Abstract: Mars climatology is a growing interest domain for planetary research and for operational missions. In the last three decades, Martian General Circulation Models have been developed to support the interpretation of spacecraft and telescopic observations and for the advancement of theoretical understanding of the climate. They have been designed to represent key processes, such as dust cycle, seasonal CO2 condensation and interaction between boundary layer and surface. At the same time, new observations from orbiters and landers have enhanced the diagnostics, but several uncertainties in the parameterization, especially in dust representation and turbulent mixing, require further improvements. This review represents a synthesis of the state of the art of existing global and regional models, comparing numerical and physical approaches, identifying the main challenges for the next years, with particular attention to the needs of operational missions and machine learning techniques.

Abstract: The paper presents experimental data on the observation of an artificial airglow of the ionosphere induced by HF pumping by the SURA heating facility during the presence of a blocking sporadic E layer of the ionosphere. Optical observations were carried out on August 5, 2024. using a three-channel photometer and CCD cameras with narrow-band filters. Emission of atomic oxygen at the wavelength \( \lambda \) = 557.7 nm (green line), as well as airglow close to red line of atomic oxygen at \( \lambda \) = 630 nm and band of molecular nitrogen ions \( 1NGN_2^+(0-0) \) at \( \lambda \) = 391.4 nm (blue band), were recorded. The induced emission intensity in the green line reached \( \sim \) 270 R, larger than ever measured. Additional lower-intensity glow spots in the green line southwest and northeast of the main spot (\( \sim \)12°, from zenith), detected by the CCD camera could be due to the side lobes of the SURA antenna pattern. The atypical behavior of the time course of the intensity in the red line with sharp fronts of increase and decrease may indicate the detection of emission lines of hydroxyl groups in the OH(9-3) and OH(5-0) bands, spectrally close to 630 nm. More detailed analysis of the results obtained and new similar experiments will let to understand more deeply processes occurring in the upper atmosphere/lower ionosphere over high solar activity.

