With our long experience in the field of unification of gravity and quantum mechanics, we understood that, when mass of any elementary is extremely small/negligible compared to macroscopic bodies, highly curved microscopic space-time can be addressed with large gravitational constants and magnitude of elementary gravitational constant seems to increase with decreasing mass and increasing interaction range. In our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

We study in this paper the time evolution of stock markets using a statistical physics approach. We consider an ensemble of agents who sell or buy a good according to several factors acting on them: the majority of the neighbors, the market ambiance, the variation of the price and some specific measure applied at a given time. Each agent is represented by a spin having a number of discrete states q or continuous states, describing the tendency of the agent for buying or selling. The market ambiance is represented by a parameter T which plays the role of the temperature in physics: low T corresponds to a calm market, high T to a turbulent one. We show that there is a critical value of T, say T_c, where strong fluctuations between individual states lead to a disordered situation in which there is no majority: the numbers of sellers and buyers are equal, namely the market clearing. The specific measure, by the government or by economic organisms, is parameterized by $H$ applied on the market at the time t₁ and removed at the time t₂. We have used Monte Carlo simulations to study the time evolution of the price as functions of those parameters. In particular we show that the price strongly fluctuates near T_c and there exists a critical value H_c above which the boosting effect remains after H is removed. Our model replicates the stylized facts in finance (time-independent price variation), volatility clustering (time-dependent dynamics) and persistent effect of a temporary shock. The second party of the paper deals with the price variation using a time-dependent mean-field theory. By supposing that the sellers and the buyers belong to two distinct communities with their characteristics different in both intra-group and inter-group interactions, we find the price oscillation with time. Results are shown and discussed.

Abstract: The second part of the paper develops the approach, suggested in the Entropy 2020, 22(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/e22010011 , which relates ordering in physical systems to their symmetrizing. Entropy is frequently interpreted as a quantitative measure of “chaos” or “disorder”. However, the notions of “chaos” and “disorder” are vague and subjective to a much extent. This leads to numerous misinterpretations of entropy. We propose to see the disorder as an absence of symmetry and to identify “ordering” with symmetrizing of a physical system; in other words, introducing the elements of symmetry into an initially disordered physical system. We explore the initially disordered system of elementary magnets exerted to the external magnetic field H ⃗. Imposing symmetry restrictions diminishes the entropy of the system and decreases its temperature. The general case of the system of elementary magnets demonstrating the j-fold symmetry is treated. The interrelation T_j=T/j takes place, where T and T_j are the temperatures of non-symmetrized and j-fold-symmetrized systems of the magnets correspondingly.

This article reports new measurements of laser-induced plasma hypersonic expansion measurements of diatomic molecular cyanide (CN). Focused, high-peak power 1064-nm Q-switched radiation of the order of 1 TW/cm² generates optical breakdown plasma in a cell containing a 1:1 molar gas mixture of N₂ and CO₂ at a fixed pressure of 1.1 × 10⁵ Pascal and in a 100 ml/min flow of the mixture. Line-of-sight (LOS) analysis of recorded molecular spectra indicate the outgoing shockwave at expansion speeds well in excess of Mach number 5. Spectra of atomic carbon confirm an increased electron density near the shock wave, and equally, molecular CN spectra reveal higher excitation temperature near the shockwave. The results are consistent with corresponding high-speed shadow graphs obtained by visualization with an effective shutter speed of five n anosecond. In addition, LOS analysis and application of integral inversion techniques allow inferences about the spatio-temporal distribution of the plasma.

In this article, we analyze the weak gravitational lensing in the context of Einstein-non-linear Maxwell-Yukawa black hole. To this desire, we derive the deflection angle of light by Einstein-non-linear Maxwell-Yukawa black hole using the Gibbons and Werner method. For this purpose, we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle of Einstein-non-linear Maxwell-Yukawa black hole. Moreover, we derive the deflection angle of light in the presence of plasma medium. We also analyze the graphical behavior of deflection angle by Einstein-non-linear Maxwell-Yukawa black hole in the presence of plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

ABC-OCT, Affordable B-scan Camera-based Optical Coherence Tomography, implements Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography with real-time display using cross-platform C++ and the OpenCV framework. The software can be compiled using current versions of GCC for *nix/Mac and Microsoft^® Visual Studio for Windows. Full functionality of ABC-OCT needs the camera SDK from QHYCCD and a QHYCCD camera to be connected; but the code can be easily modified to support other camera drivers, as is shown by an included demo version which can use any installed webcam. The code is made available under the MIT license. The software is available from GitHub (https://github.com/hn-88/FDOCT).

The proof-of-principle demonstration of a simple, yet effective method of autocorrelation artifact removal for optical coherence tomography (OCT) is presented using a custom-designed parallel spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) instrument. Our real-time method is based on time-averaged sampling of a sinusoidal phase modulation in the reference arm. Unlike other existing methods, our technique can completely eliminate arbitrarily located, arbitrarily strong autocorrelation artifacts.

Here we calculate the deflection angle of photon by Casimir wormhole in weak limit approximation. First we calculate Gaussian optical curvature with the help of optical spacetime geometry and so we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on Gaussian optical metric and find deflection angle of photon by Casimir wormhole. Moreover, we calculate the photon's deflection angle in the presence of plasma medium and we also see the graphical nature of deflection angle in both cases. After calculating the deflection angle of Casimir wormhole. Now, we move towards the shadow of Casimir wormhole. After the observations of Event Horizon Telescope, the study of shadow become very important so that we plot the shapes of shadow of Casimir wormhole, and we calculate the photon geodesic around the Casimir wormhole.

The effectiveness of immunotherapy for cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) has not been demonstrated yet. It may be possible for us to use programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and CD8 as biomarkers of response to immune therapy in CA patients. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether the expression levels of PD-1, PD-L1, and CD8 can predict the prognosis of CA patients and their response to ICI therapy. The levels of the PD-1, PD-L1, and CD8 proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples. The correlation between the expression levels and patient prognosis was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model. We observed a significant inverse-correlation between the PD-1 and CD8 expression (p=0.001, chi square test). We also found a significant inverse-correlation between the PD-L1 and CD8 expression (p=0.027). The overall survival was significantly worse in patients with positive PD-1 expression (p=0.027). Similarly, the progression-free survival was also worse (p=0.087). Our results demonstrate that a high level of PD-1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in CA patients. Further research is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms that mediate this association.

We report on the application of femtosecond laser micromachining to the fabrication of complex glass microdevices, for high-order harmonic generation in gas. The three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining allow us to achieve accurate control of gas density inside the micrometer interaction channel. This device gives a considerable increase in harmonics generation efficiency if compared with traditional harmonic generation in gas jets. We propose different chip geometries that allow to control the gas density and driving field intensity inside the interaction channel to achieve quasi-phase matching conditions in the harmonic generation process. We believe that these glass micro-devices will pave the way to future downscaling of High-order Harmonic Generation beamlines.

The main goal of this paper is to study the weak gravitational lensing by Horndeski black hole in weak field approximation. In order to do so, we exploit the Gibbons-Werner method to the optical geometry of Horndeski black hole and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to accomplish the deflection angle of light in weak field region. Furthermore, we have endeavored to extend the scale of our work by comprising the impact of plasma medium on the deflection angle as properly. Later, the graphical influence of the deflection angle of photon on Horndeski black hole in plasma and non-plasma medium is examined.

The principles of causality and unitarity are studied within rational nonlinear electrodynamics proposed earlier. We investigate dyonic and magnetized black holes and show that in the self-dual case, when the electric charge equals the magnetic charge, corrections to Coulomb's law and Reissner-Nordstrom solutions are absent. In the case of the magnetic black hole, the Hawking temperature, the heat capacity and the Helmholtz free energy are calculated. It is shown that there are second-order phase transitions and it was demonstrated that at some range of parameters the black holes are stable.

In this note, I analyze the code and the data generated by M. Fodje's (2013) simulation programs "epr-simple" and "epr-clocked". They were written in Python published on Github only, initially without any documentation at all of how they worked. Inspection of the code showed that they made use of the detection-loophole and the coincidence-loophole respectively. I evaluate them with appropriate modified Bell-CHSH type inequalities: the Larsson detection-loophole adjusted CHSH, and the Larsson-Gill coincidence-loophole adjusted CHSH (NB: its correctness is conjecture, we do not have proof). The experimental efficiencies turn out to be approximately eta = 81% (close to optimal) and gamma = 55% (far from optimal). The observed values of CHSH are, as they should be, within the appropriately adjusted bounds. Fodjes' detection-loophole model turns out to be very, very close to Pearle's famous 1970 model, so the efficiency is close to optimal. The model has the same defect as Pearle's: the joint detection rates exhibit signaling. The coincidence-loophole model is actually a clever modification of the detection-loophole model. Because of this, however, it cannot lead to optimal efficiency. Later versions of the programs included an explanation of how they worked, including formulas, though still no reference whatever to the literature on the two loopholes which Fodje exploits, not even to the concept of an experimental (i.e., in principle, avoidable) loophole. The documentation available now does make a lot of the "reverse engineering" in this paper superfluous. I plan to incorporate its results in a new paper with a wider focus.

Self-assembly is a spontaneous process through which macroscopic structures are formed from basic microscopic constituents (e.g. molecules or colloids). By contrast, the formation of large biological molecules inside the cell (such as proteins or nucleic acids) is a process more akin to self-organization than to self-assembly, as it requires a constant supply of external energy. Recent studies have tried to merge self-assembly with self-organization by analyzing the assembly of self-propelled (or active) colloid-like particles whose motion is driven by a permanent source of energy. Here we present evidence that points to the fact that self-propulsion considerably enhances the assembly of polymers: self-propelled molecules are found to assemble into polymer-like structures, the average length of which increases towards a maximum as the self-propulsion force increases. Beyond this maximum, the average polymer length decreases due to the competition between bonding energy and disruptive forces that result from collisions. The assembly of active molecules might have promoted the formation of large pre-biotic polymers that could be the precursors of the informational polymers we observe nowadays.

