The extremely high rotation of some SMBHs is the origin of their relativistic rotational energy that results in their relativistic mass. Relativistic mass creates their relativistic gravity which is a partial answer to the missing dark matter.

The search for dark matter is one the hottest topics in Physics today. The fact that about 80% of the matter of the Universe is of unknown nature has triggered an intense experimental activity to detect such kind of matter and a no less intense effort on the theory side to explain it. Given the fact that we do not know well the properties of dark matter, searches from different fronts are mandatory. Neutrino telescopes are part of this experimental quest and offer specific advantages. Among the targets to look for dark matter, the Sun and the Galactic Center are the most promising ones. Neutrino telescopes have put the best limits on spin-dependent cross section of proton-WIMP scattering. Moreover, they are competitive in the constraints on the thermally averaged annihilation cross-section for high WIMP masses when looking at the Galactic Centre. Other results are also reviewed.

In this study the data of the OPERA and MINOS experiments, together with those related to the SN1987A supernova, are discussed in the context of the recent theories proposed for the superluminal muon neutrino. It is proved that for the models in which the Lorentz symmetry is violated, the decay mechanism leading to neutrino oscillation becomes possible. Within this framework, a new model based on the Hartman effect is proposed, according to which the neutrino becomes superluminal by quantum tunnelling, crossing a potential barrier generated by its interaction with the earth's crust matter. This model does not violate the Lorentz symmetry since the tachyonic state is generated by the quantum fluctuation of the neutrino initial energy, even if it requires to conjecture the presence of a quantum field that we ascribe to be that due to dark matter. In this model all superluminal neutrino decay mechanisms proposed in other studies are allowed. The hypothetical boson mediating the interaction between neutrino and dark matter is also discussed.

Since a large amount of sewage sludge (WSS) has been generated daily, it is necessary to explore effective methods for utilizing WSS. Although a photo-fermentation system sometimes alters the characteristics of microbial functions, there are no attempts to perform the photo-fermentation using WSS which is regularly treated under a dark-fermentation style. In this study, the effect of photo-fermentation (photo-irradiation) on anaerobic digestion using WSS was revealed. Photo-irradiation during the anaerobic digestion of WSS significantly reduced the amount of organic acids and hydrogen sulfide and methane production was also suppressed. However, it was shown that the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in WSS under the light treatment increased. Photo-irradiation also stimulated the growth of green-sulfur bacteria and induced anoxygenic photosynthesis, by which the fermented samples turned green linking with the consumption of hydrogen sulfide. Finally, a dark/light switching fermentation was able to reduce only hydrogen sulfide while methane production remained the same.

Maxwell's fish eye has been known to be a perfect lens in optics. In this letter, using the Gibbons-Werner method, namely Gauss-Bonnet theorem on optical geometry of black hole, we extend the calculation of the weak gravitational lensing within the Maxwell's fisheye as a perfect lensing in medium composed of an isotropic refractive index that near-field information can be obtained from far-field distances. Moreover, these results provide an excellent tool to observe compact massive object by weak gravitational lensing within the dark matter medium and to understand the nature of the dark matter that may effect the gravitational waves. Moreover, we show that Gauss-Bonnet theorem is a global effect and this method can be used as a new tool on any optical geometry of compact objects in dark matter medium.

In this paper, we argue that one can calculate the weak deflection angle in the background of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion black hole using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. To support this, the optical geometry of the black hole with the Gibbons-Werner method are used to obtain the deflection angle of light in the weak field limits. Moreover, we investigate the effect of a plasma medium on deflection of light for a given black hole. Because of dilaton and axion are one of the candidate of the dark matter, it can give us a hint on observation of dark matter which is supported the black hole. Hence we demonstrate the observational viability via showing the effect of the dark matter on the weak deflection angle.

The present research was titled “A Study on Dark Triad Personality and Emergency Response and Psychological Adaptation among Young Adults during Pandemic.” The purpose of the study was to explore the association between the dimensions of dark triad personality namely narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and the dimensions of emergency response and psychological adaptation namely worry, agitation, awareness, prosociality, perceived self-efficacy. The correlation between the dimensions of dark triad personality and the dimensions of emergency response and psychological adaptation. Gender differences were also studied for the dimension dark triad personality. The results showed that a strong positive correlation existed between narcissism and agitation, Machiavellianism and worry and Machiavellianism and agitation. Narcissism and psychopathy were found to be strong predictors of agitation. Significant Gender differences were noted on the dimensions of psychopathy and Machiavellianism where males scored higher than females.

We considered a vacuum polarization around a massive object in the eikonal approximation and found two types of vacuum polarization. The first type has the equation of state similar to radiation and can produce a halo that increases the rotation velocity of a test particle with a radial distance. The second type of vacuum polarization has a more complicated equation of state. As a static physical effect, it produces renormalization of the gravitational constant. Besides, we demonstrate that a nonstationary polarization of the second type caused by a swift increase of the galactic nuclei mass results in a gravitational potential looking like a dark matter halo.

A unified electro-gravity (UEG) theory, which has been successfully used for modeling an elementary particle, is applied in this paper to model gravitation in spiral galaxies. The new UEG model would explain the "flat rotation curves'' commonly observed in the spiral galaxies, without need for any hypothetical dark matter. The UEG theory is implemented in a somewhat different manner for a spiral galaxy, as compared to the simple application of the UEG theory to an elementary particle. This is because the spiral galaxy, unlike the elementary particle, is not spherically symmetric. The UEG constant $\gamma$, required in the new model to support the galaxies' flat rotation speeds, is estimated using measured data from a galaxy survey, as well as for a selected galaxy for illustration. The estimates are compared with the $\gamma$ derived from the UEG model of an elementary particle. The UEG model for the galaxy is shown to explain the empirical Tully-Fisher Relationship (TFR), is consistent with the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), and is also independently supported by measured trends of galaxy thickness with surface brightness and rotation speed. The UEG theory may similarly be extended to emulate the hypothetical dark matter in galaxy clusters as well as in cosmology.