Abstract: Throughout the second part of the Modern Era, leading researchers in astronomy, physics and applied statistics into astrophysics have brought a novel hypothesis, in which it was speculated that the Milky Way will experience a clash with another galaxy as a result of an intersection in their motion. Currently, such a statement is purely speculative in nature, although specific signs that such a hypothesis reflects real-world phenomena have started appearing, which cover seemingly increased frequencies and extents of planetary and stellar alignments within the Milky Way. Any occurrence of such a phenomenon may be probable due to increased electromagnetic and gravitational influences from outside the galaxy, which may hint at an existing approach of a different galaxy towards the Milky Way. It may be important to mention that potential effects of a multi-galactic crash would involve a general polarisation of natural and spatial phenomena, given that a multi-galactic interaction and clash would involve a sharp, unprecedented increase in the extent of electromagnetic and gravitational fluctuations of influences toward the Earth, which would affect all natural phenomena upon it, including the climate, the weather, human and animal psychology and wellbeing, as well as the effects of seas and oceans upon nearby shores. Furthermore, if the hypothesis in which major electromagnetic and gravitational influences toward specific, earthquake-prone geographical areas of the Earth would increase the probability of the occurrence of novel earthquakes and aftershocks in such areas is proven to be evidence-based, then a multi-galactic clash involving the Milky Way could also result in a sharp increase in both the frequency and extent of earthquakes throughout the Earth. Furthermore, it could be that the increasing number of people “bumping” into numerical and geometrical coincidences of symmetry at random (i.e. an increasing number of people bumping into “angel numbers”) is a sign of existing increases in electromagnetic and gravitational influences from the cosmos, which may very well reflect a scenario of an approaching multi-galactic interaction that may in a lower probability scenario even implicate the Milky Way (i.e. perhaps with Andromeda in approximately 4.5 billion years). According to Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, time is not an absolute entity, but a relative measure that can be contracted or dilated depending on the observer’s perspective. Nonetheless, such relativistic effects are technically imperceptible on Earth, just as passengers aboard a high-speed train experience stability and consistency within the train, regardless of its external speed. Similarly, the inhabitants of the Milky Way could remain unaware of significant relativistic changes in galactic motion, whilst natural and cosmic phenomena within the galaxy would paradoxically accelerate in a manner reflective to the acceleration of time, thereby “transforming” the 4.5 billion years potentially into a much shorter time frame. If the Multiverse is real, then the same analogy applies for the inhabitants of the Universe. Furthermore, it may be important to observe whether any double-exponential growth in the speed of the approaching galaxies has been taken into consideration, which would broadly shorten the duration of 4.5 billion years and also change the relativistic states of time within the implicated galaxies - whilst keeping the internal measurements of time intact. Any real-world application of such an analogy may bring implications that deeply intersect scientific and philosophical research, perhaps even offering a hypothesis in which traditional cosmological models that suggest an 11-billion year process of evolution of physical matter, may not be mutually exclusive with theological narratives, such as a “Seven-Day Creation”. Some hypotheses have even proposed a paradoxical existence of a relative state of the speed of light, although empirical scientific evidence states that it is an absolute value, which constitutes the foundation of Albert Einstein’s research.Such hypotheses could nonetheless operate according to the Philosophical model of “destroy the Temple and rebuild It afterward”, potentially resulting in the creation of the most foundational type of a paradox in which the speed of light would be deemed as both relative and absolute, which could constitute “the paradox of all paradoxes”. Effects of any multi-galactic interaction implicating the Milky Way may accelerate the production of more stars and planetary systems, and preserve existing forms of life, given that a clash between Sagittarius Dwarf and the Milky Way may have resulted in the creation of the Solar System. Or, such an interaction deemed to probably occur, and in the distant future, could describe religious passages in which a phenomenon of “star falling” is mentioned, which could also involve an increasing number of asteroids falling upon Earth, given that fluctuations in gravitational influences could cause asteroids from the great belt nearby Jupiter to change their direction, leading to increased statistical probabilities that more asteroids will change their direction and be headed toward the Earth. Such a phenomenon could be deemed as “beyond monumental” in nature and even impact the state of time within the interacting galaxies, given its relative nature - potentially accelerating it considerably as the galaxies approach one another, in proportion with the level of fluctuations in electromagnetic influences toward the Solar System. Overall, the effects of a multi-galactic clash could either create more life or be catastrophic for human and animal life, potentially resulting in a phenomenon of unprecedented population loss in all life forms. Likewise, it may be important for research efforts to continue in order to determine whether the Milky Way is indeed in the course of experiencing an unprecedented intersection with a different galaxy, as well as for scientists, local and international authorities to devise plans of preparation for the purpose of precaution and ensuring that all guidelines of Health & Safety are met in case of any increased frequency and extent of natural disasters throughout the Earth, whilst keeping academic and scientific perspectives in an optimistic realm, based on the available evidence. This preprint also develops a speculative but explicitly testable applied mathematics-related hypothesis concerning large-scale galactic interactions and their possible influence on coarse-grained temporal observables for extended gravitational systems. While General Relativity uniquely defines proper time along individual worldlines, it does not uniquely prescribe how clock rates should be aggregated across spatially extended, self-gravitating domains such as galaxies when these systems are embedded in non-uniform external gravitational fields. Building on this conceptual gap, we introduce a phenomenological “structural time” for a bound system G, defined through a coarse-grained lapse factor χG​, and propose a minimal extension in which χG​ acquires a weak dependence on external tidal curvature invariants. The model is constructed covariantly using the electric part of the Weyl tensor and a dimensionless tidal-strength parameter ΛG ≡ TG / (ΩG2), where TG = sqrt (Eab * Eab) measures the external tidal field and ΩG​ is a characteristic internal dynamical frequency. The modified lapse takes the form χG = χG,GR * [1 + ε * ΛGp]−1/2, recovering the standard GR coarse-grained result when ε=0. Applied to the Milky Way – Andromeda system, the present-day tidal strength is strongly suppressed (ΛG ∼ 10−5 for fiducial parameters), implying that any effect on coarse-grained timekeeping is expected to be extremely small at current separations unless the coupling ε is unexpectedly large. A distinctive observational consequence is a fixed-axis quadrupolar anisotropy in timing or frequency measurements aligned with the dominant external mass distribution, providing a falsifiable template for pulsar timing arrays and high-precision optical-clock networks. The broader conceptual motivation of the paper is to explore whether system-level temporal observables, when defined through coarse-graining, could carry weak environmental dependence in galactic settings without modifying local tests of General Relativity. More broadly, the framework suggests that certain aspects of relativistic time may require refined interpretation when applied to spatially extended, self-gravitating systems rather than idealised point observers. In this sense, the present work does not modify the field equations of General Relativity, but instead proposes an operational extension in how relativistic time may be defined after coarse-graining across large astrophysical domains subject to external tidal curvature. Such a perspective may help in thoroughly expanding the application of relativistic concepts to galactic-scale dynamics while remaining fully consistent with the extensive body of experimental tests confirming General Relativity in local and weak-field regimes.

