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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0356.v1

Initial Review and Analysis of COVID-19 Host Genetics and Associated Phenotypes

Yosuke Tanigawa, Manuel Rivas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; host genetics; genetics; polygenic risk score

Online: 24 March 2020 (08:36:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0374.v2

Global Comparison of Changes in the Number of Test-Positive Cases and Deaths by Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in the World

Akihiro Hisaka, Hideki Yoshioka, Hiroto Hatakeyama, Hiromi Sato, Yoshihiro Onouchi, Naohiko Anzai

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; infectious disease; infection management; PCR test; mortality; kinetic analysis

Online: 3 June 2020 (05:10:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0414.v1

All-Cause Mortality According to COVID-19 Vaccination Status: an analysis of the UK Office for National Statistics Public Data

Alberto Donzelli, Giovanni Malatesta, Giovanni Di Palmo, Marco Cosentino, Marco Alessandria

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccinations; all-cause mortality; relative risk

Online: 24 February 2023 (02:03:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0130.v1

Modeling the Population Health Impact of Introducing a Modified Risk Tobacco Product into the U.S. Market

Smilja Djurdjevic, Peter N. Lee, Rolf Weitkunat, Zheng Sponsiello-Wang, Frank Lüdicke, Gizelle Baker

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Complementary And Alternative Medicine Keywords: public; tobacco; risk; modified; reduced; nicotine; non-combustible; health; smoking; harm

Online: 10 April 2018 (15:53:43 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Respiratory Virus Infection Is A High-risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

MIngyue Chen, Wenxiu Wang, JIng Yu, Zhou Wang, Xiaofeng Zheng, Mingshu Han, Youwei Zhang, LEi Zhang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; influenza; SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; risk factor

Online: 16 October 2020 (11:49:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0598.v1

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Smoking Among Health Care Workers and Non-Health Care Workers in Zambezi Region, Namibia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sylvia Kahimbi Mahoto, Kabwebwe Honoré Mitonga, Olanrewaju Oladimeji

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: Zambezi; Health Care Workers; cigarette smoking; Cigarettes; Gender differences; Prevalence; Tobacco use; Vulnerable populations; Risk factors

Online: 23 December 2020 (16:28:15 CET)

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Smoking is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases and remains a significant public health challenge in many lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) including Namibia. The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and its associated risk factors among HCWs and non-HCWs in Zambezi region. An exploratory cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and October 2020 among residents of the eight (8) constituencies of Zambezi region. Four hundred and sixty-one (461) respondents who had been residents of the selected constituencies for over five years and aged between 17-60 years were selected for the study. The main outcome measure was current cigarette smoking status. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. We stratified data analysis by individual being health workers or non-health workers. A bivariate Pearson Chi-square test was used to determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and the smoking status. Statistically significant variables in the bivariate analysis were used as predictors in the univariate and multivariate models. The response rate of potential participants was 95% (n=434). The mean (±SD) age of participant’s was 32.5 (± 11.34 years). Significant relationships were observed between smoking status and area of residency (constituency), gender, age category, level of education, age of onset of smoking and the daily smoking frequency. The majority of smokers (n=108) were none-HCWs with males being the majority (n=62). Age (p=0.001), education levels (p=0.001) and area of residency (p=0.022) were highly associated with smoking among none-HCW while marital status was associated with smoking among HCWs (p=0.013). In the final multivariate model, the odds of smoking among female non-HCWs were significantly lower (OR: 0.386; 95% CI: 0.228 – 0.655). Furthermore, the odds of smoking among this same group were lower among those who had secondary level education (OR: 0.178; 95% CI: 0.0659 – 0.483), post-secondary (OR: 0.117, 95% CI: 0.0412 – 0.330) and first stage tertiary (OR: 0.306: 95% CI: 0.106 – 0.881) compared to those who had primary school education. In conclusion, smoking prevalence among none HCWs and HCWs working in Zambezi included in the study was similar to that of the general Namibian population but higher than other neighboring countries within SADC. The results showed a need for the establishment of specific smoking related strategies that target HCWs to address smoking use parallel to the running of none HCWs which would ultimately decrease the smoking prevalence and improve health.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0567.v1

The Perception of Nursing Leaders towards Communication and Relationship Management Competencies while using Digital Platforms during COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar

Laith Fihmi Daradkeh, Ralph C. Villar, Abdulqadir J. J. Nashwan

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Nursing Keywords: Nurses; Leadership; COVID-19; Management; Communication

Online: 30 November 2021 (12:14:55 CET)

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Purpose: To evaluate nursing leaders' perception towards communication and relationship management competencies while using digital platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: Communication and relationship management competencies among nursing leaders will ensure healthcare models are successfully implemented. Nursing leaders can achieve effective leadership by mastering these competencies leading to an overall improvement in the quality of nursing care. However, digital platforms have been rapidly evolving in the healthcare ecosystem and have been significant during the battle with COVID-19. It is crucial to ensure that nursing leaders can use digital platforms to communicate and practice efficient management in their op-erations, especially during a crisis when their services are vital. Design: Descriptive, comparative study. Methods: The study was conducted between February to March 2021. A 5-item Linkert-type questionnaire was adopted from the American Organization for Nursing Executives (2005) and was sent to identified nursing leaders in Hamad Medical Corporation through the official email. Results: Two hundred fifty nurse leaders were invited to participate, but only 116 responded positively, translating to a response rate of 46.4%. The male participants represented a larger proportion of 64.10%, while the female was 35.90%. Regarding the questionnaire, the Cronbach alpha was α ˃ 0.987, indicating that all items revealed a sufficient level of internal consistency. The respondents had a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 52.6n in the communication and relationship management items. Influencing behavior, relationship management, and effective communica-tion had the lowest scores, which indicate low competency. The F value in ANOVA analysis was close to 1.0, implying that the null hypothesis is true. The significance value is <0.5 implying that there is a difference in response on effective communication proficiency of nurse leaders. Conclusions: Digital platforms are communication tools that are widely adopted to engage and reach nurses on numerous topics. Nurse leaders should capitalize on their benefits and generate critical discussions. The continued need to research nursing leadership competencies is critical as healthcare continues to change and evolve. Educational institutions and healthcare organizations must understand that nursing leaders should strive for professional development and knowledge acquisition to improve their communication and management.

