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Working Paper ARTICLE

Complementary Application of the Ozonized Saline Solution in Mild and Severe Patients with Pneumonia Covid-19: A Non-randomized Pilot Study

Adriana Schwartz, Gregorio Martínez-Sánchez, Alejandra Menassa de Lucía, Sergio Mejía Viana, Constanta Alina Mita

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: ozone therapy; ozonized saline solution; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pneumonia

Online: 12 July 2020 (16:30:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0286.v1

Network Bioinformatics Analysis Provides Insight into Drug Repurposing for COVID-2019

Xu Li, Jinchao Yu, Zhiming Zhang, Jing Ren, Alex E. Peluffo, Wen Zhang, Yujie Zhao, Kaijing Yan, Daniel Cohen, Wenjia Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-2019; SARS-CoV-2; repurposing; network bioinformatics

Online: 18 March 2020 (08:50:10 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: ‘Warp Speed’ Needs Mind Melds not Warped Minds

John P. Moore, P. J. Klasse

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; vaccines; animal models; Warp Speed

Online: 21 June 2020 (15:44:06 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0269.v1

Antibiotics Against COVID-19 and Mitochondria? Urgent Thinking Out of the Box

Jaroslaw Tyszka, Karolina Kobos, Aleksandra Tyszka

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Theoretical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; antibiotics; immune response; mitochondria; epidemiology; health policy

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:14:30 CEST)

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Italian, Spanish, French vs German, Austrian or Norwegian COVID-19 tracks? Antibiotics might have a partial impact on COVID-19 death rates in various countries. Our working hypotheses based on recent publications is that that antibiotics may be a major factor that negatively affects patients’ immune system during viral infections. We are all aware that there is no specific and effective medical treatment for COVID-19 so far. However, we know that our immune system is the only efficient weapon that fights against this syndrome right now. In fact, antibiotics are very often prescribed to prevent secondary infections following an antiviral immune response. Various antibiotic therapies have also been commonly applied to support COVID-19 treatments in China and Italy. Unfortunately, the frequent antibiotic off-site targets include mitochondria that are genetically and evolutionary closely linked to bacteria. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles responsible for bioenergetics in nearly all our cells, acting as signaling hubs in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. Several studies have demonstrated that mitochondria are vulnerable to antibacterial treatments, interrupting their physiology. Inhibition of these processes by antibiotics might render the immune system less capable of fighting acute COVID-19 viral infections. Some antibiotics, including those prescribed for COVID-19 in Wuhan, have been shown to inhibit the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA. The question is whether antibiotics support such a treatment or weaken patient immune responses in this case. This hypothesis should be evaluated based on comparative clinical data that seem to be unavailable at the moment. Possibly the COVID-19 risk group should be extended to all patients being treated with antibiotics, including those who finished antibiotic therapies days up to several months before SARS-CoV-2 infection. We therefore urge health service response groups to evaluate the impact of antibiotics on COVID-19 recovery vs death retrospective data. We would like to motivate international, national and local health authorities to share available clinical treatment data, discuss and optimize treatment strategies.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0060.v3

Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

Narendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nabina Chaudhary, Manis Dahal, Biswash Guragain, Sumie Rai, Rahul Chaudhary, K.M. Sachin, Reena Lamichhane-Khadka, Ajaya Bhattarai

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; soap; hand washing; WHO

Online: 6 July 2021 (11:30:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0417.v1

Acute Care Physiotherapy Management of COVID-19 Patients in Qatar: Best Practice Recommendations

Ajimsha MS, Neeraj Gampawar, Praveen Surendran, Prasobh Jacob, Vasileios Karpouzis, Mohamed Haneef, Muhamed Aleef, Shameem Ali, Reshma Praveen, Eladel Bouguerra, Noora Almudahka

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Nursing Keywords: Coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; infection; Physiotherapy; rehabilitation

Online: 23 April 2020 (15:22:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0327.v1

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern Ghana; Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing

Augustina Angelina Sylverken, Philip El-Duah, Michael Owusu, Julia Schneider, Richmond Yeboah, Ayisi-Boateng Ayisi-Boateng, Richmond Gorman, Eric Adu, Alexander Kwarteng, Michael Frimpong, Sherihane Aryeetey, Jesse Addo Asamoah, Yaw Ampem Amoako, John Humphrey Amuasi, Jörn Beheim-Schwarzbach, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Kwasi Obiri-Danso, Victor Max Corman, Christian Drosten, Richard Phillips

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Ghana; SARS-CoV-2; transmission; Phylogenetics

Online: 15 September 2020 (04:24:17 CEST)

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In regions lacking genomic data, analysis of sequences from the early stages of an outbreak can provide important insights into the diversity of pathogens present. Following the detection of the first imported case of COVID-19 in the Northern sector of Ghana on 13^th March 2020, we have now molecularly characterized and phylogenetically analysed sequences including three (3) complete genomes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) isolated from nine (9) patients observed in Ghana. Eight (8) of these patients reported with a recent history of foreign travel and one (1) with no history of foreign travel. We performed high throughput sequencing for 9 samples following the determination of high concentration of viral RNA. In addition, we estimated the potential impact that long distance transportation of samples to testing centres may have on sequencing outcomes. Here, two samples that were closest in terms of viral RNA concentration but transported from sites which are over 400km apart were assessed. All sequences were compared to previous sequences from Ghana and representative sequences from regions where our patients had previously travelled. Complete genomes were obtained for three (3) sequences and with another near complete genome with a coverage of 95.6%. Sequences with coverage in excess of 80% were found to belong to three lineages namely A, B.1 and B.2. Our sequences clustered in two different clades with the majority falling within a clade composed of sequences from sub-Saharan Africa. Less RNA fragmentation was seen in sample KATH23 which was collected 9km compared with sample TTH6 which was collected and transported over a distance of 400km to the testing site. The clustering of several sequences from sub-Saharan Africa suggests regional circulation of the viruses in the subregion. Importantly, there may be the need to decentralize testing sites and build more capacity across Africa to boost the sequencing output of the subregion.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0413.v1

Characterization of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein from Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

Abhishek Kumar, Alisha Parveen, Narendra Kumar, Sneha Bairy, Vibha Kaushik, Chetan Chandola, Jyoti Sharma, Phulwanti Sharma, Akhil Agarwal, Akhilesh Pandey, Pankaj Goyal, Muniasamy Neerathilingam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nucleocapsid (N); genomics; coronavirus; Wuhan; Pandemic

Online: 25 May 2020 (17:45:40 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0384.v1

Tackling the Pandemic COVID-19: The Bangladesh Perspective

Md. Taimur Islam, Anup Kumar Talukder, Md. Nurealam Siddiqui, Tofazzal Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Bangladesh; Pandemic; stimulus package

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:34:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0068.v2

Discovery of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands by Targeting Host-specific SARS-CoV-2’s Structurally Conserved Main Protease

Rakesh Joshi, Shounak Jagdale, Sneha Bansode, S. Shiva Shankar, Meenakshi Tellis, Vaibhav Kumar Pandya, Ashok Giri, Mahesh Kulkarni

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; hACE-2; MPro; multi-target-directed ligand; protease inhibito; RdRp; SARS-CoV-2 virus

Online: 9 April 2020 (05:13:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0308.v1

Pharmacoinformatics and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease 3CL^pro

Mubarak A. Alamri, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar, Safar M. Alqahtani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; 3CL protease; molecular docking; molecular dynamics and simulations

Online: 23 February 2020 (02:17:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0334.v1

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Study of Two Viral Proteins Associated with SARS-CoV-2 with Ivermectin

Lenin Andres Gonzalez Paz, Carla A. Lossada, Luis S. Moncayo, Freddy Romero, J. L. Paz, Joan Vera-Villalobos, Aleivi E. Perez, Ernesto San-Blas, Ysaias J. Alvarado

