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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 2 November 2020 (10:18:00 CET)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1

Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (M^pro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study

Siti Khaerunnisa, Hendra Kurniawan, Rizki Awaluddin, Suhartati Suhartati, Soetjipto Soetjipto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-2019; Mpro; 6LU7; medicinal plant compounds; docking

Online: 13 March 2020 (03:19:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1

COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand, Vladimir Zelenko

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; outpatients; treatment; zinc; hydroxychloroquine; azithromycin

Online: 3 July 2020 (08:52:22 CEST)

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Objective: To describe outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the outpatient setting after early treatment with zinc, low dose hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin (the triple therapy) dependent on risk stratification. Design: Retrospective case series study. Setting: General practice. Participants: 141 COVID-19 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the year 2020. Main Outcome Measures: Risk-stratified treatment decision, rate of hospitalization and all-cause death. Results: Of 335 positively PCR-tested COVID-19 patients, 127 were treated with the triple therapy. 104 of 127 met the defined risk stratification criteria and were included in the analysis. In addition, 37 treated and eligible patients who were confirmed by IgG tests were included in the treatment group (total N=141). 208 of the 335 patients did not meet the risk stratification criteria and were not treated. After 4 days (median, IQR 3-6, available for N=66/141) of onset of symptoms, 141 patients (median age 58 years, IQR 40-67; 73% male) got a prescription for the triple therapy for 5 days. Independent public reference data from 377 confirmed COVID-19 patients of the same community were used as untreated control. 4 of 141 treated patients (2.8%) were hospitalized, which was significantly less (p<0.001) compared with 58 of 377 untreated patients (15.4%) (odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.5). Therefore, the odds of hospitalization of treated patients were 84% less than in the untreated group. One patient (0.7%) died in the treatment group versus 13 patients (3.5%) in the untreated group (odds ratio 0.2, 95% CI 0.03-1.5; p=0.16). There were no cardiac side effects. Conclusions: Risk stratification-based treatment of COVID-19 outpatients as early as possible after symptom onset with the used triple therapy, including the combination of zinc with low dose hydroxychloroquine, was associated with significantly less hospitalizations and 5 times less all-cause deaths.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0151.v1

Cardiovascular Effects of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents

Suyanee Mansanguan, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Akkapon Poolcharoen, Chayasin Mansanguan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccine; cardiovascular effects; myocarditis; adolescents; Thailand

Online: 8 August 2022 (10:40:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0214.v1

Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to Halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Muthi' Ikawati, Edy Meiyanto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-Cov-2; Citrus sp.; Galangal; Curcuma sp.; Sappan wood

Online: 12 March 2020 (13:59:40 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0358.v3

Potential Natural Compounds for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) Infection

Hansen Chen, Qiaohui Du

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV); Baicalin; Scutellarin; Hesperetin; Nicotianamine; Glycyrrhizin

Online: 10 March 2020 (05:09:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0275.v1

Chloroquine as a Potential Treatment and Prevention Measure for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A Review

John Kearney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Antimalarial; Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global Health; Hydroxychloroquine; Public Health; SARS-CoV-2; Virus

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:17:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0350.v1

Is there a Link between the 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Europe and 2022 Excess All-Cause Mortality?

Jarle Aarstad, Olav Andreas Kvitastein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccination; all-cause mortality; excess mortality; causal inferences; ecological fallacy; individualistic fallacy

Online: 21 February 2023 (03:49:52 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v2

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

William B. Grant, Henry Lahore, Sharon L. McDonnell, Carole A. Baggerly, Christine B. French, Jennifer L. Aliano, Harjit Pal Bhattoa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); ascorbic acid; cathelicidin; coronavirus; COVID-19; cytokine storm; influenza; observational; pneumonia, prevention; respiratory tract infection; solar radiation; treatment; UVB; vitamin C; vitamin D

Online: 30 March 2020 (05:48:43 CEST)

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The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D₃ for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D₃ doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

Working Paper ARTICLE

Individual Variation of the SARS-CoV2 Receptor ACE2 Gene Expression and Regulation

Jiawei Chen, Quanlong Jiang, Xian Xia, Kangping Liu, Zhengqing Yu, Wanyu Tao, Wenxuan Gong, Jing-Dong J. Han

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID19; ACE2; SARS-CoV2

Online: 12 March 2020 (03:15:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0333.v1

Identification of Potent COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors from Natural Polyphenols: An in Silico Strategy Unveils a Hope against CORONA

Sevki Adem, Volkan Eyupoglu, Iqra Sarfraz, Azhar Rasul, Muhammad Ali

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; molecular docking; flavonoids

Online: 23 March 2020 (04:30:47 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0023.v1

Kinins and Cytokines in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Pathophysiological Approach

Frank van de Veerdonk, Mihai G. Netea, Marcel van Deuren, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Quirijn de Mast, Roger J. Bruggemann, Hans van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; bradykinin; ACE2; pulmonary angioedema; ARDS; icatibant

Online: 3 April 2020 (04:13:43 CEST)

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Most striking observations in COVID-19 patients are the hints on pulmonary edema (also seen on CT scans as ground glass opacities), dry cough, fluid restrictions to prevent more severe hypoxia, the huge PEEP that is needed while lungs are compliant, and the fact that anti-inflammatory therapies are not powerful enough to counter the severity of the disease. We propose that the severity of the disease and many deaths are due to a local vascular problem due to activation of B1 receptors on endothelial cells in the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell via ACE2, a cell membrane bound molecule with enzymatic activity that next to its role in RAS is needed to inactivate des-Arg⁹ bradykinin, the potent ligand of the bradykinin receptor type 1 (B1). In contrast to bradykinin receptor 2 (B2), the B1 receptor on endothelial cells is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines. Without ACE2 acting as a guardian to inactivate the ligands of B1, the lung environment is prone for local vascular leakage leading to angioedema. Angioedema is likely a feature already early in disease, and might explain the typical CT scans and the feeling of people that they drown. In some patients, this is followed by a clinical worsening of disease around day 9 due to the formation antibodies directed against the spike (S)-antigen of the corona-virus that binds to ACE2 that could contribute to disease by enhancement of local immune cell influx and proinflammatory cytokines leading to damage. In parallel, inflammation induces more B1 expression, and possibly via antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection leading to continued ACE2 dysfunction in the lung because of persistence of the virus. In this viewpoint we propose that a bradykinin-dependent local lung angioedema via B1 and B2 receptors is an important feature of COVID-19, resulting in a very high number of ICU admissions. We propose that blocking the B1 and B2 receptors might have an ameliorating effect on disease caused by COVID-19. This kinin-dependent pulmonary edema is resistant to corticosteroids or adrenaline and should be targeted as long as the virus is present. In addition, this pathway might indirectly be responsive to anti-inflammatory agents or neutralizing strategies for the anti-S-antibody induced effects, but by itself is likely to be insufficient to reverse all the pulmonary edema. Moreover, we provide a suggestion of how to ventilate in the ICU in the context of this hypothesis.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0881.v1