Working Paper REVIEW

Pharmaceutical Waste: Overview, Management, and Impact of Improper Disposal

Milcah Njoki Nyaga, David Muriithi Nyagah, Aldress Njagi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Pharmaceutical waste; Sources; Cost of disposal; Management; Impact; Pharmacists

Online: 12 October 2020 (13:34:54 CEST)

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Introduction: Pharmaceutical products are inevitable for human health. Owing to the growing need for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical companies introduce drugs annually into the market in addition to the extensive collection of existing pharmaceutical products. Households, farms, health facilities, and pharmaceutical industries release pharmaceutical waste into the environment at low concentrations through routine pharmaceutical use, damage, and expiry. The effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on non-target species in the environment are not known. Over the years, pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and ibuprofen in trace amounts have been detected in public water systems, ground and surface water. Unwanted medicines should be safely disposed of at a reduced financial cost to mitigate the public and environmental health risks. Lack of general knowledge of how to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals leads to improper disposal resulting in accidental toxicity, rising healthcare costs, landfills pilfering/scavenging, water supply pollution, anti-microbial resistance, and death. To mitigate such effects, pharmacists should raise public awareness about safe disposal practices. Objective: This review aims to examine the sources of pharmaceutical waste, disposal costs, secure disposal methods, the effects of inappropriate disposal, and the role of pharmacists in the disposal. Method: The information on the stated objectives was gathered from available sources through a comprehensive literature review. Conclusion: Many countries contain tons of pharmaceutical waste that are expensive to destroy. Because of improper disposal, pharmaceutical waste has been found at trace amounts in drinking and surface water. A practical, environmentally sustainable approach to pharmaceutical waste management, with policies and guidelines, and public awareness campaigns, are necessary to address the problem of safe waste disposal. The national drug regulatory bodies should conduct environmental risk assessment resulting from the disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists should facilitate extensive training on sustainable drug use and proper pharmaceutical waste disposal at all levels to reduce the risks associated with improper disposal. Reduction of pharmaceutical waste generation at each step of a drug’s lifecycle, implementing takeback options, collection at approved sites, and modern technology to treat wastewater are highly recommended to reduce the effects of unwanted pharmaceuticals on human health and the environment.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0440.v1

COVID-19: A Drug Repurposing and Biomarker Identification by Using Comprehensive Gene-Disease Associations through Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis

Suresh Kumar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV; novel corona virus; drug repurposing; chloroquine; high-risk group; asymptomatic

Online: 30 March 2020 (07:24:16 CEST)

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COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) is a pandemic disease with an estimated mortality rate of 3.4% (estimated by the WHO as of March 3, 2020). Until now there is no antiviral drug and vaccine for COVID-19. The current overwhelming situation by COVID-19 patients in hospitals is likely to increase in the next few months. About 15 percent of patients with serious disease in COVID-19 require immediate health services. Rather than waiting for new anti-viral drugs or vaccines that take a few months to years to develop and test, several researchers and public health agencies are attempting to repurpose medicines that are already approved for another similar disease and have proved to be fairly effective. This study aims to identify FDA approved drugs that can be used for drug repurposing and identify biomarkers among high- risk and asymptomatic groups. In this study gene-disease association related to COVID-19 reported mild, severe symptoms and clinical outcomes were determined. The high-risk group was studied related to SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and life cycle by using Disgenet and compared with curated COVID-19 gene data sets from the CTD database. The overlapped gene sets were enriched and the selected genes were constructed for protein-protein interaction networks. Through interactome, key genes were identified for COVID-19 and also for high risk and asymptomatic groups. The key hub genes involved in COVID-19 were VEGFA, TNF, IL-6, CXCL8, IL10, CCL2, IL1B, TLR4, ICAM1, MMP9. The identified key genes were used for drug-gene interaction for drug repurposing. The chloroquine, lenalidomide, pentoxifylline, thalidome, sorafenib, pacitaxel, rapamycin, cortisol, statins were proposed to be probable drug repurposing candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. However, these predicted drug candidates need to be validated through randomized clinical trials. Also, a key gene involved in high risk and the asymptomatic group were identified, which can be used as probable biomarkers for early identification.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0104.v1

Cyber Risk in IoT Systems

Petar Radanliev, David Charles De Roure, Carsten Maple, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Uchenna Ani

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: cyber risk; Internet of Things; cyber risk impact assessment; cyber risk estimation; cyber risk insurance

Online: 8 March 2019 (08:50:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0516.v1

Comparative Analysis of C++ and Python in Terms of Memory and Time

Farzeen Zehra, Maha Javed, Darakhshan Khan, Maria Pasha

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Algebra And Number Theory Keywords: benefits; c++; comparative study; execution speed; memory management; python

Online: 21 December 2020 (11:57:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0383.v1

Future of Construction Industry: COVID-19 and Its Implications on Construction Projects and Risk Management – A Review

Kushal Adhikari, Lochana Poudyal

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; construction project; risk management; use of technology; recovery and resilience

Online: 14 April 2021 (14:12:17 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Controlled COVID-19 Infection in Hospitals Could Achieve A Safer Exit Strategy in the Near-Term: Assessing Risks and Benefits

Eleftherios Diamandis

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19 infection; immunity; risk of COVID-19 infection; pandemics; outbreaks; voluntary infection

Online: 13 May 2020 (05:53:07 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0094.v1

Covid-19 Situation in Bangladesh

Abdul Kader Mohiuddin

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: COVID-19 Lockdown; Shortage of PPEs; Global Pandemic Crisis; Incentives for Officials at Risk

Online: 6 May 2020 (08:45:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0012.v2

Assessment of Impediments and Factors Affecting Waste Management: A Case of Accra Metropolis

Clifford James Fagariba, Shaoxian Song

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Waste Management And Disposal Keywords: constraints; factors; household; solid waste management

Online: 9 September 2016 (07:42:15 CEST)

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Solid waste management in Accra is a major challenge to the Metropolitan Authorities and inhabitants. The rapidly increasing population coupled with poor capacity of the municipal and private waste management companies to management waste effectively has created issues of environmental concern. Due to poor waste managements systems, most household dispose waste indiscriminately leading to floods and health issues. The study showed that about 60% of household waste is organic materials which has the potential to be converted to compost for agriculture purpose. Meanwhile plastics and rubbers which litters the environment as well as blocking major storm drains and gutters hence creating huge environmental hazard is made of 11% of the total component of most household waste generated daily. The study also revealed that among the methods of disposing waste, dumping waste in skip containers located at authorized places was the preferred means of disposing waste by household though others also dispose waste by other means such as burying and burning. Inadequate skip containers per population of household in an area coupled with irregularity of tracks picking these containers makes skip containers dumping site ugly scene, hence creating health issues. Among the constraints that impact negatively on sustainable waste management in Accra Metropolis, economic constraints was perceived as the main challenge which affect efficient waste management. Currently the country is going through serious economic challenges so government does not release money timely to fund projects which waste management is key. Most donor partners that use to support the government with funds have either reduced or redrawn their services as they have no confidence in the state of Ghana economy. Aside the constrains, the study also indicated that factors such as poor public attitude towards waste management, poor enforcement of sanitation by-laws, inadequate and untimely release of government funds were also seen as the main factors affecting waste management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0470.v1

River Influx Drives Heavy Metal Pollution in Manila Bay, Philippines: An Insight from Multivariate Analyses

Reymar Diwa, Custer Deocaris, Lawrence Belo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: heavy metals; surface sediment; Manila Bay; pollution; multivariate analysis; ecological risk

Online: 18 June 2021 (08:32:18 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0536.v1

Hedging Feasibility Perspectives against the COVID-19 for the International Tourism Sector

Angeliki N. Menegaki

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: corona-virus; COVID-19; tourism sector; review; risk hedging

Online: 30 April 2020 (14:15:28 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0180.v1

Replacing Sustainable Development: Potential Frameworks for International Cooperation in an Era of Increasing Crises and Disasters.

Jem Bendell

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: Sustainable Development; Sustainable Development Goals; Sustainability; Postdevelopment; Degrowth; Disaster Risk Reduction; United Nations; Permacrisis; Metadisaster.