Abstract: Rapid advances in deep-space exploration are drawing increasing attention from geode-sists and creating an urgent demand for effective management and visualization of deep-space object information. This paper presents a comprehensive study on methods for managing and visualizing small celestial bodies’ “orbit–shape–field” spatial information, including geometric shape, orbital simulation and gravitational fields. We develop an in-tegrated solution that combines a backend spatial database, a web frontend and a virtual reality (VR) frontend. On the backend, we design and implement a database to catalog heterogeneous small-body information efficiently, where partitioned tables are adopted to support scalable storage, fast querying and convenient updates. On the web frontend, Spacekit.js and Cesium.js are integrated to simulate coordinated solar-system motion of planets, comets and asteroids (both rotation and revolution) while enabling rapid loading and rendering of gravitational vector fields. On the VR frontend, we build a standalone Unreal Engine 5 application that renders orbits with spline curves consistent with the web results and supports cooperative multi-body motion in immersive exploration. Finally, performance tests are conducted to recommend VR hardware configurations and practical data-loading scales for smooth gravitational-vector rendering and interaction. These methods support analysis workflows and have potential value for deep-space science.

Abstract: Within the payloads of JUICE and Europa Clipper, there are instruments suitable for the search of a specific biosignature. These missions have payloads with mass spectrometers capable of measuring both isotopic abundances, and testing whether ocean worlds could harbor amphiphile mixtures, or populations that would lead to a lipid-first origin of life. We may begin to test whether in the Jovian icy moons there may be large detectable excursions of stable isotopes of chemical elements on the icy surfaces that are substantially shifted from their expected isotopic distributions. The detection of an unambiguous signal would suggest a biogenic origin, provided care is taken to exclude abiotic thermal isotopic fractionation. Our suggested tests should be confirmed independently with other techniques. Stable Isotope Geochemistry on the icy Jovian moons has not yet been thoroughly discussed in the literature. In addition, we enquire whether insights into life’s origin could be retrieved from Europa’s ocean and its surface, including the question of the first steps in the evolution of life. Special emphasis has been put on an approach to seek on the surface of ocean worlds chemical phenomena that are rather primitive, but nevertheless with published models can predict a path towards life.

Abstract: Astronomy is probably the oldest science of mankind and thus older than writing. With the development of exact natural sciences, various astronomical sciences such as astrochemistry, astrobiology and some more have developed. The current rapid development of space travel is leading to the formation of further sub-disciplines. In principle, there can be a new extraterrestrial astronomical science for every natural science that has so far been earthbound.

Abstract: Granitic rocks dominate Earth's continental crust, yet the Hadean record is severely limited. Extraterrestrial evolved lithologies, crystallized under anhydrous, plate tectonics-free conditions analogous to those of early Earth, provide valuable analogues. This review synthesizes lunar, asteroidal, Martian, and candidate Venus/Mercury data, revealing that partial melting of mafic protoliths, not fractional crystallization or silicate liquid immiscibility, represents the dominant formation mechanism. Granitic magmatism persisted episodically from merely 2.3 Myr after Solar System formation through at least 3.87 Ga, with estimated abundances of 0.2–2% representing a conservative lower limit. These findings imply that Hadean Earth possessed the thermal and compositional prerequisites for analogous magmatism, potentially yielding a crustal inventory of 0.2–40% felsic material. By establishing a comparative planetary framework, this study illuminates pathways for reconstructing Earth's earliest crustal evolution and highlights priorities for future exploration missions targeting cryptic silicic reservoirs, particularly deep-crustal exposures in large lunar impact basins and in situ characterization of Venusian highland terrains.