We report the use of Einstein rings to reveal the quantized and dynamical states of space-time in a region of impressed gravitational field as predicted by the Nexus Paradigm of quantum gravity. This in turn reveals the orbital speeds of objects found therein and the radius of curvature of the quantized space-time. Similarities between the Nexus graviton and the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) in the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) paradigm are highlighted. However unlike the singular isothermal sphere, the Nexus graviton does not contain singularities or divergent integrals. This solves the core cusp problem. In this work, data from a sample of fifteen Einstein rings published on the Cfa-Arizona Space Telescope Lens Survey (CASTLES) website is used to probe the quantized properties of space-time.

In a search for a solution of the galaxy rotation problem, a novel view on cosmological gravity is developed. In this view, the origin of gravity is traced back to the basic nuclear field of energy, spread by quarks as elementary pointlike sources. This gives a common basis for gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. After a review on gravimagnetism and the causality problem of gravity, a hypothetical concept for the gravity field is proposed, which solves the rotation problem without the need to accept dark matter as the deus ex machina.

In the context of the minimally extended varying speed of light (meVSL) model, both the absolute magnitude and the luminosity distance of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) differ from those predicted by general relativity (GR). Utilizing the Pantheon+ data, we examine the plausibility of various dark energy models under meVSL. Both ωCDM and CPL parameterization dark energy (DE) models exhibit indications of cosmic variations in the speed of light at the 1-σ level. For Ωm0=0.30,0.31, and 0.32 with (ω0,ωa)=(−1,0), the 1-σ range of c˜˙0/c˜0(10−13yr−1) is (-8.76 , -0.89), (-11.8 , 3.93), and (-14.8 , -6.98), respectively. Meanwhile, the 1-σ range of c˜˙0/c˜0(10−12yr−1) for CPL dark energy models with −1.05≤ω0≤−0.95 and 0.28≤Ωm0≤0.32, is (-6.31 , -2.98). The value of c˜ at z=3 can exceed that of the present by 0.2∼3 % for ωCDM models and 5∼13 % for CPL models. Additionally, for viable models except for the CPL model with Ωm0=0.28, we find −25.6≤G˜˙0/G˜0(10−12yr−1)≤−0.36. For this particular model, we obtain an increasing rate of the gravitational constant within the range 1.65≤G˜˙0/G˜0(10−12yr−1)≤3.79.

In our recently published papers, considering Planck mass based light speed growing black hole universe and scaled Hawking’s black hole temperature formula, we have developed a simple procedure for estimating the current Hubble parameter and current cosmic mass. In addition to that, without considering galactic dark matter, starting from 10 km/sec to 500 km/sec, we have tried to fit the observed galactic flat rotation speeds with a concept of super gravity of galactic baryonic mass. To estimate the equivalent mass of currently hypothecated galactic dark matter, we have introduced a timely increasing cosmological reference mass unit. Its current magnitude seems to be around 200 million solar masses. In this paper, considering 200 million solar masses as a characteristic representation of cosmic weak interaction mass unit, we have developed a simple formula for its estimation. We would like to appeal that, weak interaction boosts the gravity of galaxies in proportion with their virtual dark mass as (galactic baryonic mass)^3/2 / (200 million solar masses)^1/2. With further study- dark matter existence and physical properties can be understood in a theoretical approach.

In this paper we will find that, according to holographic principle {\cite{Holografico}} and thus considering Universe as the ensemble of $\aleph$ information bits or minimum particles of mass $m_{g}$, the contribution to galactic rotation curves can be due the rest of the visible Universe through a non-local collective gravitational interaction of all particles within the Universe's horizon, as a consequence of which all particles are gravitationally entangled and form a unified statistical ensemble. Therefore, we can to describe this global effect in terms of standard local Newtonian gravity within galaxies for the explanation of flatness galactic rotation curves as a possible alternative to the dark matter or MOND hypothesis. We will find a solution for the baryonic Tully-Fischer relation: $M_{b} = A v_{f}^4 \iff A = \left[a_{0}G \right]^{-1}$ with $a_{0} = \frac{cH_{0}}{2\pi}$, where $H_{0}$ is the Hubble constant at present Time $t_{0}$ and $M_{b}$, $G$ and $c$ are the galaxy baryonic mass, gravitational constant and constant speed of light in vacuum respectively. Also we will find the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation, thus obtaining a possible solution for each of the three laws of rotationally supported galaxies proposed in ({\cite{McGaugh}},{\cite{McGaugh1}}).

We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by Winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, , and the overall resulting polarization equals, . Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude, . This smeared or average value permeates all of space, and can be deduced by any observer, irrespective of location within the universe. This net gravitational field is forced upon us by Gauss’s law, and although technically a surface gravitational field, it is argued that this surface, smeared value holds point for point in the observable universe. A complete theory of gravitational polarization is presented. In contrast to electrostatics, gravistatics leads to anti-screening of the original source field, increasing the original value, , to, , where is the induced or polarized field. In the present epoch, this leads to a bound mass, , where is the sum of all ordinary source matter in the universe, and equals the relative permittivity. A new radius, and new mass, for the observable universe is dictated by the density parameters in Friedmann's equation, and Gauss’s law. These lead to the very precise values, , and, , respectively, somewhat larger than current less accurate estimates.

We try to solve three decades-old physics challenges. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Describe mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe. We propose new modeling. The modeling uses extensions to harmonic oscillator mathematics. The modeling points to all known elementary particles. The modeling suggests new particles. Based on those results, we do the following. We explain observed ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. We interrelate the masses of some elementary particles. We interrelate the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding applications of harmonic oscillator mathematics. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding three branches of physics. The branches are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology.

We develop and apply new physics theory. The theory suggests specific unfound elementary particles. The theory suggests specific constituents of dark matter. We apply those results. We explain ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. The theory points to relationships between masses of elementary particles. We show a relationship between the strength of electromagnetism and the strength of gravity. The mathematics basis for matching known and suggesting new elementary particles extends mathematics for harmonic oscillators.