This study aims to evaluate the patient’s dose exposure from Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) examination and to estimates the cancer risk induced from the examinations based on the patient’s size. One hundred patients were recruited, and data information was collected retrospectively. A multi-detector (MDCT) (Philips Brilliance 128, USA) scanner were utilized for the CTPA examination, and dose data were obtained from the system. The effective diameter of each subjects’ image was measured for the Size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs). All subjects divided into Group 1 (19 – 25 cm), Group 2 (25-28 cm) and Group 3 (28-38 cm), where the association between gender were analysed. Effective dose (E), SSDE, organ dose and cancer risk of each group were evaluated and compared statistically using independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. The range of mean CTDI_vol, DLP and E values were (6.44 – 17.42 mGy), (239 – 631 mGy), (5.19 – 13.90 mSv), respectively. In respective with the patient’s effective diameter, the mean SSDE value for Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 were 9.93 ± 3.89 mGy, 13.70 ± 9.04 mGy and 22.29 ± 7.35 mGy. The organ dose and cancer risk attained for breast, lung and liver were 17.05 ± 10.40 mGy (194 per one million procedure), 17.55 ± 10.86 mGy (192 per one million procedure) and 15.04 ± 9.75 mGy (53 per one million procedure), respectively. Lung and breast with more massive patient’s effective diameter received the highest dose exposure which increases the probability of the cancer risk. CTDI_vol was found to be underestimated, and SSDE provides more accurate in describing the radiation dose and cancer risk. Body effective diameter found to be significant on the estimation except for gender. Therefore, it is essential to apply optimised protocols in order to reduce patient’s exposure during CTPA examination.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

Weather surveillance radars routinely detect smoke of various origin. Of particular significance to the meteorological community are wildfires in forests and/or prairies. For example, one responsibility of the National Weather Service in the USA is to forecast fire outlooks as well as to monitor wild fire evolution. Polarimetric variables have enabled relatively easy recognitions of smoke plumes in data fields of weather radars. Presented here are the fields of these variables from smoke plumes caused by grass fire, brush fire, and forest fire. Histograms of polarimetric data from plumes contrast these three cases. Most of the data are from the polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D aka Nexrad, 10 cm wavelength) hence the wavelength does not influence these comparisons. Nevertheless, in one case simultaneous observations of a plume by the operational Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR, 5 cm wavelength) and a WSR-88D is used to infer backscattering characteristic and hence sizes of dominant contributors to the returns. In addition, comparisons with observations by other investigators of plumes from urban area but at a 5 cm wavelength are made. To interpret some measurements Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) tools are applied.

After a long a glorious history, marked by the first direct proofs of neutrino existence and of the mixing between the first and third neutrino generations, the reactor antineutrino experiments are still well alive and will continue to give important contributions to the development of elementary particle physics and astrophysics. In parallel to the SBL experiments, that will be dedicated mainly to the search for sterile neutrinos, a new kind of experiments will start playing an important role: the medium baseline reactor experiments, aiming to study the neutrino mass ordering. The first example of this kind, the liquid scintillator JUNO experiment, characterized by a very high mass and unprecedented energy resolution, will soon start data taking in China. Its main aspects are discussed here, together with its potentialities for what concerns the mass ordering investigation and also the other issues that can be studied with this detector, spanning from the accurate oscillation parameter determination, to the study of solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos, atmospheric neutrinos and neutrinos emitted by supernovas and to the search for signals of potential Lorentz invariance violation.

The Big Bang model is based on vague interpretations of experimental data. Direct interpretation of the data opens a new vision of the universe in a permanent dynamic equilibrium without beginning and without end. In the universe as the main system, the evolution of life on planet Earth is a consistent part of the universal process that operates in the entire universe. The origin of life as a consistent part of universal dynamics is in higher dimensions of the multidimensional dynamic quantum vacuum.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; and 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge (e_s) in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. We noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. Proceeding further, with a characteristic fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be classified into quark fermions and quark bosons. Considering strong charge conservation and electromagnetic charge conservation, fractional charge quark fermions and quark bosons can be understood. Quark fermions that generate observable massive baryons can be called as Fluons. Quark bosons that generate observable mesons can be called as Bluons. By considering a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV, rest masses of fluons and bluons can be estimated and there by baryon masses and meson masses can be estimated.

The famous singlet correlations of a composite quantum system consisting of two spatially separated components exhibit notable features of two kinds. The first kind consists of striking certainty relations: perfect correlation and perfect anti-correlation in certain settings. The second kind consists of a number of symmetries, in particular, invariance under rotation, as well as invariance under exchange of components, parity, or chirality. In this note, I investigate the class of correlation functions that can be generated by classical composite physical systems when we restrict attention to systems which reproduce the certainty relations exactly, and for which the rotational invariance of the correlation function is the manifestation of rotational invariance of the underlying classical physics. I call such correlation functions classical EPR-B correlations. It turns out that the other three (binary) symmetries can then be obtained "for free": they are exhibited by the correlation function, and can be imposed on the underlying physics by adding an underlying randomisation level. We end up with a simple probabilistic description of all possible classical EPR-B correlations in terms of a "spinning coloured disk" model, and a research programme: describe these functions in a concise analytic way.

The general theory of relativity (GR) is known to be invariant under smooth coordinate transformations (diffeomorphism). This group has a subgroup known as the Lorentz group of symmetry which is manifested in the weak field approximation to GR. The dominant operator in the weak field equation of GR is thus the d'Alembert (wave) operator which has a retarded potential solution. Galaxies are huge physical systems having dimensions of many tens of thousands of light years. Thus any change at the galactic center will be noticed at the rim only tens of thousands of years later. Those retardation effects are neglected in present day galactic modelling used to calculate rotational velocities of matter in the rims of the galaxy and surrounding gas. The significant differences between the predictions of Newtonian instantaneous action at a distance and observed velocities are usually explained by either assuming dark matter or by modifying the laws of gravity (MOND). In this paper we will show that taking general relativity seriously without neglecting retardation effects one can explain the radial velocities of galactic matter in the M33 galaxy without postulating dark matter.

The characterization of thin-film solar cells is of huge importance for obtaining high open-circuit voltage and low recombination rates from the interfaces or within the bulk of the main materials. Among the many electrical characterization techniques, the two- and four-wire probe using the Cascade instrument is of interest since the resistance of the wires, and the electrical contacts can be excluded by the additional two wires in 4-wire probe configuration. In this paper, both two and four-point probes configuration are employed to characterize the CIGS chalcogenide thin-film solar cells. The two-wire probe has been used to measure the current-voltage characteristics of the cell which results in a huge internal resistance. Therefore, the four-wire connection is also used to eliminate the lead resistance to enhance the characterization’s accuracy. The load resistance in the two-wire probe diminishes the photogenerated current density at smaller voltage ranges. In contrast, the proposed four-wire probe collects more current at higher voltages due to enhanced carrier collection efficiency from contact electrodes. The current conduction mechanism is also identified at every voltage region represented by the value of the ideality factor of that voltage region. It is observed that a long time given to the charge collection results in increased current density at a higher voltage. According to the results and device characteristics, a novel double-diode model is suggested to extract the saturation current density, shunt and series resistances and the ideality factor of the cells. These cells are shown to be efficient in terms of low recombination at the interfaces and with lower series resistance as the quality of the materials is in its most possible conductive form. The measured internal resistance and saturation current density and ideality factor of the two measurement configuration is measured and compared.

A new framework in quantum chemistry has been proposed recently ("An approach to first principles electronic structure calculation by symbolic-numeric computation'' by A. Kikuchi). It is based on the modern technique of computational algebraic geometry, viz. the symbolic computation of polynomial systems. Although this framework belongs to molecular orbital theory, it fully adopts the symbolic method. The analytic integrals in the secular equations are approximated by the polynomials. The indeterminate variables of polynomials represent the wave-functions and other parameters for the optimization, such as atomic positions and contraction coefficients of atomic orbitals. Then the symbolic computation digests and decomposes the polynomials into a tame form of the set of equations, to which numerical computations are easily applied. The key technique is Grröbner basis theory, by which one can investigate the electronic structure by unraveling the entangled relations of the involved variables. In this article, at first, we demonstrate the featured result of this new theory. Next, we expound the mathematical basics concerning computational algebraic geometry, which are necessitated in our study. We will see how highly abstract ideas of polynomial algebra would be applied to the solution of the definite problems in quantum mechanics. We solve simple problems in "quantum chemistry in algebraic variety'' by means of algebraic approach. Finally, we review several topics related to polynomial computation, whereby we shall have an outlook for the future direction of the research.

Soft-matter systems when driven out-of-equilibrium often give rise to structures that usually lie in-between the macroscopic scale of the material and microscopic scale of its constituents. In this paper we review three such systems, the two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model, the Kuramoto model and the Rayeligh-Bénard convection system which when driven out-of-equilibrium give rise to emergent spatio-temporal order through self-organization. A common feature of these systems is that the entities that self-assemble are coupled to one another in some way, either through local interactions or through a continuous media. Therefore, the general nature of non-equilibrium fluctuations of the intrinsic variables in these systems are found to follow similar trends as order emerges. Through this paper, we attempt to look for connections between among these systems and systems in general which give rise to emergent order when driven out-of-equilibrium.