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: SARS-COV-2; folding/unfolding; antiparasitic; molecular docking; molecular dynamics; COVID-19; Ivermectin

Online: 19 April 2020 (06:56:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0192.v1

Implementation of the eCDC/WHO Recommendation for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants and Its Challenges

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: eCDC; WHO; Sanger sequencing; Omicron variant; minor subvariants; BA.4/BA.5; BA.2; mul-ti-allelic; SNPs; recombinant

Online: 14 June 2022 (04:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0375.v1

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

Hayder O. Hashim, Mudher K. Mohammed, Mazin J. Mousa, Hadeer H. Abdulameer, Alaa T.S. Alhassnawi, Safa A. Hassan, Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; pike glycoprotein; stop mutations

Online: 17 September 2020 (05:33:59 CEST)

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There is a rising global concern for the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high transmission rate and unavailability of treatment. Through the binding of its spike glycoprotein with angiotensin type 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently get in the cells of patients and start its pandemic cycle. Herein, the biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed in Babylon province of Iraq by investigating the possible genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein. A specific coding region of 795 bp within the viral spike (S) gene was amplified from 19 patients who suffered from obvious symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sequencing results identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all the identified variations showed obvious co-infections with at least two different viral strains per sample. Within these co-infections, the majority of samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s, p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel, and p.436del, which yielded three truncated SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins of 301, 380, and 436 amino acids length, respectively. The network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that for all viral infections were derived from multi-ancestral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree entailed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the absence of any single strain infection among all investigated viral samples in the studied area, which may entail a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. Through the identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins, we suggest that defective SARS-CoV-2 may depend on helper strains having intact spikes in its infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection way also suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the co-infection of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.

Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0205.v3

The Anomalous Nature of the Fecal Swab Data, Receptor Binding Domain and Other Questions in RaTG13 Genome

Monali Rahalkar, Rahul Bahulikar

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: RaTG13; SARS-COV-2; Illumina sequencing, amplicon sequencing, NGS; fecal swab

Online: 5 October 2020 (12:20:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0385.v1

Rapid Design of a Bait Capture Platform for Culture- and Amplification-Free Next-Generation Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2

Jalees A. Nasir, David J. Speicher, Robert A. Kozak, Hendrik N. Poinar, Matthew S. Miller, Andrew G. McArthur

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; enrichment; next-generation sequencing

Online: 26 February 2020 (02:27:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0293.v1

Doxycycline and Pentoxifylline for Mild and Mild-To-Moderate Covid-19

Emil Toma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; doxycycline; pentoxifylline; treatment; proposal

Online: 24 June 2020 (09:47:14 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0042.v2

Virtual Screening of Inhibitors Against Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A Drug Repurposing Approach

Kanishka Senathilake, Sameera Samarakoon, Kamani Tennekoon

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Flue; Virus; COVID19; SARS CoV-2; Spike Protein; Virtual Screening; dgitoxin; anthracycline; rolitetracycline; E-155

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:19:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0447.v1

An Evolutionary RGD Motif in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 may Serve as a Potential High Risk Factor for Virus Infection?

Shijia Yan, Haixia Sun, Xianzhang Bu, Guohui Wan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; ACE2; RGD; Spike protein; therapeutic drugs

Online: 28 February 2020 (16:26:53 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0717.v1

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

Malik Sallam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: vaccine hesitancy; vaccine acceptance; anti-vaccination; COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine rejection

Online: 29 December 2020 (08:46:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0132.v1

A Brief Review of Materials and Designs for Homemade Masks to Protect Against COVID-19

Jago Strong-Wright

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Materials Science And Technology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks materials; pandemic

Online: 11 June 2020 (11:44:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0011.v1

SARS-CoV-2: Jumping the Species Barrier, Lessons from SARS and MERS, Its Zoonotic Spillover, Transmission to Humans, Preventive and Control Measures and Recent Developments to Counter This Pandemic Virus

Kuldeep Dhama, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Khan Sharun, Mamta Pathak, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Yashpal Singh Malik, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, Parmod Kumar Panwar, Karam Pal Singh, Izabela Michalak, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; bat coronavirus; zoonosis; spillover; expanding host range

Online: 2 April 2020 (04:43:45 CEST)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Could Protein Malnutrition of Rapid Onset Explain the Atypical Symptoms of COVID-19 and Consequential Malfunctioning of the Body? A Hypothesis.

Maralyn Green

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: malnutrition; COVID-19; protein; immune system; SARS-CoV-2; cell proliferation; starvation

Online: 22 September 2020 (08:32:14 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0097.v5

Why Blood Group A Individuals Are at Risk Whereas Blood Group O Individuals Might Be Protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection: A Hypothesis Regarding How the Virus Invades the Human Body via Abo(H) Blood Group-Determining Carbohydrates

Peter Arend

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2–human carbohydrate interaction; trans-species glycosylation; A-like/Tn structure; trans-species glycan bridge

Online: 13 November 2020 (09:42:18 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0070.v2

Possible Effects of Air Temperature on COVID-19 Disease Severity and Transmission Rates

Dominique Kang, Clifford Ellgen, Erik Kulstad

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Covid; covid-19; sars-cov-2; temperature; heat; body temperature; air temperature; viral decay; viral stability; transmission; severity; virology; thermodynamics

Online: 6 September 2021 (13:23:23 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0054.v1

Impacts of COVID-19 on Accessibility of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Scoping Review

Josphat Nkole, Muyembe Chisotwa, Rachael Chikumbi, Francis Bota, Mainga Mulemwa, Margareta Kasonde, Chofwe Musele, Nkisu Kasapatu, Brian Chanda Chiluba

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: family planning service and COVID-19; maternal; Neonatal and child health service and COVID-19; sexual behaviour and COVID-19; SARSCOVID-2 and family planning

Online: 6 June 2022 (03:39:05 CEST)

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Introduction: Since its discovery in late 2019, the novel coronavirus (SARSCOVID-2) that causes COVID-19 has spread fast, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to designate the disease a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020.The epidemic has profoundly altered the preexisting global sexual and reproductive health landscape .The virus’s load has put ordinary services in jeopardy and harmed other health priorities. This encompasses both the provision and the supply of contraceptives, sexual health, new born and maternal health services. This Scoping review therefore mapped the availability evidence on the impact and effects of the COVID-19 disease outbreak on sexual and reproductive health. Methods: The methodological framework by Arksey and O’Malley guided this scoping review. A literature search was conducted from the following databases: Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, WOS, and AJOL. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist were used to document the review process. The Strobe critical review checklist was used to determine the quality of the included studies. Results:19 studies were reviewed, out of which 4 were cross sectional studies, 1 was an observational study, 1 was a descriptive analytical study and the rest were qualitative studies .Majority of the studies showed evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and family planning service, maternal and child services, and three studies reported on COVID-19 and sexual behaviour. Five of the nineteen included studies reported on the impact of COVID-19 and family planning service. Conclusion: This scoping review has granted the assessment of the impact of novel SARS-CoV-2 on Sexual and reproductive health services with regards to sexual behaviour, family planning and maternal, neonatal and child health. From the 18 articles identified and reviewed, the overall responses stipulated a significant reduction in client’s utilization of services due to challenges experiences in service implementation such as stock outs. In addition, low demand for reproductive health services by clients due to restrictions imposed on the movements of people to curb the spread of the virus. It is therefore important that Governments and relevant stakeholders in Maternal and Sexual Reproductive Health prioritize development of policies and practices that protect women from the impacts of the pandemic. Furthermore, regular audits to detect trends in MSRH are necessary to inform on going mitigation efforts.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Within the Lack of Chest COVID-19 X-ray Dataset: A Novel Detection Model Based on GAN and Deep Transfer Learning