In this paper, we present a method for detecting and quantifying pathogens in water samples. The method proposes a portable dark field imaging and analysis system for quantifying E. coli concentrations in water after being labeled with magnetic particles. The system utilizes the tracking of moving micro/nano objects close to or below the optical resolution limit confined in small sample volumes (~ 10 µl). In particular, the system analyzes the effect of volumetric changes due to bacteria conjugation to magnetic microparticles (MP) on their Brownian motion while being suspended in liquid buffer solution. The method allows for a simple inexpensive implementation and the possibility to be used as point-of-need testing system. Indeed, a work-ing prototype is demonstrated with the capacity of quantifying E. coli colony forming units (CFU) at a range of 1x10³ - 6x10³ CFU/mL.

Background: Laser therapies can cause hyper- and hypopigmentation of the skin. There is little evidence in the literature of effective treatments for these types of problems in Fitzpatrick IV-VI skin phototypes. The main aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the effects of a new therapy combining the application of electromagnetic fields and vacuum on a subject with Fitzpatrick VI skin phototype, presenting an extensive, laser-induced facial dyschromia. The secondary aim is to test the effectiveness of a free imaging software for assessing skin pigmentation. Methods: The level of improvement after the therapy was evaluated, with a 5-point Likert scale, one month after the end of the treatment by both the subject, and the doctor who performed the treatment, and by two blinded dermatologists. With the free software, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the area treated and the evaluation of colour distribution were performed. Results: Both the subject and the doctors involved in the study positively evaluated the effects of the treatment. The image analysis highlighted the homogenization of the skin colour in the treated area. Conclusions: The combination of electromagnetic fields and vacuum for dyschromia treatments appears promising. The new method of assessing melanin levels resulted particularly efficient.

Soil salinity is a limiting factor in crop productivity. Inoculating crops with microorganisms adapted to salt stress is an alternative to increasing plant salinity tolerance. Few studies have simultaneously propagated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate fungi (DSF) using different sources of native inoculum from halophyte plants, and evaluated their effectiveness. This study selected, in alfalfa plants as trap culture, the infectivity of 38 microbial consortia native from rhizospheric soil (19) or roots (19) coming from six halophyte plants, as well as their effectiveness in mitigating salinity stress. Inoculation with soil resulted in 26%-56% colonization by AMF and 12%-32% by DSF. Root inoculation produced 10%-56% and 8%-24% of colonization, respectively. There was no difference in the number of spores of AMF produced with both inoculum types. The effective consortia were selected based on low Na but high P and K shoot concentrations which is relevant for plant nutrition but more for salt stress mitigation. The microbial consortia selection is presented in a more novel and applicable context, which would allow for the production of native microbial inoculants adapted to salinity to diminish the harmful effects of salinity stress in glycophyte plants in the context of sustainable agriculture.

With reference to Planck scale, Mach’s relation, increasing support for large scale cosmic anisotropy and preferred directions and by introducing two new parameters Gamma and Beta, right from the beginning of Planck scale, we make an attempt to estimate ordinary matter density ratio, dark matter density ratio, mass, radius, temperature, age and expansion velocity (from and about the baby universe in all directions). We would like suggest that, from the beginning of Planck scale, 1) Dark matter can be considered as a kind of cosmic foam responsible for formation of galaxies. 2) Cosmic angular velocity is directly proportional to squared cosmic temperature. 3) Ratio of critical temperature to actual temperature plays a heuristic role in understanding ordinary and dark matter density ratios. 4) Cosmic expansion velocity increases with decreasing total matter density ratio. 5) There is no need to consider dark energy for understanding cosmic acceleration.

Cyanobacteria, microorganisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis, must adapt their metabolic processes to environmental challenges such as day and night changes. PipX, a unique regulatory protein from cyanobacteria provides a mechanistic link between signalling protein PII, a widely conserved (in bacteria and plants) transducer of carbon/nitrogen/energy richness, and the transcriptional regulator NtcA, which controls a large regulon involved in nitrogen assimilation. PipX is also involved in translational regulation by interaction with the ribosome-assembly GTPase EngA. However, increases of the PipX/PII ratio are toxic, presumably by abnormally increased binding of PipX to other partner(s). Here we present mutational and structural analyses of reported PipX-PII and PipX-NtcA complexes, leading to identification of single amino acid changes that decrease or abolish PipX toxicity. Four out of 11 mutations decreasing toxicity did not decrease PipX levels, suggesting that the targeted residues (F12, D23, L36, R54) provide toxicity determinants. In addition, one of those four mutations (D23A) argued against the over-activation of NtcA as the cause of PipX toxicity. Since most mutations at residues contacting PII decreased PipX levels, PipX stability would depend on its ability to bind to PII, a conclusion supported by the light-induced decrease in PipX levels observed in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942.

Using four field equations, a recently proposed theory that covers the phenomenology of classical physics at the level of the Maxwell and Einstein Field Equations (M&EFEs) but then goes further by unifying electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena in a fundamentally new way is reviewed. Predictions of the field equations are shown to be consistent with those of the M&EFEs through specific solutions; a particle-like solution representing a point charge, and two radiative solutions representing electromagnetic and gravitational waves. A unique feature of the full set of field equations is that charge and mass are treated as dynamic fields instead of being introduced as external parameters as is done with the classical M&EFEs, a feature that enables a procedure for quantizing the mass, charge and angular momentum of particle-like solutions. Finally, antimatter is naturally accommodated by the theory and definite predictions regarding the interactions of matter and antimatter with gravitational fields are made.

In this paper, spacetime is defined as the absolutely invariant homogeneous "coordinate spacetime" frame and its modulation by the relatively variable non-homogeneous "metric spacetime" under its constraints. This modulation is caused by matter and motion, and carries the function of transmitting interactions, reflecting the diffeomorphism invariance and Lorentz invariance. This inhomogeneous spacetime concept makes the medium nature of spacetime more obvious and avoids the problem of "path dependence" caused by the concept of curved spacetime. In this paper, it is argued that all energy-momentum has internal spatio-temporal properties, and all interactions must be transmitted through spacetime metrics. On this basis, a converging and dispersing cyclic multiverse model is proposed. This model of the universe is inevitable as long as there are two macroscopic manifestations of the matter of the universe, namely, gravitation induced convergence and "explosive" dispersion caused by different factors. The new cosmic model matches the observed accelerated "expansion" of the universe and no longer requires the dark energy hypothesis.