Online: 13 May 2022 (07:48:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0148.v1

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Hydrodissection for Pain Management: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

King Hei Stanley Lam, Chen-Yu Hung, Yi-Pin Chiang, Kentaro Onishi, Thomas B. Clark, Dean K Reeves, Su Daniel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: nerve hydrodissection; pain management; ultrasonography; neuropathic pain

Online: 15 January 2020 (12:09:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0169.v1

A Longitudinal Approach to Biological Psychiatric Research: The PsyCourse Study

Monika Budde, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Katrin Gade, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Kristina Adorjan, Janos L. Kalman, Fanny Senner, Sergi Papiol, Till F. M. Andlauer, Ashley L. Comes, Eva C. Schulte, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam , Anna Gryaznova, Maria Hake, Kim Bartholdi, Laura Flatau, Markus Reitt, Silke Quast, Sophia Stegmaier, Milena Meyers, Barbara Emons, Ida Sybille Haußleiter, Georg Juckel, Vanessa Nieratschker, Udo Dannlowski, Max Schmauß, Jörg Zimmermann, Jens Reimer, Sybille Schulz, Jens Wiltfang, Eva Reininghaus, Ion-George Anghelescu, Volker Arolt, Bernhard T. Baune, Carsten Konrad, Andreas Thiel, Andreas J. Fallgatter, Christian Figge, Martin von Hagen, Manfred Koller, Fabian U. Lang, Moritz E. Wigand, Thomas Becker, Markus Jäger, Detlef E. Dietrich, Sebastian Stierl, Harald Scherk, Carsten Spitzer, Here Folkerts, Stephanie H. Witt, Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, Marcella Rietschel, Markus M. Nöthen, Peter Falkai, Thomas G. Schulze, Urs Heilbronner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Schizophrenia; bipolar; psychosis; depression; polygenic risk score; diagnosis; RDoC

Online: 27 October 2017 (11:58:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0188.v1

How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: A Framework for Research and the Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation in ME/CFS

Luis Nacul, Shennae O'Boyle, Flavio E. Nacul, Kathleen Mudie, Caroline C. Kingdon, Jacqueline M. Cliff, Taane G. Clark, Hazel M. Dockrell, Eliana M. Lacerda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Chronic Illness; ME/CFS; Management; Research

Online: 17 September 2019 (12:38:57 CEST)

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We propose a framework for the understanding of the pathophysiology and management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. As in other chronic diseases, ME/CFS evolves through different stages, from asymptomatic predisposition, progressing to a prodromal stage, and then to symptomatic disease. Disease incidence depends on genetic makeup and environment factors, the exposure to an insult, or repeated insults, and the nature of the host response. In people who develop ME/CFS, normal homeostatic processes in response to adverse insults may be replaced by aberrant responses leading to dysfunctional states. Thus, the predominantly neuro-immune and autonomic manifestations, underlined by a hyper-metabolic state, that characterise early disease, may be followed by various processes leading to multi-systemic related symptoms. This abnormal metabolic state and the effects of a range of mediators such as products of oxidative and nitrosamine stress, may lead to progressive cell and metabolic dysfunction culminating in a hypometabolic state with low energy production. These processes do not seem to happen uniformly; although a spiralling of progressive inter-related and self-sustaining abnormalities may ensue, reversion to states of milder abnormalities is possible if the host is able to restate responses to improve homeostatic equilibrium. Disease management and research efforts should seek to identify and apply strategies targeted at the different pathophysiological dysfunctions that characterise different disease stages. As disease presentation varies over time, no single case description, set of diagnostic criteria, or molecular feature is currently diagnostic for all patients at all times. While acknowledging its limitations due to the incomplete research evidence, we suggest the proposed framework may improve research design and health care interventions for people with ME/CFS.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0040.v1

Comparison of the Automatically Calibrated Google Evapotranspiration Application—EEFlux and the Manually Calibrated METRIC Application

Foad Foolad, Philip Blankenau, Ayse Kilic, Richard G. Allen, Justin L. Huntington, Tyler A. Erickson, Doruk Ozturk, Charles G. Morton, Samuel Ortega, Ian Ratcliffe, Trenton E. Franz, David Thau, Rebecca Moore, Noel Gorelick, Baburao Kamble, Peter Revelle, Ricardo Trezza, Wenguang Zhao, Clarence W. Robison

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: Google Earth Engine; EEFlux; METRIC; evapotranspiration; Landsat; water resources management

Online: 3 July 2018 (11:51:31 CEST)

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Reliable evapotranspiration (ET) estimation is a key factor for water resources planning, attaining sustainable water resources use, irrigation water management, and water regulation. During the past few decades, researchers have developed a variety of remote sensing techniques to estimate ET. The Earth Engine Evapotranspiration Flux (EEFlux) application uses Landsat imagery archives on the Google Earth Engine platform to calculate the daily evapotranspiration at the local field scale (30 m). Automatically calibrated for each Landsat image, the EEFlux application design is based on the widely vetted Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model and produces ET estimation maps for any Landsat 5, 7 or 8 scene in a matter of seconds. In this research we evaluate the consistency and accuracy of EEFlux products that are produced when standard US and global assets are used. Processed METRIC products for 58 scenes distributed around the western and central United States were used as the baseline for comparison. The goal of this paper is to compare the results from EEFlux with the standard METRIC applications to illustrate the utility of the EEFlux products as they currently stand. Given that EEFlux is derived from METRIC, differences are expected to occur due to differing calibration methods (automatic versus manual) and differing input datasets. The products compared include the fraction of reference ET (ETrF), actual ET (ETa), and surface energy balance components net radiation (Rn), ground heat flux (G), and sensible heat flux (H), as well as Ts, albedo and NDVI. The product comparisons show that the intermediate products of Ts, Albedo, and NDVI, and also Rn have similar values and behavior for both EEFlux and METRIC. Larger differences were found for H and G. Despite the more significant differences in H and G, results show that EEFlux is able to calculate ETrF and ETa values comparable to the values from trained expert METRIC users for agricultural areas. For non-agricultural areas such as semi-arid rangeland and forests, the automated EEFlux calibration algorithm needs to be improved in order to be able to reproduce ETrF and ETa that is similar to the manually calibrated METRIC products.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0128.v1

An Updated Review on the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis

Gee Young Geong, Sun Hyung Kang, Chang Min Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Liver cirrhosis; epidemiology; etiology; risk factors; pathophysiology; diagnosis.

Online: 11 March 2019 (09:44:18 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0101.v1

Forest Protected Area Systems and Biodiversity Conservation in Bangladesh

Sharif Ahmed Mukul, A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid, Niaz Ahmed Khan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: biodiversity conservation, livelihood, co-management, stakeholder, law enforcement

Online: 18 November 2016 (15:20:07 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0016.v1

What Primary Care Practitioners Need to Know about the New NICE Guideline for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adults

Caroline Claire Kingdon, Adam Lowe, Charles Shepherd, Luis Nacul

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: ME/CFS; ME; understanding; diagnosis; management; disabling; stigma

Online: 1 November 2022 (04:27:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0042.v1

Health Risk Assessment of VOCs from Surgical Smoke

Shaohua She, Gang Lu, Wah Yang, Mianwei Hong, Lingfei Zhu

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public, Environmental And Occupational Health Keywords: surgical smoke; volatile organic compounds (VOCs); health risk assessment (HRA); carcinogenic

Online: 17 July 2017 (07:40:18 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0021.v1

E-waste Management in South Africa: Case Study: Cathode Ray Tubes Recycling Opportunities