Concerns regarding Transfusions of Blood Products Derived from Genetic Vaccine Recipients and Proposals for Specific Measures

Jun Ueda, Hideyuki Motohashi, Yuriko Hirai, Kenji Yamamoto, Yasufumi Murakami, Masanori Fukushima, Akinori Fujisawa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; genetic vaccine; blood product; blood transfusion; spike protein; post-vaccination syndrome; harm–benefit assessment; prion; spikeopathy; inspection standard; diagnostic criteria

Online: 15 March 2024 (08:54:06 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0124.v1

Does Zinc Supplementation Enhance the Clinical Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Win Todays Battle Against COVID-19?

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Therapy; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Zinc

Online: 8 April 2020 (10:54:33 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0003.v1

Non-Dental Drugs A Dentist Should Know: A Review

Khadeeja Saleem, Paras Ahmad, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Mohammad Amjad Kamal, Jawaad Ahmed Asif, Tahir Yusuf Noorani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Anti-platelets; Anti-rheumatic drugs; Bisphosphonates; Oral anticoagulants; Oral contraceptives; Vitamin K antagonist

Online: 2 May 2020 (11:50:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0306.v2

Anemia: Considerations for the Dental Practitioner

Georges Aoun, Pamela Aoun, Abbass El-Outa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Anemia; dental; management; oral manifestations

Online: 17 February 2021 (10:45:35 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

The First, Comprehensive Immunological Model of COVID-19: Implications for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Public Health Measures

Paolo Matricardi, Roberto Dal Negro, Roberto Nisini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antibodies; COVID-19; glycans; immunoglobulin M; SARS-CoV-2; pneumonia; prediction; protection

Online: 24 April 2020 (10:25:27 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v2

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis; Groupthink

Online: 4 November 2020 (10:14:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2

George Tetz, Victor Tetz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2 Prion-like domain

Online: 29 March 2020 (06:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0159.v1

SeXX and COVID-19: Tussle between the Two

Ashlesh Patil, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Vishwajit Deshmukh, Bharat Sontakke, Satyendra C. Tripathi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Sex; COVID-19; SARS Cov-2; ACE2; innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:18:35 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0204.v1

Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? Clinical and Basic Evidence

Celestino Sardu, Jessica Gambardella, Marco Bruno Morelli, Xujun Wang, Raffaele Marfella, Gaetano Santulli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Covid-19; coronavirus; cardiovascular disease; thrombosis; hypertension; endothelial dysfunction

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:23:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0179.v1

A Simulation on Potential Secondary Spread of Novel Coronavirus in an Exported Country Using a Stochastic Epidemic SEIR Model

Kentaro Iwata, Chisato Miyakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: novel coronavirus; SEIR model; outside China

Online: 14 February 2020 (02:34:55 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0242.v2

Potential Therapeutic Agents for COVID-19 Based on the Analysis of Protease and RNA Polymerase Docking

Yu-Chuan Chang, Yi-An Tung, Ko-Han Lee, Ting-Fu Chen, Yu-Chun Hsiao, Hung-Ching Chang, Tsung-Ting Hsieh, Chan-Hung Su, Su-Shia Wang, Jheng-Ying Yu, Shang-shung Shih, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Yin-Hung Lin, Yi-Chin Ethan Tu, Chun-Hua Hsu, Hsueh-Fen Juan, Chun-Wei Tung, Chien-Yu Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; molecular docking; HIV protease inhibitor; nucleotide analogues

Online: 29 February 2020 (12:43:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v2

Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study

Francisco Javier Membrillo, Germán Ramírez-Olivencia, Miriam Estébanez, Begoña de Dios, María Dolores Herrero, Tatiana Mata, Alberto M. Borobia, Carlos Gutiérrez, María Simón, Ana Ochoa, Yolanda Martínez, Alejandro Aguirre, Francisco de Asís Alcántara, Pablo Fernández-González, Elena López, Paula Valle, Sergio Campos, María Navarro, Lucía Elena Ballester

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; treatment; drug; survival; antiviral; hydroxychloroquine

Online: 9 May 2020 (04:45:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0103.v1

Safe Laboratory Practices in the Light of Covid-19 Pandemic: Way Forward in a Resource Limited Setting

Kevin Odega, Ehijie Iyamah, Ephraim Ibadin, Festus Idomeh, Deborah odega

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Medical Laboratory; Resource-limited setting, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)

Online: 7 April 2020 (12:11:35 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0279.v1

Repositioning Chloroquine as Ideal Antiviral Prophylactic against COVID-19 - Time is Now

Raymond Chang, Wei-Zen Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: chloroquine; COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; antiviral; viral prophylaxis

Online: 17 March 2020 (15:57:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0548.v1

Why Does COVID-19 Disproportionately Affect the Elderly?

Amber L. Mueller, Maeve S. McNamara, David A. Sinclair

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; aging; immunosenescence; inflammaging; inflammation; cytokine storm; epigenetics; biological clock; sirtuin; glycome

Online: 30 April 2020 (22:38:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v2

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:29:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1198.v1

Autopsy Proven Fatal COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis

Nicolas Hulscher, Roger Hodkinson, William Makis, Peter McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: myocarditis; sudden death; chest pain; autopsy; necropsy; COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; mRNA; SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; death; excess mortality; spike protein; organ system

Online: 18 July 2023 (09:34:51 CEST)

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Background: COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to myocarditis which in some circumstances can be fatal. This systematic review aims to investigate potential causal links between COVID-19 vaccines and death from myocarditis using post-mortem analysis. Methods: We performed a systematic review of all published autopsy reports involving COVID-19 vaccination-related myocarditis through July 3^rd, 2023. All autopsy studies that include COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis as a possible cause of death were included, without imposing any additional restrictions. Causality in each case was determined by three independent reviewers with cardiac pathology experience and expertise. Results: We initially identified 1,691 studies and, after screening for our inclusion criteria, included 14 papers that contained 28 autopsy cases. The cardiovascular system was the only organ system affected in 26 cases. In 2 cases, myocarditis was characterized as a consequence from multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The mean and median number of days from last COVID-19 vaccination until death was 6.2 and 3 days, respectively. Most of the deaths occurred within a week from the last injection. We established that all 28 deaths were causally linked to COVID-19 vaccination by independent adjudication. Conclusions: The temporal relationship, internal and external consistency seen among cases in this review with known COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis, its pathobiological mechanisms and related excess death, complemented with autopsy confirmation, independent adjudication, and application of the Bradford Hill criteria to the overall epidemiology of vaccine myocarditis, suggests there is a high likelihood of a causal link between COVID-19 vaccines and death from suspected myocarditis in cases where sudden, unexpected death has occurred in a vaccinated person. Urgent investigation is required for the purpose of risk stratification and mitigation in order to reduce the population occurrence of fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0081.v1

Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Marfan Syndrome

Nashiz Inayet, Jamal Hayat, Andrew Poullis, Maite Tome, Ann Child

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Marfan; connective tissue disease; irritable bowel syndrome; hernia

Online: 14 November 2017 (04:08:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0130.v2

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Veterinary Medical Students

Mohamed Mahdy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: academic performance; COVID-19; veterinary; online learning

Online: 21 August 2020 (02:25:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0131.v1

Forensic Analysis of the 38 Subject Deaths in the 6-Month Interim Report of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Clinical Trial

Corinne Michels, Daniel Perrier, Jeyanthi Kunadhasan, Ed Clark, Joseph Gehrett, Barbara Gehrett, Kim Kwiatek, Sarah Adams, Robert Chandler, Leah Stagno, Tony Damian, Erika Delph, Chris Flowers

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: BNT162b2 vaccine; Pfizer/BioNTech; cardiovascular events; COVID-19

Online: 4 September 2023 (08:19:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0478.v1

Students’ Perception towards COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Bangladesh: A Study on University Students

Bikram Biswas, Mohammad Nur Ullah, Sajib Kumar Roy, Falguni Roy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Perception, Covid-19, Vaccination, University Students, Bangladesh

Online: 19 April 2021 (12:27:47 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) During Pregnancy: A Case Series

Weiyong Liu, Qianli Wang, Qi Zhang, Ling Chen, Junbo Chen, Bo Zhang, Yanjun Lu, Shaoshuai Wang, Liming Xia, Lu Huang, Kai Wang, Lu Liang, Yongli Zhang, Lance Turtle, David Lissauer, Ke Lan, Ling Feng, Hongjie Yu, Yingle Liu, Ziyong Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: pregnancy; neonate; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vertical transmission

Online: 25 February 2020 (11:38:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0383.v1

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Survey on the State-of-the-Arts

Quoc-Viet Pham, Dinh C. Nguyen, Thien Huynh-The, Won-Joo Hwang, Pubudu N. Pathirana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus pandemic; big data; epidemic outbreak; artificial intelligence (AI); deep learning

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:01:45 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pharmaceutical Waste: Overview, Management, and Impact of Improper Disposal

Milcah Njoki Nyaga, David Muriithi Nyagah, Aldress Njagi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Pharmaceutical waste; Sources; Cost of disposal; Management; Impact; Pharmacists

Online: 12 October 2020 (13:34:54 CEST)

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Introduction: Pharmaceutical products are inevitable for human health. Owing to the growing need for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical companies introduce drugs annually into the market in addition to the extensive collection of existing pharmaceutical products. Households, farms, health facilities, and pharmaceutical industries release pharmaceutical waste into the environment at low concentrations through routine pharmaceutical use, damage, and expiry. The effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on non-target species in the environment are not known. Over the years, pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and ibuprofen in trace amounts have been detected in public water systems, ground and surface water. Unwanted medicines should be safely disposed of at a reduced financial cost to mitigate the public and environmental health risks. Lack of general knowledge of how to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals leads to improper disposal resulting in accidental toxicity, rising healthcare costs, landfills pilfering/scavenging, water supply pollution, anti-microbial resistance, and death. To mitigate such effects, pharmacists should raise public awareness about safe disposal practices. Objective: This review aims to examine the sources of pharmaceutical waste, disposal costs, secure disposal methods, the effects of inappropriate disposal, and the role of pharmacists in the disposal. Method: The information on the stated objectives was gathered from available sources through a comprehensive literature review. Conclusion: Many countries contain tons of pharmaceutical waste that are expensive to destroy. Because of improper disposal, pharmaceutical waste has been found at trace amounts in drinking and surface water. A practical, environmentally sustainable approach to pharmaceutical waste management, with policies and guidelines, and public awareness campaigns, are necessary to address the problem of safe waste disposal. The national drug regulatory bodies should conduct environmental risk assessment resulting from the disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists should facilitate extensive training on sustainable drug use and proper pharmaceutical waste disposal at all levels to reduce the risks associated with improper disposal. Reduction of pharmaceutical waste generation at each step of a drug’s lifecycle, implementing takeback options, collection at approved sites, and modern technology to treat wastewater are highly recommended to reduce the effects of unwanted pharmaceuticals on human health and the environment.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0315.v1

Two Things about COVID-19 Might Need Attention

Xiaodong Jia, Chengliang Yin, Shanshan Lu, Yan Chen, Qingyan Liu, Junfan Bai, Yinying Lu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; adipose tissue; cancer; ACE2

Online: 23 February 2020 (10:30:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0302.v1

Focusing on the Unfolded Protein Response and Autophagy Related Pathways to Reposition Common Approved Drugs against COVID-19

Serguei Nabirotchkin, Alex E. Peluffo, Jan Bouaziz, Daniel Cohen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-2019; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV; repositioning; UPR/Autophagy; real-world evidence; pathways

Online: 20 March 2020 (03:55:55 CET)

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More than 179,000 individuals have fallen ill of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which first emerged in China less than four months ago in December 2019. As of today, there exist no approved treatments against COVID-19. Vaccines are being developed, but they will take time, at least one year, to reach the population. Drug repositioning represents a fast track because already approved medicines have been broadly tested through multiple trials. We developed a repositioning strategy that mostly leads to candidates that are commonly used. The advantages are that they will facilitate proof of concept in humans through a “real-world evidence” approach and should be rapidly available to the population. We focus on the established research results that the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy pathways of the host cells are essential to the life cycle of previously known coronaviruses. We performed the relevant bioinformatics analysis to understand and confirm if SARS-CoV-2 may interact with these druggable pathways. Based on these considerations, we prioritized two additional druggable pathways, which are important to the viral life cycle and tightly connected to UPR/autophagy signaling: the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP) and NLRP-3 inflammasome pathways. These four important pathways are perturbed in most major common diseases and have therefore been targeted by numerous broadly prescribed drugs. We have identified 97 approved drugs that are known to modulate these four identified pathways, and which represent, therefore, interesting repositioning candidates. Although it is indisputable that these drugs should never be used for immediate self-medication against COVID-19, we notice that some of them could also be prescribed to individuals who have COVID-19 comorbidities (e.g., hypertension). It is debated if these comorbidities are linked to the pathology itself (e.g., hypertension) or the drugs used to treat the pathology (e.g., sartans). Therefore, relevant preclinical tests and massive electronic health records (i.e., real-world evidence) must be used to pre-screen them and check the COVID-19 prognosis of individuals taking these drugs.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0126.v1