In this article, a bijective research methodology is applied where every element in the model corresponds to exactly one element in physical reality. An element in the physical reality X and the corresponding element in the model Y are related by the bijective function. A bijective research methodology confirms that the Lorentz factor has its origin in the variable density of universal space. A lower value of the space density corresponds to the higher value of the Lorentz factor. Universal space is not “empty”; space is the primordial energy of the universe. Universal space is the absolute frame of reference for all observers as confirmed experimentally by the GPS system, which demonstrates that the relative rate of clocks is valid for all observers. A planet's perihelion precession and the Sagnac effect are the results of the space rotation.

Recently, Troyan et al (2019 arXiv:1908.01534) and Kong et al (2019 arXiv:1909.10482) extended near-room-temperature superconductors family by new yttrium superhydride polymorphs, YH_n (n = 4,6,7,9), which exhibit superconducting transition temperatures in the range of T_c = 210-243 K at pressure of P = 160-255 GPa. In this paper, temperature dependent upper critical field data, B_c2(T), for highly-compressed mixture of YH₄+YH₆ phases (reported by Kong et al 2019 arXiv:1909.10482) is analysed to deduce the ratio of T_c to the Fermi temperature, T_F. Our analysis shows that in all considered scenarios the YH₄+YH₆ mixture has the ratio 0.01 ≤ T_c/T_F ≤ 0.04. As the result, YH₄+YH₆ falls in the unconventional superconductors band in the Uemura plot. It is also found that the characteristic temperature of the order parameter amplitude fluctuations, T_fluc, in the YH₄+YH₆ mixture is only several percent above observed T_c, and thus the superconducting transition in yttrium superhydride polymorphs is fundamentally limited by thermodynamics fluctuations.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that there exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. During cosmic evolution, if one is willing to give equal importance to Higgs boson and Planck mass in understanding the massive origin of elementary particles, then it seems quite logical to expect a common relation in between Planck scale and Electroweak scale. Based on these two points, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. H-bar seems to be a characteristic outcome of unified electroweak gravity. Electron rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak and strong gravity. Proton rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak, strong and electromagnetic gravity. Recently observed 3.5 keV photon seems to be an outcome of annihilation of charged baby lepton of rest energy 1.75 keV. Interesting point to be noted is that, Schwarzschild radius of electron is 0.48 nanometer and it needs further investigation with respect to emerging nano-science and technology. Proceeding further, by considering electromagnetic and weak gravitational constants, neutron life time can be understood.

The surface enhanced fluorescence（SEF）detection bases by plasmonic nanopillars array with nanoparticles has opened up a new gate in the application of biological imaging and sensing. The fluorescence enhancement of the probe molecule depends on its position in equilibrium, which is close to the hot spot leading to the electromagnetic field enhancement, but not too close to the metal surface resulting in quenching. Here, a large scale SiO₂-Ag-cicada wing SEF substrate was fabricated by magnetron sputtering with correction enhancement factor of 797.6. Thereinto the cicada wing provides the skeleton of the nanopillars array structure, the deposited Ag constructs two kinds of hot spots, and SiO₂ forms a separation layer to prevent quenching. Moreover, the substrate exhibited good reproducibility, high sensitivity with low limits of detection (LOD) and high stability for oxidation resistance. We propose that SEF substrate with modification of SiO₂ can not only improve the enhancement performance, but also expanding its application in the biological investigations.

Lord Kelvin believes that the electromagnetic aether must also generate gravity. Based on a theorem of V. Fock on the mass tensor of an elastic continuum, the contravariant energy-momentum tensor of the $\Omega(1)$ substratum is established. Quasi-static solutions of the gravitational field equations in vacuum are obtained. Based on an assumption, relationships between the contravariant energy-momentum tensor of the $\Omega(1)$ substratum and the contravariant metric tensor are obtained. Thus, the cosmological constant is derived theoretically. The $\Omega(1)$ substratum, or we say the electromagnetic aether, may be a possible candidate of the dark energy. The zero-point energy of electromagnetic fields will not appear as a source term in the generalized Einstein's equations. Some people believed that all kinds of energies should appear as source terms in the Einstein's equations. It may be this belief that leads to the so called cosmological constant problem. The mass density of the electromagnetic aether is equivalent to that $31.33195$ protons contained in a box with a volume of $1.0{m}^{3}$.

Adaptable or adapted? Whether it is a question of physical, biological or even economic systems, this problem arises when all these systems are the location of matter and energy conversion. To this interdisciplinary question we propose a theoretical framework based on the two principles of thermodynamics. Considering a finite time linear thermodynamic approach, we show that non-equilibrium systems operating in quasi-static regime are quite deterministic as long as boundary conditions are correctly defined. The Novikov-Curzon-Ahlborn approach [1,2] applied to non-endoreversible systems then makes it possible to precisely determine the conditions for obtaining characteristic operating points. As a result, power maximization principle (MPP), entropy minimization principle(mEP), efficiency maximization, or waste minimization states are only specific modalities of system operation. We show that boundary conditions play a major role in defining operating points because they define the intensity of the feedback that ultimately characterizes the operation. Armed with these thermodynamic foundations, we show that the intrinsically most efficient systems are also the most constrained in terms of controlling the entropy and dissipation production. In particular, we show that the best figure of merit necessarily leads to a vanishing production of power. On the other hand, a class of systems emerges which, although they do not offer extreme efficiency or power, have a wide range of use and therefore marked robustness. It therefore appears that the number of degrees of freedom of the system leads to an optimization of the allocation of entropy production.

The present article addresses the long-standing problem of the polymer brush bilayers under stationary shear flow at non-linear response regime where the system gets a non-Newtonian fluid. The main idea behind this research would be the fact that the immense lubricity of the polymer brush bilayers originates from a global restructuring that takes place at large shear rates. It is shown here that physical quantities like, stress tensor, viscosity tensor, the friction coefficient and the chain extensions could become dependent on the shear rate at non-Newtonian regime. Apparently, the sub-linear scaling of the physical quantities at large shear rates is solely due to the fact that the chains stretch in the shear direction.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that there exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. During cosmic evolution, if one is willing to give equal importance to Higgs boson and Planck mass in understanding the massive origin of elementary particles, then it seems quite logical to expect a common relation in between Planck scale and Electroweak scale. Based on these two points, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. H-bar seems to be a characteristic outcome of unified electroweak gravity. Electron rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak and strong gravity. Proton rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak, strong and electromagnetic gravity. Recently observed 3.5 keV photon seems to be an outcome of annihilation of charged baby lepton of rest energy 1.75 keV. Interesting point to be noted is that, Schwarzschild radius of electron is 0.48 nanometer and it needs further investigation with respect to emerging nano-science and technology.

Because Newton's gravity and Einstein's general theory of relativity are macroscopic gravitational theories, therefore, this paper attempts to establish a set of quantum gravity theory of the microscopic expression of Newton's and Einstein's theory of gravity to make up for the shortcomings of the existing macro-gravity theory at the micro level, and further develop the macroscopic gravity theory into the microscopic field. Based on the cognition of the field theory model, from the general assumption, space-time is further regarded as an ideal fluid, from the perspective of the distribution of ideal fluid density, this paper derives the Newton's universal gravitational equation and Einstein's general relativity equation. On the micro level, the gravitational field is further interpreted as a gradient field of space-time density; the Newtonian potential is further interpreted as the density of an object at the micro level; gravity is further interpreted as the potential pressure(space-time pressure) exhibited by the gradient of the density of the object at the micro level; flection space-time is further interpreted as the embodiment of the gradient distribution of the ideal fluid (space-time) density at the micro level. Based on a modified gravitational model, it explains the dynamics of the stars' rotation and revolution.

Classical mechanics describes the laws of motion in the macroscopic material world, while quantum mechanics describes the laws of motion in the microscopic material world that classical mechanics cannot explain, and achieves a highly accurate mathematical representation of the laws of microscopic physical motion. But even with such a successful theory, there is confusion about the probability wave. Therefore, this paper attempts to improve the physical definition of the conceptual basis of quantum mechanics, thus solving the confusion of quantum mechanical probability waves, and finally surprisingly discovered another feasible interpretation of the principle of cosmic redshift and the invariance of the speed of light.

We compare Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) and the Linear Sigma Model (LSM) as realizations of low energy QCD for light mesons in a chirally imbalanced medium. The relations between the low-energy constants of the Chiral Lagrangian and the corresponding constants of the Linear Sigma Model are established as well as the expressions for the decay constant of $\pi $-meson in the medium and for the mass of the $a_0$. In the large $N_c$ count taken from QCD the correspondence of ChPT and LSM is remarkably good and give a solid ground for search of chiral imbalance manifestation in pion physics. A possible experimental detection of chiral imbalance (and therefore a phase with Local Parity Breaking) is outlined in the charged pion decays inside the fireball.

A description of the motion in Non-Inertial Reference Frames by means of the inclusion of high time derivatives is studied. It is noted that incompleteness of the description of physical reality is a problem of any theory: both quantum mechanics and classical physics. The "stability principle" is put forward. We also provide macroscopic examples of Non-Inertial Mechanics and verify the use of high-order derivatives as non-local hidden variables based the equivalence principle when acceleration is equal to the gravitational field. Acceleration in this case is a function of the higher derivatives with respect to time. The definition of Dark Metrics for matter and energy is presented to replace the standard notions of Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

Blazars are highly variable and display complex characteristics. A key characteristic is the flux distribution or flux PDF whose shape depends upon the form of the underlying physical process driving variability. The BL Lacertae, Mrk 421 is one of the brightest and most variable blazars across the electromagnetic spectrum. It has been reported to show hints of lognormality across the spectrum from observed histograms of radio to gamma-ray fluxes. This would imply that the underlying mechanisms may not conform to the "standard" additive, multi-zone picture, but could potentially have multiplicative processes. This is investigated by testing the observed lightcurves at different wavelengths with time-series simulations. We find that the simulations reveal a more complex scenario, than a single lognormal distribution explaining the multiwavelength lightcurves of Mrk 421.