Over the years, there has been a significant rise in the world's scientific knowledge. However, most of it lacks structure and is often termed as Dark Data. Both humans and expert systems have continually faced difficulty in analyzing and comprehending such overwhelming amounts of information which is crucial in solving several real-world problems. Information and data visualization techniques proffer a promising solution to explore such data by allowing quick comprehension of information, the discovery of emerging trends, identification of relationships and patterns, etc. In this tutorial, we utilize the rich corpus of PubMed comprising of more than 30 million citations from biomedical literature to visually explore and understand the underlying key-insights using various information visualization techniques. With this study, we aim to diminish the limitation of human cognition and perception in handling and examining such large volumes of data by speeding up the process of decision making and pattern recognition and enabling decision-makers to fully understand data insights and make informed decisions.

Here, applying the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time, we will model the mechanism by which elementary particles are formed. We will determine the relationship between gravity and each of the elementary particles that form the standard model following analogies to that of stellar bodies. In order to achieve our goal, we will propose new models for photons, quarks and gluons; with this, we will demonstrate why there are stable and unstable elementary particles; why the first family of elementary particles forms hadrons and why the second and third families cannot form hadrons; why the fermions comply with the Pauli exclusion principle and why the bosons do not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle, etc. Finally, we will analyse the generalization of the ADS/CFT correspondence and propose a theory of everything (T.O.E.).

Here we will electrically-quantum model the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electric generator, for this, we will use the theory of three-phase electric generators and vector or phasor diagrams. We will use this model to hypothesize how the quarks that form neutrons and protons with a combined mass of 10 MeV/c², can generate, through quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions, a mass of 939.56 MeV/c² for the neutron and a mass of 938.27 MeV/c² for the proton. Using quantum mechanics and the theory of the generalization of the Boltzmann constant in curved space-time we will calculate the number of quarks-antiquarks-gluons and gravitons inside a neutron. We will also analyse βˉ decay using vector diagrams, we will calculate the tension of the string T₀ and the length of the string ℓs between quarks-antiquark and finally, we will model a black hole using a neutron equivalent model. In version 2 of this article, we will update the vector diagrams of the βˉ decay and theoretically calculate the energy of the W⁻ boson, the Z⁰ boson, and the Θ angle, Θ = arc cos (W⁻/Z⁰). We will demonstrate, through vector diagrams, that quarks-antiquarks-gluon interactions are the cause of the origin of the W⁻ boson and the Z⁰ boson. We will also demonstrate how the fine structure constant α originates. It is important to make clear, in future updates, we will describe the relationship that exists between the theory described in this paper and the Isospin theory, flavour and colour theory

Twin pregnancies are highly undesirable in dairy cattle; they compromise the health and wellbeing of a cow, and its incidence dramatically impairs the farm economy. Recently, a genomic prediction for twin pregnancies has been developed. The objective of this study was to assess cow, environmental and management risk factors affecting the incidence of twin pregnancies in high-producing dairy cows in their first lactation, with special emphasis placed on the genomic prediction values for twin pregnancy. Our study population of primiparous cows proved valuable in identifying factors other than genomic predictive values influencing the twin pregnancy rate. The odds ratio for twin pregnancy was 0.85 (p <0.0001) for each unit of a prediction value increase, 3.5 (p = 0.023) for cows becoming pregnant during the negative photoperiod, and 0.33 (p = 0.016) for cows producing ≥42 kg of milk at AI, compared to the remaining cows producing <42kg of milk. As a general conclusion, the practical implication of our findings is that genomic prediction values can identify the risk of twin pregnancy at herd level. Given the cumulative effect of genomic selection, selecting for animals with reduced genetic risk of twin pregnancies can contribute to reduce its incidence in dairy herds.

This paper is devoted to study the gravitational lensing for Curvature-coupled antisymmetric wormhole solution to compute the bending angle of light by utilizing the Gibbons and Werner technique. To achieve this, we find the Gaussian optical curvature and then apply Gauss-Bonnet theorem in the weak field limits. We also study the effects of plasma as well as dark matter mediums on the bending angle. Moreover, we analyze the graphical behaviour of the deflection angle $\alpha$ with respect to the impact parameter $\sigma$ and minimal radius $r_{0}$ in non-plasma and plasma mediums. We examine that deflection angle shows direct relation with $r_{0}$ such that large values of $r_{0}$ gives large deflection angle and small values of $r_{0}$ gives small deflection angle. For impact parameter $\sigma$, deflection angle $\alpha$ shows inverse relation. Additionally, we derive the deflection angle of light by using Keeton and Petters method and compare with the previous results.

The scalar field of space-time film is considered as unified fundamental field. The field model under consideration is the space-time generalization of the model for a two-dimensional thin film. The force and metrical interactions between solitons are considered. These interactions correspond to the electromagnetic and gravitational interactions respectively. The metrical interaction and its correspondence to the gravitational one are considered in detail. The practical applications of this approach are discussed.

A model of space-time is presented, whose origin is set before the appearance of any universe. It uses concepts of previous work, a central one being that the information about the laws of nature is stored locally everywhere in space such that all physical processes obey them. Since information storage is bound to matter or energy, space is assumed to consist of dark energy (DE), which thus assumes an importance far beyond its function as a stopgap for an energy deficit in our universe (U). The primordial state (PS) is a timeless and relatively large space of 3 dimensions described by a Wheeler DeWitt (WDW) equation, whose solution is interpreted as an arrangement of very many space quanta and possesses all the characteristics of the time-honored concept of the unmoved mover. The comparison of WDW solutions belonging to different mass densities of the DE favors one in which the space quanta are mini black holes, and allows the space quanta to be imagined as mass points that are kept at a distance compatible with the quantum volume by the Pauli principle or something equivalent. Triggered by an increase in probability, the PS is followed by a time-dependent state of space expansion (ES). The concomitant emergence of time occurs in a lightning huge crash, consuming almost all DE of the PS. The subsequent expansion proceeds in quantum leaps, whose huge size emerges from a WDW equation novelly derived from the time-dependent classical expansion solution, and is also used as size of the PS. Information is assumed to be geometrically stored in arrangements of space quanta similar to how genetic information is stored in DNA molecules. During space expansion information must be transferred from already existing "information quanta" to new ones. This requires time, slows down the expansion and is taken into account by a friction term in the cosmological momentum equation. Sinc e the Friedmann-Lemaître (FL) equation remains fully valid, the model can exclusively be based on recognized equations, so that the assumptions used to build it can be understood as interpretations.