Pontsho Ledwaba, Ndabenhle Sosibo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: electrical and electronic waste; recycling; legislative frameworks; environmental management; landfilling

Online: 3 August 2016 (12:33:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0080.v1

Definition of Internet of Things (IoT) Cyber Risk – Discussion on a Transformation Roadmap for Standardisation of Regulations, Risk Maturity, Strategy Design and Impact Assessment

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Pete Burnap, Eirini Anthi, Uchenna Ani, La’Treall Maddox, Omar Santos, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Internet of Things; Micro Mart model; Goal-Oriented Approach; transformation roadmap; Cyber risk regulations; empirical analysis; cyber risk self-assessment; cyber risk target state

Online: 6 March 2019 (11:47:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0232.v2

ODK Scan: Digitizing Data Collection and Impacting Data Management Processes in the Tuberculosis Control Program of Pakistan

Syed Mustafa Ali, Rachel Powers, Jeffrey Beorse, Farah Naureen, Arif Noor, Naveed Anjum, Muhammad Ishaq, Javariya Aamir, Richard Anderson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: mHealth; ODK scan; mobile health application; digitizing data collection; data management processes; paper-to-digital system; technology-assisted data management; treatment adherence

Online: 2 September 2016 (03:17:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0094.v1

New Developments in Cyber Physical Systems, the Internet of Things and the Digital Economy – Discussion on Future Developments in the Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Michael Huth, Stacy Cannady, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Internet of Things; Cyber Physical Systems; Digital Economy; Industrial Internet of Things; Industry 4.0; empirical analysis; cyber risk assessment; cyber risk target state

Online: 7 March 2019 (12:25:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0091.v1

Application of Protection Motivation Theory to Investigate Waste Management Behaviors of Public and Private Officers in Bangkok City, Thailand

Piyapong Janmaimool

Subject: Social Sciences, Psychology Keywords: sustainable waste management behaviors; protection motivation theory; pro-environmental behaviors; threat appraisal, coping appraisal

Online: 9 August 2016 (10:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0469.v1

Human Resource Information System and Work Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic

Misnal Munir, Amaliyah Amaliyah, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Human Resources And Organizations Keywords: Hi-Tech HR; Human resources management; Work Stress; Covid-19

Online: 18 December 2020 (13:47:41 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Review of Potential High-Leverage and Inexpensive Mitigations for Reducing Risk in Epidemics and Pandemics

David Manheim, David Denkenberger

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: Mitigation; Risk Reduction; Global Catastrophic Biological Risk; Epidemics; Disease X; Literature Review; Pandemics; Value of Information; Existential Risk

Online: 28 February 2020 (12:32:33 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0370.v1

Essential Indicators for Measuring Area-Based Conservation Effectiveness in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework

Jonas Geldmann, Marine Deguignet, Andrew Balmford, Neil D. Burgess, Nigel Dudley, Marc Hockings, Naomi Kingston, Helen Klimmek, Alanah Hayley Lewis, Carsten Rahbek, Sue Stolton, Claire Vincent, Sue Wells, Stephen Woodley, James E.M. Watson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity; biodiversity outcomes; indicators; management effectiveness; other effective area-based conservation measures; post-2020; protected areas

Online: 25 March 2020 (04:31:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0032.v1

Autonomous Terrestrial Image Segmentation and Sensor Node Localization for Disaster Management using Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm

Deblina Bhattacharjee, Anand Paul, Won-Hwa Hong, HyunCheol Seo, Karthik S.

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Data Structures, Algorithms And Complexity Keywords: image segmentation; wireless sensor node deployment; plant growth simulation algorithm; disaster management

Online: 4 May 2017 (06:02:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0550.v1

Strategic Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Comparative Lockdown Scenario Analysis, Public Perception, and Management Perspectives

Md. Bodrud-Doza, Mashura Shammi, Abu Islam, Md. Rahman

Subject: Social Sciences, Decision Sciences Keywords: COVID-19; strategic management; scenario analysis; response plans; lockdown

Online: 30 April 2020 (22:47:23 CEST)

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Global pandemic COVID-19 is in stage 4 of widespread local transmission in Bangladesh- the country which did not have a noteworthy health policy and legislative structures to combat COVID-19 like a pandemic. Early strategic planning and groundwork for evolving and established challenges are crucial to assemble resources and react in an appropriate timely manner. This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socioeconomically. Response from 159 respondents was collected via a purposive sampling survey method through a questionnaire, and 54 statements were collected for scenario analysis. Datasets were analyzed through a set of statistical techniques including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA), Pearson’s correlation matrix (PCM), Linear regression analysis (LRA), and psychometric characteristics were included in the Classical Test Theory (CTT) analysis. There were good associations among the lockdown scenarios and response strategies to be formulated. A strong significant positive relationship was observed between people who will start moving towards regular life and the formal and informal economic activities will be started in lockdown scenario 1(r=0.671, p<0.01). The scenario one describes how the death and infection rate will increase if Govt withdraw the partial lockdown before 40 to 50 days. Scenario 2 outlines people’s movement will enable low-level community transmission of COVID-19 with the infection and death rate will increase slowly (r=0.540, p<0.01). Moreover, there will be less supply of necessities of daily use with a price hike (r= 0.680, p<0.01). Scenario 3, full lock down will reduce the community transmission and death from COVID-19 (r=0.545, p<0.01). Moreover, along with the other problems gender discrimination and gender-based violence will increase rapidly (r=0.661, p<0.01). Form regression analysis, due to full lockdown, the formal and informal business, economy and education sector will be hampered severely (R=0.695), there was a strong association between the loss of livelihood and unemployment rate will increase due to business shutdown (p<0.01) and poor communities both in urban and rural areas will be affected severely (p<0.01).All these will further aggravate the humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable groups in the country in the coming months to be followed which needs to be dealt with proper response plans. It will undoubtedly affect the targets of global sustainable development goals (SDGs) of 2030 and all other development targets.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0025.v1

The Impact of Pay-As-You-Throw Schemes in the Management of Municipal Solid Waste: The Case of the County of Aschaffenburg, Germany

Juergen Morlok, Harald Schoenberger, David Styles, Jose-Luis Galvez-Martos, Barbara Zeschmar-Lahl

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: waste management; economic instruments; pay-as-you-throw; municipal solid waste; recycling; environmental management

Online: 3 November 2016 (10:28:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0346.v1

A Hundred Lives Lost: Doctor Deaths in India During the Times of COVID-19

Rajeev Jayadevan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; deaths; doctor; nurse; pharmacist; healthcare worker; frontline; occupational risk; suicide; violent death; accident; pandemic; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 July 2020 (08:28:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0132.v1

Case-Based Study of Metrics Derived from Instrumented Fall Risk Assessment Tests

Anabela Martins, Joana Silva, António Santos, João Madureira, Carlos Alcobia, Luís Ferreira, Pedro Mendes, Cláudia Tonelo, Catarina Silva, Daniela Baltazar, Inês Sousa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: fall risk assessment; risk of falling; force platforms; inertial sensors.