Mohamed Loey, Florentin Smarandache, Nour Eldeen M. Khalifa

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Deep Transfer Learning; Convolutional Neural Network; Machine Learning; GAN

Online: 7 April 2020 (10:59:04 CEST)

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The coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic is putting healthcare systems across the world under unprecedented and increasing pressure according to the World Health Organization (WHO). With the advances in computer algorithms and especially Artificial Intelligence, the detection of this type of virus in the early stages will help in fast recovery and help in releasing the pressure off healthcare systems. In this paper, a GAN with deep transfer learning for coronavirus detection in chest x-ray images is presented. The lack of benchmark datasets for covid-19 especially in chest x-rays images is the main motivation of this research. The main idea is to collect all the possible images for covid-19 that exists until the writing of this research and use the GAN network to generate more images to help in the detection of the virus from the available x-rays images with the highest accuracy possible. The dataset used in this research was collected from different sources and it is available for researchers to download and use it. The number of images in the collected dataset is 307 images for four different types of classes. The classes are the covid-19, normal, pneumonia bacterial, and pneumonia virus. The dataset is divided into 90% for the GAN and the training and the validation phase, while 10% used in the testing phase. The GAN helps in generating more images from the original dataset to be 30 times larger than the originally collected dataset. The GAN also help in overcoming the overfitting problem and made the proposed model more robust. Three deep transfer models are selected in this research for investigation. The models are the Alexnet, Googlenet, and Restnet18. Those models are selected based on their small number of layers on their architectures, which will reflect in reducing the complexity of the models and the consumed memory and time. Using a combination of GAN and deep transfer models prove it is efficiency according to validation, testing accuracy, and performance measurements such as precision, recall, and F1 score. Three case scenarios are tested through the paper, the first scenario which includes 4 classes from the dataset, while the second scenario includes 3 classes and the third scenario includes 2 classes. All the scenarios include the covid-19 class as it is the main target of this research to be detected. In the first scenario, the Googlenet is selected to be the main deep transfer model as it achieves 80.6% in testing accuracy. In the second scenario, the Alexnet is selected to be the main deep transfer model as it achieves 85.2% in testing accuracy, while in the third scenario which includes 2 classes(covid-19, and normal), Googlenet is selected to be the main deep transfer model as it achieves 100% in testing accuracy and 99.9% in the validation accuracy. All the performance measurement strengthen the obtained results through the research. Finally, this research may be considered one of the first trails to use GAN and deep transfer models together to help in detecting coronaviruses (covid-19) within the absence of a benchmark dataset around the world, especially in x-rays chest images.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0647.v1

First Description of Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two Wild American Minks (Neovison vison)

Jordi Aguiló-Gisbert, Miguel Padilla-Blanco, Victor Lizana, Elisa Maiques, Marta Muñoz Baquero, Eva Chillida-Martínez, Jesús Cardells, Consuelo Rubio-Guerri

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: American Mink; COVID-19; Neovison vison; SARS-CoV-2; Spike; wildlife

Online: 25 March 2021 (16:39:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0321.v1

Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Functions of Citrus Fruit

Paolo Bellavite, Alberto Donzelli

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Food Science And Technology Keywords: Citrus fruits; Citrus sinensis; hesperidin; COVID-19; vitamin C; SARS-CoV-2; sweet orange

Online: 28 June 2020 (08:45:24 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0004.v1

Transmission Potential and Severity of COVID-19 in Pakistan

Sohail Raza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, Pakistan, Economic Losses, Disease Spread, SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:19:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0003.v2

Computational Screening for Potential Drug Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Bruno Andrade, Preetam Ghosh, Debmalya Barh, Sandeep Tiwari, Raner José Santana Silva, Wagner Rodrigues de Assis Soares, Tarcisio Silva Melo, Andria dos Santos Freitas, Patrícia González-Grande, Lucas Sousa Palmeira, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Marta Giovanetti, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; protease; virtual screening; pharmacophore; inhibitors; natural compounds

Online: 17 April 2020 (11:00:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0195.v1

Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Cell Subsets in Human Placenta That Highly Expresses Factors to Drive Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Nancy Ashray, Anshul Bhide, Priyanka Chakarborty, Stacy Colaco, Anuradha Mishra, Karisma Chhabria, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Deepak Modi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: Placenta; trophoblast; SARS-CoV-2; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Single cell RNAseq; scRNA-seq; ACE2; TMPRSS2; CD147; CTSL; inflammation

Online: 11 May 2020 (12:50:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0114.v1

Role of Cigarette Smoke on ACE-2 Protein Membrane Expression in Bronchial Epithelial Cells Using an Air-Liquid Interface Model

Massimo Caruso, Alfio Distefano, Rosalia Emma, Michelino Di Rosa, Giuseppe Carota, Sonja Rust, Riccardo Polosa, Pietro Zuccarello, Margherita Ferrante, Giuseppina Raciti, Giovanni Li Volti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: ACE-2; nicotine; smoke; cigarette; epithelial cells.

Online: 6 October 2020 (09:43:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0407.v1

The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein D614G Mutation Shows Increasing Dominance and May Confer a Structural Advantage to the Furin Cleavage Domain

Leyan Tang, Allison Schulkins, Chun-Nan Chen, Kurt Deshayes, John S. Kenney

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; spike protein; D614G mutation; genotype distribution; furin cleavage site; secondary structure; sequence analysis; homology modeling

Online: 24 May 2020 (20:31:16 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0304.v1

Neurological Complications of Pandemic COVID-19: What Have We Got So Far?

Isabelle Pastor Bandeira, Marco Antônio Machado Schlindwein, Leticia Caroline Breis, Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Neurology; coronavirus

Online: 17 April 2020 (15:27:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0141.v1

Risk of Human-to-Wildlife Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Sophie Gryseels, Luc De Bruyn, Ralf Gyselings, Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Fabian Leendertz, Herwig Leirs

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science And Zoology Keywords: mammals; wildlife; SARS-CoV-2; human-to-wildlife transmission; COVID-19

Online: 8 May 2020 (09:56:01 CEST)

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It has been a long time since the world has experienced a pandemic with such a rapid devastating impact as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The causative agent, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is further unusual in that it appears capable of infecting many different mammal species. As a significant proportion of people worldwide are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and may spread the infection unknowingly before symptoms occur or without any symptoms ever occurring, there is a non-negligible risk of humans spreading SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife, in particular mammals. Because of SARS-CoV-2’s evolutionary origins in bats and reports of humans transmitting the virus to pets and zoo animals, regulations for prevention of human-to-animal transmission have so far focused mostly on these animal groups. Here, we summarize recent studies and reports that show that a wide range of distantly related mammals are likely susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that susceptibility or resistance to the virus is in general not predictable, or only to some extent, by phylogenetic proximity to known susceptible or resistant hosts. In the absence of solid evidence on the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility/resistance for each of the >5,500 mammal species, we argue that sanitary precautions should be taken when interacting with any mammal species in the wild. Preventing human-to-wildlife SARS-CoV-2 transmission is important for protecting these (sometimes endangered) animals from disease, but also to avoid establishment of novel SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs in wild animals. The risk of repeated re-infection of humans from such a wildlife reservoir could severely hamper SARS-CoV-2 control efforts. For wildlife fieldworkers interacting directly or indirectly with mammals, we recommend sanitary precautions such as physical distancing, wearing face masks and gloves, and frequent decontamination, which are very similar to regulations currently imposed to prevent transmission among humans.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0091.v1

Evidence-Based Evaluation of PCR Diagnostics for SARS-Cov-2 and The Omicron Variants by Sanger Sequencing

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; RT-PCR; Sanger sequencing; RT-qPCR; receptor-binding domain (RBD); N-terminal domain (NTD); Omicron; multi-allelic SNPs; false-positive

Online: 12 April 2022 (03:57:29 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