Abstract: As Akasofu noted, no two geomagnetic storms are identical, yet the storm that occurred between November 12 and 14, 2025, stands out as an exceptional phenomenon. Its impact was evident across multiple layers of the ionosphere and numerous parameters, making it essential to conduct a comprehensive multi-parameter analysis of this event. Such an analysis relied upon data from the four LAERT topside sounders mounted aboard the recently-launched Ionosfera-M satellites. Global ionospheric dynamics was thoroughly examined during the storm period, particularly focusing on the polar and auroral zones, along with the equatorial anomaly region. Notable features included sharp electron density gradients, widespread F-layer disturbances, and the formation of giant plasma bubbles. These elements collectively contributed to the dynamic picture of the ionospheric storm captured through multi-parameter measurements by the LAERT sounders.

Abstract: The investigation of lunar polar regions is critical for understanding the characteristics of the moon, such as the crustal evolution, volatile retention, and in-situ resource utilization. In addition, it serves as an important reference and prerequisite for future lunar exploration missions and the establishment of a long-term scientific research station. However, quantitative multi-oxide mapping in these regions remains limited since previous efforts mainly focused on FeO at coarse spatial resolutions (~1 km/pixel). To address this gap, an inversion model for a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) to obtain high-resolution (~500 m/pixel) abundance distributions of six major oxides—FeO, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and SiO₂—across the lunar polar regions (65°–90°N/S) is investigated in this research. The developed 1D-CNN model, utilizing the KAGUYA SP hyperspectral data and oxide results from Bian et al. (2025) as sample data, achieved high inversion accuracy, as evidenced by R² > 0.94 for all oxides and RMSE < 0.3 wt.% except for Al₂O₃. The inverted oxide maps reveal that the materials in the south polar region (83°–90°S) are compositionally uniform and dominated by feldspathic highland lithologies, which are distinct from the ejecta or mantle-derived materials typically associated with the South Pole–Aitken basin. These results provide a new insight into the crustal origin of the lunar south pole. Moreover, comparisons of the nine Artemis Ⅲ candidate landing regions showed overall compositional homogeneity, suggesting similar highland-derived sources, and of the nine regions, the Slater Plain and de Gerlache Rim 2 areas were identified as optimal targets for capturing resource diversity within feasible operational ranges. These findings not only fill a critical gap in quantitative geochemical mapping of the lunar poles but also provide essential references for the Artemis Ⅲ and Chang’E-7 missions, supporting landing region selection for future missions, resource evaluation, and in-situ utilization strategies.

Abstract: Geomagnetic activity reflects the complex coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere. While the global Kp index serves as a standard proxy for geomagnetic disturbances, it obscures regional variations linked to local current systems and ionospheric conductivity. This study investigates regional features of geomagnetic activity using the local K index from the Almaty (AAA) observatory and compares its temporal dynamics with Kp for 2007 - 2025. A combination of statistical, spectral, wavelet, and nonlinear methods was applied, including power spectral density, continuous and cross-wavelet transforms, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, and permutation entropy. These approaches capture both linear and nonlinear features of variability and reveal scale-dependent structures in geomagnetic fluctuations. The results show a high correlation (r ≈ 0.84) between K and Kp, but with a consistent positive offset of the local index, indicating sensitivity to regional ionospheric processes. Wavelet coherence highlights strong coupling in the 13–27-day band associated with solar rotation. Multifractal spectra reveal broader, more heterogeneous scaling in Kp and narrower, more intermittent dynamics in K during disturbed periods. Local indices, like K thus provide essential insight into mid-latitude electrodynamics, complementing global measures in characterising the nonlinear spatio-temporal complexity of geomagnetic activity.