Online: 12 August 2016 (09:32:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0123.v1

Shifting Paradigm of Governance in the Natural Resources Management of Bangladesh: A Centralist to Pluralistic Approach in the Forest Protected Areas Management

A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid, Donna Craig, Sharif Ahmed Mukul

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Forestry Keywords: co-management; livelihoods; conflicts; biodiversity conservation; sustainable development

Online: 24 November 2016 (11:25:34 CET)

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Good governance in natural resource management (NRM) is one of the most challenging issues in developing countries that often inappropriately embedded in national policies and political agendas. It is, in fact, even more important for countries like Bangladesh with exceptionally high pressure and dependence on its natural resources for sustaining rural livelihoods. Globally, nowadays, good governance is considered as one of the key factor for achieving the goal of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. Bangladesh, of late has responded to that global zeal by involving local communities in the management of country’s declining forest and other natural resources. The colonial legacy of the forestry sector of Bangladesh was planned and, managed as interim projects through donors’ prescriptions. Thus, institutions, management processes and conservation outcomes were problematic. The conventional approach adopted by colonial and post-colonial regimes for forest management also proved to be inefficient due to its top-down management system. The absolute dependency on donor support, and their prescription sometimes worsened the situation both ecologically and socially. Global, regional and local trends supported the need for a different dimension in the governance paradigms. The introduction of a pluralistic approach, known as co-management in protected areas (PAs) is an example of an attempt whereby shared governance mechanism are implemented to attain the desired goals of conservation that will also address the livelihoods and aspirations of communities living in and around PAs of the country. However, in designing future forest and PA regimes the concern of the external aid support and attached conditions remain a reality that needs to be addressed. Adequate attention should be given to our vanishing biodiversity, culture and community livelihoods through devising an appropriate governance mechanism recognizing and supporting local rights, access and participation in the environmental management. It is now time to mainstream the adhoc nature of governance according to our national conservation strategy and policy frameworks in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the Bangladesh NRM sector addressing the human and community right of people in the specific context of forest protected areas management.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0014.v1

Decreasing Trends in HIV Testing among Adults in Georgia: Analysis of the 2010-2014 BRFSS Data

Benjamin E. Ansa, Sashia White, Yunmi Chung, Selina A. Smith

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HIV/AIDS; testing; trends; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; socio-demographic; Georgia

Online: 5 September 2016 (11:21:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0150.v1

Probability Distribution of Philippine Daily Rainfall Data

Vanessa Althea B. Bermudez, Ariel Bettina B. Abilgos, Diane Carmeliza N. Cuaresma, Jomar F. Rabajante

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science And Meteorology Keywords: Philippines; rainfall; precipitation; Gamma distribution; probability; weather risk

Online: 21 December 2017 (04:43:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0059.v1

Geographic Distribution of Registered Packaged Water Production in Ghana: Implications for Groundwater Management and Environmental Impacts

Mawuli Dzodzomenyo, Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi, Dan Lapworth, Nicola Wardrop, Jim Wright

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: water footprint; bottled water; groundwater; Africa; water resource management; urban

Online: 10 December 2016 (08:41:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0336.v1

Role of Socially-Equitable Economic Development in Creating Resilient and Sustainable Systems: COVID-19-Related Reflections

Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Samuel Labi, Brian Woodall, Greg Marsden, Emily Grubert

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; economic development; equity; socially-equitable development; resilient and sustainable infrastructure; resilient and sustainable communities; disaster management

Online: 19 April 2020 (07:09:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0470.v1

Open-Sourced Remote Sensing Data Management with the Irish Earth Observation (IEO) Python Module

Guy Serbin, Stuart Green

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: remote sensing; python; data management; landsat; open-source

Online: 31 May 2018 (11:12:27 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1897.v1

Where Does the EU-Path on NGTs Lead Us?

Finja Bohle, Robin Schneider, Juliane Mundorf, Luise Zühl, Samson Simon, Margret Engelhard

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: NGT; GMO; EC Proposal; Regulation; Environmental Impact; CRISPR-Cas; Environmental Risk Assessment; ERA

Online: 30 November 2023 (05:28:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0028.v2

Intra-Urban Mobility in the Estimation of Risk Scenarios by BTEX Emissions

Marco Antonio Garcia-Zarate, María Evarista Arellano-García, Mariana Villada Canela, Patricia Aceves-Calderon, Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano, Christine Alysse Von- Glascoe, M. C. Arredondo Garcia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: VOC; technological risk; exposure to risks; DRI; risk mapping; SIG; BTEX

Online: 13 September 2016 (03:42:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0078.v1

Rainforest to Reef: A Landscape-scale Approach to Coastal Ecotourism in Malaysia

Lincoln Garland, Mike Wells, Keith French, John Dawkins

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Geography Keywords: Malaysia; Endau Rompin; landscape-scale management; ecotourism; rainforest to reef; Tiger

Online: 23 August 2017 (09:14:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0432.v1

COVID-19 Pandemic and Tourism: The Impact of Health Risk Perception and Intolerance of Uncertainty on Travel Intentions

Anastasiya Golets, Jéssica Farias, Ronaldo Pilati, Helena Costa

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; travel intentions; health risk perception; intolerance of uncertainty

Online: 21 October 2020 (11:11:43 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0041.v3

Development and Introduction of the Risk-Sentience Auxiliary Framework (RSAF) as an Enabler to the ISO 31000 and ISO 31010 for High-Risk Environments

Jerry Selvaseelan

Subject: Social Sciences, Safety Research Keywords: uncertainty management; risk management; safety; ISO 31000:2009; ISO 31010:2009; risk management framework; risk-sentience; safety culture; risk culture; enterprise risk management

Online: 19 June 2018 (12:58:28 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Design Of a Dynamic and Self-Adapting System, Supported With Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Real-Time Intelligence For Predictive Cyber Risk Analytics in Extreme Environments- Cyber Risk in the Colonisation of Mars

Petar Radanliev

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: Artificial intelligence; machine learning; real-time probabilistic data; for cyber risk; super forecasting; red teaming;

Online: 12 April 2021 (12:18:14 CEST)

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Preprint DATASET | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0346.v1

A Dataset Containing Job Descriptions Suitable for NLP and NN Processing

Pieterbas Pluijmaekers, Francesco Lelli

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: dataset; NLP; Human Resource Management; classification; Job description

Online: 27 June 2022 (03:43:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0104.v1

Area-Based Conservation in the 21st Century

Sean L. Maxwell, Victor Cazalis, Nigel Dudley, Michael Hoffmann, Ana S.L. Rodrigues, Sue Stolton, Piero Visconti, Stephen Woodley, Martine Maron, Bernardo B.N. Strassburg, Amelia Wenger, Harry D. Jonas, Oscar Venter, James E.M. Watson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: biodiversity; conserved areas; ecosystem services; effectiveness; management; protected areas; representative; targets

Online: 11 January 2020 (10:58:38 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0200.v1

Zoonotic Risk Technology Enters the Viral Emergence Toolkit

Colin Carlson, Maxwell Farrell, Zoe Grange, Barbara Han, Nardus Mollentze, Alexandra Phelan, Angela Rasmussen, Gregory Albery, Bernard Bett, David Brett-Major, Lily Cohen, Tad Dallas, Evan Eskew, Anna Fagre, Kristian Forbes, Rory Gibb, Sam Halabi, Charlotte Hammer, Rebecca Katz, Jason Kindrachuk, Renata Muylaert, Felicia Nutter, Joseph Ogola, Kevin Olival, Michelle Rourke, Sadie Ryan, Noam Ross, Stephanie Seifert, Tarja Sironen, Claire Standley, Kishana Taylor, Marietje Venter, Paul Webala

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: zoonotic risk; viral emergence; viral ecology; genomics; machine learning; access and benefit sharing; intellectual property law; global health

Online: 7 April 2021 (11:53:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0237.v1

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Evolution of Patients Attended with COVID-19 in a National Reference Hospital from Lima, Peru

Germán V. Valenzuela, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Roxana Mamani, Ricardo Ayala, Katherine Pérez, Cynthia Sarmiento, Jessica Calcino, Luis García, José Amado

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; risk factors; outcomes; cardiovascular; Latin America.