The time symmetry of T_c = CT is redefined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The time inversion symmetry of T_c = CT changes the signs of the charge (q) and absolute time (ct) of the particle. The P symmetry changes the signs of the space momenta and handedness of the particle. The T_c symmetry changes the signs of the time momentum (P_t=E/c) and charges. The handedness are classified as the left-handedness and right-handedness on the 3-D space. The charges (|q| = cDt) and energies (E= cDtDV) of the particles are originated from the upward warping (q>0) and downward warping (q<0) of the particles along the time axis. The evolution of our matter universe with P_t > 0 since the big bang can be interpreted based on the CTP symmetry with the partner antimatter universe with p_t < 0. The photon space is called as the vacuum space. Then the E and M waves are the space fluctuations, and the gravitational G wave is the time fluctuations. And the E, M and G fields are newly explained. The zero E and M fields of the photon space indicates that the photon space and gamma ray are the 2EM waves. The rest mass energy of the particle is the 4-D space volume of the warped photon space. In the present work, the quantum wave function is considered as the 4-D vector with the space wave function and time axis wave function in the 4-D Euclidean space. The warped photon space corresponds to the squared wave function which is the probability density. It is concluded that, in the quantum mechanics, the imaginary number concept is introduced in the quantum wave functions instead of the time axis component of the 4-D wave function vector. The left-handed neutrino puzzle is explained from the handedness partner relation with the right-handed dark matters. Finally, the modified Lorentz transformations derived in the 4-D Euclidean space are compared with the Lorentz transformations of the special and general relativity theories in the 4-D Minkowski space.

If visible matter alone is present in the Universe, General Relativity (GR) and its Newtonian weak field limit cannot explain several pieces of evidence, from the largest to the smallest scales. The most investigated solution is the cosmological model ΛCDM, where GR is valid and two dark components are introduced, dark energy and dark matter, to explain the ∼70% and ∼25% of the mass-energy budget of the Universe, respectively. An alternative approach is provided by modified gravity theories, where a departure of the gravity law from ΛCDM is assumed and no dark components are included. This work presents refracted gravity (RG), a modified theory of gravity formulated in a classical way where the presence of DM is mimicked by a gravitational permittivity ϵ(ρ) monotonically increasing with the local mass density ρ, which causes the field lines to be refracted in small density environments. Specifically, the flatter the system the stronger the refraction effect and, thus, the larger the mass discrepancy if interpreted in Newtonian gravity. RG presented several encouraging results in modelling the dynamics of disk and elliptical galaxies and the temperature profiles of the hot X-ray emitting gas in galaxy clusters and a covariant extension of the theory seems to be promising.

We suggest progress regarding the following six physics opportunities. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Explain ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. Explain eras in the history of the universe. Link properties of objects. Interrelate physics models. We use models based on Diophantine equations.

A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and found that the cores of magnetar pulsars may be quark-nuggets in a ferromagnetic-liquid state with surface magnetic field Bo = $10^(12±1) T. We have applied that result to quark-nugget dark matter. Previous work addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution before they could decay and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, losing translational velocity while gaining rotational velocity and radiating electromagnetic energy. The two orders of magnitude uncertainty in Tatsumi’s estimate for Bo precludes the practical design of systematic experiments to detect MQNs through their predicted interaction with matter. In this paper, we examine episodic events consistent with a unique signature of MQNs. If they are indeed caused by MQNs, they constrain the most likely values of Bo = 1.65 × 10^12 T +/- 21% and support the design of definitive tests of the MQN dark-matter hypothesis.

The part of this article dealing with topological insulators and topological superconductors was first written about two years ago - the ideas in the part about the topological universe originated six years ago or more. It’s rather strange that I never put the two parts together in writing before. My belief in unification is unshakeable - I’ve been convinced for years that the universe must be composed of topology. Since Earth is part of the cosmos, entanglement means it must have topological materials. The reverse is also true: topological materials on Earth are well known to science - so in a unification, space and time inevitably possess topological composition. Topological materials (topological insulators, topological superconductors) can be less mystifying if they’re related to the paradigm-shifting deterministic view of quantum mechanics which is described in the universal topology (the “rubber-sheet geometry” of the cosmos): see my previous submission “Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories" at https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202105.0239/v1 (the first section of this present article is a quick summary of the relevant parts).

At present there is a renewed interest in theories of ”modified” gravity. Here, under a more drastic modification enforced by Galilei group, we obtain a completely new gravitational structure, and which exists in addition to the already available general relativity of today. Correlated with this, we show that in addition, there is a new ”modified” quantum mechanics, in as much as it exists as an independent and new ”pure” non-relativistic quantum me- chanics, and which has no relativistic counterpart. This is in addition to the present quantum mechanics, where the relativistic and non-relativistic structures are counterparts of each other. The above holds, firstly due to the correlation between Galilei group and quantum mechanics. These math- ematical conclusions are consolidated by the fact that there exists a physical Majorana interaction between each neutron- proton pairs in nuclei. Galilei invariance of Majorana exchange in Majorana interaction, shows that the mass here is of pure gravitational nature, and which is immune to the other three forces. This makes an amazing connection between the gravitational force and the quantum mechanics. This pure gravitational mass would man- ifest itself as dark matter of the universe. It is our new modified gravity that generates the dark matter.

