4-component relativistic atomic and molecular calculations are typically performed within the no-pair approximation where negative-energy solutions are discarded, hence the symmetry between electronic and positronic solutions is not considered. These states are however needed in QED calculations, where furthermore charge conjugation symmetry becomes an issue. In this work we shall discuss the realization of charge conjugation symmetry of the Dirac equation in a central field within the finite basis approximation. Three schemes for basis set construction are considered: restricted, inverse and dual kinetic balance. We find that charge conjugation symmetry can be realized within the restricted and inverse kinetic balance prescriptions, but only with a special form of basis functions that does not obey the right boundary conditions of the radial wavefunctions. The dual kinetic balance prescription is on the other hand compatible with charge conjugation symmetry without restricting the form of the radial basis functions. However, since charge conjugation relates solutions of opposite value of the quantum number κ, this requires the use of basis sets chosen according to total angular momentum j rather than orbital angular momentum ` . As a special case, we consider the free-particle Dirac equation, where the solutions of opposite sign of energy are related by charge conjugation symmetry. We note that there is additional symmetry in those solutions of the same value of κ come in pairs of opposite energy.

We develop and apply new physics theory. The theory suggests specific unfound elementary particles. The theory suggests specific constituents of dark matter. We apply those results. We explain ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. The theory points to relationships between masses of elementary particles. We show a relationship between the strength of electromagnetism and the strength of gravity. The mathematics basis for matching known and suggesting new elementary particles extends mathematics for harmonic oscillators.

We prove that it is necessary to introduce the non-zero gluon masses into the fundamental Lagrangian of Quantum Chromodynamis in order to describe the mass-gap in the reaction of electron-positron annihilation into hadrons. A mew restriction on the gluon masses is obtained. The renormalized theory with non-zero Lagrangian gluon masses is constructed.

By introducing a variable transformation $\xi=\frac{1}{2}(\sin \theta+1)$, the symmetrical deformation equation of elastic toroidal shells is successfully transferred into a well-known equation, namely Heun's equation of ordinary differential equation, whose exact solution is obtained in terms of Heun's functions. The computation of the problem can be carried out by symbolic software that is able to with the Heun's function, such as Maple. The Gauss curvature of the elastic toroidal shells shows that the internal portion of the toroidal shells has better bending capacity than the outer portion, which might be useful for the design of metamaterials with toroidal shells cells. Through numerical comparison study, the mechanics of elastic toroidal shells is sensitive to the radius ratio. By slightly adjustment of the ratio might get a desired high performance shell structure.

We put forward a co-axial pump(optical)-probe(X-rays) experimental concept and show performance of the optical component. A Bessel beam generator with a central 100 micrometers-diameter hole (on the optical axis) was fabricated using femtosecond (fs) laser structuring inside a silica plate. This flat-axicon optical element produces a needle-like axial intensity distribution which can be used for the optical pump pulse. The fs-X-ray free electron laser (X-FEL) beam of sub-1 micrometer diameter can be introduced through the central hole along the optical axis onto a target as a probe. Different realisations of optical pump are discussed. Such optical elements facilitate alignment of ultra-short fs-pulses in space and time and can be used in light-matter interaction experiments at extreme energy densities on the surface and in the volume of targets. Full advantage of ultra-short 10 fs X-FEL probe pulses with fs-pump(optical) opens an unexplored temporal dimension of phase transitions and the fastest laser-induced rates of material heating and quenching. A wider field of applications of fs-laser-enabled structuring of materials and design of specific optical elements for astrophotonics is presented.

Standard Model is well-performing under the three-generation, but in the wake of more physics, fourth-generation leptons and quarks are introduced. In this paper, I created a model surrounding quarks and leptons and tried to show the importance of quarks to understand the baryogenesis. I talked about and set the lower limits of t’ and b’. And predicted an updated version of lower bounds and precise masses of quarks and leptons. In Sec. II. I mathematically predicted the Higgs boson anomaly in the new standard model due to neutrinos and leptons. And in final, I talked about the Unified Standard Model.

It is agreed that before the creation of particles, space was absolutely devoid of matter and radiation. In this study, we assume that the absolute void comprises four dimensions; three spatial dimensions and a force equivalent representing the factor of change among the elementary dimensions. Our hypothesis is based on the expansion of the spatial dimensions, and the subsequent space instability. We demonstrated that when the outward force equivalent strength exceeds a critical limit, it collapses inward to restore equilibrium in the system. Then, the void inside the collapsed force equivalent acts as a void in a confined system, the energy of the system remains conserved at all stages. With the decrease of the spatial dimensions due to the collapse the energy density increases, at the final stage, the energy in the confined system is concentrated forming a solid-state of energy. In which, this solid-state of energy is a particle. Becoming the source of the elementary particles. The created high-energy sources are controlled by the internal and external forces of the source and all entities in its external force field until equilibrium is reached. The quark-gluon plasma, inflation, gravitational collapse, and gravitational lensing provide evidence supporting the elementary dimensions theory presented in this paper.

Huge filaments with scales from several hundred megaparsecs to gigaparsecs are detected in the distribution of galaxies and clusters, quasars, gamma-bursters. The hypothesis on the nature of the huge filaments as regions of space-time deformation is proposed. An anisotropic deformation of the local region is described by the strain tensor, it depends on the velocities of matter. Galaxies get an extra velocity in the region, which leads to the formation of filamentary structures. The class of exact solution of the GR equations is constructed by introducing the special definition of the Christoffel symbols as function of the velocity of matter. With a definition of these symbols, the motion matter equation turns into identity. For the sake of simplicity, an ideal fluid is considered.

A popular account of the mixing patterns for the three generations of quarks and leptons is through the characters $\kappa$ of a finite group $G$. Here we introduce a $d$-dimensional Hilbert space with $d=cc(G)$, the number of conjugacy classes of $G$. Groups under consideration should follow two rules, (a) the character table contains both two- and three-dimensional representations with at least one of them faithful and (b) there are minimal informationally complete measurements under the action of a $d$-dimensional Pauli group over the characters of these representations. Groups with small $d$ that satisfy these rules coincide in a large part with viable ones derived so far for reproducing simultaneously the CKM (quark) and PNMS (lepton) mixing matrices. Groups leading to physical $CP$ violation are singled out.

The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the potential cosmic topology and the cosmic horizon radius of spacetime curvature utilising new construal of space geometry inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). I utilise a modified version of the Big Bounce theory to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints, and to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed two cosmic horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, such in the visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The span of the derived cosmic horizon radius could account for the farthest observed objects. By implementing this model, we found a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14>1. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

In this review, we present the latest exclusion limits obtained with astroparticles for Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) in the photon sector. We discuss the techniques known as energy-dependent time delay or time lag, subluminal pair production threshold shift, superluminal photon decays and superluminal photon splitting. Perspectives for future results in LIV with the next generation of experiments are also addressed.

The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the potential cosmic topology and the horizon radius of spacetime curvature utilising a new construal of the geometry of space inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). I utilise the Big Bounce theory to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density, and to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe such as visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data. Using this model, we found a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

The acceleration of the universe is described as a consequence of the extrinsic curvature of the space-time embedded in a bulk space, defined by the Einstein-Hilbert. Using the linear approximation of Nash-Green theorem, we obtain the related perturbed equations in which just the gravitational-tensor field equations contribute to propagation of cosmological perturbations. In accordance with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and solar constraints, we calculate numerically the effective Newtonian function Geff to constrain the related parameters of the model. We numerically solve the growth density equation for two possible family of solutions leading to an interesting overdensity and, in some cases, a mild damping of the growth profiles, with a top amplification of the growth perturbations around 14% in comparison with LCDM model and quintessence. The effective gravitational Phi and Newtonian curvature Psi are also analysed showing mild perturbations in early times induced only by the extrinsic curvature differently from the LambdaCDM standards.

In this paper, we revisit the two theoretical approaches for the formulation of the tachyonic Dirac equation. The first approach works within the theory of restricted relativity, starting from a Lorentz invariant Lagrangian consistent with a spacelike four-momentum. The second approach uses the theory of relativity extended to superluminal motions and works directly on the ordinary Dirac equation through superluminal Lorentz transformations. The equations resulting from the two approaches show mostly different, if not opposite, properties. In particular, the first equation violates the invariance under the action of the parity and charge conjugation operations. Although it is a good mathematical tool to describe the dynamics of a space-like particle, it also shows that the mean particle velocity is subluminal. In contrast, the second equation is invariant under the action of parity and charge conjugation symmetries, but the particle it describes is consistent with the classical dynamics of a tachyon. This study shows that it is not possible with the currently available theories to formulate a covariant equation that coherently describes the neutrino in the framework of the physics of tachyons, and depending on the experiment, one equation rather than the other should be used.