Re-thinking the Potential for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Joseph Allen, Linsey Marr

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; airborne; aerosol; transmission

Online: 7 May 2020 (13:20:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0430.v2

COVID-19 Vaccines: The Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes and Menstrual Function

James A. Thorp, Claire Rogers, Michael P. Deskevich, Stewart Tankersley, Albert Benavides, Megan D. Redshaw, Peter A. McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; menstruation; pregnancy outcomes; Influenza vaccines; VAERS; stillbirth; miscarriage

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:39:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0145.v2

Five Phases Music Therapy (FPMT) in Chinese Medicine: Fundamentals and Application

Hui Zhang, Han Lai

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: emotion and will; music therapy; five phases, five phases music therapy; psychology

Online: 29 November 2017 (09:54:48 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0077.v2

The Pathophysiology of Virulence of the COVID-19

Joseph De Soto, Shazia Hakim, Frederick Boyd

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; native American Indian; treatment; ACE2 receptor; pathophysiology; virulence

Online: 15 April 2020 (08:08:52 CEST)

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Background: On Dec 19, 2019, the public health department of China reported that an outbreak of pneumonia was caused by a novel Coronavirus. The virulence of the new virus COVID-19 was much greater than either the SARs and MERSs viruses and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Department (WHO) declared a worldwide pandemic. Understanding the pathophysiology of virulence of the SARS-COV-2 virus is absolutely necessary for understanding the transmission, virulence factors, reduce risk factors, clinical presentation, predict outcomes of the disease and provide guidance for any current or future treatment protocols. Methodology: A comprehensive PubMed search was performed during December 20, 2019 and April 03, 2020, utilizing the words: Wuhan Virus, COVID-19, SARs coronavirus, ACE2, S-protein, virulence, clinical presentation, epidemiology, genome, treatment, structure, MERs, pathogenesis and/or pathology alone and in combination with other terms. Each paper was evaluated by three content experts for quality, reproducibility, credibility and reputation of the journal. Results: The SARS-COV-2 virus is much more virulent than either the SAR’s or MER’s virus and its ability to cause serious disease inversely corresponds to the person’s ability to produce T-cells which declines linearly with age. The ACE2 receptor binding site does not vary among different ethnic groups but do in ACE-2 expression levels. This variance in expression level may explain for different infectivity rates among men and women and predict and explain different susceptibilities to infection by different ethnic groups. Furthermore, by understanding the underlying pathophysiology one can explain and provide guidance to the clinical effectiveness of any treatment. Conclusions: The underlying pathophysiology of COVID-19 explains not only the virulence, and clinical presentation, but, explains at a molecular level the comorbidity risk factors such as hypertension, sex, and age. Ethnic and anatomic expression patterns of ACE-2 and associated pathophysiology suggests that Native Americans and Asians may be particularly susceptible to this disease.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0327.v1

An Extensive Review of Sunscreen and Suntan Preparations

AK Mohiuddin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dermatology Keywords: sunscreen; sunburn; UV Radiation; melanoma; photoaging

Online: 30 April 2019 (11:18:23 CEST)

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The sunscreen industry is achieving remarkable worldwide prominence by responding to the growing need for skin protection with fast-paced innovation. Increased consumer awareness of the harmful effects of sunlight has fueled the demand for improved photo protection. The need for broad-spectrum protection from both UVA and UVB rays has inspired scientists worldwide to research new cosmetic formulations and delivery systems. More effective sunscreen actives, emollients and novel cosmetic and functional ingredients have been regularly added to the formulator’s repertoire. Creativity in innovation has been hindered only by regulatory agencies and patent restrictions worldwide. Familiarity with the current restrictive regulations and patent law infringements has become integral to any research effort attempting to provide improved protection to individuals affected by the sun’s damaging effects. The increasing incidence of skin cancers and photo damaging effects caused by ultraviolet radiation has increased the use of sun screening agents, which have shown beneficial effects in reducing the symptoms and reoccurrence of these problems. Unlike the situation in Europe where sunscreen ingredients are considered under cosmetics guidelines, the FDA is required to define sunscreens as drugs since they are advertised to prevent sunburn and, more recently, the risk of skin cancer. In the USA, the FDA has been regulating this industry since August 25, 1978, with the publication of the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Sunscreens are considered drugs and cosmetics and therefore must be governed by the FDA-OTC monograph. With the variety of sunscreen agents used in cosmetic and UV protection products, Australia, Canada, and the European Union (EU) have also developed regulatory protocols on safe sunscreen product use. Unlike the USA though, Australia has approved 34 active sunscreen ingredients and the EU has approved 28 of these ingredients. Current FDA regulations allow labeling of sunscreen products to a maximum of 30þ, despite the many products currently available with numbers as high as 100. From a cosmetic formulation point of view, increasing the SPF number in a product is governed by simple chemical principles.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0206.v2

Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19 Based on the Dynamics of Interferon-mediated Immune Responses

Farbod Shahabi nezhad, Pouria Mosaddeghi, Manica Negahdaripour, Zahra Dehghani, Mitra Farahmandnejad, Mohsen Moghadami, Navid Nezafat, Seyed Masoom Masoompour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus infection; corons; SARS-CoV; interferon; systems biology

Online: 23 March 2020 (10:27:57 CET)