Abstract: Autonomous navigation based on the stellar aberration effect derives the spacecraft’s velocity vector from the apparent stellar displacements. While promising, this technique is highly sensitive to distortions in the optical sensors onboard, requiring milliarcsecond-level correction. The plate-model method provides classical distortion correction, but formal uncertainties of plate constants depend on the number and spatial distribution of reference stars, catalog position errors, and sensor measurement noise. These uncertainties propagate through the plate model to the corrected positions of target stars, ultimately limiting the precision of the navigation observables. In this study, we systematically investigate the error-propagation mechanism of the plate model in the context of stellar-aberration navigation. We construct an all-sky simulated navigation catalog based on Gaia Date Release 3 and then establish a complete mathematical error-propagation chain from reference-star covariances to plate-constant solutions and finally to target-star positions. Adopting the six-constant plate model, we perform Monte Carlo simulations over the entire sky to quantify the influence of reference-star number and distribution on target-star positional precision. The results show that when more than ∼10 reference stars are available and well distributed within a field, the propagated plate-model error remains below 1 milliarcsecond, reaching 0.2–0.4 mas under favorable conditions. These findings demonstrate that plate-model errors are not the dominant limitation for stellar-aberration based autonomous navigation, provided that sufficient reference stars are included in the solution.

Abstract: The relationship between humidity, pressure, temperature and wind speed measured at a network of stations on the Japanese islands and the seismic regime is studied for time 1973-2025. For each of the parameters, weighted average time series were constructed using the principal component method. Time series of weighted average parameters were subjected to wavelet decomposition. For wavelet decomposition levels the amplitudes of the envelopes and the points of their local extrema were found, which were compared with the times of earthquakes. The problem of estimating the advance measure of envelope extremum points relative to earthquake time moments was considered using a model of interacting point processes. For a sequence of 213 strong earthquakes with a magnitude of at least 6.5, the same number of the largest local maxima and the smallest local minima were selected for the extrema of envelopes amplitude of each parameter. It turned out that the largest advance measures occur for the 7th level of decomposition (periods from 16 to 32 days). Two advance mechanisms were identified: one mechanism is associated with the trigger effect of cyclones on seismicity, and the second with the occurrence of atmospheric earthquake precursors.

Abstract: Future lunar exploration efforts rely on an improved understanding of regolith behavior, as evidenced by the adhesion problems encountered during the Apollo missions. The Lunaris Payload, a compact lunar instrument developed in Poland, aims to assess the adhesion of lunar regoliths to various materials using an optical method chosen to meet strict mass constraints. We introduce and validate a resource-constrained optical method to estimate three-dimensional volumes of lunar regolith particles from two-dimensional imagery, using high-resolution micro-CT as ground truth. The approach supports in-situ surface characterization and dust-related risk assessment under the mass and power constraints typical of small payloads. Micro-CT scans were used to establish accurate reference volumes, and multiple geometric approximation methods were applied, including spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical models, to derive volume estimates from a 2D representation. Comparative analyses demonstrate that ellipsoid-based models, particularly those that incorporate a fixed aspect ratio, provide the most accurate volume estimations. These findings offer a practical in situ methodology for analysing the volumes of regolith particles, thus advancing the capacity of the Lunaris mission to characterise lunar adhesion of regolith particles and supporting broader efforts in lunar resource utilisation and habitat construction. To our knowledge, this is the first benchmarking of six 2D-to-3D volume models against micro-CT for lunar regolith adhesion applications. Our findings demonstrate that ellipsoid-based methods achieve the best results, offering a validated, efficient technique for in-situ dust characterization critical for future lunar missions.

