An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time

Markolf H. Niemz; Siegfried W. Stein

doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24

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preprints.org > physical sciences > general & theoretical physics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24

Preprint Article Version 24 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time

Markolf H. Niemz

^* and

Siegfried W. Stein

Version 1 : Received: 25 July 2022 / Approved: 26 July 2022 / Online: 26 July 2022 (09:39:10 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 27 July 2022 / Approved: 28 July 2022 / Online: 28 July 2022 (03:47:22 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 31 July 2022 / Approved: 1 August 2022 / Online: 1 August 2022 (09:01:17 CEST)
Version 4 : Received: 2 August 2022 / Approved: 3 August 2022 / Online: 3 August 2022 (04:04:29 CEST)
Version 5 : Received: 3 August 2022 / Approved: 4 August 2022 / Online: 4 August 2022 (04:51:16 CEST)
Version 6 : Received: 23 August 2022 / Approved: 24 August 2022 / Online: 24 August 2022 (05:01:17 CEST)
Version 7 : Received: 28 August 2022 / Approved: 29 August 2022 / Online: 29 August 2022 (05:34:28 CEST)
Version 8 : Received: 4 September 2022 / Approved: 5 September 2022 / Online: 5 September 2022 (05:24:55 CEST)
Version 9 : Received: 5 September 2022 / Approved: 6 September 2022 / Online: 6 September 2022 (03:44:41 CEST)
Version 10 : Received: 6 October 2022 / Approved: 7 October 2022 / Online: 7 October 2022 (08:29:57 CEST)
Version 11 : Received: 16 October 2022 / Approved: 17 October 2022 / Online: 17 October 2022 (04:12:56 CEST)
Version 12 : Received: 14 November 2022 / Approved: 15 November 2022 / Online: 15 November 2022 (02:52:14 CET)
Version 13 : Received: 21 December 2022 / Approved: 22 December 2022 / Online: 22 December 2022 (03:14:47 CET)
Version 14 : Received: 27 December 2022 / Approved: 27 December 2022 / Online: 27 December 2022 (02:08:51 CET)
Version 15 : Received: 28 December 2022 / Approved: 28 December 2022 / Online: 28 December 2022 (03:07:42 CET)
Version 16 : Received: 29 December 2022 / Approved: 29 December 2022 / Online: 29 December 2022 (02:41:35 CET)
Version 17 : Received: 30 December 2022 / Approved: 30 December 2022 / Online: 30 December 2022 (01:55:51 CET)
Version 18 : Received: 3 January 2023 / Approved: 3 January 2023 / Online: 3 January 2023 (06:44:05 CET)
Version 19 : Received: 26 January 2023 / Approved: 27 January 2023 / Online: 27 January 2023 (07:05:20 CET)
Version 20 : Received: 6 February 2023 / Approved: 7 February 2023 / Online: 7 February 2023 (02:29:22 CET)
Version 21 : Received: 14 February 2023 / Approved: 15 February 2023 / Online: 15 February 2023 (03:05:26 CET)
Version 22 : Received: 23 February 2023 / Approved: 24 February 2023 / Online: 24 February 2023 (03:41:34 CET)
Version 23 : Received: 26 February 2023 / Approved: 27 February 2023 / Online: 27 February 2023 (07:58:55 CET)
Version 24 : Received: 5 March 2023 / Approved: 6 March 2023 / Online: 6 March 2023 (06:25:09 CET)
Version 25 : Received: 13 March 2023 / Approved: 14 March 2023 / Online: 14 March 2023 (06:39:18 CET)
Version 26 : Received: 15 March 2023 / Approved: 16 March 2023 / Online: 16 March 2023 (01:55:51 CET)

How to cite: Niemz, M.H.; Stein, S.W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24. Niemz, M.H.; Stein, S.W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24.

Cite as:

Niemz, M.H.; Stein, S.W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24. Niemz, M.H.; Stein, S.W. An Issue in Einstein’s Concept of Time. Preprints 2022, 2022070399. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0399.v24.

Abstract

Today’s concept of time is based on Einstein’s theories of special (SR) and general relativity (GR). Many physicists anticipate that GR has an issue since it is not compatible with quantum mechanics. Here we show: Predictions made by SR and GR are correct, but “Einstein time” (Einstein’s concept of time, proper time of one observer) has an issue. SR and GR work well for one observer describing his reality and for another observer describing his reality, but they lack a “master reference frame” from which the reality of either one can be deduced at once. We replace Einstein time with Euclidean time (proper time of all objects/observers) and SR/GR with Euclidean relativity (ER). In Euclidean spacetime (ES), all energy is moving radially away from an “origin” (Big Bang) at the speed of light. For each object, time flows in a unique 4D direction related to its position. Unlike other ER models, we claim that an observer’s reality is only created by projecting ES to his proper 3D space and to his proper flow of time. ER gives us the same Lorentz factor as in SR and the same gravitational time dilation as in GR. Curved trajectories in Cartesian ES coordinates replace “curved spacetime” in GR. ER outperforms SR in explaining time’s arrow and mc². ER outperforms a GR-based cosmology in solving competing Hubble constants and declaring cosmic inflation, expansion of space, and dark energy redundant. Most important, ER is compatible with quantum mechanics: It solves the wave–particle duality and quantum entanglement while declaring non-locality redundant.

Keywords

cosmology; Hubble constant; gravitation; wave–particle duality; entanglement

Subject

PHYSICAL SCIENCES, General & Theoretical Physics

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comments (1)

Comment 1

Received: 6 March 2023
Commenter: Markolf Niemz
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: We made it even easier to understand the issue in Einstein’s concept of time. We improved several sentences, especially in Sections 2 and 3.

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