for the current to flow along a large load without the Joule heating. During our experiments, a considerably large divergent current flowed into a huge resistance, boosting the output electric power to a level almost equal to that of a nuclear power station. In addition, the experimental results were consistent with the theoretical expectations. In conclusion, this paper has succeeded to present a novel system that generates considerably large energy in the theory and experiments.

Abstract: We investigate the effects of dark matter on the properties of strange quark stars within the framework of general relativity with two fluids coupled only with gravity. Adopting the color-flavor locked model for strange quark matter and considering both fermionic (free fermion gas) and bosonic (polytropic) equations of state for dark matter, we systematically study the structure and tidal deformability of dark matter admixed strange stars. Our results show that the presence of dark matter significantly modifies the mass-radius relations, with the maximum mass of dark matter admixed strange stars exhibiting a non-monotonic dependence on the dark matter mass fraction χ - a minimum at an intermediate χ. The tidal deformability Λ of dark matter admixed strange stars shows complex behavior depending on both the stellar mass and dark matter fraction, with Λ − β (the compact parameter) relations deviating from the universal relations observed for pure strange stars or dark stars. Our findings demonstrate that dark matter admixed strange stars with different configurations but identical masses and radii can be distinguished by their tidal deformabilities, providing potential observational signatures for detecting dark matter in compact astrophysical objects. The results are compared with current astrophysical constraints from gravitational wave observations and pulsar measurements.

Abstract: Accurate characterization and structured interpretation of qubit errors are essential for advancing scalable quantum computation. In this work, we introduce a Category-Based Error Budgeting ($CBEB$) framework for systematic analysis of qubit calibration data in noisy intermediate-scale quantum ($NISQ$) processors. The proposed methodology decomposes the total error budget into physically and statistically meaningful categories, enabling quantitative evaluation of their relative contributions through two core metrics: the relative contribution rate ( $R_A$ ) and the disproportionality factor ( $D_A$).Beyond static categorization, the framework incorporates correlation-aware analysis by constructing covariance structures derived from two-qubit gate errors, allowing error interdependencies to be explicitly modeled. We further integrate the budgeting formalism into decoder weight assignment strategies and compare three decoding models: uniform weighting, individual error-based weighting, and a category-correlation-aware model. Logical error rates are estimated under each scheme to evaluate performance impact.The framework is implemented as an interactive graphical analysis tool and validated using real calibration datasets from contemporary superconducting quantum processors. Results demonstrate that category-level decomposition reveals structurally dominant error sources that are not evident from aggregate statistics alone, and that correlation-aware weighting provides improved logical error rate estimation.This work establishes a principled and operational bridge between calibration diagnostics and decoder optimization, offering a scalable methodology for structured error analysis in near-term quantum hardware.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carry quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract:

This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework based on discrete space element dynamics. The core concept posits the existence of a conserved "spatial raw material" through which quantum virtual processes continuously generate new spatial elements, forming localized density gradients that manifest as spacetime curvature. This mechanism inherently excludes superlative effects, remains compatible with general relativity under covariance constraints, and provides a unified explanation for challenges such as dark matter, dark energy, and black hole singularities. The paper first elucidates the fundamental principle of "global covariant symmetry" and then offers an ultimate interpretation of symmetry breaking: symmetry is not "broken" but rather a local cost paid for global covariance. The core dynamics of this framework are systematically developed, with rigorous derivations of Newtonian gravitational limits, mass-energy equations, the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, the fundamental form of Maxwell's equations, and Newton's three laws from basic assumptions. Furthermore, by strictly defining k-body stable entanglement classes on discrete spacetime graphs, the symmetry group is proven to be SU(k), and the gauge group of the Standard Model—SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)—is uniquely derived. Under the continuous limit, the Yang-Mills action, chiral fermions, Higgs field, and Einstein's gravity are obtained. The theory predicts all 28 independent parameters of the Standard Model—including gauge coupling constants, fermion mass spectra, CKM matrices, PMNS matrices, Higgs parameters, strong CP parameters, and neutrino mass squared differences—with deviations from experimental values generally below 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁸. These predictions constitute the "geometric periodic table" of physical constants, signifying that the 28 free parameters of the Standard Model are completely nullified. The article concludes with multiple quantitative predictions verifiable by future experiments, providing a self-consistent, comprehensive, and experimentally testable new pathway for the unification of quantum gravity and particle physics.

Abstract:

Rapid subauroral flows occurring at unusually high magnetic latitudes during quiet times and weak substorms are rarely investigated and poorly understood. We investigated the phenomenon in a comprehensive way by using multi-instrument and multipoint satellite observations along with a set of computed variables. We specified 5 Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) and 28 Subauroral Ion Drifts (SAID) events observed in the Northern Hemisphere by spacecraft F18 in 2013. Driven by the strong poleward SAPS-SAID electric (E) fields (90–190 mV/m), high-latitude SAPS-SAID flows reached supersonic velocities (2400-5200 m/s) and developed at unusually high (≥68^o) magnetic latitudes, in the dusk sector, sometimes on the dayside. The high-latitude SAPS/SAID flows appeared in the deep main trough and mostly within the downward region-2 current suggesting their previous development. Their underlying vertical upward/downward drifts, driven by eastward/westward zonal E fields, imply positive feedback mechanisms in progress. Earthward energy depositions into the high-latitude SAPS and SAID channels indicate magnetospheric electromagnetic energy generations in their respective voltage generators. Conjugate observations demonstrate the development of large outward SAID E field (E_X≈10 mV/m) on 28 October 2013 and SAPS E field (E_X≈10 mV/m) on 14 October 2013 at L≈10 R_E on a short timescale at dusk.