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As the outbreak of COVID-19 has accelerated, an urgent need for finding strategies to combat the virus is growing. Thus, gaining more knowledge on the pathogenicity mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of COVID-19, and its interaction with the immune system is of utmost importance. Although this novel virus is not well known yet, its structural and genetic similarity with SARS-CoV as well as the comparable pattern of age-mortality relations suggest that the previous findings on SARS can be applicable for COVID-19. Therefore, a systems biology study was conducted to investigate the most important signaling pathways activated by the virus. The results were then validated through a literature review on COVID-19 and the other closely related viruses, SARS and MERS. Interferons have shown to play a crucial role in the defense against coronavirus diseases. CoV can impede the interferon induction in humans. Moreover, STAT1, a key protein in the interferon-mediated immune response, is antagonized by the virus. This could explain the increased response threshold of immune cells to IFNs during CoV infections. A vivid correlation between the innate immune response threshold and the fatality rates in COVID-19 can be found. Differences in the dynamics of the interferon-related innate immune responses in children, adults, and elderly may explain the reported fatality rates. The increased mortality rates in the elderly can be explained by the higher threshold of interferon-mediated immune responses. Earlier induction of interferons in children and their less developed immune system could contribute to their near to zero fatality rate. Administration of interferon-inducing agents, such as poly (ICLC), could reduce the mortality of SARS at the very early stages of the disease. Interferon-γ combination with an interferon-I might induce synergistic effects and maximize the benefits. However, in-depth research is needed to validate it and determine the optimum dosage and timing to prevent unwanted results. Such interventions can act as a double-edged sword and aid the imbalance of the immune reactions, which may occur at the later stages of the disease. With the advancement of the disease and the virus overload, the responses would shift toward immnopathogenic over-reactions and probably cytokine storm. Moderating the activity of the immune system and supportive care in such conditions might be the optimum approach.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0486.v1

Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19

Violaine Guérin, Pierre Lévy, Jean-Louis Thomas, Thierry Lardenois, Philippe Lacrosse, Emmanuel Sarrazin, Natacha Regensberg de Andreis, Martine Wonner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; azithromycin; hydroxychloroquine; primary care

Online: 31 May 2020 (17:51:52 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Thalidomide Combined with Low-dose Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Chengshui Chen, Feng Qi, Keqing Shi, Yuping Li, Ji Li, Yongping Chen, Jingye Pan, Tieli Zhou, Xiangyang Lin, Jinsan Zhang, Yongde Luo, Xiaokun Li, Jinglin Xia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Thalidomide; pneumonia

Online: 26 February 2020 (12:31:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0559.v1

An Update for UK Podiatrists Performing Toenail Surgery on Patients Who Are Taking Antithrombotic Medications: It’s About Bleeding Time

Ian Reilly, Toby Blandford

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: nail surgery, antithrombotics, anticoagulation, antiplatelet, bleeding.

Online: 24 May 2021 (10:41:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0242.v1

Long-Haul COVID-19: Putative Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Treatments

Shin Jie Yong

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; long-haul; inflammation; tissue damage; drug repurposing

Online: 10 December 2020 (09:42:20 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0283.v1

Clinical, Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of the SARS-CoV2 Virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Literature Review

Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Katherine Simbaña-Rivera, Lenin Gomez-Barreno, Mario Rubio-Neira, Linda P. Guaman, Nikolaos Kyriakidis, Claire Muslin, Ana Maria Gomez-Jaramillo, Carlos Barba, Domenica Cevallos, Hugo Sanchez-San Miguel, Luis Unigarro, Rasa Zalakeviciute, Naomi Gadian, Andrés López-Cortés

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; review; pandemic

Online: 16 April 2020 (15:55:12 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0418.v2

Virtual Screening Based Prediction of Potential Drugs for COVID-19

Sekhar Talluri

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: virtual screening; molecular docking; drug repurposing; drug repositioning; anti-viral drugs; Coronavirus; COVID-19; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 March 2020 (02:29:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1894.v1

Personality Changes Associated with Organ Transplants

Brian Carter, Laveeen Khoshnaw, Megan Simmons, Lisa Hines, Brandon Wolfe, Mitchell Liester

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: Personality change; organ transplant; heart transplant; temperament; emotions; preferences

Online: 27 September 2023 (11:08:09 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 9 March 2020 (10:31:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0286.v1

Network Bioinformatics Analysis Provides Insight into Drug Repurposing for COVID-2019

Xu Li, Jinchao Yu, Zhiming Zhang, Jing Ren, Alex E. Peluffo, Wen Zhang, Yujie Zhao, Kaijing Yan, Daniel Cohen, Wenjia Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-2019; SARS-CoV-2; repurposing; network bioinformatics

Online: 18 March 2020 (08:50:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0128.v1

An Updated Review on the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Etiology and Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis

Gee Young Geong, Sun Hyung Kang, Chang Min Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Liver cirrhosis; epidemiology; etiology; risk factors; pathophysiology; diagnosis.

Online: 11 March 2019 (09:44:18 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0424.v1

Insufficient Sensitivity of RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Gene of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome as Confirmatory Test using Korean COVID-19 Cases

Soyoun Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Baeckseung Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Korean COVID-19; Wuhan Corona virus; real time PCR Ct Value; Sensitivity; False Negative

Online: 28 February 2020 (12:03:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0502.v1

Conflict between Science and Superstition in Medical and Dental Practices

Donat Uwayezu, Eustache Ntigura, Agnes Gatarayiha, Sarah Erem, Anwarul Majumder, Mainul Haque, Mohammed S. Razzaque

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Superstition; Scientific knowledge; Conflict; Traditional healers

Online: 25 January 2021 (14:11:54 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Paracetamol use in COVID-19: friend or enemy?

Piero Sestili, Carmela Fimognari

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; paracetamol; NSAIDs; inflammation; lung injury; oxidative damage; glutathione; antioxidant.

Online: 7 August 2020 (11:02:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0139.v1

Thyroid Dysfunction: Risk and Management in Dentistry

Georges Aoun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dentistry And Oral Surgery Keywords: Dentistry; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; management; oral manifestations; thyroid gland.

Online: 8 January 2021 (10:41:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0042.v1

Validity and Reliability of the Kinovea Program in Obtaining Angular and Distance Dimensions

Albert Puig-Diví, Josep Maria Padullés-Riu, Albert Busquets-Faciaben, Xavier Padullés-Chando, Carles Escalona-Marfil, Daniel Marcos-Ruiz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Orthopedics And Sports Medicine Keywords: free software; human motion; Kinovea; low cost; reliability; validity; video analysis

Online: 9 October 2017 (05:07:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0709.v1

COVID-19 Suicide among Adolescents and Youths during the Lockdown: An Exploratory Study based on Media Reports

Md. Dilshad Manzar, Abdulrhman Albougami, Norina Usman, Mohammed A. Mamun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; psychological impacts; self-harm; suicide; COVID-19 suicide; teenage suicide; adolescent suicide; youth suicide; press reporting suicide

Online: 31 August 2020 (05:43:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0252.v1

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Typhoid Fever in Children Attending “Deo Gratias” Hospital in Douala, Littoral Region