Online: 19 June 2020 (10:22:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0295.v2

A Review of Recent Studies on Urban Stormwater Drainage System for Urban Flood Management

Manaye Teshome

Subject: Arts And Humanities, Architecture Keywords: stormwater drainage; urban flood; urban drainage management; food disaster management

Online: 15 October 2020 (12:05:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0045.v1

Risks of Climate Change on the Singapore-Malaysia High Speed Rail System

Sazrul Leena Binti Sa’adin, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, David Jaroszweski

Subject: Engineering, Civil Engineering Keywords: railway infrastructure; high-speed rail; tracks; risk; management and monitoring; climate change; global warming; adaptation; operational readiness

Online: 5 August 2016 (05:11:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0066.v1

SSWiS: An Information System for Graduate Education in Social Work

Oleg Kapeljushnik, Larry Rosenfeld, Manuel E. Garcia, Rebecca Brigham, Sarah Naylor, Karamarie Fecho, Charles P. Schmitt

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: learning management system; integrated planning and advising system; information system; field education; social work; graduate education

Online: 6 August 2016 (11:28:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0057.v1

Maternal Ethnicity as Risk Factor for Miscarriage: Evidence from a Six-Year Period Cohort in a University Setting

Stefania Triunfo, Giulia Di Carlo, Alessandra Cellana, Lucia Masini, Michelangela Danza, Antonio Lanzone

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: miscarriage; fetal loss; risk factor; ethnicity; maternal race

Online: 4 April 2019 (15:52:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0276.v1

Biosynthesis of Lemongrass Essential Oil and the Underlying Mechanism for Its Insecticidal Activity

Mohammad Mukarram, M. Masroor A. Khan, Andleeb Zehra, Sadaf Choudhary, Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Plant Sciences Keywords: Citral; essential oil; integrated pest management; insect-repellent; lemongrass; MEP pathway; mevalonate pathway

Online: 13 September 2020 (11:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0066.v1

Cybercrime and Risks for Cyber Physical Systems: A Review

Abel Yeboah-ofori, Jamal-Deen Abdulai, Ferdinand Katsriku

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: cyber physical systems; cybercrime; risk mitigation; risk management; industrial control systems

Online: 5 April 2018 (06:10:06 CEST)

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Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is the integration of computation and physical process that makes a complete system such as the physical components, networked systems, embedded computers and software and linking together of devices and sensors for information sharing. Cyber Physical Systems are Smart Systems that comprises of the merging and integration of Industry Control Systems, Critical Infrastructures, Internet of Things (IoT) and Embedded Systems. Major industries such as the Chemical and Industrial Plants, Aviation Systems, National Grid, the Stock Exchange, Military Systems, and others depends heavily on these Cyber Physical Systems for financial and economic growth. The benefits of CPS nationally and globally are in the areas of Manufacturing, Energy, Transport, Healthcare and Communication. Cyber Physical Systems incorporates Physical systems, Digital systems and Human elements on network infrastructures to provide interactive systems. However, these three key components the Physical systems, Digital systems and Human elements may have inherent threats and vulnerabilities on them that may run the risk of being compromise, exploited, attacked or hacked. Cybercriminals in their quest to bring down these systems and may cause disruption of services either for fame, revenge, political motive, economic war, cyber terrorism and cyber war. The study seeks to review the risks that are associated with these three key components Physical systems, Digital systems and Human elements. The study considered four main risk mitigation goals for this purpose, and these are Business Value, Organizational Requirements, Threat Agent and Impact based on the review results. We used Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) to determine the relative importance of these goals that contributes to developing cybercrime and rich in CPS. For the results, the prioritized goals are then used to assess the risks using a semi-quantitative approach to determine the net threat level.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0054.v1

A Hierarchal Risk Assessment Model using the Evidential Reasoning Rule

Xiaoxiao Ji, Jiang Jiang, Jianbin Sun, Yu-wang Chen

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: Risk assessment; Evidential reasoning; Fire/explosion

Online: 9 November 2016 (10:29:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0563.v1

ChatGPT and the Generation of Digitally Born “Knowledge”: How Does a Generative AI Language Model Interpret Cultural Heritage Values?

Dirk H.R. Spennemann

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: artificial intelligence; ChatGPT; construction of values; cultural heritage; cultural relativism; digitally born content; heritage management; falsified references; language model; machine learning

Online: 10 July 2023 (09:41:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0173.v1

Farmlands Feature Greater Woody Cover than Savannas in Semi-Arid West Africa

Martin Brandt, Kjeld Rasmussen, Pierre Hiernaux, Stefanie Herrmann, Compton J. Tucker, Xiaoye Tong, Feng Tian, Ole Mertz, Laurent Kergoat, Cheikh Mbow, John David, Katherine Melocik, Morgane Dendoncker, Caroline Vincke, Rasmus Fensholt

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: land use; management; woody cover determinants; human-environment; Sahel

Online: 22 March 2017 (15:55:14 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0478.v1

Risk Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Antarctic Wildlife

Andrés Barbosa, Arvind Vansani, Virginia Morandini, Wray Grimaldi, Ralph E.T. Vanstreels, Julia I. Diaz, Thierry Boulinier, Meagan Dewar, Daniel Gonzalez-Acuña, Rachel Gray, Clive R. McMahon, Gary Miller, Michelle Power, Amandine Gamble, Michelle Wille

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Antarctica; coronavirus; COVID-19; mitigation measures; reverse zoonoses; risk assessment; SARS-CoV-2; wildlife

Online: 21 August 2020 (09:21:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0060.v1

Trainee Teachers’ Perceptions on Cyberbullying: Guidelines for Educators and Families

Carmen Yot-Domínguez, María Dolores Guzmán Franco, Ana Duarte Hueros

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: School coexistence; cyberbullying; education; family; victims; prevention; management; training; perceptions

Online: 2 November 2018 (13:12:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0471.v1

Fecal Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Potential Role in Person-To-Person Transmission and the Environment-Based Spread of COVID-19

Davey Jones, Marcos Quintela Baluja, David Graham, Alexander Corbishley, James McDonald, Shelagh Malham, Luke Hillary, Thomas Connor, William Gaze, Ines Moura, Mark Wilcox, Kata Farkas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: bathing waters; coronavirus; environmental transmission; faecal-oral route; infection risk; waterborne illness

Online: 20 July 2020 (12:02:45 CEST)