Simulations based on extragalactic supernova (SN) observations predict during active epochs several SN explosions (SNe) can occur within the Milky Way galaxy every century. A review of observational data collected on the Circumgalactic Medium (CGM) provides support for the existence of a class of SN originating as runaway OB stars or halo stars exploding in a rarified environment outside of the Interstellar Medium (ISM). Unlike most SN which explode within the ISM where the ambient gas generally absorbs blast waves within a million years, the blast waves from this class of SN propagate in a rarified medium and can remain in a high velocity free expansion phase for more extended periods. These high velocity blast waves are analyzed with a focus on their potential to influence celestial observations. The SN blast wave physical properties, such as the relative permittivity and permeability, are investigated and found to exhibit values outside the traditional bounds with ranges capable of altering the propagation of light. These plasma properties, when incorporated into dynamic SN blast wave models, are shown to induce reflections and redshifts to propagating light fields which can appear to observers as common cosmological phenomena such as elliptical galaxies, gravitational lenses and the Hubble constant.

This study investigated the relationship between wrist flexion and the dynamics of the swing of a croquet mallet. Twenty seven subjects participated in a study which used 3D motion capture equipment and high speed and high-definition video to determine if there is a correlation between the lateral twist of a croquet player’s swing and the flexion of the wrist during that swing. The study found a significant correlation between the amount of flexion of the wrist from the start of the stroke to the top of the backswing and the twist of the mallet head at the top of the backswing (r=0.330, p<0.01). The methodology and findings are relevant to all sports where minimising wrist flexion is favourable for improving consistency of stroke making. Additionally, reducing wrist motion in stroke-making may reduce the incidence of wrist pain and injury in croquet, further supporting recommendations to reduce the amount of wrist flexion during the croquet swing.

The circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) is the photocurrent generated in an optically active material in response to an applied ac electric field, and it changes sign depending on the chirality of the incident circularly polarized light. It is a non-linear dc current as it is second-order in the applied electric field, and for a certain range of low frequencies, takes on a quantized value proportional to the topological charge for a system which is a source of nonzero Berry flux. We show that for a non-interacting double-Weyl node, the CPGE is proportional to two quanta of Berry flux. On examining the effect of short-ranged Hubbard interactions upto first-order corrections, we find that this quantization is destroyed. This implies that unlike the quantum Hall effect in gapped phases or the chiral anomaly in field theories, the quantization of the CPGE in topological semimetals is not protected.

This paper describes all the properties of high-Tc cuprates by introducing rotating holes which are created by angular momentum conservations on a two dimensional CuO₂ surface, and which have a different mass from that of a normal hole due to the magnetic field energy induced by the rotation. This new particle called a macroscopic boson describes doping dependences of pseudo gap temperature and the transition temperature at which an anomaly metal phase appears. In addition, it also describes all the properties of the anomaly metal phase, using findings from our previous article [1] . Furthermore, the present paper introduces a new model to handle many-body interactions, which results in a new statistic equation. A partition function of macroscopic bosons describes all the properties of the anomaly metal phase, which sufficiently agrees with experiments. Moreover, the above-mentioned statistic equation describing many-body interactions accurately explains why high-Tc cuprates have significantly high critical temperatures, which indicates that the source of the characteristic stems from pseudo gap energy. By introducing a macroscopic boson and the new statistic model for many-body interactions, the present paper uncovered the mystery of high-Tc cuprates, which have been a challenge for many researchers. Moreover, in the present paper, pure analytical calculations are conducted. These calculations agree with experimental data which do not employ numerical calculations or fitting methods but employ many actual physical constants.

The Einstein-Lovelock theory contains an infinite series of corrections to the Einstein term with an increasing power of the curvature. It is well-known that for large black holes the lowest (Gauss-Bonnet) term is the dominant one, while for smaller black holes higher curvature corrections become important. We will show that if one is limited by positive values of the coupling constants, then the dynamical instability of black holes serves as an effective cut-off of influence of higher curvature corrections in the 4D Einstein-Lovelock approach: the higher is the order of the Lovelock term, the smaller is the maximal value of the coupling constant allowing for stability, so that effectively only a first few orders can deform the observable values seemingly. For negative values of coupling constants this is not so, and, despite some suppression of higher order terms also occurs due to the decreasing threshold values of the coupling constant, this does not lead to an noticeable opportunity to neglect higher order corrections. In the case a lot of orders of Lovelock theory are taken into account, so that the black-hole solution depends on a great number of coupling constants, we propose a compact description of it in terms of only two or three parameters encoding all the observable values.

Increasing evidence signals the importance of macromolecular crowding on the regulation of the membrane protein activity. Lysenin is a pore forming toxin that forms crowded assemblies in membrane containing sphingomyelin microdomains. We studied the role of crowding on the activity of Lysenin thanks to High Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. In this study we show that pore formation requires available space around to take place, being sterically block in crowded environments, and verified it with nonSupported Lipid Bilayers mimicking the mechanical conditions of cell membranes. A continuous pH decrease and a single molecule compression experiments show that pore formation liberates membrane space leading to prepore-to-pore transitions. The study of the effects of prepore insertion comparing pore formation induced by sudden pH decrease in lysenin assemblies with thousand simulations show that liberation of space unblocks pore formation and could contribute to elude the cellular non-immune defences. Based on our findings we propose a refinement of current prepore structure and insertion models. We envision novel antibiotic strategies based on toxin-bindingdomains “crowders”.

We describe here the coherent formulation of electromagnetism in the nonrelativistic quantummechanical many-body theory. We use the mathematical frame of the field theory and its quantization in the spirit of the QED. This is necessary because of the manifold of misinterpretations emerging from the hystorical development of quantum mechanics, starting from the Schrödinger equation of a single particle in the presence of given electromagnetic fields, followed by the many-body theories of many charged identical particles having just Coulomb interactions inspired from the classical electromagnetic theory of point-like charges. However, this later is known to be inconsistent due to the self-interaction. This way could not be continued further to include properly the magnetic forces between the charged particles and lead to a lot of confusion about the interpretation of the magnetic field in the Hamiltonian, as well as about the gauge invariance. We emphasize the importance of the distinction between the applied (external fields) and the field in the matter. All these problems are length properly solved within the non-relativistic QED, nevertheless the confusion dominates in all the problems related to the magnetic properties of the solid state.

In this work, we investigate the weak deflection angle of light from exact black hole within the non-linear electrodynamics. First we calculate the Gaussian optical curvature using the optical spacetime geometry. With the help of modern geometrical way popularized by Gibbons and Werner, we examine the deflection angle of light from exact black hole. For this desire, we determine the optical Gaussian curvature and execute the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on optical metric and calculate the leading terms of deflection angle in the weak limit approximation. Furthermore, we likewise study the plasma medium's effect on weak gravitational lensing by exact black hole. Hence we expose the effect of the non-linear electrodynamics on the deflection angle in the weak gravitational field.

In this paper, we use a new asymptotically flat and spherically symmetric solution in the generalized Einstein-Cartan-Kibble-Sciama (ECKS) theory of gravity to study the weak gravitational lensing and its shadow cast. To this end, we first compute the weak deflection angle of generalized ECKS black hole using the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in plasma medium and in vacuum. Next by using the Newman-Janis algorithm without complexification, we derive the rotating generalized ECKS black hole and in the sequel study its shadow. Then, we discuss the effect of the ECKS parameter on the shadow of the black hole and weak deflection angle. In short, the goal of this paper is to give contribution to the ECKS theory and look for evidences to understand how the ECKS parameter effects the gravitational lensing.

Vertical-channel organic dual-gate/base transistors would be highly interesting since vertical organic transistors are the fastest organic transistors demonstrated today. However, incorporating a dual gate/base structure into an ultra-short channel vertical architecture represents a substantial challenge. Here, we successfully realize a new device concept of vertical organic permeable dual-base transistors (OPDBTs), where either of both base electrodes can be used to change the on-currents and tune the threshold voltages. The optimized devices yield a high on-current density of 1.54 A cm^-2 and a large current gain of 9.2×10⁵, corresponding to a high transmission value of 99.998%. The detailed operation mechanisms are investigated by calibrated TCAD simulations with the Poole-Frenkel mobility model, Gaussian density of states and tunneling model. Finally, high-performance logic circuits, e.g. inverter, NAND/AND computation functions are demonstrated with one single OPDBT operating at supply voltages of < 2.0 V. We believe that OPDBTs offer a compact and technologically simple hardware platform with excellent application potential for vertical-channel organic transistors in complex logic circuits.

We report a large third-order nonlinear optical response of palladium diselenide (PdSe₂) films – a two-dimensional (2D) noble metal dichalcogenide material. Both open-aperture (OA) and closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan measurements are performed with a femtosecond pulsed laser at 800 nm to investigate the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction, respectively. In the OA experiment, we observe optical limiting behaviour originating from large two photo absorption (TPA) in the PdSe₂ film of β = 3.26 ×10^-8 m/W. In the CA experiment, we measure a peak-valley response corresponding to a large and negative Kerr nonlinearity of n₂ = -1.33×10^-15 m²/W – two orders of magnitude larger than bulk silicon. We also characterize the variation of n₂ as a function of laser intensity, observing that n₂ decreases in magnitude with incident laser intensity, becoming saturated at n₂ = -9.96×10^-16 m²/W at high intensities. These results verify the large third-order nonlinear optical response of 2D PdSe₂ as well as its strong potential for high performance nonlinear photonic devices.