A Preceding Low-virulence Strain Pandemic Inducing Immunity Against COVID-19

Hagai Perets, Ruth Perets

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; low-virulence; high-virulence; pandemic; T-cell; immunity; virus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 July 2020 (13:02:40 CEST)

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Mobility analysis identified East-Asia and Oceania countries to be highly-exposed to COVID-19 spread, consistent with the earliest spread occurring in these regions. However, here we show that while a strong positive correlation between case-numbers and exposure level could be seen early-on as expected, at later times the infection-level is found to be negatively correlated with exposure-level. Moreover, the infection level is positively correlated with the population size, which is puzzling since it has not reached the level necessary for population-size to affect infection-level through herd immunity. These issues are resolved if a low-virulence Corona-strain (LVS) began spreading earlier in China outside of Wuhan, and later globally, providing immunity from the later appearing high-virulence strain (HVS). Following its spread into Wuhan, cumulative mutations gave rise to the emergence of an HVS, known as SARS-CoV-2, starting the COVID-19 pandemic. We model the co-infection by an LVS and an HVS, and show that it can explain the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic and the non-trivial dependence on the exposure level to China and the population-size in each country. We find that the LVS began its spread a few months before the onset of the HVS, and that its spread doubling-time is

\sim 1.59 \pm 0.17

times slower than the HVS. Although more slowly spreading, its earlier onset allowed the LVS to spread globally before the emergence of the HVS. In particular, in countries exposed earlier to the LVS and/or having smaller population-size, the LVS could achieve herd-immunity earlier, and quench the later-spread HVS at earlier stages. We find our two-parameter (the spread-rate and the initial onset time of the LVS) can accurately explain the current infection levels (R^2

=0.74

; correlation p-value (p) of 5x10^-13

). Furthermore, countries exposed early should have already achieved herd-immunity. We predict that in those countries cumulative infection levels could rise by no more than 2-3 times the current level through local-outbreaks, even in the absence of any containment measures. We suggest several tests and predictions to further verify the double-strain co-infection model and discuss the implications of identifying the LVS.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0481.v1

Minimizing Errors in RT-PCR Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for Wastewater Surveillance

Warish Ahmed, Stuart Simpson, Paul Bertsch, Kyle Bibby, Aaron Bivins, Linda Blackall, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Albert Bosch, Joao Brandao, Phil Choi, Mark Ciesielski, Erica Donner, Nishita D'Souza, Andreas Farnleitner, Daniel Gerrity, Raul Gonzalez, John Griffith, Pradip Gyawali, Charles Haas, Kerry Hamilton, Chanditha Hapuarachchi, Valerie Harwood, Rehnuma Haque, Greg Jackson, Stuart Khan, Wesaal Khan, Masaaki Kitajima, Asja Korajkic, Giuseppina La Rosa, Blythe Layton, Erin Lipp, Sandra McLellan, Brian McMinn, Gertjan Medema, Suzanne Metcalfe, Wim Meijer, Jochen Mueller, Heather Murphy, Colleen Naughton, Rachel Noble, Sudhi Payyappat, Susan Petterson, Tarja Pitkanen, Veronica Rajal, Brandon Reyneke, Fernando Roman, Joan Rose, Marta Rusinol, Michael Sadowsky, Laura Sala-Comorera, Yin Xiang Setoh, Samendra Sherchan, Kwanrawee Sirikanchana, Wendy Smith, Joshua Steele, Rosalie Sabburg, Erin Symonds, Phong Thai, Kevin Thomas, Josh Tynan, Simon Toze, Janelle Thompson, Andy Whiteley, Judith Wong, Daisuke Sano, Stefan Wuertz, Irene Xagoraraki, Qian Zhang, Amity Zimmer-Faust, Orin Shanks

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Waste Management And Disposal Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Wastewater; Surveillance; False-positive; False-negative; RT-PCR

Online: 19 April 2021 (13:08:13 CEST)

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Wastewater surveillance for pathogens using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an effective, resource-efficient tool for gathering additional community-level public health information, including the incidence and/or prevalence and trends of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater may provide an early-warning signal of COVID-19 infections in a community. The capacity of the world’s environmental microbiology and virology laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 RNA characterization in wastewater is rapidly increasing. However, there are no standardized protocols nor harmonized quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance. This paper is a technical review of factors that can lead to false-positive and -negative errors in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, culminating in recommendations and strategies that can be implemented to identify and mitigate these errors. Recommendations include, stringent QA/QC measures, representative sampling approaches, effective virus concentration and efficient RNA extraction, amplification inhibition assessment, inclusion of sample processing controls, and considerations for RT-PCR assay selection and data interpretation. Clear data interpretation guidelines (e.g., determination of positive and negative samples) are critical, particularly during a low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Corrective and confirmatory actions must be in place for inconclusive and/or potentially significant results (e.g., initial onset or reemergence of COVID-19 in a community). It will also be prudent to perform inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure results are reliable and interpretable for ongoing and retrospective analyses. The strategies that are recommended in this review aim to improve SARS-CoV-2 characterization for wastewater surveillance applications. A silver lining of the COVID-19 pandemic is that the efficacy of wastewater surveillance was demonstrated during this global crisis. In the future, wastewater will play an important role in the surveillance of a range of other communicable diseases.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0311.v1

COVID-19 Outbreak Prediction with Machine Learning

Sina F. Ardabili, Amir Mosavi, Pedram Ghamisi, Filip Ferdinand, Annamaria R. Varkonyi-Koczy, Uwe Reuter, Timon Rabczuk, Peter M. Atkinson

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus disease; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; model; prediction; machine learning

Online: 19 April 2020 (01:47:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0242.v1

A Putative Prophylactic Solution for COVID-19: Development of Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate against SARS‐COV‐2 by Comprehensive Immunoinformatic and Molecular Modelling Approach

Hafiz Muzzammel Rehman, Muhammad Usman Mirza, Mahjabeen Saleem, Matheus Froeyen, Sarfraz Ahmad, Roquyya Gul, Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam, Muhammad Sajjad, Munir Ahmad Bhinder

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; spike protein; multiepitope vaccine; molecular modeling

Online: 15 March 2020 (12:45:54 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0372.v1

Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease from a Library of Marine Natural Products: A Virtual Screening and Molecular Modeling Study

Davide Gentile, Vincenzo Patamia, Angela Scala, Maria Teresa Sciortino, Anna Piperno, Antonio Rescifina

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Marine natural product; Virtual screening; Docking

Online: 25 March 2020 (08:23:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0558.v1

Recombinant Protein Vaccines, a Proven Approach Against Coronavirus Pandemics

Jeroen Pollet, Wen-Hsiang Chen, Ulrich Strych

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Adjuvants; Vaccine Production; Vaccine Delivery; Clinical Trials; Neutralizing Antibodies; Th1

Online: 22 November 2020 (11:57:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0397.v1

Genetic Uniformity of a Specific Region in SARS-CoV-2 Genome and In-Silico Target-Oriented Repurposing of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine

Omur Baysal, Ragip Soner Silme, Cagatay Karaaslan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Drug repurposing; N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; ORF1ab; Biodata mining; Protein modelling

Online: 24 May 2020 (18:49:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0272.v1

Anosmia and Ageusia as Initial or Unique Symptoms after SARS-COV-2 Virus Infection

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; smell; anosmia; taste; ageusia

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:42:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0348.v1

An Update on SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 with Particular Reference on Its Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology and Mitigation Strategies – A Review

Kuldeep Dhama, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Ruchi Tiwari, Yashpal Singh Malik, Rajendra Singh, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; clinical pathology; pathogenesis; immunopathology

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:51:17 CET)