Teh Exodus Akwa, Nguimbous Simone

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Salmonella typhi; control; Widal test; incidence

Online: 21 June 2020 (10:23:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0062.v1

Recent Advances in Trop 2 Targeted Therapy for Solid Tumors

Shutan Liao, Bing Wang, Rong Zeng, Haifeng Bao, Xiaomin Chen, Rakesh Dixit, Xiaoyan Xing

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Trop 2; targeted therapy; antibody-drug conjugate; solid tumors

Online: 2 December 2020 (12:35:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0014.v1

Principles of Dynamic Network Reconfiguration across Diverse Brain States

James M. Shine, Russell A. Poldrack

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: network; topology; integration; segregation; fMRI

Online: 10 July 2017 (05:48:41 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0441.v1

IgG4 Antibodies Induced by mRNA Vaccines Generate Immune Tolerance to SARS-CoV-2’spike Protein by Suppressing the Immune System

Vladimir N. Uversky, Elrashdy M. Redwan, William Makis, Alberto Rubio-Casillas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: IgG4 antibodies; mRNA vaccines; immuno-tolerance; auto-immunity; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19.

Online: 27 March 2023 (03:56:26 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0640.v1

Rapid Recovery in Six Patients with COVID-19 Respiratory Failure after Treatment with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jonathan Javitt, Jihad Youssef

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: VIP; COVID-19; respiratory failure; vasoactive intestinal peptide; aviptadil; ARDS

Online: 28 August 2020 (11:38:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0018.v1

Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Some Algae from Western Libyan Coast

Rabia Alghazeer, Mahboba Enaeli, Nazlin K. Howell

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: polyphenols, flavonoids, seaweeds, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity

Online: 5 September 2016 (14:23:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0457.v2

Reduced Vitamin K Status as A Potentially Modifiable Prognostic Risk Factor in COVID-19

Anton S.M. Dofferhoff, Ianthe Piscaer, Leon J. Schurgers, Jona Walk, Jody M.W. van den Ouweland, Tilman M. Hackeng, Pim A. de Jong, Reinoud Gosens, Petra Lux, Henny van Daal, Cecile Maassen, Esther G.A. Maassen, Loes E.M. Kistemaker, Cees Vermeer, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Rob Janssen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Covid-19; desmosine; dp-ucMGP; elastic fibers; factor II; matrix Gla protein; PIVKA-II; protein S; vitamin K; vitamin K antagonist

Online: 29 May 2020 (04:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0173.v1

COVID-19 and Religion: Risks and Opportunities

Danilo Buonsenso, Walver Malorni, Grazia Leuconoe Sisti, Umberto Moscato

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: covid-19; religion; health

Online: 7 December 2020 (15:36:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0165.v2

The Covid-19 Virus Double Pathogenic Mechanism. A New Perspective

Carlo Brogna

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Covid-19; Blastn; toxins protein; ACh; aChE; BuChE; CBP; Zero Point; bungaro-toxins, phospholipase A2; similar prothrombin activator protein

Online: 19 April 2020 (06:51:53 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0230.v1

Interprofessional Collaboration Improves Patient Safety: A Review

Muh Abdurrouf, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: interprofessional collaboration; nurse; patient safety

Online: 8 April 2021 (10:29:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201906.0030.v1

Is Excessive Prenatal Ultrasonography a Risk Factor for Autism? A Literature Review

Hissa Moammar, Rabi Sulayman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: autism; autistic spectrum disorder; children; behavior; ultrasonography; prenatal; pregnancy

Online: 4 June 2019 (12:56:37 CEST)

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For the past several decades, abdominal prenatal ultrasonography has been the most significant technology in obstetrics with a long-established application. However, the frequency, exposure time, thermal and cavitation exposure indices, and increased acoustic output of the ultrasonic waves may be harmful to the embryo/fetus and might increase susceptibility to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The increase in the prevalence of ASD is associated with an affluent ethnicity, high socioeconomic status, and high parental education where prenatal ultrasonography is readily available and affordable. Enhanced biophysical adverse effects may link the analogous increase in prenatal ultrasonography and autism, and prenatal ultrasonography may emerge as a risk factor for autism. Radiography usage provides historical evidence for this fact: the predominant past opinion was that exposure to X-rays during pregnancy caused no significant risk to a fetus. However, the association between X-ray exposure and childhood leukemia was only established 40 years after X-ray use began. This review focuses on excessive PUS usage and ASD development. Public Abstract Advancements in medical technology over the past several decades have made prenatal ultrasound more frequently accessible to expecting mothers during their pregnancy, especially for the affluent. A parallel development in health care is the increase in autism diagnoses (Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD) in children of affluent families. There is a general lack of studies of the impact of prenatal ultrasound on fetuses, especially around varying attributes such as frequency, duration of exposure, and thermal and cavitation indices. There is also a historical precedent set, where exposing fetuses to X-rays was not found to be harmful until it was linked to the development of childhood leukemia decades later. This paper seeks to establish a need to further study these attributes of prenatal ultrasound overuse and their possible impact on a developing fetus, with a special focus on the occurrence of Autism.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0311.v1

Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies

Sufang Tian, Yong Xiong, Huan Liu, Li Niu, Jianchun Guo, Meiyan Liao, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pathology; post-mortem biopsy

Online: 20 March 2020 (09:24:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0271.v1

Clinical Characteristics, Activity Levels and Mental Health Problems in Children with Long COVID: A Survey of 510 Children

Danilo Buonsenso, Ferran Espuny Pujol, Daniel Munblit, Sammie Mcfarland, Frances Simpson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: long covid; children; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 March 2021 (12:37:24 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Non-human Primates and Humans

P.J. Klasse, D. F. Nixon, J. P. Moore

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; T-cells; vaccines; animal models; Operation Warp Speed

Online: 27 October 2020 (11:25:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v2

Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients with Lung Cancer

Sufang Tian, Weidong Hu, Li Niu, Huan Liu, Haibo Xu, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19 pneumonia; pathology; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 2 March 2020 (01:34:58 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0704.v1

Telenursing as a New Nursing Paradigm in the 21 Century: A Literature Review

Al Afik, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Telenursing; Nursing; 21st century paradigm

Online: 29 March 2021 (15:41:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0061.v1

Deep Learning Based Drug Screening for Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCov

Haiping Zhang, Konda Mani Saravanan, Yang Yang, Md. Tofazzal Hossain, Junxin Li, Xiaohu Ren, Yanjie Wei

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Coronavirus; Deep learning; Drug screening; homology modeling; main protease

Online: 5 February 2020 (10:59:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0569.v1