The most cited evidence for (nonbaryonic) dark matter has been an apparent lack of visible mass to gravitationally support the observed orbital velocity of matters in rotating disk galaxies. Yet measurement of the mass of celestial objects cannot be straightforward, requiring theories derived from the known physical laws along with some empirically established semi-quantitative relationship. The most reliable means for determining the mass distribution in rotating disk galaxies is to solve a force balance equation according to Newton’s laws from measured rotation curves, similar to calculating the Sun’s mass from the Earth’s orbital velocity. Another common method to estimate galactic mass distribution is to convert measured brightness from surface photometry based on empirically established mass-to-light ratio. For convenience, most astronomers commonly assumed a constant mass-to-light ratio for estimation of the so-called “luminous” or “visible” mass, which should not be expected accurate. The mass determined from rotation curve typically exhibit an exponential-like decline with galactrocentric distance, qualitatively consistent with observed surface brightness. This fact scientifically suggests variable mass-to-light ratio of baryonic matter in galaxies without the need for dark matter.

The paper discusses the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics for experiments of entanglement “establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science” in a much wider, including philosophical context legitimizing by the authority of the Nobel Prize a new scientific area out of “classical” quantum mechanics relevant to Pauli’s “particle” paradigm of energy conservation and thus to the Standard model obeying it. One justifies the eventual future theory of quantum gravitation as belonging to the newly established quantum information science. Entanglement, involving non-Hermitian operators for its rigorous description, non-unitarity as well as nonlocal and superluminal physical signals “spookily” (by Einstein’s flowery epithet) synchronizing and transferring some nonzero action at a distance, can be considered to be quantum gravity so that its local counterpart to be Einstein’s gravitation according to general relativity therefore pioneering an alternative pathway to quantum gravitation different from the “secondary quantization” of the Standard model. So, the experiments of entanglement once they have been awarded by the Nobel Prize launch particularly the relevant theory of quantum gravitation grounded on “quantum information science” thus granted to be nonclassical quantum mechanics in the shared framework of the generalized quantum mechanics obeying rather quantum-information conservation than only energy conservation. The concept of “dark phase” of the universe naturally linked to the very well confirmed “dark matter” and “dark energy” and opposed to its “light phase” inherent to classical quantum mechanics and the Standard model obeys quantum-information conservation, after which reversible causality or the mutual transformation of energy and information are valid. The mythical Big Bang after which energy conservation holds universally is to be replaced by an omnipresent and omnitemporal medium of decoherence of the dark and nonlocal phase into the light and local phase. The former is only an integral image of the latter and borrowed in fact rather from religion than from science. Physical, methodological and proper philosophical conclusions follow from that paradigm shift heralded by the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics. For example, the scientific theory of thinking should originate from the dark phase of the universe, as well: probably only approximately modeled by neural networks physically belonging to the light phase thoroughly. A few crucial philosophical sequences follow from the break of Pauli’s paradigm: (1) the establishment of the “dark” phase of the universe as opposed to its “light” phase, only to which the Cartesian dichotomy of “body” and “mind” is valid; (2) quantum information conservation as relevant to the dark phase, furthermore generalizing energy conservation as to its light phase, productively allowing for physical entities to appear “ex nihilo”, i.e., from the dark phase, in which energy and time are yet inseparable from each other; (3) reversible causality as inherent to the dark phase; (4) the interpretation of gravitation only mathematically: as an interpretation of the incompleteness of finiteness to infinity, for example, following the Gödel dichotomy (“either contradiction or incompleteness”) about the relation of arithmetic to set theory; (5) the restriction of the concept of hierarchy only to the light phase; (6) the commensurability of both physical extremes of a quantum and the universe as a whole in the dark phase obeying quantum information conservation and akin to Nicholas of Cusa’s philosophical and theological worldview.

The evaluation of HAADF-STEM images of a sample with the composition Nb18W16O93 provided new insights in its real structure. The basic structure comprises an intact octahedral framework of the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) type. The partial occupation of the pentagonal tunnels (PT) by metal-oxygen strings determines the oxygen to metal ratio (O/SM with M = Nb,W). For a large area, the O/SM was determined to be 2.755 which is smaller than the value of Nb18W16O93 which is O/SM = 2. 735. To a large extent, the threefold TTB superstructure structure of Nb8W9O47 with a high oxygen content is present (O/SM = 2.765). In addition, a new fourfold TTB superstructure was found in small domains: Nb12W11O63 with an O/SM = 2.739 obviously accommodates a part of the sample’s metal excess compared to the stable phase Nb8W9O47.

We emphasize the point that, standard model of cosmology is basically a model of classical general relativity and it seems inevitable to have a revision with reference to quantum model of cosmology. Utmost important point to be noted is that, ‘Spin’ is a basic property of quantum mechanics and ‘rotation’ is a very common experience. In this context, we propose five assumptions in line with Planck mass as the baby universe. We appeal that, 1) Universe can be modeled as a time-reversed black hole (a white hole) with rotation and light speed expansion, and 2) ‘Light speed expanding cosmic space’ can be called as ‘Flat space’. With reference to light speed expansion, if one is willing to re-define cosmic red shift as [z/(1+z)], without considering Lambda cosmology model of matter density fractions, light travel distances can be reproduced with a marginal error of +8.6% at z =1.2, (i.e. traditional light travel distance is 8.6% higher than our estimate), 0% at z = 11.5 and -5.5% at z = 1200.( i.e. traditional light travel distance is 5.5% lower than our estimate). Advantages of our model are, 1) A quantum model of cosmology can be developed with unification of general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. 2) Tension in estimating the current Hubble parameter can be eliminated via scaled Hawking’s black hole temperature formula with great confidence. 3) Galactic dark matter and visible matter can be studied in a unified manner. 4) Galactic light travel distances can be estimated very easily without matter density fractions. 5) Big Bang and Inflation like non-general relativistic concepts can be relinquished with further study.