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in early December 2019 in China and attained a pandemic situation worldwide by its rapid spread to nearly 167 countries with 287.239 confirmed cases and 11.921 human deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of around 4 per cent. Bats were considered as the reservoir host, and the search of a probable intermediate host is still going on. Animals have anticipated culprit of SARS-CoV-2 as of now. The disease is mainly manifested by pneumonia and related respiratory signs and symptoms, but the involvement of the gastrointestinal system and nervous system is also suggested. The severe form of the disease associated with death is mainly reported in older and immune-compromised patients with pre-existing disease history. Death in severe cases is attributed to respiratory failure associated with hyperinflammation. Cytokine storm syndrome associated with rampant inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as the leading killer of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients were reported with higher levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like IFN-g, IL-1b, IP-10, and MCP-1. Furthermore, severe cases of COVID-19 revealed higher levels of TNF-α, G-CSF, and MIP-1A. Blood profile of the COVID-19 patients exhibits lymphopenia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and RNAaemia along with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women does not lead to fetus mortalities unlike other zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with no evidence of intrauterine transmission to neonates. Rapid and confirmatory diagnostics have been developed, and high efforts are being made to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the absence of any virus-specific therapeutic, internationally health care authorities are recommending adoption of effective prevention and control measures to counter and contain this pandemic virus. This paper is an overview of this virus and the disease with a particular focus on SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19 clinical pathology, pathogenesis and immunopathology along with a few recent research developments.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0325.v1

A Retrospective Analysis of Influence of Environmental/Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak

Md. Arifur Rahman, Md. Golzar Hossain, Atul Chandra Singha, Md Sayeedul Islam, Md Ariful Islam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; infectivity; temperature; humidity

Online: 23 March 2020 (01:30:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0719.v1

Long-term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility

Meilin Jin, Xingyu Wang, Haini Jiang, Lijuan Hua, Weiwei Yu, dan ding, ke wang, Xiaopan Li, Kun Huang, Zhong zou, Shuyun Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-term; neutralization antibody; lymphocyte functionality; viral pathogenicity.

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:16:21 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0351.v1

BCG Vaccination Strategy for Preventaion against COVID-19: Hype or Hope?

Keshav Rajarshi, Aroni Chatterjee, Shashikant Ray

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; BCG immunization; SARS-CoV-2; immunity and tuberculosis

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:55:50 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Non-human Primates and Humans

P.J. Klasse, D. F. Nixon, J. P. Moore

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; T-cells; vaccines; animal models; Operation Warp Speed

Online: 27 October 2020 (11:25:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0609.v1

Evaluation of a Bioaerosol Sampler for Indoor Environmental Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Patrick F. Horve, Leslie Dietz, Dale Northcutt, Jason Stenson, Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Aerosols; Environmental Surveillance; Air Sampling

Online: 24 March 2021 (17:29:23 CET)

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Preprint OPINION | doi:10.3390/sci2030057

Global Significance of Mangrove Blue Carbon in Climate Change Mitigation (Version 1)

Daniel Alongi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: blue carbon; carbon; carbon stock; carbon sequestration; climate change; CO₂ emissions; mangrove; mitigation

Online: 23 July 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0189.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Literature and Status in India

Anbesh Jamwal, Sumedha Bhatnagar, Prakarti Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS CoV; SARS CoV-2; novel CoV; India

Online: 12 April 2020 (09:17:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0044.v1

Signatures of the Venezuelan Humanitarian Crisis in the First Wave of COVID-19: Fuel Shortages and Border Migration

Margarita Lampo, Juan Vicente Hernández-Villena, Jaime Cascante, María Fernanda Vicenti-González, David A. Forero-Peña, Maikell J. Segovia, Katie Hampson, Julio Castro, Maria Eugenia Grillet

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SEI models; metapoplations; Venezuela; SARS-CoV-2; drivers of transmission; spatial incidence.

Online: 1 June 2021 (15:18:05 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Cats and Dogs?

Min Shen, Chao Liu, Run Xu, Zijing Ruan, Shiying Zhao, Huidong Zhang, Wen Wang, Xinhe Huang, Li Yang, Yong Tang, Tai Yang, Xu Jia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); animal reservoir; cross-species transmission; cats

Online: 8 April 2020 (04:43:14 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0363.v2

Neutrophil Involvement in Covid-19

Athanasios Didangelos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Covid-19; SARS-Cov-2; inflammation; neutrophil

Online: 22 April 2020 (06:23:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0365.v1

Molecular Modelling and Docking Experiments Examining the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Konstantinos Farsalinos, Elias Eliopoulos, Demetres Leonidas, Georgios Papadopoulos, Socrates Tzartos, Konstantinos Poulas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; smoking; nicotine; nicotinic cholinergic system; inflammation; acetylcholine receptors

Online: 23 May 2020 (10:06:14 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0080.v2

SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV Share the Furin Site CGG-CGG Genetic Footprint

Antonio R. Romeu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; arginine dimer; polybasic furin cleavage site; aginine codon; Markov model; bioinformatics

Online: 14 October 2021 (13:08:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0377.v1

The Dynamics of Humoral Immune Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Potential for Reinfection

Paul Kellam, Wendy Barclay

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; immune response; antibodies

Online: 21 April 2020 (06:56:12 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Double-Edged Sword in COVID-19 Infection

Jana Burchfield

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Online: 25 March 2020 (03:56:27 CET)

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The role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has become a controversial topic of discussion. RAAS inhibitors, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which are used to treat cardiovascular diseases, have been implicated in potentially increasing cell surface levels of ACE2. ACE2 is the host receptor for COVID-19 that was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since December, COVID-19 has transmitted rapidly across the world and has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 is similar to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with the first case reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. COVID-19, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also similar to SARS-CoV, which first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, and caused an epidemic between November 2002 and July 2003. Both SARS-CoV and COVID-19 use ACE2 to enter host cells. ACE2 is primarily expressed in the mouth, lung, heart, esophagus, kidney, bladder, and intestines, and is a component of RAAS, which serves to maintain vascular tone and blood volume. Inhibition or activation of other components of RAAS has been shown to directly increase or decrease the expression and/or activity of ACE2. Furthermore, RAAS-targeting therapeutics, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, have also been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of ACE2, albeit in animal models. Although these changes in ACE2 have been demonstrated only in animal models, there is no evidence that administration of RAAS-targeting therapeutics to humans for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and heart failure) causes changes in ACE2 expression. Nor is there clinical evidence that RAAS-targeting therapeutics augment COVID-19 infection, morbidity, or mortality. However, clinical evidence does suggest that ACE2 expression may protect against respiratory distress caused by a variety of noxious agents. This review attempts to provide a balanced overview of the potential role of RAAS in regulating ACE2, and the role of ACE2 during COVID-19 infection. Evidence is provided to show that the expression of ACE2 may mediate both positive and negative outcomes, depending on the timing of ACE2 expression.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0400.v1

Susceptibility of the Elderly to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: ACE-2 Overexpression, Shedding and Antibody-dependent Enhancement (ADE)

Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron, Helder Nakaya

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; ACE-2

Online: 27 March 2020 (02:48:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2142.v2

Llama 2: Early Adopters' Utilization of Meta's New Open-Source Pretrained Model

Konstantinos I. Roumeliotis, Nikolaos D. Tselikas, Dimitrios K. Nasiopoulos

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Keywords: llama 2; llama2; llama 2 projects; llama 2 model architecture; llama 2 fine-tuning

Online: 2 August 2023 (04:30:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v3

Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study

Trina Ekawati Tallei, Sefren Geiner Tumilaar, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Johnson Kepel, Rinaldi Idroes, Yunus Effendi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Medicinal plants; Mpro; 3CLpro; spike (S) glycoprotein; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 July 2020 (08:37:49 CEST)

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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit the Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. A rule of five (RO5) was calculated to determine whether a compound meets the criteria as an active drug orally in humans. The determination of the docking score was done by selecting the best conformation of the protein-ligand complex that had the highest affinity (most negative Gibbs' free energy of binding / ΔG). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and nabiximols had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as M^pro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19. As judged by the RO5 and previous study by others, the compounds kaempferol, herbacetin, eugenol, and 6-shogaol have good oral bioavailability, so they are also seen as promising candidates for the development lead compounds to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0367.v1

Children Have Lower SARS-CoV-2 Viral Loads Than Adults

David Curtis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; viral load; children

Online: 23 May 2020 (10:15:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0273.v2

The Frequency of Combined IFITM3 Haplotype Involving the Reference Alleles of Both rs12252 and rs34481144 is in Line with COVID-19 Standardized Mortality Ratio of Ethnic Groups in England

Dimitris Nikoloudis, Dimitrios Kountouras, Asimina Hiona

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; IFITM3; rs12252; rs34481144; ethnic groups; bame; cytokine storm

Online: 20 August 2020 (04:29:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0317.v3

Effects of Boswellia serrata Roxb. and Curcuma longa L. in an In Vitro Intestinal Inflammation Model Using Immune Cells and Caco-2

Paolo Governa, Maddalena Marchi, Veronica Cocetta, Bianca De Leo, Philippa T. K. Saunders, Daniela Catanzaro, Elisabetta Miraldi, Monica Montopoli, Marco Biagi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Boswellia serrata Roxb.; Curcuma longa L.; intestinal bowel diseases (IBD); Caco-2; PBMC; HMC-1.1; mast cells; cytokines; trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER); reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Online: 8 November 2018 (04:53:46 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0144.v1

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to mitigate immune dysregulation and coagulopathy in COVID-19

Julie Desbarats

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, pyridoxine, vitamin B6, immune response, IL-6, TNF, type I interferon, lymphopenia, blood clotting, coagulopathy, cytokine storm, sphingosine-1-phosphate, kynurenine, inflammasome, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2), hypertension, angiotensin

Online: 8 May 2020 (12:36:03 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0340.v1

The Lysosome: A Potential Therapeutic Juncture between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease

Rami Ballout

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; lysosomal storage diseases; lipid rafts; cholesterol; angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2); cathepsins

Online: 24 March 2020 (03:07:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0125.v1

Photodynamic Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Viruses

Andrea L.-A. Monjo, Eric S. Pringle, Mackenzie Thornbury, Brett A. Duguay, Susan M. A. Monro, Marc Hetu, Danika Knight, Colin G. Cameron, Sherri McFarland, Craig McCormick

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: HSV-1; HSV-2; photodynamic inactivation; plaque assay; natural product; antiviral

Online: 7 September 2018 (05:26:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0145.v1

Lessons for SARS-CoV-2 Study (COVID-19 Disease) From Its Exosome Relatives

Pierre Arsene

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Exosome; Extracellular Vesicle; Diagnostics; Vaccine; Treatment

Online: 12 June 2020 (09:01:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0346.v1

A Hundred Lives Lost: Doctor Deaths in India During the Times of COVID-19

Rajeev Jayadevan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; deaths; doctor; nurse; pharmacist; healthcare worker; frontline; occupational risk; suicide; violent death; accident; pandemic; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 July 2020 (08:28:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0108.v1

Physical Effectiveness of Safety Interventions in Fire Engines to Reduce Potential Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COFIRE)

Elmar Bourdon, Thomas Schaefer, Maximilian Kittel, Matthias Raedle, Alexandra Heininger

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Safety Interventions; Fire Engine; Vehicle, Aerosol; Fine Dust Measurement

Online: 6 May 2021 (15:24:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0075.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and Advances in Developing Potential Therapeutics and Vaccines to Counter this Emerging Pandemic Virus – A Review

Ali A. Rabaan, Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed, Ranjit Sah, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Yashpal Singh Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Karam Pal Singh, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Shafiul Haque, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunotherapeutics; therapeutics; vaccines

Online: 7 April 2020 (02:01:34 CEST)

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A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing an emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China has resulted in an outbreak in China which has taken a catastrophic turn with high toll rates in China and subsequently spreading across the globe. The rapid spread of this virus to more than 175 countries while affecting nearly 500,000 persons and causing more than 22,000 human deaths, it has resulted in a pandemic situation in the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, all of which originated in bats. It is highly contagious, causing symptoms like fever, dyspnea, asthenia and pneumonia, thrombocytopenia and the severely infected patients succumb to the disease. Coronaviruses (CoVs) among all known RNA viruses have the largest genomes ranging from 26 to 32 kb in length. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and evolution, develop effective therapeutics, antiviral drugs and vaccines, and to design rapid and confirmatory viral diagnostics as well as adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies. Till date, no clinically proclaimed, proven therapeutic antibodies or specific drugs and therapeutics, and vaccines have turned up. Several molecular diagnostic tests such as Real Time-PCR, isothermal loop-mediated amplification of coronavirus (i-LACO), full genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays are in use currently for the laboratory confirmation of this CoV infection. In this review article, we describe the basic molecular organization and phylogenetic analysis of the coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2, and recent advances in diagnosis and vaccine development in brief and focusing mainly on developing potential therapeutic options that can be explored to manage this pandemic virus infection, which would help in valid countering of COVID-19.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0354.v1

SARS-CoV-2 May Persist in Digestive Tract Longer than Respiratory Tract

Yilin Hu, Lisha SHEN, Zheming XU, Jianying Zhou, Hua Zhou

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; case

Online: 24 February 2020 (14:03:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0152.v1

Hydrodynamic Cavitation-based Rapid Expansion of Hesperidin-rich Products from Waste Citrus Peel as a Potential Tool Against COVID-19

Francesco Meneguzzo, Rosaria Ciriminna, Federica Zabini, Mario Pagliaro

Subject: Physical Sciences, Fluids And Plasmas Physics Keywords: citrus fruits; coronavirus; COVID-19; flavonoids; hesperetin; hesperidin; hydrodynamic cavitation; pectin; SARS-CoV-2.

Online: 9 April 2020 (12:47:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0466.v1

The Disruption of SARS-CoV-2 RBD/ACE-2 Complex by Ubrogepant Is Mediated by Interface Hydration

Olaposi Omotuyi, Oyekanmi Nash, Bashiru Ajiboye, Damilohun Metibemu, Babatunji Oyinloye, Ayodeji Ojo, kunle Okaiyeto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 RBD; Ubrogepant; ACE-2; MD simulation

Online: 31 March 2020 (22:50:27 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0233.v2

Why Infants Rarely Die of COVID-19 and Morbidity and Mortality Rates Vary by Location: Pneumococcal and Hib Vaccinations as Possible Means to Mitigate Future Pandemics

Robert Root-Bernstein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Streptoccoci; Pneumococci; Haemophilus influenzae; Hib; Prevenar; vaccination; lactoferrin

Online: 7 May 2020 (05:48:34 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0235.v1

Database of COVID-19 Cases Treated with Classical Homeopathy

Seema Mahesh, Petr Hoffmann, Cristiane Kajimura, IACH COVID Collaborators, George Vithoulkas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Homeopathy; Database

Online: 13 January 2023 (04:33:23 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0146.v1

Virtual Screening of Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease

Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz, Luisa N. Pimentel-Vera, Angela Caro, Angela Mosquera, Camilo Andrés Castellanos Moreno, Juan Pablo Manosalva Rojas, Diana Carolina Díaz-Tribaldos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Coronavirus Disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2; main protease; molecular docking-based virtual screening

Online: 9 April 2020 (09:34:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

COVID-19 Perfect Storm (Part II): Role of Vitamins as Therapy or Preventive Strategy in Aged People