The paper provides information on significant contamination of real laboratory water with hydrophilic microimpurities. This fact suggests that researchers are practically dealing with microdispersed systems. However, this fact is usually neglected in the discussions of the causes of the anomalous properties of water. We will show that, when exposed to various factors of physical nature, water demonstrates reactions of the same type, namely, increased pH and electrical conductivity, reduced redox potential and viscosity, and enhanced bioavailability. Each exposure is accompanied by the destruction of aggregates of the dispersed phase and its transition to a fine-dispersed state. The relationship between this phenomenon and the change in the physicochemical properties of water is discussed.

Recently Li et al (2019 Nature 572 624) discovered a new type of oxide superconductor Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂ with T_c = 14 K. To classify superconductivity in this infinite-layer nickelate experimental upper critical field, B_c2(T), and the self-field critical current densities, J_c(sf,T), reported by Li et al (2019 Nature 572 624), are analysed in assumption of s-, d-, and p-wave pairing symmetries and single- and multiple-band superconductivity. Based on deduced the ground-state superconducting energy gap, Δ(0), the London penetration depth, λ(0), the relative jump in electronic specific heat at T_c, ΔC/C, and the ratio of 2Δ(0)/k_BT_c, we conclude that Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂ is type-II high-κ weak-coupled single-band s-wave superconductor.

We investigate a notable class of states peculiar to a bosonic binary mixture featuring repulsive intraspecies and attractive interspecies couplings. We evidence that, for small values of the hopping amplitudes, one can access particular regimes marked by the fact that the interwell boson transfer occurs in a jerky fashion. This property is shown to be responsible for the emergence of a staircase-like structure in the phase diagram and to strongly resemble the mechanism of the superfluid-Mott insulator transition. Under certain conditions, in fact, we show that it is possible to interpret the interspecies attraction as an effective chemical potential and the supermixed soliton as an effective particle reservoir. Our investigation is developed both within a fully quantum approach based on the analysis of several quantum indicators and by means of a simple analytical approximation scheme capable of capturing the essential features of this ultraquantum effect.

Helmholtz energy of ice VII-X is determined in a pressure regime extending to 450 GPa at 300 K using local basis functions in the form of b splines. The new representation for the equation of state is embedded in a physics-based inverse theory framework of parameter estimation. Selected pressures as a function of volume from 14 prior experimental studies and two theoretical studies constrain the behavior of Helmholtz energy. Separately measured bulk moduli, not used to construct the representation, are accurately replicated below about 20 GPa and above 60 GPa. In the intermediate range of pressure, the experimentally determined moduli are larger and have greater scatter than values predicted using the Helmholtz representation. Although systematic experimental error in the experimental elastic moduli is possible and likely, the alternative hypothesis is a slow relaxation time associated with changes in proton mobility or the ice VII to X transition. A correlation is observed between anomalies in the pressure derivative of the predicted bulk modulus and previously suggested higher-order phase transitions. Improved determinations of elastic properties at high pressure would allow refinement of the current equation of state. More generally, the current method of data assimilation is broadly applicable to other materials in high-pressure studies.

New modied Hayward metric of magnetically charged non-singular black hole spacetime in the framework of nonlinear electrodynamics is constructed. When the fundamental length introduced, characterising quantum gravity effects, vanishes one comes to the general relativity coupled with the Bronnikov model of nonlinear electrodynamics. The metric can have one (an extreme) horizon, two horizons of black holes, or no horizons corresponding to the particle-like solution. Corrections to the Reissner-Nordström solution are found as the radius approaches to innity. As r -> 0 the metric has a de Sitter core showing the absence of singularities. The asymptotic of the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars are obtained and they are nite everywhere. The thermodynamics of black holes, by calculating the Hawking temperature and the heat capacity, is studied. It is demonstrated that phase transitions take place when the Hawking temperature possesses the maximum. Black holes are thermodynamically stable at some range of parameters.

Recent astronomical observations with respect to measurements in distant supernovas, cosmic microwave background and weak gravitational lensing confirm that the Universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion and it has been proposed that this cosmological behavior is caused by a hypothetical dark energy which has a strong negative pressure that allows explain the expanding universe. Several theoretical ideas and models related dark the energy includes the cosmological constant, quintessence, Chaplygin gas, braneworld and tachyonic scalar fields. In this paper, we have obtained new relativistic stellar configurations considering an anisotropic fluid distribution with a charge distribution which could represents a potential model of a dark energy star. In order to investigate the effect of a quadratic equation of state in this anisotropic model we specify particular forms for the gravitational potential that allow solving the Einstein-Maxwell field equations. For these new solutions we checked that the radial pressure, metric coefficients, energy density, anisotropy factor, charge density , mass function are well defined and are regular in the interior of the star. The solutions found can be used in the development of dark energy stars models satisfying all physical acceptability conditions but the causality condition and strong energy condition are violated. We expect that these models have multiple applications in astrophysics and cosmology.

By using directed dimensional analysis and data fitting, an explicit universal scaling law for the velocity of dominoes toppling motion is formulated. The scaling law shows that domino propagational velocity is linear proportional to the 3/2 power of domino separation, and -1/2 power of domino height and thickness. The study also proved that dominoes width and mass have no influence to the domino wave traveling velocity.

We investigate alternative candidates to dark energy that can explain the current state of the universe in the framework of the generalized teleparallel theory of gravity f(T ) where T denotes the torsion scalar. To achieve this, we carried out a series of reconstruction taking into account to the ordinary and entropy-corrected versions of the holographic and new agegraphic dark energy models. These models used as alternative to dark energy in the literature in order describe the current state of our universe. It is remarked that the models reconstructed indicates behaviors like phantom or quintessence models. Furthermore, we also generated the EoS parameters associated to entropy-corrected models and we observed a transition phase between quintessence state and phantom state as showed by recent observational data. We also investigated on the stability theses models and we created the {r − s}. The behavior of certains physical parameters as speed of sound and the Statefinder parameters are compatible with current observational data.

This study reports a general scenario for the out-of-equilibrium features of collapsing polymeric architectures. We use molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the coarsening kinetics, in bad solvent, for several macromolecular systems with an increasing degree of structural complexity. In particular, we focus on: flexible and semiflexible polymer chains, star polymers with 3 and 12 arms, and microgels with both ordered and disordered networks. Starting from a powerful analogy with critical phenomena, we construct a density field representation that removes fast fluctuations and provides a consistent characterization of the domain growth. Our results indicate that the coarsening kinetics presents a scaling behaviour that is independent of the solvent quality parameter, in analogy to time-temperature superposition principle. Interestingly, the domain growth in time follows a power-law behaviour that is approximately independent of the architecture for all the flexible systems; while it is steeper for the semiflexible chains. Nevertheless, the fractal nature of the dense regions emerging during the collapse exhibits the same scaling behaviour for all the macromolecules. This, suggests that the faster growing length scale in the semiflexible chains originates just from a faster mass diffusion along the chain contour, induced by the local stiffness. The decay of the dynamic correlations displays scaling behavior with the growing length scale of the system, which is a characteristic signature in coarsening phenomena.

Knowledge of a lasers beam’s profile throughout a laser system and experiment can help immensely in diagnosing laser problems and assisting in beam alignment and focusing at a sample. Obtaining such profiles is a trivial task in the ultraviolet-visible wavelength range but more challenging with near-infrared to infrared beams. Scientific grade bolometer arrays, suitable for such a task, do exist but are extremely costly, relatively large and have a large pixel size, of the order of 80 μm, which is adequate for profiling larger beams but poses an issue when trying to profile sub 100 μm beams for example at a focal point. This communication identifies a micro-bolometer array for near- to mid-infrared laser beam profiling, which is extremely low cost. In addition, the device is very compact, enabling use in confined spaces, and has a small, 12 μm, pixel size permitting the profiling of focused laser beams. The best scientific grade device identified has a pixel size of 17 μm. This device is a powerful tool for infrared laser spectroscopists, reducing the time required to measure the spot size of beams and to achieve spatial overlap of multiple infrared beams as used in two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, saving many hours of setup time. The use of the bolometer array as a spectrographic detector and probe of long-term beam drifts is also demonstrated.

In this paper only one basic assumption has been made: if we try to describe black holes, their behavior should be understood in the same language as the one we use for particles; black holes should be treated just like atoms. They must be quantum forms of matter, moving in accordance with Schrödinger equations just like everything else. In particular, Rosen’s quantization approach to the gravitational collapse is applied in the simple case of a pressureless “star of dust” by finding the gravitational potential, the Schrödinger equation and the solution for the collapse’s energy levels. By applying the constraints for a Schwarzschild black hole (BH) and by using the concept of BH effective state, previously introduced by one of the authors (CC), the BH quantum gravitational potential, Schrödinger equation and the BH energy spectrum are found. Remarkably, such an energy spectrum is in agreement (in its absolute value) with the one which was conjectured by Bekenstein in 1974 and consistent with other ones in the literature. This approach also permits to find an interesting quantum representation of the Schwarzschild BH ground state at the Planck scale. Moreover, two fundamental issues about black hole quantum physics are addressed by this model: the area quantization and the singularity resolution. As regards the former, a result similar to the one obtained by Bekenstein, but with a different coefficient, has been found. About the latter, it is shown that the traditional classical singularity in the core of the Schwarzschild BH is replaced, in a full quantum treatment, by a two-particle system where the two components strongly interact with each other via a quantum gravitational potential. The two-particle system seems to be non-singular from the quantum point of view and is analogous to the hydrogen atom because it consists of a “nucleus” and an “electron”.