This brief note is aimed to dissociate from quantum physics contextuality, where the latter is standardly defined on the basis of families of compatible observables. In quantum physics, contextuality is just an exhibition of incompatibility of observables and, hence, Bohr's principle of complementarity. At the same time we recognize that contextuality can play the important role outside of physics.

Scator set, introduced by Fernández-Guasti and Zaldívar, is endowed with a very peculiar non-distributive product. In this paper we consider the scator space of dimension $1+2$ and the so called fundamental embedding which maps the subset of scators with non-zero scalar component into 4-dimensional space endowed with a natural distributive product. The original definition of the scator product is induced in a straightforward way. Moreove, we propose an extension of the scator product on the whole scator space, including scators with vanishing scalar component.

The material derivative is important in continuum physics. This Letter shows that the expression $\frac{d }{dt}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}+(\bm v\cdot \bm \nabla)$, used in most literature and textbooks, is incorrect. The correct expression $ \frac{d (:)}{dt}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}(:)+\bm v\cdot [\bm \nabla (:)]$ is formulated. The solution existence condition of Navier-Stokes equation has been proposed from its form-solution, the conclusion is that "\emph{The Navier-Stokes equation has solution if and only if the determinant of flow velocity gradient is not zero, namely $\det (\bm \nabla \bm v)\neq 0$.}"

Nonlinear electrodynamics with two dimensional parameters is studied. The range of electromagnetic fields when principles of causality, unitarity and the classical stability hold are obtained. A singularity of the electric field at the center of charges is absent within our model and there are corrections to the Coulomb law as $r\rightarrow\infty$. The universe inflation takes place in the background of stochastic magnetic fields. The second stage of the universe evolution is the radiation era so that the graceful exit exists. We estimated the spectral index, the tensor-to-scalar ratio, and the running of the spectral index that are in an approximate agreement with the PLANK and WMAP data.

Computing the rotation tensor is vital in the analysis of deformable bodies. This paper describes an explicit expression for the SO(3) rotation tensor R of the deformation gradient F, and successfully establishes an intrinsic relation between the exponential mapping Q = exp A and the deformation F. As an application, Truesdell's simple shear deformation is revisited.

In this paper, we study the sensing performance of metasurfaces comprised by spiral-disk-shaped metallic elements patterned on polypropylene substrates, which exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances in the low-frequency region of the THz spectrum (0.2-0.5 THz). Optimal designs of spiral disks with C-shaped resonators placed near the disks were determined and fabricated. The experimentally measured transmittance spectra of samples coated with very thin photoresistive layers (d ~ 10^-4-10^-3 λ) showed good agreement with simulations. The resonance frequency shift Δf increases with increasing d, while saturating near d = 50 µm. The narrow-band magnetic dark modes excited on symmetrical spiral disks with a 90⁰-C-resonator demonstrated very high FOM values reaching 1670 [RIU·mm]^-1 at 0.3μm-thick analyte. The hybrid high order resonances excited on asymmetrical densely packed spiral disks showed about two times larger FOM values (up to 2950 [RIU·mm]^-1) as compared to symmetrical distantly spaced spirals that resembles the best FOM results found in literature for metasurfaces fabricated with a similar technique. The demonstrated high sensing performance of spiral disks is evaluated to be promising for bio-sensing applications in the THz range.

The material derivative is important in continuum physics. This Letter shows that the expression $\frac{d }{dt}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}$+ (v • ∇), used in most literature and textbooks, is incorrect. The correct expression $ \frac{d (:)}{dt} = \frac{\partial }{\partial t}$(:) + v · [∇(:)] is formulated.

For crystal periodic structure prediction, a new and concise approach based on the principles of statistical physics was employed to derive a new form of the equation to determine their period vectors (cell edge vectors), under general external stress. Then the new form is applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics. It also turned out to be the equation of state and the specific explicit equilibrium condition for crystals under external stress and temperature. It should be helpful in piezoelectric and piezomagnetic studies, as the period vectors were changed by the external stress. For linear elastic crystals, it is actually also the microscopic but temperature-dependent form of the generalized Hooke's law, then can be used to calculate the corresponding elastic constants of the law, for given temperatures.

Efficiently targeted cancer therapy without causing detrimental side effects is necessary for alleviating patient care and improving survival rates. This paper presents observations of morphological changes in H1299 human lung cancer cells following W-band MMW irradiation (75 – 105 GHz) at a non-thermal power density of 0.2 mW/cm², investigated over 14 days of subsequent physiological incubation following exposure. Microscopic analyses of physical parameters measured indicate MMW irradiation induces significant morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis and senescence. The Immediate short-term responses translate into long-term effects, retained over the duration of the experiment(s); reminiscent of the phenomenon of Accelerated Cellular Senescence (ACS) achieving terminal tumorigenic cell growth. Further, results were observed to be treatment-specific in energy (dose) dependent manner and were achieved without the use of chemotherapeutic agents, ionizing radiation or thermal ablation employed in conventional methods; thereby overcoming associated side effects. Adaptation of the experimental parameters of this study for clinical oncology concomitant with current developmental trends of non-invasive medical endoscopy alleviates MMW therapy as an effective treatment procedure for human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

In 1895, Korteweg and de Vries (KdV), derived their celebrated equation describing the motion of waves of long wavelength in shallow water. In doing so they made a number of quite reasonable assumptions, incompressibility of the water and irrotational fluid. The resulting equation, the celebrated KdV equation, has been shown to be a very reasonable description of real water waves. However there are other phenomena which have an impact on the shape of the wave, that of vorticity and viscosity. This paper examines how a constant vorticity affects the shape of waves in electrohydrodynamics. For constant vorticity, the vertical component of the velocity obeys a Laplace equation and also has the usual lower boundary condition. In making the vertical component of the velocity take central stage, the Burns condition can be thus bypassed.

We consider rational nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to General Relativity. The effective geometry induced by nonlinear electrodynamics corrections are found. We determine shadows of regular non-rotating magnetic black holes and compare them with the shadow of the super-massive M87* black hole imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration. This allows us to obtain the black hole magnetic charge. The size of the shadow is very close to the shadow of non-regular neutral Schwarzschild black holes. As a result, we can interpret the super-massive M87* black hole as a regular (without singularities) magnetized black hole.

To embrace the special theory of relativity with classical thermodynamics correct Lorentz transformations of thermodynamic state functions are formulated. All of these Lorentz transformations of state functions equally support the time dilation phenomenon which is experimentally verified fact. Relativistic Boltzmann constant proves entropy to be the Lorentz variant. Twin paradox thought experiments for heat engines prove heat flux to be Lorentz variant. Lorentz transformation of entropy and heat flux proves temperature Lorentz invariant. All thermodynamic state functions are proved to be Lorentz variant which is shown in accord with Lorentz transformation of thermodynamic work.

We specify basic definitions of the Chern-Simons current in cohomology theory, then we calculate its value by using a model of quantum machine learning, the so-called supersymmetric support Dirac machine. The supercurrent is generated from the coupling between three states of a quantum flux of modified Wilson loop of the Cooper pairs. We use Holo-Hilbert spectrum in frequency modulation to visualize the network as a coupling behavior of convolutional neuron network in superstatistical theory with the application to the theory of a superconductor. We also calculate the number of carbon atoms in the stable support spinor network structure of a graphene wormhole to produce a supercurrent of Cooper pairs as graviphoton states by using the Holo-Hilbert spectral analysis.

Before the creation of particles, there was a space devoid of matter and any sorts of radiations (electromagnetic radiations, heat radiations…), meaning in this space the absolute zero temperature is reached naturally. We will call this space an absolute void. It has four dimensions (the three dimensions of the space x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis and the force). The fourth dimension (the force) is the factor of change among the four. Those four are elementary dimensions. When the space dimensions increase the outward force subsequently increases as well and space increases its instability and loses its equilibrium. Now this region of space has only outward force when the outward force exceeds a certain limit, the system will be at its highest level of instability. To create equilibrium in the system the outward force collapses inward. The void inside the collapsed force will act as a void in a confined system. Meaning now, the void in a confined system is the source of the elementary particles. Now the created source is being managed by internal force and external force. The two forces will affect the source until equilibrium is reached between the internal and external forces of the source and the entities in its external force field effect. The source is a high energy entity. As before the creation of particles, there was infinity space of absolute void. Therefore, unlimited numbers of Sources were created. The gravitational collapse is one of the proofs for the theory. Where the gravitational collapse is similar to the process in which the Source gets created. However, the gravitational collapse product (only the black hole) may not be the Source itself. While the process that leads to its creation is the same as the Source creation. Which more proves that they are similar, the fact that the black hole is also a high energy entity just like the Source.

Based on detection of elliptic particle tracks, $\simeq 137^2 n^2$ bigger than Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits, indicating the possible detection of superluminal electrons masquerading as magnetic monopoles, a new structure emerges leading to: (i) a new set of seven elementary lengths; (ii) replacement of the usual motion (Lorentz) transformations by scale transformations between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames; (iii) equivalence of charge between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames based on the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (iv) a relativistic foundation for the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (v) a possible cause of charge quantization; and (vi) the prospect of symmetry in Maxwell's equations. If the elliptic particle tracks are viewed as a magnification of electron orbits, the effect is suggestive of a spacetime distortion such as those predicted in general relativistic theories.