Sirio Fiorino, Claudio Gallo, Maddalena Zippi, Sergio Sabbatani, Roberto Manfredi, Renzo Moretti, Elisa Fogacci, Caterina Maggioli, Francesca Travasoni Loffredo, Enrico Giampieri, Ivan Corazza, Christoph Dickmans, Claudio Denitto, Michele Cammarosano, Michele Battilana, Paolo Emilio Orlandi, Francesco Del Forno, Francesco Miceli, Michela Visani, Giorgia Acquaviva, Paolo Leandri, Elio Jovine, Roberto Iovine, Dario de Biase

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS; CoV-2; COVID-19; vitamins; therapeutic strategy

Online: 18 May 2020 (12:51:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0244.v1

Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data Fusion for Mapping and Monitoring Wetlands

Gordana Kaplan, Ugur Avdan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Remote Sensing Keywords: Image Fusion, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Wetlands, Object-Based Classification, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Online: 13 July 2018 (17:11:07 CEST)

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Wetlands benefits can be summarized but are not limited to their ability to store floodwaters and improve water quality, providing habitats for wildlife and supporting biodiversity, as well as aesthetic values. Over the past few decades, remote sensing and geographical information technologies has proven to be a useful and frequent applications in monitoring and mapping wetlands. Combining both optical and microwave satellite data can give significant information about the biophysical characteristics of wetlands and wetlands` vegetation. Also, fusing data from different sensors, such as radar and optical remote sensing data, can increase the wetland classification accuracy. In this paper we investigate the ability of fusion two fine spatial resolution satellite data, Sentinel-2 and the Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite, Sentinel-1, for mapping wetlands. As a study area in this paper, Balikdami wetland located in the Anatolian part of Turkey has been selected. Both Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images require pre-processing before their use. After the pre-processing, several vegetation indices calculated from the Sentinel-2 bands were included in the data set. Furthermore, an object-based classification was performed. For the accuracy assessment of the obtained results, number of random points were added over the study area. In addition, the results were compared with data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle collected on the same data of the overpass of the Sentinel-2, and three days before the overpass of Sentinel-1 satellite. The accuracy assessment showed that the results significant and satisfying in the wetland classification using both multispectral and microwave data. The statistical results of the fusion of the optical and radar data showed high wetland mapping accuracy, with an overall classification accuracy of approximately 90% in the object-based classification. Compared with the high resolution UAV data, the classification results give promising results for mapping and monitoring not just wetlands, but also the sub-classes of the study area. For future research, multi-temporal image use and terrain data collection are recommended.

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0091.v1

Predicting the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Utilizing Capability as the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2

Ye Qiu, Yuan-Bo Zhao, Qiong Wang, Jin-Yan Li, Zhi-JIan ZHou, Ce-Heng Liao, Xing-Yi Ge

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); receptor utilization; phylogenetic analysis.

Online: 5 March 2020 (12:12:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0623.v1

How Schools affected COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Data Analysis for Lombardy Region, Campania Region, and Emilia Region

Davide Tosi, Alessandro Siro Campi

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Information Systems Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Big Data; Data Analytics; Predictive Models; Schools

Online: 25 March 2021 (14:35:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0038.v2

An Inter-Comparison of Techniques for Determining Velocities of Maritime Arctic Glaciers, Svalbard, Using Radarsat-2 Wide Fine Mode Data

Thomas Schellenberger, Wesley Van Wychen, Luke Copland, Andreas Kääb, Laurence Gray

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: SAR offset and speckle tracking; glacier velocity; Radarsat-2 Wide Fine; Svalbard

Online: 10 September 2016 (05:03:14 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

A New Perspective of Genetic Associations to the Cause of Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Genes Expressed on Chromosomes 2 and 5

Robin Terese Montesano

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: multiple sclerosis; MS; cause; genes; polygenic; heredity; autoimmune; diet; depression; fatigue; suicide; seizures; bowel disorders; thyroid; mitochondria; chromosome 2; chromosome 5; glial cells; sunlight; vitamin D3; ultraviolet radiation; melanocyte stimulating hormone; melanocyte concentrating hormone; stress

Online: 22 July 2019 (04:37:27 CEST)

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The literature on the causation of multiple sclerosis (MS), both genetic and environmental, extends over hundreds of years, with no firm conclusions on the exact role of autoimmunity and lifestyle. The epidemiology of MS was the basis for this review, but with a new, extensive examination of genes pertaining to each disorder, and disease of first, and second, degree relatives of those with MS. The author’s motivation was to discover some relationship between MS, and notable familial conditions, as the heredity of MS is concluded to be 30%, and the disorders had a chronic and/or idiopathic nature. This investigation hoped to further understand the randomness of MS- who acquires it, and what symptoms develop- after the author’s decades of observing several incidences of multiple members developing MS in a single family. Online databases for the human genome were used to link genes to MS, and symptoms, including excessive depression, fatigue and suicide rates, in coordination with linking genes for specific familial conditions including seizures, stroke, mental illness, bowel disorders, and thyroid conditions. Interesting associations were found, notably a cluster of Th2 cytokines, known to cure the animal model of MS, important receptors for neurotransmitters and hormones, a gene specific to Epstein Barr Virus, and potential genes for mitochondrial dysfunction. The results surprised the author, showing polygenic regions of chromosome 2 and 5, especially a cluster at loci 5q31-q33, may be dysregulated. The conclusion agrees with past hypotheses MS results not from a single gene, but from various genes, including those expressed in glial cells. The individual theories to the causation of MS, starting with Charcot may be explained by multiple pathways converging into a single disease outcome. In coordination with a sunlight factor, chromosome 2 appears to mediate the immune system, and inflammation, through ultraviolet radiation producing vitamin D3 in the skin, but additionally through peptides formed in the melanocyte stimulating and concentrating hormone class. The impact of stress in MS could be primary, given the loci of several stress-related and stress-modulated genes on these chromosomes, and calls for more appreciation of, and greater care for, the MS patients’ state of mind.

Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Sars-Cov-2 Wastewater Surveillance for Public Health Action: Connecting Perspectives From Wastewater Researchers and Public Health Officials During a Global Pandemic

Jill McClary-Gutierrez, Mia Mattioli, Perrine Marcenac, Andrea Silverman, Alexandria Boehm, Kyle Bibby, Michael Balliet, Francis de los Reyes III, Daniel Gerrity, John Griffith, Patricia Holden, Dimitrios Katehis, Greg Kester, Nathan LaCross, Erin Lipp, Jonathan Meiman, Rachel Noble, Dominique Brossard, Sandra McLellan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Water Science And Technology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; wastewater surveillance

Online: 7 June 2021 (13:01:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0068.v2

Classical and Novel TSPO Ligands for the Mitochondrial TSPO can Modulate Nuclear Gene Expression: Implications for Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling

Nasra Yasin, Leo Veenman, Sukhdev Singh, Maya Azrad, Julia Bode, Alex Vainshtein, Bea Caballero, Ilan Marek, Moshe Gavish

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: modulation of nuclear gene expression; mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO); TSPO ligand; PK 11195; 2-Cl-MGV-1; retrograde mitochondrial-nuclear signaling pathway; microscopy; mitochondria; cell nucleus

Online: 17 March 2017 (17:28:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0165.v2

Conserved Sequence Features in the Spike Protein Provide Evidence Suggesting the Origin of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-Related Viruses by Recombination between SARS virus and Another Sarbecovirus

Radhey S. Gupta, Bijendra Khadka

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Conserved signature indels (CSIs) specific for SARS and SARS-CoV-2-related viruses. Molecular markers distinguishing different clades of Sarbecovirus, Evolutionary relationships between SARS and SARS-CoV-2-related viruses, Origin of SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin CoV_MP789 viruses, Novel sequence and structural features of spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Genetic recombination.