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The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces has led to speculation that it can be transmitted via the fecal-oral/ocular route. This review aims to critically evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the quantity and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine, and whether these pose an infection risk in sanitary settings, sewage networks, wastewater treatment plants, and the wider environment (e.g. rivers, lakes and marine waters). Overall, severe GI dysfunction is only evident in a small number of COVID-19 cases, with 11 ± 2% exhibiting diarrhea and 12 ± 3% exhibiting vomiting and nausea. In addition to these cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in feces from some asymptomatic, mildly- and pre-symptomatic individuals. Fecal shedding of the virus peaks in the symptomatic period and can persist for several weeks, but with declining abundances in the post-symptomatic phase. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is occasionally detected in urine, but reports in fecal samples are more frequent. The abundance of the virus genetic material in both urine (ca. 10²-10⁵ gc/ml) and feces (ca. 10²-10⁷ gc/ml) is much lower than in nasopharyngeal fluids (ca. 10⁵-10¹¹ gc/ml). There is strong evidence of multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 in the GI tract and infectious virus has occasionally been recovered from both urine and stool samples. The level and infectious capability of SARS-CoV-2 in vomit remain unknown. In comparison to enteric viruses transmitted via the fecal-oral route (e.g. norovirus, adenovirus), the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via feces or urine appears lower due to the lower relative amounts of virus present in feces/urine. The biggest risk of transmission will occur in clinical and care home settings where secondary handling of people and urine/fecal matter occurs. In addition, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic material can be detected by in wastewater, this signal is greatly reduced by conventional treatment. Our analysis also suggests the likelihood of infection due to contact with sewage-contaminated water (e.g. swimming, surfing, angling) or food (e.g. salads, shellfish) is extremely low or negligible based on very low predicted abundances and limited environmental survival of SARS-CoV-2. These conclusions are corroborated by the fact that over eight million global cases of COVID-19 have occurred, but exposure to feces or wastewater has never been implicated as a transmission vector.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0121.v2

Residential Demand for Water in a Nature Reserve of Mexico: Evidence of Effects of Perceived Price

Marco Almendarez, Gerzain Aviles, Victor Hernandez, Alfredo Ortega, Luis Beltran

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Economics Keywords: lagged consumption; dynamic function; water management; average price; marginal price

Online: 12 August 2016 (09:29:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0337.v1

Level of Knowledge, Attitude and Perception About COVID-19 Pandemic and Infection Control: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Veterinarians in Nigeria

Olubukola Adenubi, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Abimbola Oloye, Noah Bankole, Hezekiah Adesokan, Oladotun Fadipe, Patience Ayo-Ajayi, Adebayo Akinloye

Subject: Social Sciences, Government Keywords: COVID-19; Risk; Knowledge; Attitude; Perception; Veterinarian; Nigeria

Online: 15 July 2020 (12:27:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0122.v1

Adding Agnus Castus and Magnolia to Soy Isoflavones Relieves Sleep Disturbances besides Postmenopausal Vasomotor Symptoms: Long Term Safety and Effectiveness

Pasquale De Franciscis, Flavio Grauso, Anna Luisi, Maria Teresa Schettino, Marco Torella, Nicola Colacurci

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: isoflavones; menopause management; endometrial thickness; mammary density; liver function; plant extracts

Online: 27 October 2016 (12:21:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0081.v1

Impacts of land management on the resilience of Mediterranean dry forests to fire

Matteo Jucker Riva, Gudrun Schwilch, Hanspeter Liniger, Alejandro Valdecantos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: resilience, land management, wildfire, Mediterranean dry forest

Online: 27 July 2016 (10:01:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0076.v1

Current Challenges of Cold Brew Coffee – Roasting, Extraction, Flavor Profile, Contamination, and Food Safety

Raven Kwok, Kenny Lee Wee Ting, Steffen Schwarz, Linda Claassen, Dirk W. Lachenmeier

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Food Chemistry Keywords: coffee; cold brew; nitro cold brew; roasting; extraction; hygiene; risk assessment; product quality

Online: 5 July 2020 (14:53:27 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0104.v1

A Systematic Review: Family Support Integrated To Diabetes Self-Management among Glycemic Uncontrolled Type II DM Patients

Rian Adi Pamungkas, Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi, Paranee Vatanasomcoon

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: diabetes self-management; family support; glycemic uncontrolled; type 2 DM; systematic review

Online: 12 May 2017 (05:27:28 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0723.v1

New Normal: An Hrm Perspective of Post COVID-19 in the Airline Industry

Hassan Imam

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: airlines; human resource management; COVID-19; crisis

Online: 29 December 2020 (09:24:11 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0105.v1

Blending Science and Community Voices for Multi-Scale Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Resilience: A Participatory Scenario Planning Approach

Alebachew Adem Nurye

Subject: Social Sciences, Geography, Planning And Development Keywords: Climate change; disaster risk reduction; participatory scenario planning; pastoralism; Ethiopia

Online: 10 August 2016 (10:14:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0058.v1

Public Perception of Climate Risk: The Case of Greece

Asimina Voskaki, Konstantinos Tsermenidis

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: climate risk; climate change; public perception

Online: 6 August 2016 (04:59:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0094.v1

The Role of Entrepreneurial Strategies and Innovation in the Sustainable Growth and Success of a South African Construction Company

Abimbola Windapo

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Business And Management Keywords: entrepreneurship; innovation; management; performance; sustainability

Online: 31 July 2017 (15:43:49 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Dynamic Real-Time Risk Analytics of Uncontrollable States in Complex Internet of Things Systems: Cyber Risk at the Edge

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Max Van Kleek, Pete Burnap, Eirini Anthi, Jason R.C. Nurse, Omar Santos, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo, La’Treall Maddox

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: functional dependency; network-based linear dependency modelling; internet of things; micro mort model; goal-oriented approach; transformation roadmap; cyber risk regulations; empirical analysis; cyber risk self-assessment; cyber risk target state.

Online: 25 December 2020 (11:35:48 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0153.v1

A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Working with Large, Open-Source Neuroimaging Datasets

Corey Horien, Stephanie Noble, Abigail Greene, Kangjoo Lee, Daniel Barron, Siyuan Gao, Dave O'Connor, Mehraveh Salehi, Javid Dadashkarimi, Xilin Shen, Evelyn Lake, R. Todd Constable, Dustin Scheinost

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Data Structures, Algorithms And Complexity Keywords: Open-science; big data; fMRI; data sharing; data management

Online: 8 July 2020 (11:53:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0944.v1

Groundwater Quality Assessment of Manipur, India, and Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress on Groundwater Quality

Rakshita Chaudhary, Nisha Gaur, Mohit Yadav

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Groundwater; Water Quality Index; Bacteriological Quality; Irrigational indices; Hydro chemical processes; Potential health risk

Online: 14 September 2023 (08:39:26 CEST)

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Preprint COMMENTARY | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0150.v1

Addressing Environmental Health Problems in Ogoniland through Implementation of United Nations Environmental Program Recommendations: Environmental Management Strategies

Okhumode H. Yakubu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Environmental Assessment Report (EAR); environmental health; Environmental Management/Environmental Management Systems (EM/EMS) Model; Environmental Management Plan (EMP); Multinational oil companies (MOCs); Niger Delta; Ogoni; Ogoniland; Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC); United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

Online: 30 December 2016 (07:39:30 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0076.v1

30 Years of Research on Crown-of-thorns Starfish (1986-2016): Scientific Advances and Emerging Opportunities

Morgan S. Pratchett, Ciemon F. Caballes, Jennifer C. Wilmes, Samuel Matthews, Camille Mellin, Hugh P.A. Sweatman, Lauren E. Nadler, Jon Brodie, Cassandra A. Thompson, Jessica Hoey, Arthur R. Bos, Maria Byrne, Vanessa Messmer, Sofia Valero-Fortunato, Carla C.M. Chen, Alexander C.E. Buck, Russell C. Babcock, Sven Uthicke