If we assume that: a. The four fundamental forces of nature are independent waves without rest masses, and their speeds are constant in a vacuum, just like light. b. Light or electromagnetic waves and gravity are comparable in structures. Weak and strong interactions are similar in structures. c. Light and weak interaction have the same speed c_L with spin number +1 or –1. d. Gravity and strong interaction have the same speed c_G without spin. e. The primary particles, namely electrons, electron neutrinos, and dark neutrinos in this paper, are made by the above four waves. We can find and describe some fundamental characteristics of the primary particles (e.g., their sizes, energies, and interactions) and introduce new attractive results from them (e.g., the source of the Pauli exclusion principle, the solution to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, and c_G slightly faster than c_L).

In this work, we examine the deflection angle of black hole in effective loop quantum gravity in non-plasma medium via the geometrical technique of Gibbons and Werner in weak field limits. For this, we attain the optical metric and calculate the Gaussian optical curvature and then we apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. We also study the influence of the plasma and dark matter mediums on the deflection angle. Further, we obtain the deflection angle by using Keeton and Petters method. We also calculate the Hawking temperature via Gauss-Bonnet theorem. In addition, we determine the fermionic greybody bounds. Moreover, we discuss the graphical behaviour of the bending angle and bounds on the greybody factor. We also examine that the results obtained for the black hole in effective loop quantum gravity are reduces to the Schwarzschild black hole solutions when dimensionless non-negative parameter $A_{\lambda}=0$.

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

An explanation of the origin of dark matter is suggested in this work. The argument is based on symmetry considerations about the concept of mass. In the Wigner's view, the rest mass and the spin of a free elementary particle in flat space-time are the two invariants that characterize the associated unitary irreducible representation of the Poincar\'e group. The Poincar\'e group has two and only two deformations with maximal symmetry. They describe respectively the de Sitter (dS) and Anti de Sitter (AdS) kinematic symmetries. Analogously to their shared flat space-time limit, two invariants, spin and energy scale for de Sitter and rest energy for Anti de Sitter, characterize the unitary irreducible representation associated with dS and AdS elementary systems. While the dS energy scale is a simple deformation of the Poincaré rest energy and so has a purely mass nature, AdS rest energy is the sum of a purely mass component and a kind of zero-point energy derived from the curvature. An analysis based on recent estimates on the chemical freeze-out temperature marking in Early Universe the phase transition quark-gluon plasma epoch to the hadron epoch supports the guess that dark matter energy might originate from an effective AdS curvature energy.

This paper is devoted to compute the weak deflection angle for Kalb-Ramond traversable wormhole solution in plasma and dark matter mediums by using the method of Gibbons and Werner. To acquire our results, we evaluate Gaussian optical curvature by utilizing the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in the weak field limits. We also investigate the graphical influence of deflection angle $\tilde{\alpha}$ with respect to the impact parameter $\sigma$ and minimal radius $r_0$ in plasma medium. Moreover, we derive the deflection angle by using different method known as Keeton and Petters method. We also examine that if we remove the effects of plasma and dark matter, the results become identical to that of non-plasma case.

The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)₃ state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)₃. The A(CC=-5)₃ state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)₃. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)₃ state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

We explore the field equations in a 4-d complex space-time, in the same way, that general relativity does for our usual 4-d real space-time, forming this way, a new "general relativity" in C⁴ space-time, free of sources. Afterwards, by embedding our usual 4-d real space-time in C⁴ space-time, we describe geometrically the energy-momentum tensor T_μν as the lost geometric information of this embedding. We further give possible explanation of dark eld and dark energy.

Here, using the theory of electrical-quantum modelling of the neutron and proton as a three-phase alternating current electrical generator, we will analyse the proton decay and the inverse neutron decay and determine the following subatomic particles, Dproton, Protoniu, Dneutron and Neutroniumd.

Gravitation is interpreted to be an “ontomathematical” force or interaction rather than an only physical one. That approach restores Newton’s original design of universal gravitation in the framework of “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, which allows for Einstein’s special and general relativity to be also reinterpreted ontomathematically. The entanglement theory of quantum gravitation is inherently involved also ontomathematically by virtue of the consideration of the qubit Hilbert space after entanglement as the Fourier counterpart of pseudo-Riemannian space. Gravitation can be also interpreted as purely mathematical or logical “force” or “interaction” as a corollary from its ontomathematical (rather than physical) realization. The ontomathematical approach to gravitation is implicit in general relativity equating it to operators in pseudo-Riemannian space obeying the Einstein field equation and also well-known by the “geometrization of physics”. Quantum mechanics shares the same by the separable complex Hilbert space and defining “physical quantity” by the Hermitian operators.

In this paper, we study the deflection angle for wormhole-like static aether solution by using Gibbons and Werner technique in non-plasma, plasma and dark matter mediums. For this purpose, we use optical spacetime geometry to calculate the Gaussian optical curvature, then implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem in weak field limits. Moreover, we compute the deflection angle by using a technique known as Keeton and Petters technique. Furthermore, we analyze the graphical behaviour of the bending angle ψ with respect to the impact parameter b, mass m as integration constant and parameter q in non-plasma and plasma mediums. We examine that deflection angle is exponentially increasing as direct with charge. Also, we observe that for small values of b, ψ increases and for large values of b the angle deceases. We also considered an analysis to the shadow cast of the wormhole relative to an observer at various locations. Comparing it the the Schwarzschild shadow, shadow cast is possible for wormhole as r<2m. At r>2m, the Schwarzschild is larger. As r → ∞, we have seen that the behavior of the shadow, as well as the weak deflection angle, approaches that of the Schwarzschild black hole. Overall, the effect of plasma tends to decrease the value of the observables due to the wormhole geometry.