Important Jamaican Medicinal Plants with Special Reference to their Antiviral Activity

Henry Lowe, Blair Steele, Joseph Bryant, Emadelden Fouad, Ngeh Toyang, Wilfred Ngwa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: phytomedicine; viral infections; antivirals; phytoantiviral

Online: 28 October 2020 (08:34:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0047.v1

Possible Inhibitors of ACE2, the Receptor of 2019-nCoV

Qinghua Cui, Chuanbo Huang, Xiangwen Ji, Wanlu Zhang, Fenghong Zhang, Liang Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; therapeutic strategies; drug; ACE2

Online: 4 February 2020 (10:59:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0355.v1

Role of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis and Severity of COVID-19 Infection

Maryam Ghavideldarestani, Maryam Honardoost, Mohammad E. Khamseh

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: vitamin D; ACE2; diabetes; cardiovascular disease

Online: 20 April 2020 (01:37:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0119.v1

Food Additives and Contaminants: Effects on Human Gut Microbiota—A Review

Paula Roca-Saavedra, Veronica Mendez-Vilabrille, Jose Manuel Miranda, Alexandre Lamas, Carolina Nebot, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Carlos M. Franco, Alberto Cepeda

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: antibiotic; bacteroidetes; dietary emulsifier; firmicutes; food additive; gut microbiota; non-nutritive sweetener; proteobacteria

Online: 23 December 2016 (11:21:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0178.v1

Essential Oils with High Activity Against Stationary Phase Bartonella Henselae

Xiao Ma, Wanliang Shi, Ying Zhang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: essential oils; Bartonella henselae; persisters; stationary phase; antimicrobial activity

Online: 16 October 2019 (05:18:55 CEST)

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Bartonella henselae is a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular bacterium which can cause cat scratch disease, endocarditis in humans and animals as well as other complications, leading to acute or chronic infections. The current treatment for Bartonella infections is not very effective due to antibiotic resistance and also persistence. To develop better therapies for persistent and chronic Bartonella infections, in this study, with the help of SYBR Green I/PI viability assay, we performed a high-throughput screening of an essential oil library against stationary phase B. henselae. We successfully identified 32 essential oils that had high activity, including four essential oils extracted from Citrus plants, three from Origanum, three from Cinnamomum, two from Pelargonium and two from Melaleuca, as well as frankincense, ylang ylang, fir needle, mountain savory (winter), citronella, spearmint, elemi, vetiver, clove bud, allspice and cedarwood essential oils. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of these 32 top hits indicated they were not only active against stationary phase non-growing B. henselae but also had good activity against log phase growing B. henselae. The time-kill curve by drug exposure assay showed 13 active hits, including essential oils of oregano, cinnamon bark, mountain savory (winter), cinnamon leaf, geranium, clove bud, allspice, geranium bourbon, ylang ylang, citronella, elemi and vetiver, could eradicate all stationary phase B. henselae cells within 7 days at the concentration of 0.032% (v/v). Two active ingredients, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, of oregano and cinnamon bark essential oils, respectively, were shown to be very active against stationary phase B. henselae such that they were able to eradicate all the bacterial cells even at the concentration ≤ 0.01% (v/v). Our finding of active essential oils may help to develop more effective treatments for persistent Bartonella infections.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0254.v2

Discovery of Anti-2019-nCoV Agents from 38 Chinese Patent Drugs toward Respiratory Diseases via Docking Screening

Yong-Ming Yan, Xin Shen, Yong-Kai Cao, Jiao-Jiao Zhang, Yan Wang, Yong-Xian Cheng

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; novel coronavirus pneumonia; docking; ACE2; viral main protease

Online: 23 February 2020 (02:09:52 CET)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0432.v1

Nitazoxanide/Azithromycin Combination for COVID-19: A Suggested New Protocol for COVID-19 Early Management

Mina Kelleni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS CoV-2; COVID-19; Nitazoxanide; Azithromycin; Interferons

Online: 24 April 2020 (09:24:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201710.0169.v1

A Longitudinal Approach to Biological Psychiatric Research: The PsyCourse Study

Monika Budde, Heike Anderson-Schmidt, Katrin Gade, Daniela Reich-Erkelenz, Kristina Adorjan, Janos L. Kalman, Fanny Senner, Sergi Papiol, Till F. M. Andlauer, Ashley L. Comes, Eva C. Schulte, Farah Klöhn-Saghatolislam , Anna Gryaznova, Maria Hake, Kim Bartholdi, Laura Flatau, Markus Reitt, Silke Quast, Sophia Stegmaier, Milena Meyers, Barbara Emons, Ida Sybille Haußleiter, Georg Juckel, Vanessa Nieratschker, Udo Dannlowski, Max Schmauß, Jörg Zimmermann, Jens Reimer, Sybille Schulz, Jens Wiltfang, Eva Reininghaus, Ion-George Anghelescu, Volker Arolt, Bernhard T. Baune, Carsten Konrad, Andreas Thiel, Andreas J. Fallgatter, Christian Figge, Martin von Hagen, Manfred Koller, Fabian U. Lang, Moritz E. Wigand, Thomas Becker, Markus Jäger, Detlef E. Dietrich, Sebastian Stierl, Harald Scherk, Carsten Spitzer, Here Folkerts, Stephanie H. Witt, Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, Marcella Rietschel, Markus M. Nöthen, Peter Falkai, Thomas G. Schulze, Urs Heilbronner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: Schizophrenia; bipolar; psychosis; depression; polygenic risk score; diagnosis; RDoC

Online: 27 October 2017 (11:58:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0148.v1

Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Hydrodissection for Pain Management: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

King Hei Stanley Lam, Chen-Yu Hung, Yi-Pin Chiang, Kentaro Onishi, Thomas B. Clark, Dean K Reeves, Su Daniel

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: nerve hydrodissection; pain management; ultrasonography; neuropathic pain

Online: 15 January 2020 (12:09:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0343.v1

Emerging Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), a Pandemic Public Health Emergency with Animal Linkages: Current Status Update

Yashpal Singh Malik, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Obli Rajendran Vinodhkumar, Ruchi Tiwari, Ranjit Sah, Ali A. Rabaan, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Kuldeep Dhama

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; animal coronaviruses; COVID-19; bat coronavirus; zoonoses; epidemiology; transmission; diagnosis; antivirals; prevention and control

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:19:35 CET)