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior And Systematics Keywords: Acanthaster; coral reefs, disturbance; management; population outbreaks; research priorities

Online: 22 August 2017 (10:20:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0029.v1

(Re)conceptualising Risk: What (Seems to) Work for At-Risk Students

David Zyngier

Subject: Social Sciences, Education Keywords: student risk; social justice; critical pedagogy; critical pedagogy

Online: 14 July 2016 (11:03:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0256.v1

A Promising Physical Pest-Control System Demonstrated in a Greenhouse Equipped with Simple Electrostatic Devices that Excluded all Insect Pests

Yoshihiro Takikawa, Koji Kakutani, Yoshinori Matsuda, Teruo Nonomura, Shin-ichi Kusakari, Hideyoshi Toyoda

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Agricultural Science And Agronomy Keywords: electric field screen; pest management; photo-selective nets; whiteflies

Online: 21 May 2019 (09:08:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0455.v1

Implementation of TQM and the Integration of BIM in the Construction Management Sector in Saudi Arabia Validated with Hybridized Emerging Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO)

Mohammad Abazid, Hüseyin Gökçekuş, Tahir Celik

Subject: Engineering, Automotive Engineering Keywords: Total Quality Management; construction projects; Saudi Arabia; Harris-hawks optimization; support vector regression

Online: 17 March 2021 (17:01:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1576.v1

The Bacterial Burden of Worn Face Masks – Observational Research and Literature Review

Kai Kisielinski, Barbara Wojtasik, Aleksandra Zalewska, David M Livermore, Agata Jurczak-Kurek

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing; adverse effects; bacterial contamination; fluorescent staining; masks; N95; personal protective equipment; risk; surgical mask

Online: 20 December 2023 (15:14:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.3390/sci2030068

Perspectives on Topical Medical Research in the COVID-19 Era

Michael McAleer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Tropical Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; pooling clinical trials; hyperinfection; steroids; treatment; targeted healthcare; population health management; cancer treatment; clinical research; clinical trials; developing vaccines; ranking and rating hospital quality; school closures; interventions for delirium; assessments of COVID-19 death inequities; regulatory safeguards; preventing child abuse and maltreatment; prevalence of health care worker burnout; nursing home ratings; challenging oncology practice; addressing racial; ethnic; social and economic divides; violence against sexual minority adolescents; primary tumors; metastasis; stages of cancer; reforming cancer clinical trials; supporting carers; protection and prevention; benign and malignant tumors; reforming cancer clinical trials; protection of healthcare personnel; comparing excess deaths in NYC; 1918 influenza pandemic; the possibility of full recovery from COVID-19; mental health impact of COVID-19 on young adults; ranking and rating nursing home quali

Online: 21 August 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0131.v1

Transforming Food Systems at Local Levels: Using Participatory System Dynamics in an Interactive Manner to Refine Small-Scale Farmers’ Mental Models

Birgit Kopainsky, Gerid Hager, Hugo Herrera, Progress H. Nyanga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: adaptation; mental model refinement; food systems; knowledge management participatory modeling; system dynamics; systems thinking

Online: 27 November 2016 (04:12:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0109.v2

Cyber Risk impact Assessment - Assessing the Risk from the IoT to the Digital Economy

Petar Radanliev, David De Roure, Jason R.C. Nurse, Razvan Nicolescu, Michael Huth, Stacy Cannady, Rafael Mantilla Montalvo

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: Cyber risk; Internet of Things cyber risk; Digital Economy Risk Assessment; Economic Impact Assessment.

Online: 9 April 2019 (12:26:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0044.v1

A Comprehensive Technological Survey on Dependable Self-Managing CPS: The Decade of Researches on Correctness and Dependability

Peng Zhou, Kunmean HOU, Zhan Zhang, Decheng Zuo, Jian Dong, Jianjin Li, Haiyin Zhou

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: cyber physical systems; industry 4.0; MDE; hardware and software co-design; lifetime verification & validation; dependability; correctness; flexibility; self-management; self-adapting; self-healing

Online: 17 July 2017 (10:27:33 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0039.v1

How Thumbelina Knows

Giorgio De Michelis

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: knowledge management; tacit knowledge; explicit knowledge

Online: 4 August 2016 (08:30:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0092.v1

Structuring Climate Adaptation through Multiple Perspectives

Mohanasundar Radhakrishnan, Assela Pathirana, Richard Ashley, Chris Zevenbergen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: climate adaptation; flexibility; flood risk management; urban adaptation

Online: 20 January 2017 (04:25:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0061.v1

A Study Analysis on Effect of Software Scope Management and Scope creeping Factors in Software Project Management

Mehreen Sirshar, Muneeza Khalid

Subject: Engineering, Control And Systems Engineering Keywords: scope creep; software engineering; software project management; work breakdown structure; agile method; traditional methodology; functional point analysis; stakeholders

Online: 5 December 2019 (04:20:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0150.v1

To Group or Not to Group? Good Practice for Housing Male Laboratory Mice

Sarah Kappel, Penny Hawkins, Michael T. Mendl

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: refinement; mouse welfare; mouse husbandry; mouse aggression; male mice; social organisation; group housing; single housing; animal husbandry; animal welfare; animal management

Online: 24 October 2017 (03:29:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0002.v1

The Re-Conceptualization of the Port Supply Chain as a Smart Port Service System: The Case of the Port of Salerno

Antonio Botti, Antonella Monda, Marco Pellicano, Carlo Torre

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Business And Management Keywords: Smart service systems, Service systems, Service Science, Port Supply Chain Management

Online: 3 April 2017 (16:17:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0005.v2

Reshuffling the Risk Factors of Severe Early Childhood Caries

Noha Kabil, Sherif Eltaweil

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: severe early childhood caries; risk factors

Online: 3 November 2016 (08:39:30 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0052.v1

Oral Mucositis: Melatonin Gel an Effective New Treatment

Ahmed E Abdel-Moneim, Ana Guerra-Librero, Javier Florido, Ying-Qiang Shen, Beatriz Fernández-Gil, Darío Acuña-Castroviejo, Germaine Escames

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: mucositis; radiotherapy; chemotherapy; pathophysiology; management; melatonin

Online: 9 March 2017 (04:46:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0386.v1

A New Health Assessment Prediction Approach: Multi-Scale Ensemble Extreme Learning Machine

BERGHOUT Tarek

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: remaining useful life; c-mapss; extreme learning machine; prognostic and health management; neural networks

Online: 24 May 2020 (16:24:08 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0316.v1

Airborne Microplastics: A Review Study on Method for Analysis, Occurrence, Movement and Risks

Enyoh Christian Ebere, Verla Andrew Wirnkor, Verla Evelyn Ngozi, Ibe Francis Chizoruo, Amaobi Collins Emeka

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: air pollution; dermal route; fibers; health risk; inhalation; micropollutants

Online: 30 August 2019 (05:08:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0156.v1

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy Management in a Microgrid with Flexible Demand

Taha abd el halim Nakabi, Pekka Toivanen

Subject: Engineering, Energy And Fuel Technology Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Deep reinforcement learning; Demand Response; Dynamic pricing; Energy management system; Microgrid; Neural networks; Price-responsive loads; Smart grid; Thermostatically controlled loads

Online: 7 October 2020 (11:21:03 CEST)

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