The radiosensitivity of biological systems is strongly affected by the system oxygenation. On the nanoscopic scale and molecular level, this effect is considered to be strongly related to the indirect damage of radiation. Even though particle track radiolysis has been the object of several studies, still little is known about the nanoscopic impact of target oxygenation on the radical yields. We present here an extension of the chemical module of the Monte Carlo particle track structure code TRAX, taking into account the presence of dissolved molecular oxygen in the target material. The impact of the target oxygenation level on the chemical track evolution and the yields of all the relevant chemical species is studied in water under different irradiation conditions: different linear energy transfer (LET) values, different oxygenation levels, and different particle types. Especially for low LET radiation, a large production of two highly toxic species (HO₂^• and O₂^•− ), which are not produced in anoxic conditions, is predicted and quantified in oxygenated solutions. The remarkable correlation between the HO₂^• and O₂^•− production yield and the oxygen enhancement ratio observed in biological systems suggests a direct or indirect involvement of HO₂^• and O₂^•− in the oxygen sensitization effect. The results are in agreement with available experimental data and previous computational approaches. An analysis of the oxygen depletion rate in different radiation conditions is also reported.

Structure quality of LuFeO3 epitaxial layers grown by pulsed-laser deposition on sapphire substrates with and without platinum interlayers has been investigated by in-situ high-resolution x-ray diffraction (reciprocal-space mapping). The parameters of the structure such as size and misorientation of mosaic blocks have been determined as functions of the thickness of LuFeO3 during the PLD growth and for different platinum interlayers thicknesses up to 40 nm. The x-ray diffraction results combined with ex-situ scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the Pt interlayer significantly improves the structure of LuFeO3 by reducing the misfit of the LuFeO3 lattice with respect to the material underneath.

In this paper, we discuss the weak gravitational lensing in the context of stringy black holes. Initially, we examine the deflection angle of photon by charged stringy black hole. For this desire, we compute the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle for spherically balanced spacetime of stringy black hole. We also analyze the influence of plasma medium in the weak gravitational lensing for stringy black hole. Moreover, the graphical impact of coupling constant $\alpha$, impact parameter $b$ , black hole charge $Q$ on deflection angle by charged stringy black hole has been studied in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

First, we examine how spin is treated in special relativity and the necessity of introducing spin supplementary conditions (SSC) and how they are related to the choice of a center-of-mass of a spinning particle. Next, we discuss quantum electrodynamics and the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation which we note is a position operator identical to the Pryce-Newton-Wigner position operator. The classical version of the operators are shown to be essential for the treatment of classical relativistic particles in general relativity, of special interest being the case of binary systems (black holes/neutron stars) which emit gravitational radiation.

As there exist no repulsive forces in strong interaction, in a hypothetical approach, strong interaction can be assumed to be equivalent to a large gravitational coupling. Based on this concept, strong coupling constant can be defined as a ratio of the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force associated with proton, neutron, up quark and down quark. With respect to the product of strong coupling constant and fine structure ratio, we review our recently proposed two semi empirical relations and coefficients 0.00189 and 0.00642 connected with nuclear stability and binding energy. We wish to emphasize that- by classifying nucleons as ‘free nucleons’ and ‘active nucleons’, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with a new class of ‘three term’ formula having one unique energy coefficient. Based on the geometry and quantum nature, currently believed harmonic oscillator and spin orbit magic numbers can be considered as the lower and upper “mass limits” of quark clusters.

The search for periodic signals from blazars has become an actively pursued field of research in recent years. This is because periodic signals bring us information about the processes occurring near the innermost regions of blazars, which are mostly inaccessible to our direct view. Such signals provide insights into some of the extreme conditions that take place in the vicinity of supermassive black holes that lead to the launch of the relativistic jets. In addition, studies of characteristic timescales in blazar light curves shed light on some of the challenging issues in blazar physics that includes disk-jet connection, strong gravity near fast rotating supermassive black holes and release of gravitational waves from binary supermassive black hole systems. However, a number of issues associated with the search for quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in blazars e.g., red-noise dominance, modest significance of the detection, periodic modulation lasting for only a couple of cycles and their transient nature, make it difficult to estimate the true significance of the detection. Consequently, it also becomes difficult to make meaningful inferences about the nature of the on-going processes. In this proceedings, results of study focused on searching for QPOs in a number of blazar multi-frequency light curves are summarized. The time series analyses of long term observations of the blazars revealed the presence of year-timescale QPOs in the sources including OJ 287 (optical), Mrk 501 (gamma-ray), J1043+2408 (radio) and PKS 0219 -164 (radio). As likely explanations, we discuss a number of scenarios including binary supermassive black hole systems, Lense–Thirring precession, and jet precession.

We report an easy-to-implement device for SERS-based detection of various analytes dissolved in water droplets at trace concentrations. The device combines an analyte-enrichment system and SERS-active sensor site, both produced via inexpensive and high-performance direct fs-laser printing. Fabricated on a surface of water-repellent polytetrafluoroethylene substrate as an arrangement of micropillars, the analyte-enrichment system supports evaporating water droplet in the Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobic state, thus ensuring delivery of the dissolved analyte molecules towards the hydrophilic SERS-active site. The efficient pre-concentration of the analyte onto the sensor site based on densely-arranged spiky plasmonic nanotextures results in its subsequent label-free identification by means of SERS spectroscopy. Using the proposed device, we demonstrate reliable SERS-based fingerprinting of various analytes, including common organic dyes and medical drugs at ppb concentrations. The proposed device is believed to find applications in various areas, including label-free environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and forensics.

Particles in classical physics are distinguishable objects, which can be picked out individually on the basis of their unique physical properties. By contrast, in quantum mechanics the standard view is that particles of the same kind (``identical particles'') are completely indistinguishable from each other. This standard view is problematic: Particle indistinguishability is irreconcilable not only with the very meaning of ``particle'' in ordinary language and in classical physical theory, but also with how this term is used in the practice of present-day physics. Moreover, the indistinguishability doctrine prevents a smooth transition from quantum particles to what we normally understand by ``particles'' in the classical limit of quantum mechanics. Elaborating on earlier work, we here discuss an alternative to the standard view that avoids these and similar problems. As it turns out, this alternative approach connects to recent discussions in quantum information theory concerning the question of when identical particles can be considered to be entangled.

By using directed dimensional analysis and data fitting, an explicit universal scaling law for the speed of falling dominoes is formulated. The scaling law shows that domino propagational speed is linear proportional to the 3/2 power of domino separation, and -1/2 power of domino height and thickness.

We present a new perspective of the link between QED and Maxwell's equations. We demonstrate that the interpretation of $\mathbf{D}=\varepsilon_{0} \mathbf{E}$ as vacuum polarization is consistent with QED. A free electromagnetic field polarizes the vacuum, but the polarization and magnetization currents cancel giving zero source current. The speed of light is a universal constant, while the fine structure constant, which couples the electromagnetic field to matter, runs as it should.

The recent Google’s claim on breakthrough in quantum computing is a gong signal for further analysis of foundational roots of (possible) superiority of some quantum algorithms over the corresponding classical algorithms. This note is a step in this direction. We start with critical analysis of rather common reference to entanglement and quantum nonlocality as the basic sources of quantum superiority. We elevate the role of the Bohr’s principle of complementarity¹ (PCOM) by interpreting the Bell-experiments as statistical tests of this principle. (Our analysis also includes comparison of classical vs genuine quantum entanglements.) After a brief presentation of PCOM and endowing it with the information interpretation, we analyze its computational counterpart. The main implication of PCOM is that by using the quantum representation of probability, one need not compute the joint probability distribution (jpd) for observables involved in the process of computation. Jpd’s calculation is exponentially time consuming. Consequently, classical probabilistic algorithms involving calculation of jpd for n random variables can be over-performed by quantum algorithms (for big values of n). Quantum algorithms are based on quantum probability calculus. It is crucial that the latter modifies the classical formula of total probability (FTP). Probability inference based on the quantum version of FTP leads to constructive interference of probabilities increasing probabilities of some events. We also stress the role the basic feature of the genuine quantum superposition comparing with the classical wave superposition: generation of discrete events in measurements on superposition states. Finally, the problem of superiority of quantum computations is coupled with the quantum measurement problem and linearity of dynamics of the quantum state update.

As there exist no repulsive forces in strong interaction, in a hypothetical approach, strong interaction can be assumed to be equivalent to a large gravitational coupling. Based on this concept, strong coupling constant can be defined as a ratio of the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force associated with proton, neutron, up quark and down quark. With respect to the product of strong coupling constant and fine structure ratio, we review our recently proposed two semi empirical relations and coefficients 0.00189 and 0.00642 connected with nuclear stability and binding energy. We wish to emphasize that- by classifying nucleons as ‘free nucleons’ and ‘active nucleons’, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with a new class of ‘three term’ formula having one unique energy coefficient. In table-3, we present the estimated nuclear binding energy data for Z=3 to 120 and compare it with the two standard semi empirical mass formulae as a supplementary file.

This paper updates earlier thoughts by the author on a putative electromagnetic propulsion system, to perform a more detailed energy balance. The previous paper demonstrated how momentum could be dumped to the ground state of the electromagnetic field but a claim was left somewhat hanging at the end of the previous paper, that the work done in changing the craft's velocity would effectively shift the centre of mass of the field - although that would be an infinitesimal shift in practice. The craft must always supply work to change velocity, such as by an accelerate/de-accelerate cycle and superficially this looks to violate the conservation of energy; we prove that this isn't so.