Online: 26 August 2020 (10:17:16 CEST)

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Both SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and SARS coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the subgenus Sarbecovirus. To understand the origin of SARS-CoV-2, protein sequences from sarbecoviruses were analyzed to identify highly-specific molecular markers consisting of conserved inserts or deletions (termed CSIs) in the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins that are specific for either particular clusters/lineages of these viruses or are commonly shared by specific lineages. Three novel CSIs in the N-terminal domain of the spike protein S1-subunit (S1-NTD) are uniquely shared by the SARS-CoV-2, BatCoV-RaTG13 and most pangolin CoVs, distinguishing this cluster of viruses (SARS-CoV-2r) from all others. In the same positions, where these CSIs are found, related CSIs are also present in two other sarbecoviruses (viz. CoVZXC21 and CoVZC45 forming CoVZC cluster), which form an out group of the SARS-CoV-2r cluster. These three CSIs are not found in the SARS-CoVs. However, both SARS and SARS-CoV-2r CoVs contain two large CSIs in the C-terminal domain of S1 (S1-CTD), which binds the human ACE-2 receptor, that are absent in the CoVZC cluster of CoVs. These results indicate that while the S1-NTD of the SARS-CoV-2r viruses possesses the sequence characteristics of the CoVZC cluster of CoVs, their S1-CTD resembles the SARS viruses. Thus, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2r viruses has likely originated from a recombination event between the S1-NTD of the CoVZC viruses and the S1-CTD of SARS viruses. This inference is also supported by the amino acid sequence similarity of the S1-NTD and S1-CTD from SARS-CoV-2 compared to the CoVZC and SARS CoVs. We also present evidence that one of the pangolin-CoV_MP789, whose receptor-binding domain is most similar to the SARS-CoV-2, is also derived by a recent recombination between the S1-NTD of the CoVZC CoVs and the S1-CTD of a SARS-CoV-2 related virus. Several other identified CSIs are specific for others clusters of sarbecoviruses including a clade consisting of bat SARS-CoVs (BM48-31/BGR/2008 and SARS_BtKY72). Structural mappings studies show that the identified CSIs are located within surface-exposed loops and form distinct patches on the surface of the spike protein. These surface loops/patches are predicted to interact with other host components and play important role in the biology/pathology of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Lastly, the CSIs specific for the SARS-CoV-2r clade provide novel means for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for these viruses.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0450.v1

Revealing Anti-viral Potential of Bio-active Therapeutics Targeting SARS-CoV2- polymerase (RdRp) in Combating COVID-19: Molecular Investigation on Indian Traditional Medicines

Dhanasekaran Sivaraman, Puspharaj selvadoss Pradeep

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Indian medicines; Phytotherapeutics; Favipiravir

Online: 31 March 2020 (09:56:59 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0125.v1

Darunavir Disrupts Critical Nodes in Metastable 2019-nCoV-RBD/ACE-2 Complex

Olaposi Idowu Omotuyi, Oyekanmi Nash, Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, Damilohun Samuel Metibemu, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, Niyi Samuel Adelakun, Ramona Hurdayal, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Abidemi Paul Kappo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: 2019-nCoV; Darunavir; ACE-2; Receptor Binding Domain; Metastable Conformation; FDA database

Online: 7 March 2020 (16:28:05 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0333.v2

2-Deoxy-d-glucose Inhibits Replication of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with Adverse Effects on Host Cell Metabolism

Vikas Malgotra, Varun Sharma

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 2-Deoxyglucose; Adverse effects; COVID-19; Glutamine; PI3K/Akt

Online: 1 July 2021 (13:04:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0451.v1

Burnout in the Clinical Personnel of Puerto Rico during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gustavo Cortina-Rodríguez, Yelianne Afanador

Subject: Social Sciences, Behavior Sciences Keywords: Burnout syndrome; MBI; Clinical personnel; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; metal health

Online: 19 July 2020 (21:24:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0063.v1

A Proposal for Isotherm World Maps to Forecast the Seasonal Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Nicola Scafetta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Pandemic geographical distribution; Epidemic forecasting; Weather conditions; Climatic zones.

Online: 6 April 2020 (14:11:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0204.v2

Hospital and Population-Based Evidences for COVID-19 Early Circulation in the East of France

Laurent Gerbaud, Candy Guiguet-Auclair, Franck Breysse, Joséphine Odoul, Lemlih Ouchchane, Jonathan Peterschmitt, Camille Dezfouli-Desfer, Vincent Breton

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; epidemic surveillance; emerging infectious disease; epidemic threshold

Online: 23 September 2020 (11:10:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0541.v9

A Solution of The Collatz Conjecture Problem

baoyuan duan

Subject: Computer Science And Mathematics, Signal Processing Keywords: Collatz conjecture; (*3+1)/2^k odd sequence; (*3+2^m-1)/2^k odd sequence; (*3+2^m-1)/2^k odd tree; weight function

Online: 21 July 2023 (08:53:32 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0468.v1

A Review of COVID-19 Vaccines: What Needs to Be Known and Its Expected Effect on the Human Population?

Syahrul Tuba, Widyati Widyati, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Vaccine Development; Clinical Trial; COVID-19; SARS-COV-2

Online: 19 April 2021 (12:04:31 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0105.v1

COVID-19 and Recycled Wastewater Irrigation: A Review of Implications

Md. Moinul Hosain Oliver, Guna Alankerage Hewa, David Pezzaniti, Md. Ariful Haque, Shamsul Haque, Md. Manjurul Haque, Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. Mostafizar Rahman, Khokan K. Saha, Md. Nurul Kadir

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Recycled Wastewater; Irrigation; Sprinkler; Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 June 2020 (16:00:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0330.v1

Brainstem Dysfunction in SARS-COV2 Infection Can Be a Potential Cause of Respiratory Distress

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; respiratory distress; brainstem; respiratory center

Online: 19 April 2020 (05:37:30 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0260.v2

COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Anshumali Mittal, Kavyashree Manjunath, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Sandeep Kaushik, Sujeet Kumar, Vikash Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-like coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); RdRp; Remdesivir; and neutralizing antibody

Online: 10 July 2020 (16:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0501.v1

COVID-19 and Amazonia: Sustainable alternatives for an economic collapse

Luisa Diele-Viegas, Eder Pereira

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Economic recession; SARS-CoV-2; Deforestation; Climate Change; Amazonia Integrity; Green Bonds

Online: 29 April 2020 (05:05:33 CEST)

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The severity of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak demand from countries to adopt extreme measurements of social isolation to stop the spread and flatten the curve of contamination. Although social isolation measures may have negative impacts on economy, historically it has been showed to be more effective in saving lives and less damaging to economy than not adopting these measurements during a viral pandemic. In Brazil, despite the positioning of the president against social isolation due to the consequent economic recession, the rapid spread of the virus has worried the governors of the Brazilian states, which are thus managing stringent social isolation measurements to avoid the advance of the virus. Since one of the main strategies to guarantee progress and economic growth in Brazil has been the exploitation of natural resources from the Amazonia biome, here we discuss the importance of this biome to Brazilian economy during the post-pandemic recession and highlights potential strategies to burst the economy without promoting Amazonia destruction. We show that, together with the REDD+ and the Amazon Fund, the Forest bonds represents good strategies to burst Brazilian economy in a sustainable way, showing that it is possible to improve the commodities without increasing Amazonia deforestation or the greenhouse gases emissions. Amazonia is a biome of global importance for the avoidance of another global crisis, which will occur if we reach the climatic tipping point of 1.5°C. Thus, governmental actions should go towards its preservation, not exploitation and depletion. The commitment of the government with environmental conservation is paramount so that these economic strategies have positive results, especially in a post-pandemic scenario, where the economy will be extremely weakened. The COVID-19 brings us a lesson regarding how our attitudes can impact the world, and what we can expect from a global crisis. Perhaps we can apply these lessons and focus on change our economy towards a sustainable direction to avoid another global crisis in the years to come.

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