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After the appearance of first cases of ‘pneumonia of unknown origin’ in the Wuhan city, China, during late 2019, the disease progressed fast. Its cause was identified as a novel coronavirus, named provisionally 2019-nCoV. Subsequently, an official name was given as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) study group. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the Coronavirus disease-2019 as COVID-19. The epidemics of COVID-2019 have been recorded over 113 countries/territories/areas apart from China and filched more than 4292 humans, affecting severely around 1,18,326 cases in a short span. The status of COVID-2019 emergency revised by the WHO within 42 days from Public Health International Emergency (January 30, 2020) to a pandemic (March 11, 2020). Nonetheless, the case fatality rate (CFR) of the current epidemic is on the rise (between 2-4%), relatively is lower than the previous SARS-CoV (2002/2003) and MERS-CoV (2012) outbreaks. Even though investigations are on its way, the researchers across the globe have assumptions of animal-origin of current SARS-CoV-2. A recent case report provides evidence of mild COVID-2019 infection in a pet dog that acquired COVID-2019 infection from his owner in Hong Kong. The news on travellers associated spread across the globe have also put many countries on alert with the cancellation of tourist visa to all affected countries and postponement of events where international visits were required. A few diagnostic approaches, including quantitative and differential real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, have been recommended for the screening of the individuals at risk. In the absence of any selective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, re-purposed drugs are advocated in many studies. This article discourse the current worldwide situation of COVID-2019 with information on virus, epidemiology, host, the role of animals, effective diagnosis, therapeutics, preventive and control approaches making people aware on the disease outcomes.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0178.v2

Brief Report: Rapid Clinical Recovery from Critical COVID-19 with Respiratory Failure in a Lung Transplant Patient Treated with Intravenous Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jihad Georges Youssef, Faisal Zahiruddin, Mukhtar Al-Saadi, Simon Yau, Ahmad Goodarzi, Howard J. Huang, Jonathan C. Javitt

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: Aviptadil; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; VIP; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Corona Virus; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARDS; Acute Lung Injury; ALI; surfactant; Alveolar Type II; ATII

Online: 2 August 2020 (18:16:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0204.v7

Forgotten “Primum Non Nocere” and Increased Mortality after Covid-19 Vaccination

Srecko Šorli, Tomaz Makovec, Zivan Krevel, Rado Gorjup

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination; death rate; sick status days

Online: 14 March 2023 (06:35:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0299.v1

Remdesivir: A Review of Its Discovery and Development Leading to Human Clinical Trials for Treatment of COVID-19

Richard T. Eastman, Jacob S. Roth, Kyle R. Brimacombe, Anton Simeonov, Min Shen, Samarjit Patnaik, Matthew D. Hall

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; remdesivir

Online: 17 April 2020 (13:02:03 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0067.v1

Review on Usage of Vancomycin in Livestock and Humans: Maintaining its Efficacy, Prevention of Resistance and Alternative Therapy

P. N. K. WIJESEKARA, W. W. Kumbukgolla, Jayaweera Arachchige Asela Sampath Jayaweera, D. S. Rawat

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine Keywords: vancomycin; broad view; veterinary use at a glance; rational use; alternatives

Online: 12 November 2016 (11:09:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0058.v1

Was School Closure Effective in Mitigating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Time Series Analysis Using Bayesian Inference

Kentaro Iwata, Asako Doi, Chisato Miyakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); school closure; time series analysis; Japan

Online: 6 April 2020 (13:11:12 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0094.v1

Theranostics in Nuclear Medicine Practice

Anna Yordanova, Elisabeth Eppard, Stefan Kürpig, Stefan Schönberger, Maria Gonzalez-Carmona, Georg Feldmann, Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar, Markus Essler

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: theranostics; nuclear medicine; personalized medicine

Online: 22 January 2017 (04:29:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2091.v1

Assessing Functional Capacity in ME/CFS: A Patient Informed Questionnaire

Kristian Sommerfelt, Trude Schei, Katharine A Seton, Simon R Carding

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Neuroscience And Neurology Keywords: ME/CFS; chronic fatigue syndrome; functional capacity; post exertional malaise; questionnaire; survey

Online: 29 September 2023 (09:21:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0027.v1

Robots to the Rescue: A Review of Studies on Differential Medical Diagnosis Employing Ontology-Based Chat Bot Technology

Bosede Iyiade Edwards, Idris Oladele Muniru, Adrian David Cheok

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: chatbot technology; ontology-based systems; expert systems; diagnosis; conversational agents; robotics; human-robot interaction; physician-patient relationship; intelligent agents

Online: 6 December 2016 (04:46:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0277.v1

Anti-COVID-19 Effects of Ten Structurally Different Hydrolysable Tannins through Binding with the Catalytic-Closed Sites of COVID-19 Main Protease: An In-Silico Approach

Ibrahim Khalifa, Wei Zhu, Mohamed S. Nafie, Kunal Dutta, Chunmei Li

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; hydrolysable tannins; protease; molecular docking; structural-relationship activity

Online: 17 March 2020 (15:43:48 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0027.v1

Vitamin C Supplementation and Hyperuricemia: Fact or Hoax?

Firas S. Azzeh, Abrar H. Al-Hebshi, Haya D. Al-Essimii, Mohammed A. Alarjah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Urology And Nephrology Keywords: vitamin C; hyperuricemia; gout; glomerular filtration rate

Online: 3 November 2016 (10:49:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0413.v1

A Scalable Method for Ultraviolet C Disinfection of Surgical Facemasks Type IIR and Filtering Facepiece Particle Respirators 1 and 2

Ivar Lede, Karina Nolte, René Kroes

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV2; UVC; disinfeciton; respirators; reuse

Online: 23 April 2020 (11:36:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0307.v1

Human Amniotic Membrane Preparation, Preservation and Clinical Application Using Various Techniques for the Treatment of Ophthalmic Dysfunctions

Md. Arifuzzaman, Md. Liakat Hossain, Farzana Diba, Ayesha Siddika, MH Adnan, Naznin Akhtar, Md. Zahid Hasan, S.M. Asaduzzaman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Keywords: Keywords: amniotic membrane; epithelialization; inflammation; ocular surface disorders; anti-fibrotic action, amniotic membrane eye drop, amniotic membrane graft transplantation.

Online: 15 October 2018 (12:06:21 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0081.v1

The Hypercalcemic Effect of Vitamin D3 in Sarcoidosis Could Be a Side Effect of an Endogenous Program Organizing Cancer Apoptosis

Raimund von Helden, William B. Grant, Meis Moukayed, Bernd Becker

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: sarcoidosis; monocytes; cancer; neoplasia; vitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3; etiology; spontaneous remission of cancer; vitamin D side effects

Online: 18 September 2017 (14:21:11 CEST)

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