Parallel decompositions have proved to be powerful tools for the analysis and interpretation of the physical information provided by Mueller matrices experimentally obtained. In this work, the procedure for the so-called arbitrary decomposition of Mueller matrices is validated through its application to a set of representative experimentally determined Mueller matrices. The covariance and passivity criteria required for the physical realizability of the Mueller matrices involved in the parallel decompositions are integrated in the procedure, which ensures the physical consistency of the results presented.

The correspondence principle made of unitarity, locality and renormalizability has been very successful in quantum field theory. Among the other things, it helped us build the standard model. However, it also showed important limitations. For example, it failed to restrict the gauge group and the matter sector in a powerful way. After discussing its effectiveness, we upgrade it to make room for quantum gravity. The unitarity assumption is better understood, since it allows for the presence of physical particles as well as fake particles (fakeons). The locality assumption is applied to an interim classical action, since the true classical action is nonlocal and emerges from the quantization and a later process of classicization. The renormalizability assumption is refined to single out the special role of the gauge couplings. We show that the upgraded principle leads to an essentially unique theory of quantum gravity. In particular, in four dimensions, a fakeon of spin 2, together with a scalar field, is able to make the theory renormalizable while preserving unitarity. We offer an overview of quantum field theories of particles and fakeons in various dimensions, with and without gravity.

Several particles are not observed directly, but only through their decay products. We consider the possibility that they might be fakeons, i.e. fake particles, which mediate interactions but are not asymptotic states. A crucial role to determine the true nature of a particle is played by the imaginary parts of the one-loop radiative corrections, which are affected in nontrivial ways by the presence of fakeons in the loop. The knowledge we have today is sufficient to prove that most non directly observed particles are true physical particles. However, in the case of the Higgs boson the possibility that it might be a fakeon remains open. The issue can be resolved by means of precision measurements in existing and future accelerators.

Boltzmann codes are essential tools for studying cosmology. Most of the codes are based on a seminal work by Ma and Bertschinger. We found that the formalism employed in those codes has at least three possible problems which need to be understood. i) The equation of motion for baryons are gauge incompatible, ii) they break the Bianchi identity, and iii) it is not clear from the equations of motion which physical system is considered. In this work we revisit the baryon physics and address all the above mentioned issues, based solely on conservation of stress-energy tensor, resulting in taking into account a correction that is usually neglected and that is numerically small. We also study the tight coupling approximation up to the second order without choosing any gauge. We implement the improved baryon equations in a Boltzmann code and investigate the change in the estimate of cosmological parameters by performing an MCMC analysis. While in this paper we study the Lambda-CDM model only, our baryon equations can be easily implemented in other models and various modified gravity theories.

An analysis is presented of the possible existence of a second anomalous dipole moment of Dirac’s particle next to the angular one. It includes a discussion why, in spite of his own derivation, Dirac has doubted about its relevancy. It is shown why since then it has been overlooked and why it has vanished from leading textbooks. A critical survey is given on the reasons of its reject, including the failure of attempts to measure and the perceived violations of time reversal symmetry and chargeparity symmetry. It is emphasized that the anomalous electric dipole moment of the pointlike electron (AEDM) is fundamentally different from the quantum field type electric dipole moment of an electron (eEDM) as defined in the standard model of particle physics and that its measurement requires different instrumentation. A proposal has been described how to prove or disprove its existence by experiment. Moreover, by reference from literature, the possible impact is discussed in the nuclear domain and in the gravitational domain.

Entropy is usually understood as the quantitative measure of “chaos” or “disorder”. However, the notions of “chaos” and “disorder” are definitely obscure. This leads to numerous misinterpretations of entropy. We propose to see the disorder as an absence of symmetry and to identify “ordering” with symmetrizing of a physical system; in other words, introducing the elements of symmetry into initially disordered physical system. We demonstrate with the binary system of elementary magnets that introducing elements of symmetry necessarily diminishes its entropy. This is true for 1D and 2D systems of elementary magnets. Imposing symmetry does not influence the Landauer Principle valid for the addressed systems. Imposing the symmetry restrictions onto the system built of particles contained within the chamber divided by the permeable partition also diminishes its entropy.

In this work, we present a model of the atom that is based on nonclassical logic called paraconsistent logic (PL), which has the main property of accepting the contradiction in logical interpretations without the conclusions being annulled. The model proposed in this work is constructed with the extension of PL called paraconsistent annotated logic with annotation of two values (PAL2v) that is associated with an interlaced bilattice of four vertices. We used the logarithmic function of the Shannon entropy H(s) with the inclusion of the normalized Planck constant ħ to construct the paraconsistent equations. Through the analyses of the interlaced bilattice, comparative values are obtained for some of the phenomena and effects of quantum mechanics, such as superposition of states, quantum entanglement, wave functions, and equations that determine the energy levels of the layers of the atom. At the end of this article, we use the hydrogen atom as the basis of the representation of the PAL2v model, where the values of the energy levels in six orbital layers are obtained. As an example, we present a possible method of applying the PAL2v model to the use of Raman spectroscopy signals in quality detection of lubricating mineral oil.

Gauge fields control the dynamics of fermions. On the other hand a back reaction of fermions on the gauge field is expected. This back reaction is investigated within the vortex picture of the QCD vacuum.

The center vortex model of quantum chromodynamic states that vortices, closed color-magnetic flux, percolate the vacuum. Vortices are seen as the relevant excitations of the vacuum, causing confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking. In an appropriate gauge, as direct maximal center gauge, vortices are detected by projecting onto the center degrees of freedom. Such gauges suffer from Gribov copy problems: different local maxima of the corresponding gauge functional can result in different predictions of the string tension. By using non-trivial center regions, that is, regions whose boundary evaluates to a non-trivial center element, a resolution of this issue seems possible. We use such non-trivial center regions to guide simulated annealing procedures, preventing an underestimation of the string tension in order to resolve the Gribov copy problem.

Electrical properties of the thin films of poly(arylene ether ketone) copolymers (co-PAEKs) with the fraction of phthalide-containing units of 3, 5 and 50 mol% in the main chain were investigated by using radiation induced conductivity (RIC) measurements. Transient current signals and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were obtained under exposing 20÷25 thick films of the co-PAEKs to monoenergetic electron pulses of the energy ranged from 3 to 50 keV in the electric field ranged from 5 to 40 V/μm. The Rose-Fowler-Vaisberg semi-empirical model based on a multiple trapping formalism was used for an analysis of the RIC data and the parameters of the highly dispersive charge carrier transport were evaluated. The analysis revealed that charge carriers moved in isolation from each other and the applied electric fields were below the threshold field triggering the switching effect (a reversible high-to-low resistivity transition) in the co-PAEK films. It was also found that the co-PAEK films due to the super-linear I-V characteristics are highly resistant to electrostatic discharges arising from the effects of ionizing radiation. This property is important for the development of protective coatings for electronic devices.

The EPR paradox is known as an interpretive problem, as well as a technical discovery in quantum mechanics. It defined the basic features of two-quantum entanglement, as needed to study the relationships between two non-commuting variables. In contrast, four variables are observed in a typical Bell experiment. This is no longer the same problem. The full complexity of this process can only be captured by the analysis of four-quantum entanglement. Indeed, a new paradox emerges in this context, with straightforward consequences. Either quantum behavior is capable of signaling non-locality, or it is local. Both alternatives appear to contradict existing knowledge. Still, one of them has to be true, and the final answer can be obtained conclusively with a four-quantum Bell experiment.

In crystal periodic structure prediction, a general equation is needed to determine the period vectors (cell edge vectors), especially when crystals are under arbitrary external stress. It has been derived in Newtonian dynamics years ago, which can be combined with quantum mechanics by further modeling. Here we derived such an equation in statistical physics, applicable to both classical physics and quantum physics by itself.

The principal objective of this project is to investigate the gravitational lensing by asymptotically flat black holes in the framework of Horndeski theory in weak field limits. To achieve this objective, we utilize the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to the optical geometry of asymptotically flat black holes and applying the Gibbons-Werner technique to achieve the deflection angle of photons in weak field limits. Subsequently, we manifest the influence of plasma medium on deflection of photons by asymptotically flat black holes in the context of Horndeski theory. We also examine the graphical impact of deflection angle on asymptotically flat black holes in the background of Horndeski theory in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

In this paper, we study the weak gravitational deflection angle of relativistic massive particles by the Kerr-like black hole in the bumblebee gravity model. In particular, we focus on weak field limits and calculate the deflection angle for a receiver and source at a finite distance from the lens. To this end, we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem of a two-dimensional surface defined by a generalized Jacobi metric. The spacetime is asymptotically non-flat due to the existence of a bumblebee vector field. Thus the deflection angle is modified and can be divided into three parts: the surface integral of the Gaussian curvature, the path integral of a geodesic curvature of the particle ray and the change in the coordinate angle. In addition, we also obtain the same results by defining the deflection angle. The effects of the Lorentz breaking constant on the gravitational lensing are analyzed. We then consider the finite-distance correction for the deflection angle of massive particles.

Inertial focusing conditions of fluorescent polystyrene spherical particles are studied at the pointwise level along their pathlines. This is accomplished by an algorithm that calculates a de-gree of spreading function of the particles' trajectories taking streaklines images as raw data. Different confinement ratios of the particles and flow rates are studied and the results are pre-sented in state diagrams showing the focusing degree of the particles in terms of their position within a curve of an asymmetric serpentine and the applied flow rate. In addition, together with numerical simulation results, we present empirical evidence that the preferred trajectories of inertially focused spheres are contained within Dean vortices' centerlines. We speculate about the existence of a new force, never postulated before, to explain this fact.