Abstract: To address the challenge of effectively filtering out noise components in GNSS coordinate time series, we propose a denoising method based on parameter-optimized Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). The method combines permutation entropy with mutual information as the fitness function, and uses the crayfish (COA) algorithm to adaptively obtain the optimal parameter combination of the number of modal decompositions and quadratic penalty factors for VMD. employs permutation entropy combined with mutual information as the fitness function and utilizes the Crayfish Optimization Algorithm (COA) to adaptively determine the optimal parameter combination for VMD, including the number of decomposition modes and the quadratic penalty factor. The GNSS coordinate time series is decomposed into several intrinsic mode function (IMF) components, and sample entropy is used to identify the effective modal components, which are then reconstructed into the denoised signal, achieving effective separation of signal and noise. The experiments were conducted using simulated signals and 52 raw GNSS measurement data from CMONOC to compare and analyze the COA-VMPE-WD method with wavelet denoising (WD), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), and Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) methods. The result shows that the COA-VMPE-WD method can effectively remove noise from GNSS coordinate time series and preserve the original features of the signal, with the most significant effect on the U component, the COA-VMPE-WD method reduced station velocity by an average of 50.00%, 59.09%, 18.18%, and 64.00% compared to the WD, EMD, EEMD, and CEEMDAN methods, The noise reduction effect is higher than the other four methods, providing reliable data for subsequent analysis and processing.

Abstract: Space weather exerts a significant influence on the Earth’s atmosphere, driving a variety of physical processes, including the production of cosmogenic radionuclides. Among these, ⁷Be is a naturally occurring radionuclide formed through spallation reactions induced by cosmic-ray showers interacting with atmospheric constituents, primarily oxygen and nitrogen. Over long timescales, the atmospheric concentration of ⁷Be exhibits a direct correlation with the cosmic-ray flux reaching the Earth and an inverse correlation with solar activity, which modulates this flux via variations of the heliosphere. The large availability of ⁷Be concentration data, resulting from its use as a natural tracer employed in atmospheric transport studies and in monitoring the fallout from radiological incidents such as the Chernobyl disaster, can also be exploited to investigate the impact of space weather conditions on the terrestrial atmosphere and related geophysical processes. The present study analyzes a long-term dataset of monthly ⁷Be activity concentrations in air samples collected at ground level since 1987 at the ENEA Casaccia Research Center in Rome, Italy. In particular, the statistical dependency and correlation of this time series with the galactic cosmic ray flux on Earth and solar activity have been investigated. Data from a ground-based neutron monitor and sunspot numbers have been used as proxies for galactic cosmic rays and solar activity, respectively. De-trending techniques were applied to the ⁷Be monthly time series to extract its low-frequency component associated with cosmic drivers, which is partially hide by high-frequency modulations induced by atmospheric dynamics. For Solar Cycles 22, 23, 24, and partially 25, clear statistical associations were identified, indicating that a substantial portion of the relationship between stratospheric ⁷Be concentrations and cosmic drivers is captured by linear correlations, while dependence analyses suggest the possible presence of additional non-linear components. These findings support the potential use of ⁷Be as a quantitative indicator of cosmic ray modulation and, indirectly, of solar activity.

Abstract: The Earth–Moon system has undergone continuous evolution across all timescales since its formation. Earth's rotation is gradually slowing, the Moon's rotation is decelerating, and the Moon is slowly receding from Earth. These progressive changes affect key planetary parameters, including the length of day (LOD), the number of days per year (DOY), and the Earth–Moon distance (DOM). Building on the author's earlier work, this paper presents a set of mathematical equations to model these dynamics and predict LOD, DOY, and DOM over time. The results derived from this model show strong agreement with historical data, offering a robust framework for understanding the long-term evolution of the Earth–Moon system. To address the longstanding Lunar crisis—where conventional tidal friction models predict an unrealistically close Earth–Moon proximity in the distant past and many assumptions and parameters must be introduced to help reconcile the models with observations—this study proposes a novel hypothesis: a significantly lower volume of surface liquid water in Earth's early history may have reduced tidal dissipation. The subsequent increase in oceanic volume could be attributed to the capture of a large icy comet, a scenario supported by precedent such as the 1994 collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter. This mechanism offers a plausible resolution to the tidal friction discrepancy and deepens our understanding of planetary evolution.

Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been used to explore the chemistry of three regions of Mars on respective missions by NASA and CNSA, with CNES contributions. All three LIBS instruments use ~100 mm diameter telescopes projecting pulsed infrared laser beams of 10-14 mJ to enable LIBS at 2-10 m distances, eliminating the need to position the rover and instrument directly onto targets. Over 1.3 million LIBS spectra have been used to provide routine compositions for eight major elements and several minor and trace elements on > 3,000 targets on Mars. Onboard calibration targets common to all three instruments allow careful intercomparison of results. Operating over thirteen years, ChemCam on Curiosity has explored lacustrine sediments and diagenetic features in Gale crater, which was a long-lasting (> 1 My) lake during Mars’ Hesperian period. SuperCam on Perseverance is exploring the ultramafic igneous floor, fluvial-deltaic features, and the rim of Jezero crater. MarSCoDe on the Zhurong rover investigated during one year the local blocks, soils, and transverse aeolian ridges of Utopia Planitia. The pioneering work of these three stand-off LIBS instruments paves the way for future space exploration with LIBS, where advantages of light-element (H, C, N, O) quantification can be used on icy regions.

Abstract: Spacecraft imaging of planetary surfaces often suffers from motion-induced blur when the relative velocity between the spacecraft and target is high. We present an automated deblurring framework that derives a one-dimensional point spread function (PSF) directly from the spacecraft’s imaging geometry—without relying on star-field calibration—and applies Wiener deconvolution to restore image sharpness. We validate our method on fourteen sub-meter-per-pixel SRC images of Phobos acquired by Mars Express over four distinct orbits. With an approximately 40-pixel linear PSF and an assumed 16 dB noise level, our pipeline significantly enhances surface feature visibility, enabling fine-scale geological analysis. This technique is readily transferable to other motion-degraded planetary datasets.

Abstract: Total Electron Content (TEC) allows to evaluate the state of the ionosphere. Radio waves like GNSS signals traversing the ionosphere suffer delays and refraction. Ionospheric plasma irregularities may be generated in the equatorial regions after sunset and extend to low latitudes forming large plasma depleted regions named ionospheric bubbles. Signature of these bubbles can be observed at TEC maps. Inside plasma bubbles smaller scale size irregularities are generated causing scintillation in GNSS signals. This work compared TEC maps from some sources, with different temporal and spatial resolutions/coverage. Significant differences were found. For each source, there are differences in the treatment and preprocessing of raw data in order to get the absolute TEC values, which are interpolated to get grid values of the map. Even for the same source there are significant differences in the density of monitoring stations according to the region. A case of study concerning scintillation is also analyzed using the corresponding TEC and scintillation maps. TEC maps employed here encompass the years from 2022 to 2024, in the growing phase of the current solar cycle 25. The months of March, June, September and December were selected to take into account the TEC seasonal variation.

Abstract: We can define the Universe as all that exists or all we can ever see. Each of the definitions will open doors for different theories. For example, is our Universe unique to our solar system? Are there other universes? Does our Universe parallel to another universe or inside another Universe? We can ask many questions related to our Universe. Observers have predicted theories about the Universe, such as Bubble, Oscillating, Holographic, Electric, Parallel Universe (Multiverse), Inflationary multiverse, Quantum multiverse, and Brane multiverse. Some of the Universe types are briefly explained and compared in this article. This article aims to predict a new Universe theory in the literature. The observers' data shows that Earth rotates around the Sun while the solar system rotates inside the Milky Way Galaxy. We also know that galaxies rotate around themselves and float inside the Universe. Our article predicted that our Universe is rotating and floating inside a shared space, which we called Henry's Universe.We can define the Universe as all that exists or all we can ever see. Each of the definitions will open doors for different theories. For example, is our Universe unique to our solar system? Are there other universes? Does our Universe parallel to another universe or inside another Universe? We can ask many questions related to our Universe. Observers have predicted theories about the Universe, such as Bubble, Oscillating, Holographic, Electric, Parallel Universe (Multiverse), Inflationary multiverse, Quantum multiverse, and Brane multiverse. Some of the Universe types are briefly explained and compared in this article. This article aims to predict a new Universe theory in the literature. The observers' data shows that Earth rotates around the Sun while the solar system rotates inside the Milky Way Galaxy. We also know that galaxies rotate around themselves and float inside the Universe. Our article predicted that our Universe is rotating and floating inside a shared space, which we called Henry's Universe.