An explanation of the origin of dark matter is suggested in this work. The argument is based on symmetry considerations about the concept of mass. In the Wigner's view, the rest mass and the spin of a free elementary particle in flat space-time are the two invariants that characterize the associated unitary irreducible representation of the Poincar\'e group. The Poincar\'e group has two and only two deformations with maximal symmetry. They describe respectively the de Sitter (dS) and Anti de Sitter (AdS) kinematic symmetries. Analogously to their shared flat space-time limit, two invariants, spin and energy scale for de Sitter and rest energy for Anti de Sitter, characterize the unitary irreducible representation associated with dS and AdS elementary systems. While the dS energy scale is a simple deformation of the Poincaré rest energy and so has a purely mass nature, AdS rest energy is the sum of a purely mass component and a kind of zero-point energy derived from the curvature. An analysis based on recent estimates on the chemical freeze-out temperature marking in Early Universe the phase transition quark-gluon plasma epoch to the hadron epoch supports the guess that dark matter energy might originate from an effective AdS curvature energy.

If a clear and valid no-go for Einsteinian hidden parameters is real, it must in no way be possible to violate the CHSH with a local hidden variables based computer simulation. In the paper we show that with the use of a modied Glauber-Sudarshan method it is possible to violate the CHSH.The criterion value comes close to the quantum value and is approximately 2.4. The proof (POC) is presented with the use of an R computer program. The important snippets of the code are discussed and the complete code is presented in an appendix.

Layered two-dimensional (2D) GO films are integrated with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire waveguides to experimentally demonstrate an enhanced Kerr nonlinearity, observed through self-phase modulation (SPM). The GO films are integrated with SOI nanowires using a large-area, transfer-free, layer-by-layer coating method that yields precise control of the film thickness. The film placement and coating length are controlled by opening windows in the silica cladding of the SOI nanowires. Owing to the strong mode overlap between the SOI nanowires and the highly nonlinear GO films, the Kerr nonlinearity of the hybrid waveguides is significantly enhanced. Detailed SPM measurements using picosecond optical pulses show significant spectral broadening enhancement for SOI nanowires coated with 2.2-mm-long films of 1−3 layers of GO, and 0.4-mm-long films with 5−20 layers of GO. By fitting the experimental results with theory, the dependence of GO’s n₂ on layer number and pulse energy is obtained, showing interesting physical insights and trends of the layered GO films from 2D monolayers to quasi bulk-like behavior. Finally, we show that by coating SOI nanowires with GO films the effective nonlinear parameter of SOI nanowires is increased 16 fold, with the effective nonlinear figure of merit (FOM) increasing by about 20 times to FOM > 5. These results reveal the strong potential of using layered GO films to improve the Kerr nonlinear optical performance of silicon photonic devices.

We argue that the problem of time is not a crucial issue inherent in the quantum picture of the universe evolution. On the minisuperspace model example with the massless scalar field, we demonstrate four approaches to the description of quantum evolution, which give similar results explicitly. The relevance of these approaches to building a quantum theory of gravity is discussed.

For crystal periodic structure prediction, a new and concise approach based on the principles of statistical physics was employed to derive a new form of the equation to determine their period vectors (cell edge vectors), under general external stress. Then the new form is applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics. It also turned out to be the equation of state and the specific explicit equilibrium condition for crystals under external stress and temperature. It should be helpful in piezoelectric and piezomagnetic studies, as the period vectors were changed by the external stress. For linear elastic crystals, it is actually also the microscopic but temperature-dependent form of the generalized Hooke's law, then can be used to calculate the corresponding elastic constants of the law, for given temperatures.

It is shown that gravity and quantum physics can be unified upon the basis of a quark description in terms of a recently discovered third type Dirac particle. It requires the awareness of a polarisable second elementary dipole moment next to the angular moment (spin) and the awareness of an (unbroken) omnipresent energetic cosmological background field. The unification has been made explicit by relating the two major gravitational constants of nature (the gravitational constant and Milgrom’s acceleration constant) with the two major nuclear constants of nature (the weak interaction boson and the Higgs boson).

This paper uncovers that quantum uncertain principle makes the single particle with global property have no certain path, and then wave of quantum particle can simultaneously do pass the double slits. The two subwaves after passing Young’s double slits are entanglement, they may form interference of subwaves. Consequently, we find a kind of quantum probabilistic entanglements with Wheeler's delayed choice. Quantum particles such as photons, electrons, neutrons, protons etc mean that wave of the quantum particle can simultaneously do pass through Young's double slits, rather than individual quantum particle may pass through Young's double slits at the same time. When considering wave property, we cannot consider particle property (Just as in the photoelectric effect, considering the particle nature of the system, people cannot consider wave property, otherwise the photoelectric effect cannot appear). Therefore, this paper discovers that the ability of single photon to hit electrons out in photoelectric effect is complementarily equivalent to the ability of wave of the single photon to simultaneously pass through Young's double slits in wave-particle duality. Objective criteria for distinguishing classical and quantum particles are discovered and objectively give the applicable realm of quantum mechanics for the first time. The crisis of the single particle’s simultaneously passing through Young's double slits, which has been plaguing physicists in the whole world up to now for decades, is solved, in which the studies are classified as classical and quantum particles, the classical particle and quantum particle wave cannot and can pass the Young’s slits, respectively. This paper discovers both the new physics mechanism of passing the double slits of the wave with the amplitude of 4-dimensional momentum representation wave function reflecting particle nature and the principle of self-adaptive emergence of wave-particle duality, and then using the principle, this paper gives both direct explanations to the current experiments and new predictions of new some experiments for wave-particle duality. All the deduced results here are consistent with all relevant physics experiments.

Efficiently targeted cancer therapy without causing detrimental side effects is necessary for alleviating patient care and improving survival rates. This paper presents observations of morphological changes in H1299 human lung cancer cells following MMW irradiation (75 – 105 GHz) at a non-thermal power density of 0.2 mW/cm², investigated over 14 days of subsequent physiological incubation following exposure. Microscopic analyses of physical parameters measured indicate MMW irradiation induces significant morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis and senescence. The Immediate short-term stress responses translate into long-term effects, retained over the duration of the experiment(s); reminiscent of the phenomenon of Accelerated Cellular Senescence (ACS) achieving terminal tumorigenic cell growth. Further, results were observed to be treatment-specific in energy (dose) dependent manner and were achieved without the use of chemotherapeutic agents, ionizing radiation or thermal ablation employed in conventional methods; thereby overcome associated side effects. Adaptation of the experimental parameters of this study in clinical oncology concomitant with current developmental trends of non-invasive medical endoscopy alleviates MMW therapy as an effective treatment procedure for human non-small cell lung cancer (NSLC)

How, if at all, consciousness can be part of the physical universe remains a baffling problem. This article outlines a new, developing philosophical theory of how it could do so, and offers a preliminary mathematical formulation of a physical grounding for key aspects of the theory. Because the philosophical side has radical elements, so does the physical-theory side. The philosophical side is radical, first, in proposing that the productivity or dynamism in the universe that many believe to be responsible for its systematic regularities is actually itself a physical constituent of the universe, along with more familiar entities. It also proposes that instances of dynamism can themselves take part in physical interactions with other entities, this interaction then being “meta-dynamism” (a type of metacausation). Secondly, the theory is radical, and unique, in arguing that consciousness is necessarily partly constituted of meta-dynamic auto-sensitivity, in other words it must react via meta-dynamism to its own dynamism, and also in conjecturing that some specific form of this sensitivity is sufficient for and indeed constitutive of consciousness. This leads to a proposal for how physical laws could be modified to accommodate meta-dynamism, via the radical step of including elements that explicitly refer to dynamism itself.

The need to understand the process by which particles, including solar wind and coronal ions as well as pickup ions, are accelerated to high energies (ultimately to become anomalous cosmic rays) motivate a multi-fluid shock wave model which includes kinetic effects (e.g. ion acceleration) in an electromagnetically self-consistent framework. Particle reflection at the cross-shock potential leads to ion acceleration in the motional electric field and thus anisotropic heating and pressure in the shock layer, with important consequences for the multi-fluid dynamics. This motivates development of a multi-fluid model of solar wind electrons and ions treated as fluid, coupled self-consistently with a small population of kinetically treated ions (e.g. pickup ions.) Consideration of both the time dependent and steady state regimes, indicate that such a multi-fluid approach is necessary for resolving the, Debye scale, particle reflecting cross-shock potential and subsequent dynamics. To study charge separation effects in narrow, supersonic wave layers we consider a reduction of the system to the steady state for cold ions and hot electrons and find two types of solitary waves inherent to the reduced two-fluid system in this limiting case.

We report the negative effective mass metamaterials based on the electro-mechanical coupling exploiting plasma oscillations of a free electron gas. The negative mass appears as a result of vibration of a metallic particle with a frequency of ω which is close the frequency of the plasma oscillations of the electron gas m_2 relatively to the ionic lattice m_1. The plasma oscillations are represented with the elastic spring k_2=ω_p^2 m_2, where ω_p is the plasma frequency. Thus, the metallic particle vibrated with the external frequency ω is described by the effective mass m_eff=m_1+(m_2 ω_p^2)/(ω_p^2-ω^2 ) , which is negative when the frequency ω approaches ω_p from above. The idea is exemplified with two conducting metals, namely Au and Li.

With the dramatic increase in world population, continued advances in modern greenhouse agriculture and plant growth practices are expected to help overcome the global problem of future food shortages. Next generation greenhouse design practices will need to address a range of issues, ranging from energy and land use efficiency to providing plant-optimised growth techniques. In this paper, we focus on investigating the optimum irradiation spectra matched to the lettuce species (Lactuca sativa, L.), which is commonly grown in greenhouse environments, in order to develop low-emissivity glass panes that maximize the biomass productivity of glass greenhouses. This low-emissivity glass passes the solar spectral components needed for crop growth, while rejecting other unwanted radiations, leading to significant energy savings and other beneficial effects related to greenhouse climate control, in a range of climates. This is due to reducing both the solar heat gain and photosaturation, which can raise the temperature of the crops to harmful levels. Experimental results show that substantial biomass productivity improvements in lettuce (up to ~14.7%) can be attained using spectrally optimized illumination, compared with white light irradiation. We also report on the development of advanced metal-dielectric thin-film filters that produce the optimum illumination spectrum when exposed to sunlight.

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce a geometric approach to study the circular orbit of a particle in static and spherically symmetric spacetime based on Jacobi metric. Second, we apply the circular orbit to study the weak gravitational deflection of null and time-like particles based on Gauss-Bonnet theorem. By this way, we obtain an expression of deflection angle and extend the study of deflection angle to asymptotically non-flat black hole spacetimes. Some black holes as lens are considered such as a static and spherically symmetric black hole in the conformal Weyl gravity and a Schwarzschild-like black hole in bumblebee gravity. Our results are consistent with the previous literature. In particular, we find that the connection between Gaussian curvature and the radius of a circular orbit greatly simplifies the calculation.

The realization of a perfect absorber A = 1 with transmittance and reflectance T=R=0 by a thin metasurface is one of the hot topics in recent nanophotonics prompted by energy harvesting and sensor applications (A + R + T =1 is the energy conservation). Here we tested optical properties of over 400 structures of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) metasurfaces for a range of variation in thickness of insulator, the diameter of a disc and intra-disc distance experimentally and numerically. Conditions of a near-perfect absorption A > 95% with simultaneously occurring anti-reflection property (R < 5%) were experimentally determined. Differences between the bulk vs. nano-thin film properties at mid-IR of the used materials can be of interest for plasmonic multi-metal alloys and high entropy metals.

The gravitational charge should be the energy instead of mass. This modification will lead to some different results and the experiments to test are also presented. Especially, we propose a scheme to achieve the negative energy and gravitational repulsive force in the lab.

In this article, we demonstrate the weak gravitational lensing in the context of Bocharova-Bronnikove-Melnikov-Bekenstein (BBMB) black hole. To this desire, we derive the deflection angle of light in a plasma medium by BBMB black hole using the Gibbons and Werner method. First, we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle for spherically symmetric spacetime of BBMB black hole. Moreover, we also analyze the graphical behavior of deflection angle by BBMB black hole in the presence of plasma medium.

In the present work a new method of study of liquids has been proposed. It is based on phenomenon of radio frequency anisotropy of electrolyte solution discovered by us. It arises because of mechanical or acoustic excitation of the solution. We were observing the phenomenon during the development process of RF polarimetric contactless cardiograhpy. The electric field vector of transmitted 433.82 MHz signal becomes rotated after its transition through the pericardial region. That rotation depends on change of blood acceleration when passing through the chambers of the heart and large vessels. It has also been revealed that rotation occurs after RF wave passage through the physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) subjected to any mechanical excitation inside it like a jet appearing or soundwave passing. No significant difference was detected experimentally between NaCl and KCl solutions behaviour. It means that the mechanism of hydrodynamic separation of ions is apparently not suitable to explain the phenomenon. The response we have registered most likely resembles the magnetization process of spin glasses. From the nature of the response observed we have concluded that a fundamentally new physical effect is discovered. It may provide wide opportunities for remote measurement of the electrolyte solutions parameters using polarized radio-frequency signals.

New proposals for the equation of state of four- and five-dimensional hard-hypersphere mixtures in terms of the equation of state of the corresponding monocomponent hard-hypersphere fluid are introduced. Such proposals (which are constructed in such a way so as to yield the exact third virial coefficient) extend, on the one hand, recent similar formulations for hard-disk and (three-dimensional) hard-sphere mixtures and, on the other hand, two of our previous proposals also linking the mixture equation of state and the one of the monocomponent fluid but unable to reproduce the exact third virial coefficient. The old and new proposals are tested by comparison with published molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation results and their relative merit is evaluated.

We employ another approach to quantize electromagnetic fields in the coordinate space, instead of the mode (or Fourier) space, such that local features of photons can be efficiently, physically, and more intuitively described. To do this, coordinate-ladder operators are defined from mode-ladder operators via the unitary transformation of systems involved in arbitrary inhomogeneous dielectric media. Then, one can expand electromagnetic field operators through the coordinate-ladder operators weighted by non-orthogonal and spatially-localized bases, which are propagators of initial quantum electromagnetic (complex-valued) field operators. Here, we call them QEM-CV-propagators. However, there are no general closed form solutions available for them. This inspires us to develop a quantum finite-difference time-domain (Q-FDTD) scheme to numerically time evolve QEM-CV-propagators. In order to check the validity of the proposed Q-FDTD scheme, we perform computer simulations to observe the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect resulting from the destructive interference of two photons in a 50/50 quantum beam splitter.

Physics theory has yet to settle on specific descriptions for new elementary particles, for dark matter, and for dark energy forces. Our work extrapolates from the known elementary particles. The work suggests well-specified candidate descriptions for new elementary particles, dark matter, and dark energy forces. This part of the work does not depend on theories of motion. This work embraces symmetries that correlate with motion-centric conservation laws. The candidate descriptions seem to explain data that prior physics theory seems not to explain. Some of that data pertains to elementary particles. Our theory suggests relationships between masses of elementary particles. Our theory suggests a relationship between the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Some of that data pertains to astrophysics. Our theory seems to explain ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects. Our theory seems to explain aspects of galaxy formation. Some of that data pertains to cosmology. Our theory suggests bases for inflation and for changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. Generally, our work proposes extensions to theory in three fields. The fields are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology. Our work suggests new elementary particles and seems to explain otherwise unexplained data.

In this paper, we calculate the deflection angle of photon by Casimir wormhole in the weak field limit approximation. First we calculate Gaussian optical curvature with the help of optical spacetime geometry and so we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on the Gaussian optical metric. Then we find the deflection angle of photon by Casimir wormhole. Moreover, we calculate the photon's deflection angle in the presence of plasma medium and we also see the graphical nature of deflection angle in both cases. Second, we move towards the shadow of Casimir wormhole. After the observations of Event Horizon Telescope, the study of shadow become very important so that we plot the shapes of shadow of Casimir wormhole, and we calculate the photon geodesic around the Casimir wormhole.

We introduce a new class of Vertex Operator Algebras Y+ and their duals, which generalize the standard W-algebras WN of type sl(N). These algebras can be defined in terms of junctions of boundary conditions and interfaces in the GL-twisted N = 4 Super Yang Mills gauge theory. The aim of these technical calculations is to find the relation of these ortho-symplectic Y-algebras to truncations of even W\infinity.

In the presented paper, a comprehensive study will be done on shape factor analysis of MoS2-GO in H2O-C2H6O2 based hybrid nanoliquids associated with effect and influence of transverse magnetic field and thermal radiation. The effect of variation in different parameters and nanoliquids shapes under temperature and velocity distribution is explored and also non-linear thermal radiation will be analyzed. Algorithms are introduced in proportion to mathematical modeling based on their numerical results and comparative curves for further explanation. In addition, it will be done research for influence and effect of new significant parameters emerged to the model to do sensitivity analysis and also their output results are demonstrated, examined and compared together by presenting graphs and tables. Based on detailed discussions, authentication of attained results designates the high accuracy of applied methods deployed to solve presented model in the paper. Our results satisfy that our used approach is accurate, highly reliable and also effective. All mentioned steps will be described throughout the literature.

First, we propose a scale-invariant modified gravity interacting with a neutral scalar inflaton and a Higgs-like SU(2)xU(1) iso-doublet scalar field based on the formalism of non-Riemannian (metric-independent) spacetime volume-elements. This model describes in the physical Einstein frame a quintessential inflationary scenario driven by the "inflaton" together with gravity-inflaton assisted dynamical spontaneous SU(2)xU(1) symmetry breaking in the post-inflationary universe, whereas SU(2)xU(1) symmetry remains intact in the inflationary epoch. Next, we find the explicit representation of the latter quintessential inflationary model with a dynamical Higgs effect as an Eddington-type purely affine gravity.

By using directed dimensional analysis and data fitting, an explicit universal scaling law for the velocity of dominoes toppling motion is formulated. The scaling law shows that domino propagational velocity is linearly proportional to the 1/2 power of domino separation and thickness, and -1/2 power of domino height and gravitation. The study also proved that dominoes width and mass have no influence on the domino wave traveling velocity. The scaling law obtained in this Letter is very useful to the dominoes game and will help the domino player to place the dominoes for fast speed and have a quick estimation on the speed without doing complicated multi-bodies dynamical simulation.

We study the center of energy (CE) before and after the separation of superposed wave from a moving medium (MM). It is assumed that two out-of-phase mechanical transverse waves propagating from the opposite directions on a medium moving at non-relativistic speeds are superposed and the superposed portion (SP) is separated from the MM at that moment. We consider the CE of the SP before and after the separation from the MM. The location of CE (LCE) of the SP seems to be at the center of it at the moment of superposition. The SP rotates due to the separation from the MM since the velocity of each portion symmetric with respect to the center of the SP is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The magnitudes of velocities of the symmetric portions become different as soon as the SP begins to rotate with the separation from the MM. Then the energies of their symmetric portions are not the same, so the LCE of the SP is not at the center of it. As a result, the LCE of it looks different before and after the separation from the MM. We must find a solution to keep the LCE of the SP constant. We propose that two out-of-phase mechanical transverse waves (MTWs) propagating from the opposite directions on a MM originally have hidden difference in relativistic energy and it suddenly appears within the range observable in Newtonian mechanics when the SP starts rotating. This means that the point of view of hidden difference in relativistic energy is necessary to keep the LCE constant.

Societies around the world face serious energy problems related to the consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of dangerous radiation. To solve these problems, a new superconductor exhibiting a critical temperature higher than room temperature has been pursued but not achieved. This paper proposes a new energy generation system based on a circuit approach. Secondary to this process, a new type of superconductivity without refrigeration is demonstrated. In our previous paper [1], this system was proposed, but it did not describe the underlying theory in detail and did not mention an actual method to generate energy from the system. The present paper describes the theory of the existence of divergent current density and new superconductivity with no refrigeration. Moreover, the present paper proposes a method for extracting energy from the system by employing a voltage-controlled current source (i.e., a voltage–current converting method).The principle of the system is based on a circuit of two loops and independent current sources. First, the two electric loops are prepared, each with 4 diodes, where the diodes are oriented in the same direction within each loop, but their direction is opposite from loop to loop; four independent current sources connect the loops. In this circuit system, current is added iteratively as it flows along the loop according to Kirchhoff’s circuit law. As a result, a large current and electric potential are present along the loop. To confirm that this system works properly, it is necessary to demonstrate the presence of divergent currents in the transient state, and to do this, the present paper employs the Dirac equation and Lorentz conservation. Electric circuit software is employed to demonstrate that the presented method generates energy actually from our system.Our results confirm the presence of divergent current at a connected point of an independent current source in the transient state. Moreover, in the steady state, the theory demonstrates the Meissner effect (i.e., a London equation) and a new type of macroscopic wave function and condensation. For an initial small input current of 0.1 μA, the simulation reveals a large generating current of 7 kA and electric power of 10¹¹ W, which is much larger than unit of power from an average thermal power station; moreover, the system presents with superconducting electrical transport conditions.The present study is significant because it demonstrates theoretically the existence of divergent current density and a new type of superconductivity requiring no refrigeration. Secondly, the simulations show the generation of a large energy density that can be obtained in a small laboratory room with minimal cost.

How, if at all, consciousness can be part of the physical universe remains a baffling problem. This article outlines a new, developing philosophical theory of how it could do so, and offers a preliminary mathematical formulation of a physical grounding for key aspects of the theory. Because the philosophical side has radical elements, so does the physical-theory side. The philosophical side is radical, first, in proposing that the productivity or dynamism in the universe that many believe to be responsible for its systematic regularities is actually itself a physical constituent of the universe, along with more familiar entities. It also proposes that instances of dynamism can themselves take part in physical interactions with other entities, this interaction then being “meta-dynamism” (a type of metacausation). Secondly, the theory is radical, and unique, in arguing that consciousness is necessarily partly constituted of meta-dynamic auto-sensitivity, in other words it must react via meta-dynamism to its own dynamism, and also in conjecturing that some specific form of this sensitivity is sufficient for and indeed constitutive of consciousness. This leads to a proposal for how physical laws could be modified to accommodate meta-dynamism, via the radical step of including elements that explicitly refer to dynamism itself.

Based on the foundations of thermodynamics and the equilibrium conditions for the coexistence of two phases in a magnetic Ising-like system, we show, first, that there is a critical point where the isothermal susceptibility diverges and the specific heat may remain finite, and second, that near the critical point the entropy of the system, and therefore all free energies, do obey scaling. Although we limit ourselves to such a system, we elaborate about the possibilities of finding universality, as well as the precise values of the critical exponents using thermodynamics only.

By introducing a variable transformation $\xi=\frac{1}{2}(\sin \theta+1)$, the complicated deformation equation of toroidal shell is successfully transferred into a well-known equation, namely Heun's equation of ordinary differential equation, whose exact solution is obtained in terms of Heun's functions. The computation of the problem can be carried out by symbolic software that is able to with the Heun's function, such as Maple. The geometric study of the Gauss curvature shows that the internal portion of the toroidal shell has better bending capacity than the outer portion, which might be useful for the design of metamaterials with toroidal shell cells.

In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the development of rare-earth ion doped tellurite glass laser sources, ranging from watt and multiwatt level fiber lasers to nanowatt level microsphere lasers. Significant success has been achieved in extending the spectral range of tellurite fiber lasers generating at wavelengths beyond 2 μm as well as in theoretical understanding. This review is aimed at discussing the state of the art of neodymium-, erbium-, thulium-, and holmium-doped tellurite glass fiber and microsphere lasers.

Layered two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) films are integrated with micro-ring resonators (MRRs) to experimentally demonstrate enhanced nonlinear optics in the form of four-wave mixing (FWM). Both uniformly coated and patterned GO films are integrated on CMOS-compatible doped silica MRRs using a large-area, transfer-free, layer-by-layer GO coating method together with photolithography and lift-off processes, yielding precise control of the film thickness, placement, and coating length. The high Kerr nonlinearity and low loss of the GO films combined with the strong light-matter interaction within the MRRs results in a significant improvement in the FWM efficiency in the hybrid MRRs. Detailed FWM measurements are performed at different pump powers and resonant wavelengths for the uniformly coated MRRs with 1−5 layers of GO as well as the patterned devices with 10−50 layers of GO. The experimental results show good agreement with theory, achieving up to ~7.6-dB enhancement in the FWM conversion efficiency (CE) for an MRR uniformly coated with 1 layer of GO and ~10.3-dB for a patterned device with 50 layers of GO. By fitting the measured CE as a function of pump power for devices with different numbers of GO layers, we also extract the dependence of GO’s third-order nonlinearity on layer number and pump power, revealing interesting physical insights about the evolution of the layered GO films from 2D monolayers to quasi bulk-like behavior. These results confirm the high nonlinear optical performance of integrated photonic resonators incorporated with 2D layered GO films.

Beam dumps are indispensable components for particle accelerator facilities to absorb or dispose beam kinetic energy in a safe way. However, the design of beam dumps based on conventional technology, i.e. the energy deposition via beam-dense matter interaction, makes the beam dump facility complicated and large in size, partly due to nowadays’ high beam intensities and energies achieved. In addition, these high-power beams generate radioactive hazards, which need specific methods to deal with. On the other hand, the EuPRAXIA project can advance the laser-plasma accelerator significantly by achieving 1-5 GeV high quality electron beam in a compact layout. Nevertheless, the beam dump based on conventional technique will still produce radiation hazards and make the overall footprint less compact. Here, we propose to implement a plasma beam dump to absorb the kinetic energy from the EuPRAXIA beam. In doing so, the overall compactness of the EuPRAXIA layout will not be impacted, and the radioactivity generated by the facility can be mitigated. In this paper, results from particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are presented for plasma beam dumps based on EuPRAXIA beam parameters.

It is shown that gravity and quantum physics can be unified upon the basis of a quark description in terms of a recently discovered third type Dirac particle. It requires the awareness of a polarisable second elementary dipole moment next to the angular moment (spin) and the awareness of an (unbroken) omnipresent energetic cosmological background field. The unification has been made explicit by relating the two major gravitational constants of nature (the gravitational constant and Milgrom’s acceleration constant) with the two major nuclear constants of nature (the weak interaction boson and the Higgs boson).

In this article, we calculate the deflection angle of tidal charged black hole (TCBH) in weak field limits. For doing this, first of all we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and then apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on it and with the help of Gibbons-Werner method, we calculate the light's deflection angle by TCBH. After calculating the deflection angle of light, we check the graphical behavior of TCBH. Moreover, we further find the light's deflection angle in the presence of plasma medium and also check the graphical behavior in the presence of plasma medium. In the next section, we investigate the shadow of TCBH. For calculating the shadow, we first find the photon geodesic around the TCBH and then find its shadow. We also obtain TCBH's shadow in the plasma medium. Moreover, we also find shadow's shapes and discuss the effect of plasma on shadow.

The material derivative is important in continuum physics. It shows that $\frac{d }{dt}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}+(\bm v\cdot \bm \nabla)$ is a wrong expression. The correct expression $ \frac{d (:)}{dt}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}(:)+\bm v\cdot [\bm \nabla (:)]$ is to be formulated.

Over abundance of magnetic monopoles predicted by the Grand Unification Theories is inconsistence with current astronomical observation. The inflationary hypotheses with a vacuum energy deriving the exponential expansion can explain the two long-standing problems, flatness and horizon of the universe; and somehow suppress the abundance of monopoles. However, the dynamical scalar field has considerable uncertainties, which even leads to inflationary models separating from particle physics. This paper makes a small change, the early universe undergoes free expansion rather than an adiabatic one widely adopted, In such a case, the annihilation of abundant magnetic monopoles is just required in driving the inflation, so that the three long-term problems are automatically solved. On the other hand, the relic mass of failed annihilation of monopoles is responsible for the dark matter at present epoch. And ongoing annihilation on stars and compact objects corresponds to the dark energy. As monopole relics may exist in the form of monopole anti-monopole pairs, a new strategy of direct search is proposed.

For crystal periodic structure prediction, a new and concise approach based on the principles of statistical physics was employed to derive a new form of the equation to determine their period vectors (cell edge vectors), under general external stress. Then the new form is applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics. It also turned out to be the equation of state and the specific explicit equilibrium condition for crystals under external stress and temperature. It should be helpful in piezoelectric and piezomagnetic studies, as the period vectors were changed by the external stress. For linear elastic crystals, it is actually also the microscopic but temperature-dependent form of the generalized Hooke's law, then can be used to calculate the corresponding elastic constants of the law, for given temperatures.

By using directed dimensional analysis and data fitting, an explicit universal scaling law for the velocity of dominoes toppling motion is formulated. The scaling law shows that domino propagational velocity is linearly proportional to the $1/2$ power of domino separation and thickness, and $-1/2$ power of domino height and gravitation. The study also proved that dominoes width and mass have no influence on the domino wave traveling velocity. The scaling law obtained in this Letter is very useful to the dominoes game and will help the domino player to place the dominoes for fast speed and have a quick estimation on the speed without doing complicated multi-bodies dynamical simulation.

Stellar heated gas and dust makes a significant entropic/information energy contribution to the universe. At temperatures ~10⁷ the ~10⁸⁶ bits are equivalent to ~10⁷⁰J, equivalent to the energy equivalence of the universe’s ~10⁵³ kg ordinary baryon matter. A survey of stellar mass density measurements shows this dark energy contribution has a constant energy density that effectively mimics a cosmological constant over the redshift range z<1.35. The measurable difference between this information energy and a true cosmological constant is small, with a maximum difference of <2% in Hubble parameter at z~2. As information energy is significant and co-located with hot baryons it produces gravitational effects that resemble dark matter. Information energy is shown to be consistent with the dark matter effects observed in clusters of colliding galaxies (e.g. Bullet Cluster), with dark matter location specified by baryon location and strongest in regions of highest luminosity / temperature. The dark matter fraction measured in galaxy surveys more closely fits an information energy explanation than the fraction expected in the standard ɅCDM model. Information energy provides a solution to the cosmological coincidence problem and also would allow the cosmological constant to take the preferred zero value.

We first explore negative-ion formation in fullerenes C44, C60, C70, C98, C112, C120, C132 and C136 through low-energy electron elastic scattering total cross sections calculations using our Regge-pole methodology. Water oxidation to peroxide and water synthesis from H₂ and O₂ are then investigated using the anionic catalysts C44ˉ to C136ˉ. The fundamental mechanism underlying negative-ion catalysis involves hydrogen bond strength-weakening in the transition state. DFT transition state calculations found C60ˉ numerically stable for both water and peroxide synthesis, C100ˉ increases the energy barrier the most and C136ˉ the most effective catalyst in both water synthesis and oxidation to H2O2.

Most fully developed galaxies have vivid spiral structure, but the formation and evolution of spiral structure is still a mystery that is not fully understood in astrophysics. We find that the currently used equations of galactic dynamics contain some unreasonable components. In this paper, the following three working assumptions are introduced to simplify the galactic structural equations. 1. In the research of large-scale structure, the retarded potential of the gravitational field should be taken into account. The propagating time of the gravitational field from center to border is longer than the revolution periods of the stars near the center of galaxy. Newton's gravitational potential is unreasonable for such case, and the weak field and low velocity approximation of Einstein's field equation should be adopted. 2. The stars in a fully developed galaxy should be zero-pressure and inviscid fluid, and the equation of motion is different from that of ordinary continuum mechanics. Stars move along geodesics. 3. The structure of the galaxy is only related to the total mass density distribution. The equation of state of dark halo is different from that of ordinary luminous interstellar matter, so their trajectories are also very different. Dark halo and ordinary matter in galaxy are automatically separated. The total mass density distribution can be presupposed according to the observation data, and then it can be determined by comparing the solution of the equations with the observed data. These assumptions and treatments are supported by theory and observation. The variables of the equations of simplified galactic dynamics are separated from each other, and the equations are well-posed and can be solved according to a definite procedure. Therefore, this simplified dynamic equation system provides a more reasonable and practical framework for the further study of galactic structure, and can solve many practical problems. Besides, it is closely related to the study of dark energy and dark matter.

The ionospheric scintillation is a rapid phase and amplitude fluctuation of satellite signals due to the small-scale irregularity of electron density in the ionosphere. The characterization of the scintillation index in a proper way is a crucial aspect of the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signals for the purpose of space-based navigation, satellite communication, space weather as well as earth observation applications. In the current study, we analyzed the ionospheric scintillation index during the year of 2018 to 2019 over the Nepal region which locates itself almost being sandwiched between India and China and in the vicinity of low latitudes. The characteristic variations of scintillation occurrence are studied during the several geomagnetic storm and quiet days. The results show that the S4 indexes are varying from the 0.05 to 0.45 during the whole year. The S4 indexes behave higher variations during the whole day in the starting of the year and start to decrease at end of the day as well as at the ending months of the year 2019. The S4 values become completely less during the sunset time, while they have higher values during the sunrise. Especially, the S4 index during the storm days are larger than during the quiet days. It is worthy to note that the variations of S4 index studied in this current study do not follow the sunset property during the year of 2019. Consequently, the causes should be discovered and discussed additionally in the next research paper.

This Letter revisits the instability of jet produced by shaped charge. Scaling laws for shaped charge jet are derived by dimensional analysis. It shows that the scaling laws are universal when cross-sectional shrinkage rate is not included in the formulation.

The paper focuses of the interaction between tungsten (W) wire and microwave field in carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere. Our experimental set-up uses a microwave plasma generator in order to generate the plasma from the metallic wires. The microwave plasma generator contain a cylindrical cavity - TM_011 propagation modes, commercial source (magnetron) having the 2.45 GHz frequency at 800 W microwave and power supply. In the focal point of the cylindrical cavity we have a high energy of the electromagnetic radiation. The metallic wires from this area will be vaporized and ionized having as effect CO2 dissociation. The electron temperature regarding metallic plasma produced was estimated using the ratio of atomic emission lines acquired by a high definition of the optical multichannel spectrometer. Determination of the CO2 dissociation quantity was estimated measuring of the carbon monoxide (CO) resulting of the CO2 dissociation process. We obtained a high electron temperature of the plasma and a strong dissociation of the CO2.

In crystal periodic structure prediction, a basic and general equation is needed to determine their period vectors (cell edge vectors), especially under arbitrary external stress. It was derived in Newtonian dynamics years ago, which can be combined with quantum physics by further modeling. Here a new and concise approach based on the principles of statistical physics was employed to derive it into a new form, then applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics by its own. The new form also turned out to be the specific explicit equilibrium condition and the equation of state for crystals under external stress and temperature. This work was also compared with the elasticity theory.

In this study the tachyon-like Dirac equation, formulated by Chodos to describe superluminal neutrino, is solved. The analytical solutions are Gaussian wave packets obtained using the envelope method. It is shown that the superluminal neutrino behaves like a pseudo-tachyon, namely a particle with subluminal velocity and pure imaginary mass that fulfils the energy-momentum relation typical of classical tachyons. The obtained results are used to prove that the trembling motion of the particle position around the median, known as Zitterbewegung, also takes place for the superluminal neutrino, even if the oscillation velocity is always lower than the speed of light. Finally, the pseudo-tachyon wave packet is used to calculate the probability of oscillation between mass states, obtaining a formula analogous to the one obtained for the ordinary neutrino. This suggest that in the experiments concerning neutrino oscillation is not possible to distinguish tachyonic neutrinos from ordinary ones.

In this work, we present a model of the atom that is based on a nonclassical logic called paraconsistent logic (PL), which has the main property of accepting the contradiction in logical interpretations without the conclusions being annulled. The proposed model is constructed with an extension of PL called paraconsistent annotated logic with annotation of two values (PAL2v), which is associated with an interlaced bilattice of four vertices. We use the logarithmic function of the Shannon entropy H_(s) to construct the paraconsistent equations and thus adapt a probabilistic model for representations in quantum physics. Through analyses of the interlaced bilattice, comparative values are obtained for some of the phenomena and effects of quantum mechanics, such as superposition of states, quantum entanglement, wave functions, and equations that determine the energy levels of the layers of an atom. At the end of this article, we use the hydrogen atom as a basis of the representation of the PAL2v model, where the values of the energy levels in six orbital layers are obtained. As an example, we present a possible method of applying the PAL2v model to the use of Raman spectroscopy signals in the detection of lubricating mineral oil quality.

The interaction between single or a fixed number of photons with a single absorber is of fundamental interest in quantum technology. The harnessing of light matter interactions at the single particle limit has several potential applications ranging from quantum communication and quantum metrology to quantum imaging. In this letter, a setup for heralded two-photon absorption at the single absorber level is proposed. The setup is based on a heralded two-photon source utilizing spontaneous parametric down-conversion, entanglement swapping and sum frequency generation for joint detection. The feasibility of the scheme is discussed by reviewing recent achievements in utilizing entangled and correlated photons for two-photon absorption as well as single photon absorption experiments at the limit of single absorbers in the context of applications in imaging (here mainly microscopy) and spectroscopy.

In crystal periodic structure prediction, a basic and general equation is needed to determine their period vectors (cell edge vectors), especially under arbitrary external stress. It was derived in Newtonian dynamics years ago, which can be combined with quantum physics by further modeling. Here a new and concise approach based on the principles of statistical physics was employed to derive it into a new form, then applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics by its own. The new form also turned out to be the specific explicit equilibrium condition and the equation of state for crystals under external stress and temperature. Contrary to a general belief, the new form also concluded that harmonic oscillators can cause crystal thermal expansion.

Theoretical analysis into the energetics of a novel putative electromagnetic field propulsion device by the author, found that it was able to impart momenergy to the ground state of the electromagnetic field; some rest-energy of the craft was converted to kinetic energy of the craft. Electrical analysis showed that the propulsor was always a net electrical load – if the device accelerated from one frame, then deaccelerated to the original frame, both processes would consume electrical work. The aim of this paper is to look further into this sinking of high-grade electrical energy into the field ground state and to show that an even more pernicious form of 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics exists.

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the one associated with the angular momentum. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics. The analysis has resulted into the identification of a third type Dirac particle, next to the electron type and the Majorana particle. It is shown that, unlike as in the case of the electron type, its second anomalous dipole moment is real valued and is therefore subject to polarization in a vector field. Examples are given that it may have a possible impact in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

Medical institutions, where several patients are treated and medical workers engaged, are always exposed to secondary viral and bacterial infections. It is critical to prevent infection transmission by indirect as well as direct contact through air or splash. The infections of most diseases can be transmitted through the air. HEPA filters installed in air conditioning equipment are used to prevent infection transmission through air in medical institutions, but air circulation takes a long time in a large space. Virus and bacteria smaller than 0.3 μm cannot be removed by the HEPA filter; hence, those microbes remain alive throughout the air ventilation. A plasma sterilizer has the capability to provide environmental friendly sterilization by employing reactive oxide species and reactive nitrogen species at a low cost. We developed an excellent plasma sterilizer by using a non-thermal atmospheric-pressure biocompatible plasma (NBP). Ozone concentration in plasma sources has been derived by Kuhn et al. [1]. The diffusion coefficients inside (D₀) and outside (D₁) the plasma sterilizer have been calculated to be 0.0641 m² s^-1 and 0.717 m² s^-1, respectively. To sustain high O₃ concentrations over 121 ppm inside the plasma source and low O₃ concentrations below 0.05 ppm outside the sterilizer, it is necessary to keep O₃ concentrations at the exit of plasma sterilizer below 0.28 ppm. so that diffusion coefficient D₁ has been designed to be as large as 11 times of D₀.

Ionospheric perdition studies are very few over Saudi Arabia due to less availability of data measurement. Although such kind of studies have been carried out all over the world, there still remains scope to ascertain prediction error in this country. Hence, in the current study, the ionospheric variation from April 2016 to February 2018 (almost 22 months) was studied over a GPS site HALY (29.140N; 36.10 0E), Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Diurnal, monthly and seasonal ionospheric variations were investigated and compared with the existing global IRI (IRI 2012 and IRI 2016) models. Percentage deviation between observed and modeled TEC variation values indicated large-scale deviation around 200% during the time of storm. Results showed that the IRI 2012 model had the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value (2.7437) during the September Equinox while IRI-2016 showed the highest RMSE magnitudes (3.0166) during the December Solstice. In some seasons, the RMSE values were observed to be better for IRI 2012 while on other occasions, it emerged that IRI 2016 yielded more accurate results. Such variations indicate that even the most updated version of the IRI 2016 model is unable to provide perfect estimation and the requirement of further research and improvement in this field cannot be denied.

We describe the design and construction of coils to compensate the earth's magnetic field in the vertical cryostat GERSEMI in the FREIA laboratory at Uppsala University.

Optical conductivity of an interacting polaron gas is calculated within an extended random phase approximation which takes into account mixing of collective excitations of the electron gas with LO phonons. This mixing is important for the optical response of strongly polar crystals where the static dielectric constant is rather high, as in the case of strontium titanate. The present calculation sheds light on unexplained features of experimentally observed optical conductivity spectra in $n$-doped SrTiO$_{3}$. These features appear to be due to dynamic screening of the electron-electron interaction by polar optical phonons and hence do not require additional mechanisms for their explanation.

Electromyostimulation (EMS) has been shown to improve body composition, but what biomarkers it affects has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMS-effect of aerobic dance on fatness and biomarkers’ levels in obese elderly women. Methods: Twenty-five women with obesity were randomly classified into a control group (CON; n = 12) and EMS group (EMSG; n = 13). EMS suits used in this study enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscles with selectable intensities. Program sessions of EMS were combined with aerobic dance three times a week for 8 weeks. Although both groups received the same program, CON did not receive electrical stimuli. Results: Compared with CON, a significant effect of the EMS intervention concerning decreased fatness, as well as an increased skeletal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate, were evident. Compared with CON, aerobic dancing with an EMS suit also improved biomarkers in EMSG. Cytokines, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, C-reactive protein, resistin, and carcinoembryonic antigen were significantly changed in EMSG, whereas those of CON did not change from the baseline to the end of the experiment. These results showed significant differences between groups. Similarly, the changes caused by EMS were represented in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Conclusions: The results indicate that a significant effect due to the EMS intervention was found concerning body composition and biomarkers in obese elderly women.

The Universe has a gravitational horizon with a radius R_h = c/H coincident with that of the Hubble sphere. This surface separates null geodesics approaching us from those receding, and as free-falling observers within the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker spacetime, we see it retreating at proper speed c, giving rise to the eponymously named cosmological model R_h = ct. As of today, this cosmology has passed over 20 observational tests, often better than LCDM. The gravitational radius R_h therefore appears to be highly relevant to cosmological theory, and in this paper we begin to explore its impact on fundamental physics. We calculate the binding energy of a mass m within the horizon and demonstrate that it is equal to mc². This energy is stored when the particle is at rest near the observer, transitioning to a purely kinetic form equal to the particle's escape energy when it approaches R_h. In other words, a particle's gravitational coupling to that portion of the Universe with which it is causally connected appears to be the origin of rest-mass energy.

Our primary objective is to construct a plausible unified model of inflation, dark energy and dark matter from a fundamental Lagrangian action first principle, where all fundamental ingredients are systematically dynamically generated starting from a very simple model of modified gravity interacting with a single scalar field employing the formalism of non-Riemannian spacetime volume-elements. The non-Riemannian volume element in the initial scalar field action leads to a hidden nonlinear Noether symmetry which produces energy-momentum tensor identified as a sum of a dynamically generated cosmological constant and a dust-like dark matter. The non-Riemannian volume-element in the initial Einstein-Hilbert action upon passage to the physical Einstein-frame creates dynamically a second scalar field with a non-trivial inflationary potential and with an additional interaction with the dynamically generated dark matter. The resulting Einstein-frame action describes a fully dynamically generated inflationary model coupled to dark matter. Numerical results for observables such as the scalar power spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio conform to the latest 2018 PLANCK data.

There is a lack of research based on in-depth theoretical and scientific knowledge to understand the visually impaired, and there has been little effort in the application of strategies for early intervention to minimize risk these people might encounter during development.. This study used semi-structured interviews from eight persons with visual impairments who had various experiences with resiliency. Three resilience processes based on life experiences were identified: 1) Experience and Adaptation: “self-awareness of disability” and “adaptation disability and the environment”; 2) Facing the Circumstances: “the exposure to concealment and abuse,” “the suppression of potential,” “denial and abandonment by family,” “poverty and disability,” “exchange and self-regulation,” and “social integration” themes; and 3) the Positive Reinforcement: “self-disclosure and jump-starting life,” “maintenance of a positive thinking,” and “socioeconomic independence.” These findings expand the understanding of the factors common to the resilience process experienced by individuals with visual impairment and highlight the importance of psychological support, family, education, and social support.