The most cited evidence for (nonbaryonic) dark matter has been an apparent lack of visible mass to gravitationally support the observed orbital velocity of matters in rotating disk galaxies. Yet measurement of the mass of celestial objects cannot be straightforward, requiring theories derived from the known physical laws along with some empirically established semi-quantitative relationship. The most reliable means for determining the mass distribution in rotating disk galaxies is to solve a force balance equation according to Newton’s laws from measured rotation curves, similar to calculating the Sun’s mass from the Earth’s orbital velocity. Another common method to estimate galactic mass distribution is to convert measured brightness from surface photometry based on empirically established mass-to-light ratio. For convenience, most astronomers commonly assumed a constant mass-to-light ratio for estimation of the so-called “luminous” or “visible” mass, which should not be expected accurate. The mass determined from rotation curve typically exhibit an exponential-like decline with galactrocentric distance, qualitatively consistent with observed surface brightness. This fact scientifically suggests variable mass-to-light ratio of baryonic matter in galaxies without the need for dark matter.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient with a formula, where is an estimated mean stable mass number. With this new approach, Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a verifiable approach with a model relation of the form, where is the Fine structure constant. Estimated and is 62 ppm higher than the CODATA recommended It needs further investigation. Proceeding further, an attempt is made to fit the recommended quark masses.

This paper presents research within the topic of special relativity. First, we show that time dilation and length contraction do not necessarily require that the speed of light be the same in all reference frames. It is only necessary to require that the speed of light be finite in any particular frame. Next, we demonstrate that the relativistic Doppler shift for electromagnetic waves has an analogue for extended material objects, and furnish an expression for the relative velocity of such objects in terms of what we call their "rest length shift''. An alternative velocity, which we call "rest velocity'', is then introduced to simplify the Lorentz transformation formulas. We also show that regular velocity can be regarded as the geometric average of the "rest velocity'' and another type of velocity we term "contracted velocity". We conclude by formulating the relationship between regular and "rest'' velocity for non-uniform motion in one, two, and three dimensions.

In our recently proposed theory of quantum gravity, a black hole arises from the spontaneous localisation of an entangled state of a large number of atoms of space-time-matter [STM]. Prior to localisation, the non-commutative curvature of an STM atom is described by the spectral action of non-commutative geometry. By using the techniques of statistical thermodynamics from trace dynamics, we show that the gravitational entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole results from the microstates of the entangled STM atoms and is given (subject to certain assumptions) by the classical Euclidean gravitational action. This action, in turn, equals the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy (Area/$4{L_P}^2$) of the black hole. We argue that spontaneous localisation is related to black-hole evaporation through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

To account for the very low mass density associated with Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant, a new approach to the ground state of empty space is presented. The resulting model for the vacuum state associated with empty space proposes a crystalline-like texture for the chromatic structure of empty space. This vacuum state has the appropriate mass density and predicts acceleration for the Universe expansion. Furthermore, the model predicts that this texture is anisotropic and may lead to measurable changes in the production of electron and positron pairs by gamma rays incident on a solid crystal of low mass density such as graphite.

In 1895, Korteweg and de Vries (KdV), derived their celebrated equation describing the motion of waves of long wavelength in shallow water. In doing so they made a number of quite reasonable assumptions, incompressibility of the water and irrotational fluid. The resulting equation, the celebrated KdV equation, has been shown to be a very reasonable description of real water waves. However there are other phenomena which have an impact on the shape of the wave, that of vorticity and viscosity. This paper examines how a constant vorticity affects the shape of waves in electrohydrodynamics. For constant vorticity, the vertical component of the velocity obeys a Laplace equation and also has the usual lower boundary condition. In making the vertical component of the velocity take central stage, the Burns condition can be thus bypassed.

In this paper, we found new classes of exact models to the Einstein-Maxwell system of equations which describe the internal structure of a compact star made of strange matter considering the equation of state proposed by Rocha, Bernardo, de Avellar and Horvath in 2019. It has been assumed that this matter is composed of equal number of up, down and strange quarks and a small amount of electrons required to reaching the charge neutrality. If this hypothesis is correct, the neutron stars could be strange stars or hybrid stars with a thin crust of nuclei where the temperatures and pressures are capable of converting hadronic matter into this new stable phase of quarks. We have chosen a particular form of gravitational potential Z(x) that depends on an adjustable parameter related to degree of anisotropy of the models and the new solutions can be written in terms of elementary and polynomial functions. The obtained models satisfy all physical features expected in a realistic star and the expressions for mass, density and stellar radius are comparable with the experimental results.

Orthogonal operators can successfully be used to calculate eigenvalues and eigenvector compositions in complex spectra. Orthogonality ensures least correlation between the operators and thereby more stability in the fit, even for small interactions. The resulting eigenvectors are used to transform the pure transition matrix into realistic intermediate coupling transition probabilities. Calculated transition probabilities for close lying levels illustrate the power of the complete orthogonal operator approach.

Different aspects in applying the nucleation theorem to the description of crystallization of liquids are analyzed. It is shown that, by employing the classical Gibbs' approach in the thermodynamic description of heterogeneous systems and assuming that the basic assumptions of classical nucleation theory commonly employed in application to crystallization hold, a general form of the nucleation theorem can be formulated valid not only for one-component but generally for multi-component systems. This result is taken then as the starting point for the derivation of particular forms of this theorem for the cases that the deviation from equilibrium is caused by variations of either composition of the liquid phase, temperature, or pressure. In this procedure, recently developed by us expressions for the curvature dependence of the surface tension, respectively, the dependence of the surface tension on pressure and/or temperature are employed. It is shown that the formulation of the nucleation theorem as proposed by Kashchiev [J. Chem. Phys. 76, 5098-5102 (1982)] holds also for multi-component systems as far as mentioned above assumptions are fulfilled. In the application of classical nucleation theory to crystallization processes it is assumed as one of its basic ingredients that the bulk properties of the critical clusters are widely identical to the properties of the newly evolving crystal phase. This assumption is, however, in general, it is not true. This limitation of the theoretical description can be overcome by the application of the generalized Gibbs approach for the specification of the dependence of the properties of critical crystal clusters on the degree of metastability of the liquid phase. Applying this method, it is demonstrated that a similar formulation of the nucleation theorem as derived based on classical nucleation theory holds true also in cases when a dependence of the state parameters of the critical clusters on the degree of deviation from equilibrium is appropriately accounted for.

A recently proposed classical field theory comprised of four field equations that geometrically couple electromagnetism and gravitation in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. The cornerstone of the theory equates the derivatives of the Maxwell tensor to a vector field contracted with the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. The new theory’s field equations show little resemblance to the field equations of classical physics, but both Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and Einstein’s equation of General Relativity augmented by a term that can mimic the properties of dark matter and dark energy are shown to be a consequence. Emphasized is the unification brought to electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena as well as the consistency of solutions of the new theory with those of the classical Maxwell and Einstein field equations. Unique to the four field equations reviewed here and based on specific solutions to them are: the emergence of antimatter and its behavior in gravitational fields, the emergence of dark matter and dark energy mimicking terms in the context of General Relativity, an underlying relationship between electromagnetic and gravitational radiation, the impossibility of negative mass solutions that would generate repulsive gravitational fields or antigravity, and a method for quantizing the charge and mass of particle-like solutions.

This paper proposes a method to generate a new type of superconductivity that is temperature independent with a high critical current density. This study is significant because the method does not require refrigeration, specific setups, or specific substances. That is, the method for generating the superconductivity is very simple. Many conventional superconductor studies have not yet reached this point. Moreover, compared with our previously developed superconductivity (PNS) [1-3], the critical currents in this study are much larger, which is important for practical applications. In the theoretical approaches, even though the mechanism of pairing, and the Bose–Einstein condensation are the same in this study as in PNS, the present paper emphasizes the mechanism of the Meissner effect in addition to formulating the critical current density. Further, we establish a simulation method with an equivalent circuit that reveals the superconductivity properties in terms of the transport current and the electromagnetic characteristics.The principles of the presented system are as follows:First a voltage source, a current source and a load are connected in series.Then, the voltage of the voltage source is adjusted to balance the voltage of the load.Under this condition, the balance of the two voltages provides a zero voltage between the taps of the current source and the generated current from the voltage source becomes zero because of the internal infinite resistance of the current source.As a result, the electric power generated by the two sources is zero, and therefore, the load cannot generate Joule heating because of energy conservation.However, the current from the current source (not the voltage source) is not zero; therefore, we can predict that the resistance of the load must be zero.A summary of our theory and numerical calculations is as follows. First, the strong combination of a two-electron pair is demonstrated. Then, given that two electrons combine extremely strongly because of the spin magnetic attractive force, analytical calculations of the center-of-mass motion of the Hamiltonian of the pair eventually result in a macroscopic wave function. From this macroscopic wave function, we derive a London equation using the concept of an internal toroid. The key point is that, when a sample exhibits a Meissner effect, it should release the additional energy from the internal magnetic field as a discharge current, which involves a negative voltage. Based on the inductance of this toroid, an equivalent circuit is produced. Using this circuit, we simulate this phenomenon, which results in the generation of a negative voltage and evidence of the Meissner effect, in addition to zero voltages and non-zero currents for the sample.