We explore the possibility to form a physical theory in $C^4$. We argue that the expansion of our usual 4-d real space-time to a 4-d complex space-time, can serve us to describe geometrically electromagnetism and nuclear fields and unify it with gravity, in a different way that Kaluza-Klein theories do. Specifically, the electromagnetic field $A_\mu$, is included in the free geodesic equation of $C^4$. By embedding our usual 4-d real space-time in the symplectic 8-d real space-time (symplectic $R^8$ is algebraically isomorphic to $C^4$), we derive the usual geodesic equation of a charged particle in gravitational field, plus new information which is interpreted. Afterwards, we formulate and explore the extended special relativity and extended general relativity an $C^4$ or$R^8$. After embedding our usual 4-d space-time in $R^8$, two new phenomena rise naturally, that are interpreted as "dark matter" and "dark energy". A new cosmological model is presented, while the geometrical terms associated with "dark matter" and "dark energy" are investigated. Similarities, patterns and differences between "dark matter", "dark energy", ordinary matter and radiation are presented, where "dark energy" is a dynamic entity and "dark matter" reveal itself as a "mediator" betwen ordinary matter and "dark energy". Moreover, "dark matter" is deeply connected with "dark energy". Furthermore, the extended Hamilton-Jacobi equation of the extended space-time, is transformed naturally as an extended Klein-Gordon equation, in order to get in contact with quantum theories. By solving the Klein-Gordon equation analytically, we derive an eigenvalue for Higg's boson mass value at 125,173945 $Gev/c^{2}$. The extended Klein-Gordon equation, also connects Higg's boson (or vacuum) with Cosmology, due to the existence of our second "time" T (cosmological time), which serve us to connect quantum theories with Cosmology. Afterwards, in the general case, we explore the symmetries of the curved Hamilton-Jacobi equation locally, in order to investigate the consequences of a $C^4$ space-time in Standard Model. An extension to Standard Model is revealed, especially in the sector of strong nuclear field. The Stiefel manifold $SU(4)/SU(2)$ seems capable not only to describe the strong nuclear field but give us,as well, enough room to explore in the future, the possibility to explain quark confinment. Our extension, flavors firstly the unification of nuclear fields and afterwards the unification of nuclear fields with electromagnetic field. The desired grand unification, is achieved locally, through the symmetry group $GL(4,C)\simeq SO(4,4)\cap U(4)$ and we present a potential mechanism to reduce the existing particle numbers to just six. Afterwards,23 present the extended Dirac equation in $C^4$ space-time (Majorana-Weyl representation) plus a preliminary attempt to introduce a pure geometric structure for fermions. Finally, we consider a new geometric structure through n-linear forms in order to give geometric explanation for quantisation

(i) Investigations of stellar systems known as wide binaries suggest that Newton’s law of gravitation breaks down at low accelerations. This can be explained by proposing a fifth force with $U(1)$ gauge symmetry, whose corresponding gauge boson is the sought for dark matter candidate. (ii) Relativistic causality (i.e. no faster than light signalling) permits nonlocal correlations stronger than those permitted by quantum mechanics. This can be explained if our universe possesses a second 4D spacetime with a signature opposite to ours. (iii) Such a fifth force, and a second spacetime, arise naturally in a recently proposed theory of unification based on an $E_8\times E_8$ symmetry. Our spacetime arises from breaking of an $SU(2)_R\times U(1)_{YDEM}$ symmetry, and the second spacetime arises from broken electroweak symmetry.

By modifying the basic definition of cosmic red shift, considering ‘speed of light’ as an absolute cosmic expansion rate and adopting ‘Planck mass’ as the basic seed of the observed large scale universe, it is certainly possible to review and revise the basic picture of ‘standard cosmology’ and in near future, a perfect model of ‘white hole cosmology’ can be developed. In this context we have developed five assumptions. First three assumptions are based on ‘time reversed’ black holes and seem to be well connected with General theory of relativity as well as Quantum mechanics. 4^th and 5^th assumptions are helpful in understanding current galactic dark matter and flat rotation speeds. It may be noted that, considering our first three assumptions and considering the Planck Legacy 2018 data’s enhanced lensing amplitude in cosmic microwave background power spectra - conceptually, a closed universe having a positive curvature seems to be a best fit for the observed universe. With reference to our recent publication [26], for clarity on the subject, in this short communication, we make an attempt to review and explain our proposed assumptions at fundamental level. Our aim is to see that, professional and non-professional cosmologists must understand the basics of workable quantum cosmology.

In this research, we present the Combined Theoretical Signal (CTS) model, which integrates influences from dark matter, quantum fluctuations, and higher-dimensional effects. Our goal is to provide a potential framework for unifying gravity and quantum physics. We validate the CTS model against observational gravitational wave data and perform residual analysis to assess its accuracy. The results suggest that CTS aligns well with the observational data and provides a robust theoretical model that may contribute significantly to the quest for a universal theory. This model has the potential to enhance our understanding of the fundamental forces and the structure of the universe, supporting a hierarchical tree structure rather than parallel universes.

Can a gravitational lens magnify gravity ? The answer to this question is the subject of this article. Light is deflected as it passes through curved spacetime caused by a mass distribution. This phenomenon, known as "gravitational lensing," has been extensively studied and is well understood. According to the general theory of relativity, the same deflection is expected for gravitational waves, because they also propagate at the speed of light. But this applies to gravitational fields as well. Thus, gravitational fields, which extend through curved spacetime, are also deflected correspondingly. This effect is referred to as "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity". It leads to the fact that the gravitational field strength originating from an object in the background of a gravitational lens is enhanced in the same way as its light intensity. If the background object is visible to an observer several times due to the gravitational lens, each of the images also exerts a corresponding gravitational attraction on her ! For the first time, a proof of the existence of this amazing effect is given. In a simple thought experiment the contraction of a spherically symmetric gravitational lens is discussed. The proof is essentially based on Birkhoff's theorem. According to this theorem, during the contraction additional null geodesics between the background object and the observer come into existence. To these null geodesics also contributions to the gravitational field are to be assigned. In the literature, similar descriptions can be found for the gravitational self-interaction of a particle in a curved spacetime background. The article is organized as follows: In the introduction, the historical origin of the idea of the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" is briefly outlined. In the second chapter, the subsequently required basic principles and essential features of general relativity are explained. In the third chapter I analyze different arrangements of masses and describe the observations to be expected. The arrangements show step by step the transition from the classical "Newtonian limit" in a flat spacetime background to the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" in a curved spacetime background. Due to its clarity, the simple scenario may also serves as a suitable test case for the mathematical methods of general relativity. The concluding outlook provides references to current questions in astrophysics, especially the question of the existence of Dark Matter. Here, the general theory of relativity offers much simpler explanations with the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity".