Engineering

Abstract: The rapid advancement of Machine Learning (ML) has significantly transformed polymer science by enabling efficient prediction and design of polymer properties through high‑throughput screening. However, current methods still struggle with nonlinear Structure–Property Relationships (SPRs), limited dataset standardization, and computational inefficiency, which restrict prediction accuracy and interpretability. This study proposes a comprehensive ML‑based framework for predicting polymer properties and identifying SPRs. The approach integrates data preprocessing, molecular descriptor and topological index–based feature extraction, iterative feature selection, and XGBoost predictive modeling. Model hyperparameters are optimized using the Starfish Optimization Algorithm (SOA) to enhance performance and efficiency. Model interpretability is achieved through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), providing both global and local insights into the influence of molecular features on polymer properties. Experimental evaluation on the PolyOne dataset demonstrates strong predictive performance, with R² values exceeding 0.92, mean absolute error (MAE) below 0.08, and root mean square error (RMSE) under 0.12 for key physical and optical polymer properties. Overall, the proposed framework effectively balances accuracy, computational efficiency, and interpretability, offering a robust and practical tool for accelerating polymer design while enhancing understanding of molecular structure–property relationships.

Abstract: We conduct a theoretical analysis on the diffusiophoretic motion of a dielectric droplet in a cylindrical pore in the presence of an induced diffusion potential, such as in the NaCl electrolyte solution. The fundamental electrokinetic governing equations are solved using a patched pseudo-spectral method based on Chebyshev polynomials, coupled with a geometric mapping scheme to handle the irregular solution domain. The impact of boundary confinement effect on droplet mobility is examined in detail. Interesting electrokinetic phenomena are found in this work, such as mobility reversal in narrow cylindrical pores with the droplet moving against the direction expected based on the classical Coulomb electrostatic law due to the strong boundary confinement effect. Two critical points of κa are found, where κ is the electrolyte strength and a is the droplet radius. The spinning orientation on the droplet surface changes each time past them. The profound boundary confinement effect, both electrostatically and hydrodynamically, is responsible for these peculiar phenomena. The results presented here has direct applications in microfluidic and nanofluidic operations as well as drug delivery applications.

Abstract: The recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is gaining increasing importance, as it enables the conversion of plastic waste into valuable raw materials and contributes to a circular economy. Recent research has primarily focused on optimizing the depolymerization step of PET glycolysis, while downstream processes often overlooking the at least equally critical downstream steps in recovering the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The implementation of a water‑free PET glycolysis process eliminates challenges related to internal solvent and homogeneous catalyst recycling that commonly occur in conventional processes. This study therefore focuses on BHET crystallization and filtration as key downstream unit operations. Two nucleation strategies, gassing and seeding, were investigated and compared with experiments without a nucleation strategy. The aim was to achieve reproducible process control during crystallization and to obtain crystals with good filterability, which is essential for efficient washing and high product purity. Experiments without a nucleation strategy showed poor reproducibility. In contrast, gassing and seeding improved crystallization control, particularly regarding nucleation temperature and relative crystallization yield. However, these strategies also resulted in significantly prolonged filtration times due to differences in filter cake properties. The anisotropic crystals exhibited a broad particle size distribution with a high fraction of fine particles, leading to small and heterogeneous pores in the filter cake. Limited crystal growth was identified as the main cause of the unfavorable filtration behavior.

Abstract: Plastics pyrolysis is increasingly pursued as a pathway for producing circular hydrocarbon feedstocks for petrochemical integration. However, non-integrated reactor configurations often exhibit limited heat-transfer control, significant char handling requirements, and variable product distributions. This work presents a system-level interpretation of the MLM-R™ process, an integrated pyrolysis–combustion loop in which a circulating solid heat carrier enables continuous thermal supply through internal oxidation of carbonaceous residues. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) was applied to reconcile mass, elemental carbon, and chemical energy distributions across the defined process boundary. For the representative case study (1,000 kg polyolefin basis), ~81% of feed carbon and ~83% of feed chemical energy (HHV basis) were recovered in the condensed liquid product, while ~7% of feed carbon was internally combusted to sustain autothermal operation. Simulated distillation analysis indicates that removal of a ~15 wt% C34+ heavy fraction enables compliance with refinery-relevant boiling range targets (≥95% below 480°C). The combined MFA and physicochemical interpretation supports the role of integrated solids circulation and heat-transfer control as primary drivers of product selectivity and process scalability in circular feedstock production.

Abstract: The Zeta-Minimizer Theorem establishes a variational foundation for the Riemann zeta function by minimizing a phase functional derived from the compressibility factor. Starting from the classical virial expansion, the theorem performs an exact exponential resummation that yields the Euler product form of ζ(s) over a finite helical basis. In a symmetric measure space equipped with non-proper Archimedean conical helices, four geometric constraints—rational signed cosines, positive integer representation dimensions, non-zero integer differences, and prime-modulated exponential decays—force primes to emerge as indivisible cycles in the representation graph, via Hilbert’s irreducibility theorem and Maschke’s theorem. Corollaries include the deductive proof of the Riemann Hypothesis (non-trivial zeros spectrally centered on Re⁡(s)=1/2), stacked phases as stratified orbifolds, emergent layered geometries, bounded prime descent, and dimensional resistance. The three axioms abstract thermodynamic equilibrium conditions purely: strict concavity of entropy on measures, non-vanishing spectral Gibbs minima, and covariance with flux conservation. Number-theoretic structures, complex numbers, polynomials, and quantization itself appear as projected artifacts of the underlying variational optimization. Applications range from atomic stratification (quantized shells arising from phase jumps) and angular-momentum tensors to the fine-structure constant (emergent from cycle sums with β=5 leaps) and covariant mappings to arbitrary conjugate variables via category-theoretic functors and renormalization-group universality. By demoting elementary mathematical constructs to derived descriptions of thermodynamic optimization on the helical manifold, ZMT provides a unified deductive framework for analytic number theory, algebraic geometry, and spectral theory.

Abstract: Magnesium hydroxide is attracting growing interest as a versatile, halogen free flame retardant, and this review surveys its production routes, structure–property relationships and use in polymer systems from commodity polyolefins to advanced bio based materials. Industrial Mg(OH)₂ is still predominantly obtained from mining or hydration of MgO, but increasing attention is being devoted to recovery from seawater and saltwork brines, where precipitation from Mg²⁺ rich streams followed by controlled rehydration or direct precipitation yields fine, high purity powders suitable for flame retardant use and simultaneously valorizes saline wastes. In parallel, hydrothermal synthesis has been extensively explored to tailor particle size and morphology by adjusting precursor, solvent, temperature and time, enabling high surface area Mg(OH)₂ or MgO with narrow size distributions that are attractive for high performance composites also evaluated via ball milling crushing and refining. More recently, process intensification strategies such as microwaves and ultrasounds have been proposed to shorten reaction times, lower temperatures and better control nucleation and growth, opening paths toward energy efficient production of structured Mg(OH)₂ from both conventional and brine derived precursors. The second part of the review analyzes how the intrinsic endothermic decomposition and basic character of Mg(OH)₂ can be utilized across a broad range of polymer matrices and how surface functionalization strategies extend its applicability. In addition to “as received” powders, stearic acid and other fatty acids, metal soaps and various organic coupling agents are widely used to render the surface more hydrophobic, enhance dispersion and interfacial adhesion, and in some cases introduce additional char forming or barrier functionality. On the application side, the review compiles and compares fire and mechanical data for Mg(OH)₂ containing, polyolefins (HDPE, LLDPE, PP and EVA) used in cables and building products expandable polymers and foams, bio polymers such as PLA and PBS and elastomers with emphasis on the balance between loading level, processability, flame performance and mechanical integrity. By integrating advances in sustainable feedstocks, controlled synthesis and surface engineering with the rapidly expanding application space, this review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for designing next generation Mg(OH)₂ based flame retardant systems for both conventional and emerging polymer technologies.

Abstract: A computational model of anisotropic biomass particle pyrolysis was used to study the influence of particle properties and process conditions. The model couples multicomponent CRECK kinetics with intraparticle heat and mass transport. Particle size and lignocellulosic composition significantly affect conversion time and product yields; aspect ratio was also found to be important for larger-diameter particles. Larger particles (8 mm diameter, 4:1 aspect ratio) showed conversion times more than twice those of 3 mm particles, and char yield increased from about 16% to 23% when comparing small and large particles. Lignin-rich materials (e.g., palm shell) produced higher char and lower volatile yields than cellulose-rich biomass (wood, sugarcane bagasse); for 3 mm particles, char changed from 16% (oak) to 23% (palm shell). Higher reactor temperatures and heating rates substantially shortened particle conversion time—by up to 75%—and noticeably affected product yields. Analysis of the Biot and Pyrolysis numbers indicates millimeter-scale particles operate in a transition regime where internal conduction, external convection, and chemical kinetics occur on comparable timescales, so models must include these phenomena to accurately predict conversion times and final yields for reactor design and optimization.

Abstract: Gel electrolyte batteries have prominent advantages in safety, service life and environmental adaptability, leading to their increasing application in various fields. Compared with liquid electrolyte batteries, gel batteries exhibit excellent internal resistance consistency, which contributes to more stable current, gentler voltage changes and lower temperature rise during charging and discharging processes. However, traditional methods for estimating the SOC of gel batteries based on electrical and temperature parameters fail to achieve satisfactory accuracy due to the aforementioned characteristics. To address this issue, this paper considers the changes in the physical properties of the electrolyte during the charging and discharging of gel batteries, investigates their multi-layer structure and analyzes the feasibility of SOC estimation using ultrasonic technology. Through ultrasonic experiments, the characteristic parameters in ultrasonic time-frequency signals that are highly correlated with the SOC of gel batteries are extracted and analyzed. Subsequently, based on machine learning algorithms, a SOC estimation method for gel batteries using multi-dimensional ultrasonic time-frequency features is proposed. The verification experiments show that the RMSE and MAE of this estimation results are both within 1% which confirm the effectiveness and high accuracy of the proposed method.

Abstract: Biomass valorization plays a vital role in achieving carbon neutrality and circular economy frameworks. Owing to its carbon rich structure, biomass represents a promising feedstock to produce bio-based hydrocarbons via biological and thermochemical pathways. While biological conversion routes have been extensively studied, their deployment at commercial scale is constrained by high capital costs and low product yields. In contrast, thermochemical conversion technologies are increasingly being explored as viable largescale biomass valorization routes. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of thermochemical pathways, with particular emphasis on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). HTL enables the efficient conversion of wet and heterogeneous lignocellulosic biomass without energy intensive drying pretreatments. The review critically examines the formation and physicochemical properties of the two main HTL products, namely liquid biocrude and solid hydrochar. Special attention is devoted to challenges associated with biocrude quality, particularly its high oxygen content, and corresponding upgrading strategies. Additionally, the diverse applications of hydrochar for energy recovery, soil amendment, and heterogeneous catalyst synthesis are discussed. The article also compares the technology readiness levels of thermochemical conversion routes and highlights the growing role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in process modelling and optimization. Finally, future research directions are identified, emphasizing design by specification strategies and physics informed AI to enable scalable, autonomous biomass conversion technologies.

Abstract: Automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous and non-biodegradable waste generated during the painting process in the automotive sector. Approximately 40% of paint sprayed on automotive parts ends up as waste, resulting in huge amounts of APS generated every year. Its complex composition, which includes heavy metals and other toxic substances, poses significant environmental and health risks if not properly managed. Conventional disposal methods are increasingly unsustainable, necessitating for alternative approached that enable both waste reduction and resource recovery. This review explores existing literature on the thermochemical conversion of APS, with attention on combustion, incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. The paper looks at process performance, operational challenges, product distribution, and environmental implications, while identifying key knowledge gaps and emerging research directions. Thermochemical conversion technologies show potential for APS valorization via the production of syngas, liquid fuels, and char, alongside significant waste volume reduction. However, the high moisture content of APS presents serious difficulties, as it can lead to incomplete combustion, increased hazardous emissions, and the generation of heavy metal-contaminated ash requiring disposal. Mitigation strategies like pre-drying and advanced emission control systems are effective but energy-intensive and economically burdensome. Emerging approaches, particularly co-gasification and co-pyrolysis with high-calorific feedstocks, show promise in overcoming these challenges through synergistic interactions. Thermochemical conversion offers a viable route for sustainable APS management, enabling resource recovery and energy generation while lowering environmental impacts. However, technical and economic constraints associated with feedstock properties and process requirements limit its standalone application. Future research should focus on scale-up feasibility to support the transition of APS thermochemical conversion technologies from laboratory to industrial application, while considering environmental and economic requirements.

Abstract: In faecal sludges (FS) from non-sewered sanitation systems, bound moisture consti-tuted 46-67% of total moisture across all sanitation types investigated, yet the energet-ic basis for its resistance to removal has not previously been characterized. Existing classifications of moisture fractions lack quantitative binding energy data, leaving the thermodynamic limits of solid–liquid separation undefined for FS. This study investi-gates the distribution and binding energies of bound moisture fractions in FS obtained from ventilated pit latrines, urine-diverting dehydrating toilets, and septic tank sys-tems. Bound moisture fractions were determined using moisture sorption isotherms, low-temperature convective drying, nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravi-metric–differential scanning calorimetry analyses. Results show that interstitial mois-ture constituted 37–50% of total moisture, followed by vicinal (6–14%) and intracellu-lar (3–9%) fractions, with net isosteric heat rising sharply below 20–30% moisture content (w.b.). Evaporation enthalpy exceeded that of bulk water at moisture contents below ~30% (w.b.), consistent with EPS-mediated adsorption and capillary confine-ment contributing to increased energy requirements for moisture removal and indi-cating a transition from capillary-controlled to structure-influenced retention. These findings provide a thermodynamic basis for interpreting why conventional mechani-cal dewatering stalls at a residual moisture content that differs systematically between VIP, UDDT, and septic tank sludges. These insights are relevant for improving FS treatment strategies, particularly in selecting appropriate combinations of dewatering, drying, and pre-treatment processes.

Abstract: Nano-composite coatings offer significant potential to improve the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of traditional materials. This review focuses on epoxy polymers reinforced with silica nanoparticles, which are promising for creating films that enhance structural strength. The incorporation of silica nanoparticles into epoxy matrices results in nano-composite films with adhesion, hardness, and toughness, due to strong interfacial bonding and uniform dispersion. The review explores various synthesis and fabrication methods, including sol-gel processes, in-situ polymerization, and surface modification, and their effects on the composite’s appearance and performance. It also examines how silica nanoparticles contribute to strengthening the epoxy matrix via energy dissipation, crack deflection, and stress transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, the influence of surface functionalization, dispersion quality, and nanoparticle loading on mechanical properties is analyzed. The potential applications in protective coatings, structural adhesives, and fiber-reinforced composites highlight the importance of silica-epoxy nano-composites, while addressing environmental concerns, scalability, and nanoparticle aggregation challenges.

Abstract: This work establishes that the complete set of Maxwell’s equations and the dynamics of the electromagnetic field emerge deductively as a theorem from the three primitive axioms of the Zeta-Minimizer Theorem (ZMT). Starting from the helical transfer matrix in star topology with anchor prime 19 and applying the integer gear up to its prime rule, the grand-partition function is uniquely constructed. Critical compositions in the s→0 limit fix the per-gear constants C_k, which govern the interaction parameters and the full Lyapunov spectrum. Thermodynamic continuity at interfaces of differing gear content then enforces the matching condition that recovers Maxwell’s equations and the electromagnetic field dynamics from first principles via the covariant fugacity Hessian. As the principal engineering realization, the Radial Helical Gear Condenser (RHGC) is introduced, a self-regulating cylindrical membrane whose hybrid layered polymer–metal composite architecture enables precise radial pressure-gradient tuning. This spontaneously forms a thin, controllable shell of marginal stability (λ_(k,19)=0). The results provide a thermodynamic origin for electromagnetism and a versatile, first-principles pathway to high-temperature superconductivity and advanced materials design.

Abstract: The presence of toxic, corrosive, and environmentally harmful sulfur compounds within natural gas streams necessitates their removal to ensure compliance with fuel quality standards and regulations. Previous studies into MMOs (mixed metal oxides) as adsorbent or catalysts for sulfur compound removal have generally focused upon hydrogen sulfide (H₂S); however, few studies have assessed the removal of organic sulfur compounds like mercaptans. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of various preparation routes on the performance of supported metal-oxide catalysts that remove mercaptans from natural gases; specifically, filtration-based and evaporative based catalyst synthesis methods were investigated. A set of different catalysts; Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and a composite (Mn-Cu-Zn-Ni) were prepared using filtration or evaporation solvent removal in this research and characterized by BET, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS and XPS, and their adsorption performance was assessed through fixed-bed breakthrough experiments under representative operating conditions (25°C, 200 psi, 36 mL/min). The results demonstrate that catalysts prepared via evaporation consistently exhibit greater sulfur compounds adsorption performance compared to catalysts prepared through filtration method, primarily due to enhanced retention of active metal species and improved surface accessibility. As confirmed from the characterization, all these improvements result from the fact that the evaporation method enhances the interaction between the metals and oxygen (FTIR); increases the amount of oxides formed as well as improves their distribution (XRD); provides access to more available metal surfaces (XPS/EDS); and creates pore structures and morphologies that are more open and accessible (SEM/BET). Among the catalysts studied, the Mn and Cu catalysts prepared by evaporation achieved the highest breakthrough times 1410 minutes and 1350 minutes, respectively, exceeding the performance of a commercial benchmark catalyst with breakthrough time of 1200 minutes under identical conditions. These findings demonstrate that the evaporation method enables more effective utilization of metal-oxygen active sites and significantly enhances sulfur adsorption capacity. Overall, this work establishes evaporation as a superior and scalable preparation strategy for metal oxide catalysts and provides important structure performance insights for the design of cost-effective catalyst for industrial natural gas desulfurization, particularly for the removal of organic sulfur compounds from natural gas.

Abstract: The reaction of aluminum with water is a promising method for producing hydrogen on-demand for autonomous energy systems. However, its practical implementation faces the challenge of process control due to high exothermicity, leading to particle sintering and thermal instability, especially when using highly reactive nanopowders. The goal of this study is to implement an integrated approach to controlling this reaction, aimed at minimizing these risks. The approach is based on the principle of spatial and temporal distribution of reactants to ensure uniform heat release. Two process management methods were investigated: electrostatic application of aluminum powder to the reactor walls with its gradual release and pre-treatment of a nanopowder-ice mixture. Using a macrokinetic mathematical model, calculations of the conversion kinetics and heat release were performed and compared with experimental data. The results showed that both methods prevent slurry self-heating and achieve uniform hydrogen generation at a constant rate. In particular, the use of a pre-frozen mixture ensured stable hydrogen production over a long period of time without additional heating or stirring. The proposed approaches can be used in the design of safe and efficient hydrogen generators for autonomous power plants.

Abstract: Maintaining the concentration of magnesium in potable water above minimum levels has been suggested to have public health benefits. A twelve-month trial of attempting this goal by partial replacement of limestone with dolomite in eight out of twenty-six post-treatment contactors at the Ras al Khair seawater desalination plant, the largest such plant in Saudi Arabia with a daily production of over 1,000,000 m³ of desalinated water. Over the course of the trial increases in Mg concentration in the range 1 to 2 ppm were achieved without necessitating increases in carbon dioxide utilization or any reduction in production volume. Alkalinity, calcium, and total dissolved solids remained within acceptable parameters. Calculated supersaturation values suggest strongly that it will not be possible to increase concentrations significantly further at the pH and temperature conditions of the study. Thus, while use of dolomite to this extent is a very low-cost strategy for magnesium supplementation, its scope of application without additional carbon dioxide consumption and capital investment is limited. The ratio of magnesium to chloride in SWRO product water was estimated in the course of the study and was found to be approximately half of the ratio in Standard Seawater, suggesting that under operational conditions (giving 1500 mg/L from first pass reverse osmosis) rejection of magnesium was significantly greater than rejection of sodium.

Abstract: This study investigates the safety measures associated with blending hydrogen (H₂) with methane (CH₄) to reduce carbon emissions in the hard-to-abate industries, trans-portation sectors and domestic uses. The results highlighted significant safety risks due to hydrogen's lower ignition energy (IE) and broader flammability range, especially under high-pressure conditions. Using Aspen HYSYS chemical process simulation and the HSC Chemistry platform, the study quantified carbon emissions and combustion heat release of H₂-CH₄ mixtures at various H₂ contents, temperatures, and pressures. The results suggest that blending H₂ with CH₄ can be beneficial, provided H₂ content does not exceed safe thresholds and stays within a recommended Wobbe Index (WI) range of 45 - 55 MJ/m³. The WI increases with H₂ concentration exceeding 50 mole% due to density effects outweighing HHV reductions. Hydrogen's high buoyancy and diffusivity reduce localized accumulation in open areas but pose risks in confined spaces due to its wide flammability range. H₂-CH₄ blends with ≤ 20 mole% H₂ are safer than higher concentrations or pure H₂. For blends with > 20 mole% H₂, engineered safety features (ESF) like leak detection, alarms, ventilation, and spark-free environ-ments are essential. Managing concentrations to avoid the detonation range (pure H₂: 18 - 59 mole% & pure CH₄: 6.3 - 13.5 mole%) is critical. Adhering to H2 safety codes limiting H₂ to ≤ 20 mole% in pipelines is recommended. Conservatively, < 18 mole% H2 reduces detonation risk, and ≤ 10 mole% provides added safety margins. These find-ings can guide policymakers and industry stakeholders in developing safe, efficient hydrogen-enhanced energy systems, hence supporting carbon reduction goals.

Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through both direct biological processes generating methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and biogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) and indirect energy consumption. This comprehensive research paper synthesizes findings from 30 peer-reviewed studies to present a holistic analysis of carbon footprints in wastewater treatment, with a specific quantitative assessment of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) facility processing 5,000 m³/day. The analysis reveals that N₂O emissions can constitute up to 75% of a plant's carbon footprint, while aeration accounts for 40–75% of the total energy consumption. The carbon footprint of WWTPs varies by treatment technology, scale, and operational conditions, ranging from 61 to 161 kg CO₂e per population equivalent (PE) annually. For the 5,000 m³/day SBR facility, baseline emissions range from 365 to 1, 095 tCO₂e annually and can be reduced by 30–50% through anaerobic digestion with biogas recovery and anoxic phase optimization. The findings underscore that achieving carbon neutrality requires extending accounting beyond plant boundaries to include effluent exports, sludge management, and urban infrastructure integration. This paper provides a unified framework for understanding, quantifying, and mitigating carbon emissions from wastewater treatment, with particular emphasis on SBR technology.

Abstract: Storing hydrogen in interstitial metal hydrides has the advantage of high volumetric capacity (50–100 kg/m3), fast kinetics, and safer conditions due to mild temperature (&lt; 100 °C) and pressure (&lt; 50 bar) operation parameters. However, thermal management and stress development are still challenges that have to be overcome. There have already been promising methods to improve the performance of metal hydrides, but most of these methods are only proof-of-concepts and investigated on a lab scale with a few grams of sample. In this work, a commercially available AB2-metal alloy is coated with 10 wt% of expanded natural graphite and 10 wt% of an elastomeric binder. The focus is on methods that can easily be scaled up. Two methods (wash-coating and spray-coating) are applied successfully to prepare hydride-forming materials on a kilogram scale. The performance of the coated material regarding heat management, stress development, hydrogen capacity, and kinetics is tested for 50 cycles of hydrogen absorption/desorption. The results are confirmed by a larger-scale set of experiments with ≈0.5 kg of sample. The spray-coating method shows promising results by combining fast preparation, reasonable hydrogen capacity, and the possibility of compensating for most of the expansion stress.

Abstract: This study addresses the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics by developing biodegradable composites from peach and apple processing waste employing hot compression molding. Utilizing a definitive screening design, the impact of process variables, including recipe composition, grinding size, pressure, temperature, and holding time, on the physical, mechanical, and water-resistance properties of the composites was systematically evaluated. Physicochemical and thermal analyses of the dried by-products indicated that processing temperatures below 150°C prevent degradation of lignocellulosic constituents. The results demonstrated that increasing both molding pressure and holding time decreased composite thickness, while enhancing stiffness and flexural strength, with modulus of elasticity values exceeding 1000 MPa under optimal conditions. Higher molding temperatures reduced water absorption and diffusivity, particularly in lignin rich composites, by promoting lignin softening and particle consolidation, resulting in denser structures with limited moisture transport. Biodegradability was assessed through soil burial tests over 200 days, revealing a weight loss ranging from 54.2% to 90.7% among samples, with apple-based composites exhibiting greater degradation compared to peach-based ones. Overall, the study highlights the development of a “green composite” formulation where two different in composition biowastes are combined to produce a plastic free composite material with possible applications in food service industry.