In the literature of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), particle tracks in photographic emulsions (and other materials) associated with certain electrical discharges have been reported. Some Russian and French researchers have considered these particles to be magnetic monopoles. These tracks correspond directly to tracks created with a simple uniform exposure to photons without an electrical discharge source. This simpler method of producing tracks supports a comprehensive exploration of particle track properties. Out of 750 exposures with this method, elliptical particle tracks were detected, 22 of which were compared to Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits. Ellipses fitted to the tracks were found to have quantized semi-major axis sizes with ratios of ≈n²/α² to corresponding Bohr-Sommerfeld hydrogen ellipses. This prompts inquiry relevant to magnetic monopoles due to the n²/α² force difference between magnetic charge and electric charge using the Schwinger quantization condition. A model using analogy with the electron indicates that the elliptical tracks could be created by a bound magnetically charged particle with mass m_m = 1.45 × 10^-3 eV/c², yet with superluminal velocities. Using a modified extended relativity model, m_m becomes the relativistic mass of a superluminal electron, with m₀ = 5.11 × 10^-3 eV/c², the fine structure constant becomes a mass ratio and charge quantization is the result of two states of the electron.

Based on detection of elliptical particle tracks, $\simeq 137^2 n^2$ bigger than Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits, indicating the possible detection of superluminal electrons masquerading as magnetic monopoles, new relations become accessible leading to: (i) a new set of seven elementary lengths; (ii) replacement of the usual motion (Lorentz) transformations by scale transformations between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames; (iii) equivalence of charge between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames based on the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (iv) a relativistic foundation for the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (v) a possible cause of charge quantization; and (vi) the prospect of symmetry in Maxwell's equations. If the elliptical particle tracks are viewed as a magnification of electron orbits, the effect is suggestive of a spacetime distortion such as those predicted in general relativistic theories.

The study found an error in current literature, including numerous textbooks, about the number of independent unknowns in the Reynolds stress tensor and/or in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). Current literature claims that the Reynolds stress tensor has six unknowns; however, this article shows that the Reynolds stress tensor only has independent three unknowns, which are functions of the three components of fluctuation velocity. This research discovers that the misconception about the number of independent unknowns in the RANS could stem from misinterpreting the Reynolds stress tensor. The misconception has hampered the development of turbulence for longtime. In order to find a way out of this difficult situation, we return to the time of Reynolds in 1895 and revisit Reynolds' averaging formulation of turbulence. The present investigation can be considered as a renaissance of Reynolds' work in 1895, which might shed light on the well-known closure problem of turbulence, and help to understand the puzzle of the turbulence closure problem that has eluded scientists and mathematicians for more than a century.

In this paper, we investigate the equilibrium points of following a system of difference equations x_n+1 = x_n 2y_n−1, y _n+1 = y_n 2x_n−1. We also study the asymptotic stability of related system of difference equations. Further we examine the periodic solutions of related system with period two. Additionally, we find out the invariant interval and periodic cycles of related system of difference equations.

J. C. Maxwell, B. Riemann and H. Poincar$\acute{e}$ have proposed the idea that all microscopic particles are sink flows in a fluidic aether. Following this research program, a previous theory of gravitation based on a mechanical model of vacuum and a sink flow model of particles is generalized by methods of special relativistic continuum mechanics. In inertial reference frames, we construct a tensorial potential which satisfies the wave equation. Inspired by the equation of motion of a test particle, a definition of a metric tensor of a Riemannian spacetime is introduced. Applying Fock's theorem, generalized Einstein's equations in inertial systems are derived based on some assumptions. These equations reduce to Einstein's equations in case of weak field in harmonic reference frames. In some special non-inertial reference frames, generalized Einstein's equations are derived based on some assumptions. If the field is weak and the reference frame is quasi-inertial, these generalized Einstein's equations reduce to Einstein's equations. Thus, this theory may also explains all the experiments which support the theory of general relativity. There exists some differences between this theory and Einstein's theory of general relativity.

The ΛCDM model successfully models the expansion of matter in the universe with an expansion of the underlying metric. However, it does not address the physical origin of the big bang and dark energy. A model of cosmology is proposed, where the state of high energy density of the big bang is created by the collapse of an antineutrino star that has exceeded its Chandrasekhar limit. To allow the first neutrino stars and antineutrino stars to form naturally from an initial quantum vacuum state, it helps to assume that antimatter has negative gravitational mass. While it may prove incorrect, this assumption may also help identify dark energy. The degenerate remnant of an antineutrino star can today have an average mass density that is similar to the dark energy density of the ΛCDM model. When in hydrostatic equilibrium, this antineutrino star remnant can emit isothermal cosmic microwave background radiation and accelerate matter radially. This model and the ΛCDM model are in similar quantitative agreement with supernova distance measurements. Other observational tests of the above model are also discussed.

The problem of fluid dynamics can be greatly simplified if, for every point in space, the strain-rate tensor is diagonalized. This tensor is introduced into the Navier-Stokes equations via material law and divergence of the stress tensor. This article shows that local SO(3)xU(1) gauge fields can be used to locally diagonalize the diffusion components of the strain-rate tensor. The gauge fields resulting from the connection can be interpreted as convection components of the flow, they show properties of quasiparticles and can be interpreted as elementary vortices. Thus, the proposed approach not only offers new insights for the solution and situative simplification of the Navier-Stokes equations, it also uncovers hidden symmetries within the flow convection, allowing - depending on boundary conditions - further interpretation.

We find solutions of a magnetically charged non-singular black hole in some modified theory of gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics. The metric of a magnetized black hole is obtained which has one (an extreme horizon), two horizons, or no horizons (naked singularity). Corrections to the Reissner-Nordstrom solution are found as the radius approaches to infinity. The asymptotic of the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars are calculated showing the absence of singularities. We study the thermodynamics of black holes by calculating the Hawking temperature and the heat capacity. It is demonstrated that phase transitions take place and we show that black holes are thermodynamically stable at some range of parameters.

Scanning magnetic microscopy is a new tool that has recently been used to map magnetic fields with good spatial resolution and field sensitivity. This technology has great advantages over other instruments; for example, its operation does not require cryogenic technology, which reduces its operational cost and complexity. Here, we describe the construction of a customizing scanning magnetic microscope based on commercial Hall-effect sensors at room temperature that achieves a spatial resolution of 200 µm. Two scanning stages on the x- and y-axes of precision, consisting of two coupled actuators, control the position of the sample, and this microscope can operate inside or outside a magnetic shield. We obtained magnetic field sensitivities better than 521 nT_rms/√Hz between 1 and 10 Hz, which correspond to a magnetic momentum sensitivity of 9.20 × 10^–10 Am². In order to demonstrate the capability of the microscopy, polished thin sections of geological samples, samples containing microparticles and magnetic nanoparticles were measured. For the geological samples, a theoretical model was adapted from the magnetic maps obtained by the equipment. Vector field maps are valuable tools for the magnetic interpretation of samples with a high spatial variability of magnetization. These maps can provide comprehensive information regarding the spatial distribution of magnetic carriers. In addition, this model may be useful for characterizing isolated areas over samples or investigating the spatial magnetization distribution of bulk samples at the micro and millimeter scales. As an auxiliary technique, a magnetic sweep map was created using Raman spectroscopy; this map allowed the verification of different minerals in the samples. This equipment can be useful for many applications that require samples that need to be mapped without a magnetic field at room temperature, including rock magnetism, the nondestructive testing of steel materials and the testing of biological samples. The equipment can not only be used in cutting-edge research but also serve as a teaching tool to introduce undergraduate, master's and Ph.D. students to the measurement methods and processing techniques used in scanning magnetic microscopy.

In this paper we develop from first principles a unique law pertaining to the flow of fluids through closed conduits. This law, which we call “Quinn’s Law”, may be described as follows: When fluids are forced to flow through closed conduits under the driving force of a pressure gradient, there is a linear relationship between the normalized dimensionless pressure gradient, P_Q, and the normalized dimensionless fluid current, C_Q. The relationship is expressed mathematically as: P_Q = k₁ +k₂C_Q. This linear relationship remains the same whether the conduit is filled with or devoid of solid obstacles. The law differentiates, however, between a packed and an empty conduit by virtue of the tortuosity of the fluid path, which is seamlessly accommodated within the normalization framework of the law itself. When movement of the fluid is very close to being at rest, i.e., very slow, this relationship has the unique minimum constant value of k₁, and as the fluid acceleration increases, it varies with a slope of k₂ as a function of normalized fluid current. Quinn’s Law is validated herein by applying it to the data from published classical studies of measured permeability in both packed and empty conduits, as well as to the data generated by home grown experiments performed in the author’s own laboratory.

In this paper, we present and analyze a compact inner-wall grating slot microring resonator (IG-SMRR) with the footprint of less than 13 μm × 13 μm on the SOI platform for label-free sensing, which comprises a slot microring resonator (SMRR) and inner-wall grating (IG). Its detection range is significantly enhanced without the limitation of the free spectral region (FSR) owing to the combination of SMRR and IG. Structural parameters of IG and SMRR are investigated and optimized for favorable transmission properties. The simulation results shows that the IG-SMRR has an ultra-large quasi-FSR of 84.6 nm, and the concentration sensitivities of sodium chloride solutions and D-glucose solutions are up to 960.61 pm/% and 933.06 pm/%, respectively. The investigation on the combination of SMRR and IG is a valuable exploration of label-free sensing application for ultra-large detection range and ultra-high sensitivity in future.

We explore the possibility to form a physical theory in C⁴. We argue that the expansion of our usual 4-d real space-time to a 4-d complex space-time, can serve us to describe geometrically electromagnetism and unify it with gravity, in a different way that Kaluza-Klein theories do. Specically, the electromagnetic eld A_μ, is included in the free geodesic equation of C⁴. By embedding our usual 4-d real space-time in the symplectic 8-d real space-time (symplectic R⁸ is algebraically isomorphic to C⁴), we derive the usual geodesic equation of a charged particle in gravitational eld, plus new information which is interpreted. Afterwards, we explore the consequences of the formulation of a "special relativity" in the at R⁸.